test 3-EBP
lincoln and gubas
credibility, dependability, transferability, confirmability page 157
dependability
a criterion for evaluating integrity in qualitative studies, referring to the stability of data over time and over conditions; analogous to reliability in qualitative research.
confirmability
a criterion for integrity in a qualitative inquiry, referring to the objectivity or neutrality of data and interpretations.
trustworthiness of qualitative research
a degree of confidence qualitative researchers have in their data, assessed using the criteria of credibility, transferability, dependability, confirmability, and authenticity.
emergent design
a design that unfolds in the course of a qualitative study as the researcher makes ongoing design decisions reflecting what has already been learned.
purposive sampling
a non-probability sampling method in which the researcher selects participants based on personal judgment about which one will be most informative; sometimes called judgmental sampling
outcome management
a patient experience designed to help patients, payers, and providers make rational medical care related choices bases on better insight into effects of these choices on patients lives.
data saturation
a point the well as no new information is obtained and redundancy is achieved.
constant comparison
a procedure used in a grounded theory analysis wherein newly collected data are compared in an ongoing fashion with data obtained earlier, to refine theoretically relevant categories.
negative case analysis
a process by which researchers revise their interpretation by including cases that appear to disconfirm earlier hypotheses.
Criterion sampling
a purposive sampling approach used by qualitative researchers that involves selecting cases that meet a predetermined criterion of importance
volunteer/convenience sampling
a sample obtained by solicitation or advertising for participants who meet study criteria
intensity sampling
a sampling approach used by qualitative research involving the purposeful section of intense (but not extreme) cases
maximum variation sampling
a sampling approach used by qualitative researchers involving the purposeful section of cases with a wide range of variation page 517-518 most widely used method of purposive sampling
critical case sampling
a sampling approach used by qualitative researchers involving the purposeful selection of cases that are especially important or illustrated
taxonomy
a system of classifying and organizing terms
historical research
a systematic collection and critical evaluation of data relating to past occurrences-is tradition that relies primarily on qualitative data.
quasi-statistics
a tabulation of the frequency with which certain themes or insights are supported
Reputational case sampling
a variant of purposive sampling used in qualitative studies that involves selecting cases based on a recommendation of an expert or key informant.
qualitative data analysis
a variety of techniques that are used to move back and forth between data and ideas throughout the course of the research
paradigm
a world view or set of beliefs, assumptions, and values that guide all types of research by identifying where the researchers stands on issues related to the nature of reality, relationship of the researcher to the researched, use of language, and process
which design feature can apply to both a qualitative and quantitative approach?
cross sectional versus longitudinal data collection
log or field diary
daily recording of events
open coding
data are broken into parts and concepts identified and their properties and dimensions are delineated
patient centered quality care measures
defines as the value patient and families placed on the health care received.
sensitivity
degree to which research was done in a manner that reflects respectful sensitivity to and concern for the people, groups, and communities being studied
homogeneous sampling
deliberately reduces variation and permits a more focused inquiry.qualitative
integrity
demonstrated by ongoing self reflection and self scrutiny to ensure that interpretations are valid and grounded in the data
level I codes
derived directly from the language of substances area and have vivid imagery
disconfirming cases (negative cases)
do not fit or serve to challenge researchers interpretations. (exceptions that prove the rule).
reflective notes
document the researchers personal experiences, reflection, and progress while in the field
theoretical notes / analytical notes
documentation of how to make sense of what is going on
descriptive or observational notes
objective descriptions of observed events and conversations; information about actions, dialogue, and context are recorded
internal criticism
of historical data refers to an evaluation of the worth of the evidence.
van manen's evaluation
oriented , strong, rich, deep page 156
extreme (deviant) case sampling
outlier sampling, provides opportunity for learning from the most usually and extreme informants-cases that at least on the surface seem like exceptions to the rule
evidence based poster presentation
page 398 evidence based book
mixed method
research in which qualitative and quantitative data are collected and analyzed, to address different but related questions
selective coding
researchers code only those data that are related to the core variable
criticality
researchers critical appraisal of every decision made throughout the research process
personal notes
researchers feelings see page 549
interpretive phenomenological analysis
researchers have cited the work of a group of psychological phenomenological. the focus of IPA is on the subjective experiences of people-their lifeworld.
member check
researchers provide feedback to participants about emerging interpretations, obtain participants reactions
new embargo
restriction on the release of any media information about findings from a study before they are published in a journal article
constructivist grounded theory
returning to the pragmatist foundation encourages us to construct an interpretive rendering of the worlds we study rather than external reporting of events and statements.
outcomes research
rigorous scientific process that generates new knowledge (EXTERNAL EVIDENCE)
opportunistic sampling
sample based o changes in research circumstances as data are being collected or in response to new leads and opportunities that may develop in the field.
sampling of politically important cases
search for politically sensitive cases or sites for analysis. politically salient cases or sites can enhance the visibility of a study, or increase the likelihood that it has an impact.
secondary sources
second or third hand accounts of historical events or experiences-text books, reference books, and newpapers
intuiting
second step in descriptive phenomenology occurs when researchers remain open to the meanings open to the meaning attributed to the phenomenon by those who have experienced it.
discourse analysis/conversation analysis
seeks to understand the rules, mechanisms, and structures of conversation and text.
peer debriefing
sessions with peers to review and explore various aspects of a study, sometimes used to enhance trustworthiness in a qualitative study.
joint interviews
two or more people are asked questions simultaneously
theory triangulation
use competing theories or hypotheses in analyzing and interpreting the data
researchers triangulation
use of two or more researchers to make data collection, coding, and analytic decisions
sociograms
used to understand the flow of conversation as it goes around the members of the focus groups.
holistic approach
view the text as a whole and try to capture its meaning
feminist epistemologies
way of knowing and reasoning
interpretive phenomenology or hermeneutics
what is being?
hermeneutic circle
where one understands the whole of a text in terms of its parts and parts in terms of the whole.
egocentric network analysis
which focuses o the pattern of relationships and networks of individuals. each person has his or her own network of relationships that are presumed to contribute to the person's behaviors and attitudes.
semiotics
which is the study of signs and their meanings.
ethnography-
which of the following research traditions examines both broadly defined cultures and more narrowly defined ones?
hermeneutics
which uses lived experiences as a tool for better understanding the social cultural, political, or historical content in which those experience occur.
critical theory
concerned with critique of society and with envisioning new possibilities.
external criticism
concerns the data's authenticity
methodologic notes
reflections about observational strategies
creativity
reflects challenges to traditional ways of thinking
specific research questions
Do I know the field and its literature well? What are the important research questions in my field? What areas need further exploration? Could my study fill a gap? Lead to greater understanding? Has a great deal of research already been conducted in this topic area? Has this study been done before? If so, is there room for improvement? Is the timing right for this question to be answered? Is it a hot topic, or is it becoming obsolete? Would funding sources be interested? If you are proposing a service program, is the target community interested? Most importantly, will my study have a significant impact on the field? Why are you doing this research? What are the long-term implications? What will happen after the grant? What other avenues are open to explore? What is the ultimate application or use of the research? 1) Is the research question something I/others care about? Is it arguable? 2) Is the research question a new spin on an old idea, or does it solve a problem? 3) Is it too broad or too narrow? 4) Is the research question researchable within the given time frame and location? 5) What information is needed? Research Question in the Sciences and Social Sciences While all research questions need to take a stand, there are additional requirements for research questions in the sciences and social sciences. That is, they need to have repeatable data. Unreliable data in the original research does not allow for a strong or arguable research question. In addition, you need to consider what kind of problem you want to address. Is your research trying to accomplish one of these four goals?1 1) Define or measure a specific fact or gather facts about a specific phenomenon. 2) Match facts and theory. 3) Evaluate and compare two theories, models, or hypotheses. 4) Prove that a certain method is more effective than other methods.
which of the following research traditions uses qualitative data to address questions of interest?
Ethnography, phenomenology, grounded theory
which of the following research traditions is concerned with the lived experience of humans
Phenomenology
differences of data collection method in qualitative and quantitative research
Qualitative Research is primarily exploratory research. It is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It provides insights into the problem or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research. Qualitative Research is also used to uncover trends in thought and opinions, and dive deeper into the problem. Qualitative data collection methods vary using unstructured or semi-structured techniques. Some common methods include focus groups (group discussions), individual interviews, and participation/observations. The sample size is typically small, and respondents are selected to fulfill a given quota. Quantitative Research is used to quantify the problem by way of generating numerical data or data that can be transformed into usable statistics. It is used to quantify attitudes, opinions, behaviors, and other defined variables - and generalize results from a larger sample population. Quantitative Research uses measurable data to formulate facts and uncover patterns in research. Quantitative data collection methods are much more structured than Qualitative data collection methods. Quantitative data collection methods include various forms of surveys - online surveys, paper surveys, mobile surveys and kiosk surveys, face-to-face interviews, telephone interviews, longitudinal studies, website interceptors, online polls, and systematic observations.
types of qualitative research approaches
Qualitative research methods are continually evolving, as patterns and styles of human interaction and communication change. Current research may include: Face-to-face, telephone, or online exchanges Interviews conducted in a research facility, at a respondent's home or business, or at a public location Real-time communication and "time-lapse" techniques (e.g., diaries, electronic bulletin boards) Regardless of venue or medium, qualitative research is always based on open-ended queries; it uses in-depth probing to uncover the thoughts and feelings behind initial responses; and it applies insights and learning to the research process in real time. Typical qualitative methods include: Focus group - A moderator-led discussion among a group of individuals who share a need, habit, or life circumstance relevant to the research issue(s) at hand. Typically one to two hours in length, a focus group discussion often includes from two to ten respondents. While focus groups have historically been held in person (face-to-face), they can also be conducted remotely by teleconferencing, by videoconferencing, or through the Internet using text chat, online bulletin boards, online collaboration tools, desktop video conferencing, or various forms of tele/web conferencing. In-depth interview (IDI, one-on-one) - Interview with a single individual, typically lasting from 30 to 90 minutes, depending on the subject matter and context. IDIs may be conducted in person at a research facility, the respondent's home or workplace or a public location, or by telephone. Dyads, triads - In-depth interviews with two or three people who often represent members of the same family or business team, who use a product or service and/or make purchase decisions together. Paired interviews - Consecutive or interlocking interviews with two people who use and/or decide to purchase a product or service together, e.g., husband and wife, parent and child. Given the objectives of a particular study, the qualitative consultant will advise the client in selecting the most appropriate setting.
quantitative studies
Quantitative studies also fall into two categories: Correlational studies: A correlational study is non-experimental, requiring the writer to research relationships without manipulating or randomly selecting the subjects of the research. The research question for a correlational study may look like this: What is the relationship between long distance commuters and eating disorders? Experimental studies: An experimental study is experimental in that it requires the writer to manipulate and randomly select the subjects of the research. The research question for an experimental study may look like this: Does the consumption of fast food lead to eating disorders?
credibility
a criterion for evaluating integrity and quality in qualitative studies, referring to confidence in the truth of the data; analogous to internal validity in quantitative research
windshield survey
communities studies involves an intensive exploration to map important features of the community
what does the process constant comparison involve?
comparing data segments against other segments for similarity
quality improvement measures
complement established health outcomes measures by further quantifying how interventions affect the quality of patients and family lives.
grand tour question
completely unstructured approach often begin by informally asking a broad question relating to the research topic.
confirming cases
additional cases that fit researchers conceptualizations and offer enhanced credibility, richness, and depth to the analysis and conclusions.
computer assisted qualitative data analysis
an area of technological innovation that in qualitative research has resulted in uses of word processing and software packages to support data management
inquiry audit
an independent scrutiny of qualitative data and relevant supporting documents by an external reviewer, to evaluate the dependability and confirmability of qualitative data.
case study
an intensive investigation of a case involving a person or small group of patients, usually in a form of a story
detailed approach
analysis of every sentence
axial coding
analyst relate concepts to each other. paradigm is used as an analytic strategy to help integrate structure and process.
pentadic dramatism
another approach to narrative analysis: five key elements of a story: act, scene, agent, agency, and purpose.
stratified purposive sample
average or below average cases with approaches maximum variation sampling, but is typically done along a single dimension (fairly homogeneous sample)
focused observation
based on what has been learned from descriptive observations, participant observers begin to focus more sharply on key aspects of the setting
descriptive observation
broad and helps observers figure out what is going on
level II codes
broader than 1
field notes
broader, more analytic, and more interpretive than a single listing of occurrences.
macroethnography
broadly defines culture in ethnography
think-aloud method
collecting data about cognitive processes, such as thinking, problem solving, and decision making.,
person triagulation
collecting data from different types or families, and collectives such as communities, with the aim of validating data through multiple perspectives on the phenomenon
space triagulation
collecting data on the same phenomenon in multiple sites to test for cross site consistency
time triagulation
collecting data on the same phenomenon multiples times
four levels of spradley method
domain analysis, taxonomic, component, and theme domain-unit of cultural knowledge, broad categories encompass smaller ones taxonomic 2nd level of data analysis-ethnographers decide how many domains to analysis will encompass component-relationship between domains examined theme- cultural themes are uncovered.
which of the following research traditions strives to achieve an emic perspective of the members of the group?
ethnography
which of the following research traditions stems from a discipline other than nursing?
ethnography, phenomenology, grounded theory-all
basic social process
evolves overtime in two or more phases
guba and lincoln evaluation
fairness, ontological, catalytic authenticity, tactical, and educative authenticity
primary source
first hand
opening code
first stage of the constant comparative analysis, captures what is going on with data
glaser and strauss evaluation criteria
fit, grab, work, modifiability page 156
what type of interview involves discussion with small, homogeneous groups?
focus
critical ethnography
focuses on raising consciousness and aiding emancipatory goals in the hope of effecting social change.
narrative analysis
focuses on story as the object of inquiry to examine how individuals make sense of events in their lives. cultural envelope into which people pour their experiences.
mobile positioning
following a participant throughout an activity or period
oral history
gather personal recollections of events and their perceived causes and consequences. focus on describing important themes rather than individuals
going native
getting emotionally involved with participants.
holistic design
global nature of a case
which of the following research traditions is an approach to the study of social processes and social structures?
grounded theory
focus group interviews
group of 5 or more assembled for discussion and interview moderator guides the discussion according to a written set of questions
participant observation
groups participants observed in a social group
institutional ethnography
has been used in such fields as nursing, social work, and community health to study the organization of professional services, examined from the perspective of those who are clients or front-line workers.
outcomes
health status changes
selective approach
highlights or pull out statements or phases that seem essential to the experience under study
selective observation
highly focused and undertaken to facilitate comparisons between categories or activities
research credibility
how the view point of evaporators has been given prominence, one suggested indicator of integrity
relelatory case sampling
identifying and gaining access to a single case representing a phenomenon that was previously inaccessible to research scrutiny
theoretical sampling
in grounded theory purposeful sampling used in specific ways to build theory
bracketing
in phenomenological inquires, the process of identifying and holding in abeyance any preconceived beliefs and opinions about the phenomena under study.
tacit knowledge
information about the culture that is so deeply embedded in cultural experiences that members do no talk about it or may not even be consciously aware of it.
purposeful/purposive sampling
intentional selection of people or events in accordance with the needs of the study
photo eliciation
interviews stimulated and guided by photographic images. used in ethnographies
typical case sampling
involves selecting cases that illustrate or highlight what is typical, average, normal, or representative
data triangulation
involves the use of multiple data sources for the purpose of validating conclusions.
symbolic interaction or interactionism
is a sociological and social-psychological tradition with roots in american pragmatism and is sometimes associated with grounded theory research.
theme
is an abstract entity that brings meaning and identity to a current experience and its variant manifestation
single case study
is an appropriate design when it is a critical case in testing a well formulated theory, represents an extreme or unique case, longitudinal case
being in the world
is concept that acknowledges people's physical ties to their world, they think, see, hear, feel, and are conscious through their bodies interaction with the world.
researcher as instrument
is frequently used by anthropologists to describe the significant role ethnographers play in analyzing and interpreting a culture.
explicitness
is the ability to follow the researchers decisions and interpretive efforts by means of carefully maintained records and explicitly presented results
etic perspecitve
is the outsiders interpretation of experiences of that culture
emic perspective
is the way the members of the culture envision their world-it is the insiders view
semi structured interview
know what to ask but can not predict answers use topic guide
authenticity
refers to the extent to which researchers fairly and faithfully show a range of realities
reflexive journal
make notes, clarify your personnel values, identify areas of possible role conflict, recognize gatekeepers interest and make notes of degree to which they are favorably or unfavorably disposed toward your research, identify any feelings you have that may indicate a lack of neutrality
core variable
manner in which people resolve this main concern-problem that individuals behavior is designed to resolve.
fit (glaserian grounded theory)
meant that the developing categories of the substantive theory must fit the data
critical incidents techniques
method of gathering information about people behaviors by examining specific incidents relating to behavior under investigation.
microethnography or focused ethnography
more narrowing defines cultures ethnography
level III
most abstract add scope beyond local meaning
multiple positioning
moving around from site to site
what type of qualitative research uses stories as center stage?
narrative analysis
qualitative content analysis
narrative data to identify prominent themes and patterns among the themes
life histories
narrative self-disclosures about individual life experiences.
qualitative data collection
participant observers-a method of collecting data through the participation in and observation of a group or culture, direct observation-also known as observational study, is a method of collecting evaluative information in which the evaluater watches the subject in his or her usual environment without altering that environment. structured interviews-(also known as a standardized interview or a researcher-administered survey) is a quantitative research method commonly employed in survey research. The aim of this approach is to ensure that each interview is presented with exactly the same questions in the same order. unstructured interviews-an interview in which the researchers questions without having a predetermined plan regarding the content or flow of information to be gathered.
qualitative literature key features
participants are not selected randomly, samples are small and studied intensively, sample members are not wholly pre-specified, their selection is emergent, sample selection is driven to extent by conceptual requirements rather than by desire for representation
core category
pattern of behavior that is relevant and/or problematic for participants
constitutive pattern
pattern that expresses the relationships among relational themes and is present in all the interviews or text- forms the highest level of hermeneutical analysis.
phenomenology
pertaining to the study of essences (meaning structures) intuited or grasped through descriptions of lived experiences
vividness
presentation of rich, faithful, and artful descriptions that highlight salient themes in data
memos
preserve ideas that initially not seem productive by may prove valuable later
emergent fit
prevent individual substantive theories from being respected little island of knowledge
incubation
process of living the data, a process in which researchers must try to understand their meanings, find their essential patternes
theoretical codes
provide insight into how substantive codes relate to each other
proximal similarity model
proximal similarity was a more suitable term than external validity a term he himself had coined for considering how research might be extrapolated
trustworthiness
qualitative research that parallel the standards of reliability and validity that do not have reference points in traditional qualitative research
convenience sampling
qualitative studies as volunteer sample, used for research, easy and efficient, but it is not a preferred sampling approach
participatory action research
recognition that the production of knowledge can be political and can be used to exert power.
nominated/snowballing sampling
recruitment of participants with the help of informants already enrolled in the study
thick description
refers to a rich and thorough description of the research setting, study participants, and observed transactions and processes.
thoroughness
refers to adequacy of data as a result of sound sampling and data collection
congruence
refers to interconnectedness between methods and questions between the current study and earlier ones.
single positioning
single location for period of time
human ethology
sometimes described as biology of human behavior, studies behavior as it evolves in its natural context. primarily observational methods in an attempt to discover universal behavioral structures.
paradigm cases
strong instances of concerns or ways of being in the world.
ethnographic studies
studies of a social groups' culture through time spent combining participant observation and in-depth interviews in the informants' natural setting.
grounded theory
studies to generate theory about how people deal with life situations that is grounded in empirical data and describes the process by which they move through experiences overtime.
ethnoscience/cognitive anthropology
study cultural patterns and experiences in a holistic fashion
autoethnography
study of groups or cultures to which researchers belong
research examples
study: reconciling the good patient persona with problematic statement of purpose: purpose of the study design: constructivist grounded theory approach data collection: wide range of data collected key findings: meaningful and therapeutic interaction
substantive code
substance of the topic under study
metaphor
symbolic comparison using figurative language to evoke a visual meaning
audit trail
systematic collection of materials and documentation that would allow an independent auditor to come to conclusions about the data 6 classes: raw data, data reduction and analysis, process notes, materials relating to researchers, instrument development information, data reconstruction products
sampling confirming and disconfirming cases
tends to be used toward the end of data collection- involves testing ideas and assessing the viability of emergent findings and conceptualizations with new ideas
qualitative data management
the act of designing systems to organize, catalog, code, store, and retrieve data
transferability
the extent to which qualitative findings can be transferred to other setting or groups; one of several models of generalizability.
ethnography
the scientific description of the customs of individual peoples and cultures.
snowballing
the selection of participants through referrals from earlier participants; also called network sampling--weakness :eventually sample might be restricted to a rather small network.
ethnonursing research
the study and analysis of the local or indigenous people's viewpoints, beliefs, and practices about nursing care and behaviors and processes of designated cultures.
method
the theory of how a certain type of research should be carried out. Researchers often subsume description of techniques under a discussion of method
triangulation
the use of multiple methods to collect and interpret data about a phenomenon, so as to converge on an accurate representation of reality
Theoretical sampling
theory based sampling- a strategy involving the selection of incidents , slices of life, time periods, or people basis of their potential manifestation or representation of important theoretical constructs.
key informant
to help them understand and interpret the events and activities being observed
techniques
tools or procedures used to generate or analyze data. techniques are methods-neutral and may be used, as appropriate, in any research design (qualitative or quantitative)
analysis triangluation
two or more analytic techniques to analyze the same set of data
