test 6

Which of the following powers has the strongest relationship with performance and satisfaction?

Expert power

Which of the following preferences is used in the final step of the Z problem-solving model to determine how the people involved will be affected?

Feeling

_____ has been described as the ability to know or recognize quickly and readily the possibilities of a situation.

Intuition

Which of the following is an advantage of negative feedback?

It can bring about a closer employee-boss relationship if given in a problem-solving format.

Which of the following statements is true of reward power?

It can lead to better performance, but only as long as an employee sees a clear and strong link between performance and rewards.

Which of the following is an assumption of intuition?

It involves learned patterns of information.

Which of the following best defines competence?

It is the belief that one has the ability to do a job well.

Which of the following statements is true of information power?

It may flow upward from subordinates to managers as well as downward from managers to subordinates.

Which of the following is an assumption of the bounded rationality model?

Managers develop shortcuts, called heuristics, to make decisions in order to save mental activity.

Which of the following is a guideline for the ethical use of legitimate power?

Managers should enforce compliance.

According to Jay Conger, which of the following is a guideline on how managers can empower employees in an organization?

Managers should set inspirational or meaningful goals.

_____ are new and complex decisions that require considerable judgment.

Nonprogrammed decisions

Which of the following is a symptom of groupthink?

Peer pressure

. _____ are simple rules used to determine final group decisions.

Social decision schemes

Which of the following is an assumption of the rational model of decision making?

The decision maker is aware of all the possible alternatives.

Which of the following is an individual prerequisite for participative decision making?

The motivation to act autonomously

Which of the following is true of people who use referent power?

They are most often individualistic and respected by a target.

According to Korda, which of the following is true of managers who are really secure in their power?

They believe that nothing important can happen without them.

In the context of positive versus negative power, which of the following is true of dissenters?

They can create a climate conducive to the ethical use of power.

Which of the following is true of quality circles?

They extend participative decision making into teams.

Which of the following is true of Kanter's symbols of power?

They have an active, other-directed element.

Which of the following is true of programmed decisions?

They have an established decision rule.

Which of the following is true of quality teams?

They make data-based decisions about improving product and service quality.

Which of the following is the first step that employees should take in managing their relationship with their boss?

They should try to understand as much as they can about their boss.

Which of the following is true of self-managed teams?

They take on decisions and activities that traditionally belong to managers.

According to Kanter, which of the following is true of executives feeling powerless?

They use dictatorial, top-down communication.

Which of the following encourages groupthink?

Time constraints

Which of the following statements is true in the context of risk aversion?

Women are more risk averse than men.

Using the _____ can help an individual develop his nonpreferences.

Z problem-solving model

For expert power to work, _____.

a target must trust that the expertise given is accurate.

In the context of power, the person using power is known as a(n) _____.

agent

A symptom of powerlessness that a first-line manager displays is:

an overly close supervision of employees.

The bounded rationality model assumes that managers:

are comfortable making decisions without identifying all the options.

In the context of political behavior in organizations, _____ encourages political activity.

autocratic decision making

In the context of using power ethically, managers should _____ for the ethical use of legitimate power.

be cordial and polite

The _____ rests on the idea that there are constraints that force a decision maker to be less than completely rational.

bounded rationality model

In the context of influence tactics, _____ is particularly effective for gaining support and resources for a new project.

consultation

The rational model of decision making assumes that the:

decision maker can calculate the probability of success for each alternative.

Anne, a manager, increases the salary of Susan, one of her employees, by 30 percent because she likes Susan. But for the others, she increases the salary by only 20 percent. In this scenario, Anne's behavior is unethical as it violates the criteria of:

distributive justice.

Participative decision making is associated with:

employee job satisfaction.

In situations characterized by _____, individuals who make decisions that turn out to be poor choices tend to hold fast to those choices, even when substantial costs are incurred.

escalation of commitment

Jake, the CEO of WinWest Inc., decided to launch a high-risk product. Despite the product's persistent failure, he was unwilling to withdraw it from the market. This scenario is an example of _____.

escalation of commitment

The use of intuition may lead to more _____ as intuition allows an individual to take on another's role with ease.

ethical decisions

In the context of interpersonal power, _____ is called the power of future.

expert power

To coerce someone into doing something means to:

force the person to do it.

In the context of information power, _____ is the spin that managers put on information.

framing

One of the reasons managers face limits to their rationality is that they:

have a consistent system of preferences.

In the context of creativity, _____ occurs when an individual senses an insight for solving a problem.

illumination

In the context of empowerment, _____ is the belief that one's job makes a difference within an organization.

impact

In _____, individuals use influence tactics to control others' impressions of them.

impression management

In the context of empowerment, _____ consists of the tasks and procedures necessary for doing a particular job.

job content

One social decision scheme is the _____, in which a group supports whatever position is taken by most of its members.

majority-wins rule

To use reward power effectively, a manager should:

make the connection clear between the behavior being rewarded and the reward.

In the context of the decision-making process, after a solution is implemented, the next step is to:

monitor the situation.

The advantages of group decision making include:

more knowledge through the pooling of group member resources.

Alex, a manager at WizzWare Inc., is in charge of making a decision about merging with another company. This decision is a _____.

nonprogrammed decision

In the rational model, the decision maker strives to:

optimize.

According to McClelland, people who approach relationships with an exchange orientation often use _____ to ensure that they get at least their fair share-and often more-in the relationship.

personal power

According to McClelland, the two faces of power are:

personal power and social power.

In the context of personality, attitudes, and values, the left side of the brain is the center for _____.

planning

Enlarging an individual's zone of indifference is best accomplished with _____.

power

Cognitive style is defined as an individual's:

preferred method for gathering information and evaluating alternatives.

A _____ is a small group of employees who work voluntarily on company time, typically one hour per week, to address work-related problems such as quality control, cost reduction, production planning and techniques, and even product design.

quality circle

In the context of influence tactics, _____ is used most often to get support from peers and superiors to change company policy.

rational persuasion

In the context of interpersonal forms of power, charismatic individuals are often thought to have _____ power.

referent

Bounded rationality assumes that managers _____ because the costs of optimizing in terms of time and effort are too great.

satisfice

The effects of political behavior in organizations can be negative when the political behavior is:

strategically undertaken to maximize self-interest.

The organizational foundations include a _____ that is essential because of the uncertainty within the organization.

supportive organizational culture

In the context of power, the recipient of the attempt to use power is known as a(n) _____.

target

Recent research examining the effects of cultural diversity on decision making has found that when individuals in a group are racially dissimilar, _____.

they arrive at better decisions than racially similar groups

Managers using coercive power may:

verbally abuse employees or withhold support from them.

If a manager makes a request to his or her employee and the employee thinks that the manager has no right to make that request, then the request falls outside the employee's:

zone of indifference.