Test 6 A&P

what causes conjunctivitis?

- infection agents - irritants

The sclera_________

- is made of dense connective tissue - provides for eye shape

which structures are part of the vestibular complex

- saccule - semicircular ducts - utricle

what are basic test sensations

- sour - umami - sweet

tactile disc

-Expanded nerve terminal that synapses with Merkel cell -Sensitive to fine touch

Place the structures of the eye in order from superficial to deep

1. Choroid 2. Photoreceptors 3. Horizontal cells 4. Bipolar cells

Place the three layer of of the eye in order from superficial to deep.

1. fibrous tunic 2. vascular tunic 3. retina

Order these structures in the order that tears travel through them

1. lacrimal puncta 2. lacrimal canaliculus 3. lacrimal sac 4. nasolacrimal duct

Place the structures of CN II in order from anterior to posterior

1. optic nerve 2. optic chiasm 3. optic tract

gustatory cells have a lifespan of

7-10 days

what disorder is caused by unequal curvatures of the lens and cornea

Astigmatism

when the _______ membrane moves, the _______ on the spiral organ hair cells distort because they are anchored

Basilar, stereocilla

A ________ shaped lens is used to treat hyperopia and a __________ shape lens is used to treat myopia

Convex - hyperopia Concave - myopia

the eye is spherical, measuring about 5 centimeters in diameter, and most of it is receded into the orbit of the skull

False

a detached retina is more likely to occur if a person is

Myopia ( nearsightedness)

The medial, inferior, and superior rectus muscles, as well as the inferior oblique, are all innervated by

Oculomotor nerve, CN III

The superior oblique eye muscle is innervated by

Trochlear nerve, CN IV

Why is visceral pain sometimes localized incorrectly?

Visceral sensory neurons travel along the same pathway as many somatic sensory neurons - therefore pain signals may be interpreted as originating from the wrong location.

the semicircular ducts are involved in detecting _________ acceleration

angular

What chamber is between the iris and cornea?

anterior chamber

what eye disorder causes "milky" vision

cataracts

what structure is filled with pigment from melanocytes

choroid

what is the name of the "snail shaped" structure of the inner ear

cochlea

what type of photoreceptors detect color

cones

which events occur during bright light adaptation?

cones gradually adjust, rods become inactive, and pupils constrict

as we adjust to low light, our ______ become nonfunctional and it may take ______ for rhodopsin to become generated sufficiently so that you can see well in low-light conditions.

cones, 20-30 minutes

when light hits the eye, the pupil ________ in bright or _________ in dim lights

contracts, expands

the limbus is the junction between the sclera and _______

cornea

the optic disc is associated with

cranial nerve II ( optic nerve)

what is the name of the gelatinous dome with embedded stereocilia of the semicircular canal

cupula

the primary function of the ___ is to prevent large objects from contacting the eye

eyelashes

hyperopia

farsightedness

the lens is ________ when we are viewing far away objects

flattened

when the bipolar cells release their neurotransmitter, the ___ cells propagate a nerve signal along the ___ nerve

ganglion, optic

which may result in symptoms such as reduced field of vision, dim vision or halos around lights

glaucoma

as a consequence of the dark current, ____ channels in the photoreceptor open

glutamate

when rhodopsin is split by light stimulation, the calcium and sodium channels are also closed and this blocks the release of the neurotransmitter called _______

glutamate

When you travel in an elevator (which moves linearly in space), the ___________ detect when the elevator is accelerating or decelerating.

hair cells covered by an otolithic membrane

sensory receptors in the utricle detect the position of the _________

head

the term equilibrium refers to our awareness and monitoring of our ______ position

head

the vitreous body is also called the vitreous _______

humor

light causes the photoreceptor plasma membranes to _____

hyperpolarize

the ______ segment of the photoreceptors connect directly to the cell body

inner

gustatory sensations travel to the ________ of the brain

insula

Specific types of receptors called ______ detect stimuli in the internal organs

interoceptors

where are tears created?

lacrimal apparatus

The suspensory ligaments connect the ______ to the ciliary muscles.

lens

presbyopia occurs when the _____ loses elasticity

lens

acrimal fluid prevents bacterial infection because it contains an antibacterial enzyme called

lysozyme

macular degeneration occurs when the _______ degenerates

macula lutea

tactile receptors are a type of __________

mechanoreceptor

lacrimal caruncle is on the _________ side of the eye

medial - its located on the inner corned of the eye ( small pink section)

Where are end bulbs located?

oral and naval cavities

the ______ segment of each photoreceptor is composed of hundreds of discs containing photopigments that are capable of absorbing light energy

outer

eyelids are also called

palpebrae

the portion of the conjunctiva on the inside of the eyelid is called the:

palpebral conjunctiva

accommodation is controlled by the ______ division of the nervous system

parasympathetic

a sensation experienced by someone who has had a limb amputated but still feels like the limb is there

phantom pain

As tears drain, through the lacrimal caruncle, they enter small holes called the lacrimal _______

puncta

the parasympathetic nervous system controls ____________

pupil contraction

the sympathetic nervous system controls ____________

pupil dilation

the black hole in the eye is called the __________ and it is surrounded by the colorful ________

pupil, iris

some individuals experience pain in their left shoulder during a heart attach. this is an example of

referred pain

light rays are ______ when they pass through the lens and the cornea

refracted

what structure makes up the posterior 5/6 of the fibrous tunic

sclera

Order these structures from superficial to deep: choroid, sclera, pigmented layer of retina, neural layer of retina.

sclera ( outermost) choroid pigmented layer of retina neural layer of retina (inner most)

receptors for general senses are distributed throughout the ____ and viscera

skin and viscera

the ciliary muscles are made of _________ muscle

smooth muscle

axons from the optic tract project to the _____ colliculi

superior

reflexive movements of the head, eyes, and neck are coordinated by the _________

superior colliculi

tactile cells are associated with________

tactile discs

The dendritic ending of each gustatory cell is formed by a slender gustatory microvillus, sometimes called a

taste hair

upon exposure to light the rental straightens out and reconfigured into a form called ________-retinal

trans-retinal

in cones, the bleaching reaction occurs as cis-retinal transforms to trans-retinal

true

the conjunctiva is

vascular

which layer of the eye contains the blood and lymph vessels

vascular tunic

in the eye, the ______ humor is gelatinous

vitreous

free nerve endings are terminal branches of

dendrites

photoreceptors are _____ when it is completely dark

depolarized

The auricle has ________ cartilage that supports its structure.

elastic

the dissociation of ____ into its two components is called the bleaching reaction

rhodopsin

the cis-retinal, in the processor regeneration, is transported back to the ______ where it associated with the opsin and reforms the ______

rod, rhodospin

the lens is _______ when we are viewing close-up objects

rounded

which chamber is most superior

scala vestibuli

Our brain perceives different colors because each cone responds to a different wavelength on the visual spectrum.

false - There are only three different types of cones. Each cone responds to a range of wavelength. The combination of stimulation to different cones results in the perception of different colors.

rods are essentially nonfunctional in bright light because:

in bright light rhodopsin will bleach as fast as it is reformed

some of the axons from the cochlea project directly to the _______ colliculus of the midbrain

inferior

Which disorder of refraction is corrected with a concave lens?

myopia - Myopia (near-sightedness) is corrected with a concave lens that will bend the light rays less to land on the retina

myopia

nearsightedness

emmetropia

normal vision

optic tracts ultimately are directed to the primary visual cortex in the _______ lobe

occipital

in phototransduction, the _______ responds to light stimulation by changing its resting membrane potential, resulting in a change in the neurotransmitter it releases

photoreceptor

what is conjunctivitis

pink eye; inflammation of the conjunctiva

the apparent distortion of the spoon in the water glass is due to the phenomenon known as

refraction

root hair plexuses are usually found in the _________

reticular layer of the dermis

the ora serrata extends anteriorly from the

retina

in hearing, secondary neurons can go one of two pathways; they can go directly to the inferior colliculus or go to the _______ _______ nucleus before they go to the inferior colliculus

superior olivary

What color is the macula lutea

yellowish, the rest of the retina is red