Test 4

prejudice is an attitude with three components

1. Affective 2. Behavioral (discrimination, microaggressions, social distance) 3. Cognitive (stereotypes)

Six conditions that need to be met for contact to truly reduce prejudice

1. mutual interdependence 2. common goal 3. equal status 4. informal, interpersonal contact 5. multiple contacts 6. social norms of equality

how alcohol facilitates aggression

1. reduces inhibitions 2. disrupts information processing 3. think-drink effect

Suppose you're a bartender and observe occasional fights at your establishment. Although you don't know very many people with visible tattoos, it seems to you that people with tattoos are more likely to get into fights than people without tattoos. But you are wrong; people with visible tattoos have not been more likely to get into fights. Based on research discussed in this chapter, your faulty memory is most likely due to A. illusory correlation B. the subliminal priming of stereotypic information C. automatic activation of your stereotype D. realistic conflict theory

A

Which of the following is least true about race and stereotyping, from a social psychological perspective? A. evolutionary theory holds that different human races have different genetic makeups that cause them to adopt different social behaviors B. people often look for information that will allow them to convince themselves that there is a valid justification for holding a negative attitude toward a particular group C. stereotype threat has been found to lower the performance of African Americans and women D. categorizing people is a convenient way of learning about and remembering things about them

A

Which of the following is not a way in which evolutionary theory explains prosocial behavior? A. social exchange B. kin selection C. the reciprocity norm D. group selection

A

Which of the following is true about prosocial behavior? A. how often people have moved from one place to another influences how helpful they are B. there is no effect of personality on prosocial behavior C. being in a bad mood decreases prosocial behavior D. people are much more likely to help members of their in-group than members of an out-group

A

Which of the following is true? A. listening to song lyrics with prosocial lyrics makes people more helpful B. if we want someone to say yes when we ask for a date, it doesn't really work to have him or her listen to a song with romantic lyrics C. playing prosocial video games has no effect on how helpful people will be D. playing violent video games makes people more helpful

A

Which of the following statements does not reflect the research on media violence and young children's behavior? A. television advertising works better when it is shown during violent shows than nonviolent shows B. watching violent shows increases aggressive thoughts and actions C. playing violent video games may have a greater impact on children than watching TV violence does D. viewing television violence can numb people's response to violence in real life

A

_______ aggression stems from feelings of anger and is aimed at inflicting pain, whereas ______ aggression serves as a means to some goal other than pain. A. hostile, instrumental B. direct, passive C. instrumental, hostile D. passive, direct

A

stereotype

A generalization about a group of people in which identical characteristics are assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless of actual variation among the members.

Bobo doll results

Aggressive play: treated the doll in an abusive way, imitated exact actions of adult Control condition: almost never showed aggression

According to social psychology research, which of the following is least likely to prevent Sam from making similar negative comments about gays and lesbians in the future? A. a woman Sam likes tells him that she disapproves of his negative comments B. Sam finds out that a member of a rival fraternity is gay C. Bob, a close friend of Sam's and a member of his fraternity, tells Sam that he is gay D. Sam is assigned a lab partner in a biology class who is openly gay. In order to get a good grade in the class, Sam must cooperate with his partner.

B

Amy is walking across campus and sees someone on her hands and knees looking for a ring that slipped off her finger. Which of the following is FALSE, according to the empathy-altruism hypothesis? Amy _____ A. feels empathy towards the person, so she will probably stop and help the stranger, regardless if it is in her self-interest B. feels empathy toward the person, but she doesn't think she has much to gain by helping, so she decides not to help the person look for the ring C. doesn't feel empathy toward the person but recognizes her as a TA, Amy wants to get a good grade, so she stops to help her D. doesn't feel empathy toward the person and doesn't think she has much to gain, so she decides not to help

B

Frank has recently graduated from college and moves from NYC back to the small town in Connecticut where he was born. He now finds that he is much more inclined to engage in prosocial behavior. What is the most likely reason for this change? A. growing up in a small town caused him to internalize altruistic values B. the change in his immediate surroundings changed his likelihood of helping C. college students are less likely to help because they are more susceptible to the bystander effect D. Frank is more likely to engage in negative-state relief when he is in the small town

B

Increasing contact between groups will reduce prejudice if all of the following conditions are met except one. Which one? A. mutual interdependence B. higher status of the minority group C. multiple contacts D. informal, interpersonal contact E. social norms of equality

B

Meghan lives in a single room in a college dorm. Late one night she hears a scream coming from just outside her dorm. She is pretty sure that the person needs help because the person yelled, "Help me! I think I broke my leg!" Meghan goes back to sleep, only to find out the next day that the person was on the ground for 45 minutes before someone helped. Which of the following best explains why Meghan didn't help? A. informational influence B. diffusion of responsibility C. she didn't interpret it as an emergency D. pluralistic ignorance

B

Rebecca is covering her college's football game against its arch-rival for the school newspaper. At the game, she interviews several students from her college, but decides she only needs to interview one or two students from the rival school to understand the general opinion of students at that rival school. Rebecca is demonstrating A. in-group bias B. a perception of out-group homogeneity C. the ultimate attribution error D. blaming the victim

B

Tiffany is angry at Whitney for forgetting her birthday. To diffuse her anger, Tiffany should A. think about other times Whit annoyed her and then confront Whit with all the evidence of what a bad friend she is B. write about her feelings privately for 20 minutes a day for a few days to gain some perspective C. write about her feelings about Whit on her Facebook page D. get back at Whit by complaining about her to all their mutual friends

B

Under which of the following conditions is John least likely to be aggressive? A. his boss tells him he isn't going to get a raise he was promised B. he likes to look at nonviolent pornography C. he is driving to work in traffic and another driver cuts him off D. he is legally drunk and a stranger bumps into him

B

According to social psychological research, racism in America today A. has almost completely disappeared B. results in low self-esteem for both the racists and those against whom they discriminate C. has decreased more at the controlled level than at the automatic level D. has remained the same at the controlled level

C

Because the law has made most forms of direct prejudice and discrimination is the US illegal, the expression of prejudice A. has declined markedly B. is more likely to be revealed in microaggressions C. has not changed D. has less of an impact on minority group members

C

From a social psychological perspective, what is not a limitation of evolutionary theories of aggression? A. they fail to account for female aggression B. they fail to account for different rates of aggression across cultures C. they fail to account for men's sexual jealousy D. they fail to account for differences between bonobos and chimpanzees

C

Melissa, a high school senior, doesn't get into the college she wants to attend. She blames this on affirmative action and starts to act aggressively toward the minority students at her school. Melissa's aggression can best be explained by A. out-group homogeneity B. the ultimate attribution error C. scapegoating D. the illusory correlation phenomenon

C

Research on prosocial behavior finds that religious people A. help others more than nonreligious people do in virtually all ways B. report on surveys that they help the same amount as nonreligious people C. actually help more than nonreligious people, but only if it puts them in a good light to themselves or others D. actually help others less than nonreligious people

C

Tiffany finally decides she is ready to confront Whitney directly. How should she express her anger (assuming she wants to keep the friendship)? A. she should let it all out so that she will feel better and Whit will know exactly how she feels B. she should invite Whitney to play a game of tennis and then really try to clobber her C. she should explain why she feels upset and hurt, as calmly as she can, without blame and accusation D. she should explain why she feels upset and hurt, but let Whit know that she blames her for her thoughtless behavior

C

Which of the following is NOT a reason that being in a good mood tends to increase prosocial behavior? A. good moods make us frame situations more positively, thus we are more likely to give the person the benefit of the doubt B. helping prolongs good moods C. good moods make us pay more attention to social norms, so we will be more aware of the altruism norm D. good moods increase how much attention we pay to ourselves, which makes us more likely to act according to our values

C

Suppose you want to reduce the chances that your children will act in aggressive ways toward other people. Which of the following is least likely to work? A. be a good role model; do not yell, hit, or act in other aggressive ways B. limit the time you let your children play violent video games C. teach them how to feel empathy toward other people D. encourage them to play sports where they can vent their frustrations on the playing field

D

According to realistic conflict theory, prejudice and discrimination are likely to increase when A. a country has a history of institutionalized racism B. the person who holds the stereotypes is frustrated C. people know that their close friends are prejudiced D. there is competition over jobs in a country E. prejudice is explicit rather than implicit

D

At a party, Sam makes negative comments about gays and lesbians. According to research in social psychology, which of the following is least likely to explain Sam's behavior? A. Sam recently found out he had done poorly on an important test and was experiencing low self-esteem B. Sam's friends often make similar comments and he conformed for normative reasons C. when Sam was growing up, his parents often made negative comments about gays and lesbians. D. Sam had high self-esteem and felt very secure about his own sexuality E. Sam recently applied for a job, but he learned that an openly gay man got the job instead of him

D

Jim has been convicted of assault and offers many reasons for his behavior. Which of the following of Jim's arguments would a social psychologist find the least convincing? A. there was a gun in the room when it happened B. I used to watch my older brother beat up neighborhood kids C. I had just been fired from a job I really wanted D. I grew up in a very cold climate, in MN E. I was justified - the other guy started it

D

Luke listened to a lecture in his history class that he found very confusing, but at the end of the class when the professor asked whether there was anything students didn't understand, Luke didn't raise his hand. Because there were no other hands raised, Luke assumed that other students had understood the material and he just didn't pay enough attention. In fact, many students hadn't understood the material and were in the same situation as Luke. This is an example of A. jigsaw classroom B. self-fulfilling prophecy C. ultimate attribution error D. pluralistic ignorance E. normative conformity

D

Which of the following is NOT true about prosocial behavior? A. when people are in a good mood, they are more likely to help B. people in stable communities are more likely to help than people in communities with high residential mobility C. when people are put in a bad mood, they are more likely to help D. having an altruistic personality is a strong predictor of helping behavior

D

Which of the following stated gender differences in aggression is false? A. young boys tend to be more physically aggressive than young girls B. girls tend to express their aggressive feelings more covertly, such as by gossiping C. gender differences in physical aggression shrink when men and women are subjected to frustration or insults D. because violence is so rare in women, female suicide bombers are much crazier than males who carry out these attacks

D

Good Samaritan Study results

DV1: not in a hurry: 63% stopped to help; in a hurry: 10% stopped, many didn't even notice him DV2: Topic of speech made little difference

Bobo doll study

IV: children observed behavior of an adult (aggressive play, non-aggressive play, control) DV: measured aggressive play

frustration and aggression study

IV: time waited to play (no wait or some wait) DV: how they played no wait group:did not show aggressive behaviors wait group: became frustrated, showed aggression

catharsis

The notion that "blowing off steam"—by performing an aggressive act, watching others engage in aggressive behaviors, or engaging in a fantasy of aggression—relieves built-up aggressive energies and hence reduces the likelihood of further aggressive behavior.

scapegoat

When frustrated or unhappy, people tend to displace aggression onto groups that are disliked, visible, and relatively powerless; takes place because of competition; realistic conflict theory

relational aggression

acts that harm another person through manipulation of the relationship (backbiting, rumors, shunning)

instrumental aggression

aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain

hostile aggression

aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain or injury

aggressive stimulus

an object that is associated with aggressive responses (e.g., a gun) and whose mere presence can increase the probability of aggression

stereotype threat

apprehension experienced by members of a group that their behavior might confirm a cultural stereotype

Which of the following men is most likely to act aggressively toward someone who insults him? A. Ray, grew up in MN B. Randy, grew up in LA C. Richard, grew up in MA D. Ricky, grew up in ME

b

Social cognitive perspective of prejudice

conformity to social rules social categorization (in-group bias, out-group homogeneity) way we assign meaning or make attributions (ultimate attribution error, victim blaming) way we allocate resorces

Repeated exposure to media violence is associated with:

decreased sensitivity to violence (less arousal), less reactivity to real-life aggression (indifference), reduced sensitivity

three explanations for prosocial behavior

evolutionary gain, social exchange, empathy

automatic processing of stereotypes

do not have control over; stereotypes may be automatically triggered under certain conditions.

watching aggressive sports

fans become more aggressive

controlled processing of stereotypes

have control over; ignore or refute stereotype that was automatically activated

contact hypothesis

most important way to reduce prejudice is through bringing in-group and out-group members together; effective, but not enough

Alcohol _____ aggressive behavior

increases

The mere presence of a gun in an otherwise neutral situation _____ the degree of aggressive behavior.

increases

People are _______ likely to help in dense, urban settings.

less (due to urban overload hypothesis)

social scripts in sexual violence

men: be persistent women: resist sexual advances leads to confusion about "no"

out-group homogeneity

mistaken perception that "they" are all alike

People in especially bad moods are ____ likely to help.

more

People in good moods are ____ likely to help.

more

People who have lived for a long time in one place are ____ likely to engage in prosocial behavior than are people who have recently moved to an area.

more (residential mobility)

The seminary students who were the most religious were ____ likely to help.

no more

modern racism

outwardly acting unprejudiced while inwardly maintaining prejudiced attitudes

Men are more likely to be _______ aggressive and women are more likely to be ______ aggressive.

physically; relationally

benevolent sexism

positive stereotypes of women, demeans women, weaker sex, idealizes women

social learning theory

the theory that people learn social behavior in large part by observing others and imitating them

Good Samaritan Study

seminary students pass sickly man as walk from building DV1: some told they were in a hurry, others told there was no rush DV2: some were asked to give speech on jobs, some asked to discuss Good Samaritan parable

urban overload hypothesis

the theory that people living in cities are constantly bombarded with stimulation and that they keep to themselves to avoid being overwhelmed by it

Participants angered in the presence of a gun administered ______ electric shocks than those angered in the presence of a tennis ball.

stronger

norm of reciprocity

the expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future

Robbers Cave stage 3

the experimenters created conditions that required both groups to work together solving a common problem, Both groups worked together to solve the problem

diffusion of responsibility

the phenomenon wherein each bystander's sense of responsibility to help decreases as the number of witnesses increases

mutual interdepence

the situation that exists when two or more groups need to depend on one another to accomplish a goal that is important to each of them

illusory correlations

the tendency to see relationships between events that are actually unrelated; perpetuates stereotypes; most likely to occur when the events or people are different, distinctive

frustration-aggression theory

the theory that frustration - the perception that you are being prevented from attaining a goal - increases the probability of an aggressive response

Robbers Cave stage 1

the two groups of boys were separated and did not know about each other. During this time, the boys bonded with the other boys in their group.

Robbers Cave stage 2

they were introduced to each other , and immediately the name calling began. the experimenters created competitions between the groups and the conflict which included hostility, derogation, and aggressive behavior toward the other groups did increase

social scripts

ways of behaving socially that we learn implicitly from our culture

think-drink effect

when people expect alcohol to have certain effects on them, it often does