test 4 psych

People may unconsciously harbor negative racial associations. This best illustrates the subtle nature of:

implicit prejudice

Victoria is a fifth grader at Carson Elementary School. Like most students in her school, she believes that Carson Elementary School is the best school in the town. This example best illustrates:

ingroup bias

Which defense mechanism offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions?

rationalization

Sarah's optimism is both a contributor to and a product of her successful career accomplishments. This best illustrates:

reciprocal determinism

The concept of a superordinate goal is best illustrated by:

the efforts of management and labor to produce a fuel-efficient automobile that will outsell any car on the market.

Liam has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. His parents have a difficult time understanding him because his speech is fragmented and bizarre. He jumps from one idea to another, sometimes within sentences, creating:

a word salad

_____ is unselfish regard for the welfare of others.

alturism

While working on wedding preparations, Jamal conforms to the expectations of his future bride's family, simply to win their favor. His behavior illustrates the importance of:

normative social influence

The relationship between the season in which people are born and their subsequent risk of schizophrenia best highlights the role of ____________ in this disorder.

viral infections in the mother during pregnancy

Miguel's wife brought him to the emergency room because Miguel could not remember his name, the names of his family members, where he worked, or any other basic personal information. Extensive tests at the hospital indicated that Miguel's memory problems were not due to an injury, an illness, drugs, or any other physical or medical condition. A clinical psychologist suggested that Miguel might be suffering from:

a dissosiative disorder

These drugs are increasingly used to treat anxiety disorders, OCD, and PTSD.

antidepressants

Those with ______________ are often not only aggressive and ruthless, but show no sign of the conscience that would inhibit wrongdoing.

antisocial personality disorder

The most common hallucinations experienced in schizophrenia are:

auditory

To help Monica overcome her nearly irresistible craving for chocolate, her therapist provides her with a supply of chocolate candies that contain solidified droplets of a harmless but very bitter-tasting substance. This approach to treatment best illustrates:

aversive conditioning

Boris is a prolific painter. However, he is also prone to periods of hopelessness and depression, which are followed by periods of mania. It seems likely that Boris is suffering from a:

bipolar disorder

The phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present means the less likely each individual is to help someone in distress is called the:

bystander effect

In this form of therapy, the therapist listens, without judging or interpreting, and refrains from directing the client toward certain insights.

client centered therapy

Juan is watching a presidential debate on television and is keenly paying attention to the candidates' arguments. At the end of the debate, Juan says "I agree with many of the third-party candidate's arguments." Juan is influenced by:

central route persuasion

Cognitive-behavioral therapies are designed to

modify clients' self-defeating thoughts and their maladaptive behaviors.

Which of the following therapies have been most effective for treating posttraumatic stress disorder and anxiety?

cognitive and cognitive behavioral therapies

During a test, Abe succumbed to temptation and copied several answers from a nearby student's paper. He felt very uncomfortable about having done this, until he convinced himself that copying answers is not wrong if classmates are careless enough to expose their test sheets. Which theory best explains why Abe adopted this new attitude?

cognitive dissonance theory

Equity and self-disclosure are important to the development of:

companionate love

When individuals are driven to perform repetitive behaviors that persistently interfere with everyday life, they are said to be experiencing:

compulsions

A person who is highly organized, careful, and disciplined would be high on:

conscientiousness

The Big Five personality factors include:

conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion.

_____ involves clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences.

evidence based practice

In Milgram's experiments, participants were torn between whether they should respond to the pleas of the learner or the demands of the _____.

experimenter

People with schizophrenia sometimes lapse into an emotionless state called:

flat effect

______________ is a psychoanalytic method for exploring the unconscious. With this method, patients are told to relax and say whatever comes to mind.

free association

In a study examining genetic influences on antisocial personality disorder, Adrian Raine compared the PET scans of murderers' brains to the brains of nonmurderers of the same age and sex. Raine reported reduced activity in the murderers' _____________ (a brain area that helps with impulse control).

frontal lobes

Jonathan is very good conversationalist but can only handle loud parties for a very short time. He prefers to meet his friends at a quiet wine bar and socialize there. Which personality trait best describes Jonathan?

introversion

Jamal is never excitable, but for months now he has been having difficulties getting out of bed and is not interested in going out with friends or even answering the phone. He has let a number of bills go unpaid, is sleeping 12 to 14 hours a day, and cannot concentrate at work. He has called in sick to work at least once each week. Jamal is most likely suffering from:

major depressive disorder

Historically there have been a variety of models used to explain psychological disorders. The ___________ model assumes that mental disorders have physical causes that can be diagnosed and treated.

medical

People's behavior can be described in terms of the spotlight effect. This means that they:

overestimate the extent to which other people are noticing them

Mark typically responds to stress in a calm and thoughtful manner. Chandler usually becomes agitated. The reactions of Mark and Chandler to stress indicate that each has a distinctive:

personality

Virtual reality exposure therapy is most likely to prove effective in the treatment of:

phobias

Which of the following is one of the main predictors of mental disorders?

poverty

When patients in traditional psychoanalysis block anxiety-laden material from their consciousness, they are experiencing:

resistance

_____ is overthinking about our problems and their causes.

rumination

Kaley tends to avoid talking with others because she fears that she will be judged harshly by them. Kaley can best be described as being:

shy

These theories explore the interaction between people's traits and their social context.

social congitive theories

A common side effect of ECT is:

some memory loss for the events leading up to the ECT session.

When 7-year-old Philip was caught pocketing a candy bar that he had not paid for, he felt ashamed and guilty. Using Freud's terminology, the sense of shame and guilt that Philip felt was a product of his:

superego

To help Adam reduce his fear of dogs, a therapist encourages him to physically relax and first imagine that he is walking toward a friendly and harmless little dog. The therapist's technique best illustrates:

systematic desenatisation

Researchers asked homeowners for permission to install a large, poorly lettered sign in their front yards. Only 17 percent of the homeowners consented. Researchers then approached different homeowners and asked if they could post a small, neatly lettered sign. Nearly all agreed. Then, when asked two weeks later if they could post the large, ugly sign, 76 percent of this second group consented. The results of this experiment support:

the foot in the door

When temperatures go up in summer, the rates of violent crimes increase. This is best explained in terms of:

the frustration aggression principle

You've stopped at a diner for a cup of coffee, and the waitress yells at you when you sit at a table that has not been cleared. Affronted, you are convinced that she should find another line of work—one in which her angry personality will not interfere with her job. However, you disregard the possibility that the restaurant is short of help that day. You have just fallen prey to:

the fundamental attribution error

What is the phenomenon in which the repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases the liking of them?

the mere exposure effect

Nelson was seen laughing inappropriately in the library, as if he were responding to internal stimuli. On the bus home, he cried uncontrollably and suddenly became angered when a fellow passenger offered him a tissue. His excess of inappropriate behavior is known as:

the presence of prosperity

According to Freud, the ego is guided by _____.

the reality principle

Aerobic exercise, adequate sleep, light exposure, and social engagement are important components of:

therapeutic lifestyle change

Dr. O'Higgins believes that the study of personality should focus on identifying, describing, and measuring individual differences. Dr. O'Higgins probably would identify with the _____ perspective on personality.

trait

______________ is an attitude of total acceptance toward another person. Carl Rogers believed that this attitude nurtures growth in others.

unconditional positive regard

in traditional psychoanalysis, transference refers to patients'

unconscious response to therapists in terms of significant personal relationships.