Test chapter 7 and 8

grams

1 Fat gram = 9 calories 1 Carbohydrate gram = 4 calories 1 Protein gram = 4 One dime weights about one gramcalories

six types of nuterients

1. carbonhydrates 2. fats 3. proteins 4. vitamins 5. minerals 6. water

what is a calorie

A calorie is a unit of energy. We tend to associate calories with food, but they apply to anything containing energy.

allergies

A food allergy is an abnormal response to a food that is triggered by the body's immune system. True food allergies are relatively rare. If you think you may have a food allergy, consult a doctor for diagnosis. The best way to prevent an allergic reaction is to avoid foods to which you are allergic. People with serious food allergies may need to carry epinephrine injections to prevent fatal reactions

Food-Borne Illness

A food-borne illness is an illness caused by eating or drinking a food that contains a toxin or disease-causing organism. Common symptoms of food-borne illness include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Food-borne illnesses are often mistaken for stomach flu. Most food-borne illnesses can be treated with rest and lots of fluids. If symptoms are severe, your should see a doctor.

athletes

Athletes must drink lots of fluids and avoid dehydration. Athletes need a diet high in carbohydrates for extra energy. Most athletes do not need extra protein in their diet

body composition

Body composition is a measure of the amount of body weight due to fat compared to the amount of body weight due to bone and muscle. Someone can be overweight without being obese, depending on their body composition. Body mass index is an index of weight in relation to height that is used to assess healthy body weight.

body image

Body image is just one factor that can contribute to eating disorders. Other factors include genetics, culture, personality, emotions, and family. If you have concerns about food or your appearance that have led to trouble in school, at home, or with your friends, consult a parent, doctor, or other trusted adult.

what are nuteients

Carbohydrates are energy-giving nutrients that include sugars, starches, and fiber. Fats are the main form of energy storage in the body. Proteins are made of amino acids, which build and repair structures and regulate processes in the body.

Carbonhydrates

Carbohydrates are energy-giving nutrients that include sugars, starches, and fiber. Sugars are the simplest form of carbohydrates. Starches are more complex carbohydrates that can be broken down into sugars. Glycogen is a form of carbohydrate your body uses for short-term energy storage. Fiber is a complex carbohydrate that provides little energy and cannot be digested. However, fiber is important to keep your digestive system healthy.

eating dissorders

Characteristics of binge eating behavior may include: frequently feeling disgust or guilt after eating eating more rapidly than usual eating when not physically hungry eating to the point of abdominal pain eating alone out of shame frequently feeling out of control about the amount of food eaten.

Choloresterol

Cholesterol is another type of lipid found in all human and animal tissues. Your body makes cholesterol. You also get cholesterol from foods such as meat, eggs, and dairy products. Cholesterol is necessary for certain essential functions in the body. Too much of certain types of cholesterol in your diet can cause deposits on blood vessel walls, increasing the risk of heart attack

daily values

Daily Values (DVs) are recommended daily amounts of nutrients. The percentage DV tells the amount of the nutrient in a serving relative to the total recommended daily amount for a 2000-Calorie diet.

eating dissorders

Eating disorders are conditions that involve an unhealthy degree of concern about body weight and shape and that may lead to efforts to control weight by unhealthy means. Body image is how you see and feel about your appearance and your body. Culture and society affect what we think of as a perfect body.

problems

Flatulence is caused by a buildup of gas produced by bacteria in the large intestine when you eat certain indigestible foods. Diarrhea refers to frequent watery stools. Prolonged diarrhea can cause severe and dangerous dehydration. Constipation is difficulty in having bowel movements. Constipation can be prevented by exercise, drinking lots of water, and eating a high-fiber diet.

food itolorance

Food intolerances are conditions that involve bad reactions to food other than specific reactions of the immune system. Lactose intolerance is a reduced ability to digest the sugar lactose, found in dairy products

what causes obesity

Genetics. Obesity tends to run in families. Some researchers believe that a gene passed down through family members may have some impact on how we regulate our body weight.  Aging. As you get older, your body cannot burn energy as quickly, and you do not need as many calories to maintain your weight. This is why people who eat the same way and do the same activities as they did when they were 20 find that they gain weight at 40.  Gender. Men burn more energy at rest than women do, so men need more calories to maintain their body weight. Women usually gain weight after menopause because their ability to burn energy decreases even more. Environment and eating habits. Fast-food restaurants and high-fat, high-cholesterol junk foods have become a main part of the American diet.  Lack of physical activity. People who eat a lot but do not exercise are more likely to be obese.  Pregnancy. Although most women only weigh a few pounds more a year after giving birth, 15% of pregnant women add 20 pounds with each pregnancy.  Childhood obesity. Children who are obese are more likely to be obese as adults. Researchers believe that the fat cells we gain as children stay with us as adults. Obese children may have 5 times more fat cells than children of normal weight. Dieting in adulthood will decrease the fat-cell size but not the actual number of fat cells.

food digestive

Heartburn is caused by stomach acid leaking into the esophagus. It feels like a burning in your chest. Heartburn is caused by overeating high-fat foods, and by stress and anxiety. Avoiding high-fat foods will help prevent heartburn

why do we wheight ourselves

Heredity is the passing down of traits from parent to child through DNA. Whether you gain or lose weight easily is largely due to heredity. However, your choices about what you eat, how much you eat, and how much you exercise also affect your energy balance and body weight

Vitamins

Minerals are chemical elements that are essential in small amounts to maintain good health. Nutrient deficiency is the state of not having enough of a nutrient to maintain good health. Most of us eat more sodium than is healthy. Most teens do not eat enough calcium. Calcium is found in green, leafy vegetables and in calcium-fortified foods. Iron-deficiency is a worldwide problem that causes anemia. Red meats are rich in iron.

borne causes

Most cases of food-borne illness can be prevented if everyone who handles or prepares food practices good food hygiene. Clean surfaces with paper towels and wash cloth towels frequently in hot, soapy water Keep your refrigerator at 40 F or below Wash hands, utensils, and surfaces with warm, soapy water between each step Cook food to recommended temperature

nutrient density

Nutrient density is a measure of the nutrients in a food compared with the energy the food provides. Food with low nutrient density is sometimes called junk food. Eating junk food occasionally is OK, but you should always aim for variety, balance, and moderation. You can make up for the nutrients missing in junk food by eating healthier foods at other times of the day.

Obesity

Obesity is a condition in which a person has a significant amount of excess body fat. More Americans are obese now than ever before. Americans today exercise less and eat more foods high in sugar and fat than in the past. Exercise and a healthy diet can help most people stay in a healthy weight range

proteins

Proteins are made of amino acids, which are used in building and repairing structures in the body. Proteins are also needed for hormones, enzymes, and other essential molecules. Essential amino acids are nine amino acids that the body cannot produce on its own. Complete proteins are dietary proteins that contain all the essential amino acids. Incomplete proteins do not contain all the essential amino acids.

recomended dietary allownce (RDA)

Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) are the recommended nutrient intakes that will meet the needs of most healthy people. RDAs are guidelines, not exact requirements.

Saturated Fat

Saturated fats contain saturated fatty acids. A fatty acid is saturated when every carbon atom is bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible. Saturated fats are usually solid at room temperature. They come from foods such as meat and milk. Eating too many saturated fats can lead to weight gain, high cholesterol levels, and an increased risk of heart disease.

serving size

Serving Size Nutrition labels show the size of a single serving. All other values on the label are in reference to this serving size.

Calcium

Sodium is needed in your body in very small amounts-about 500 milligrams It is recommended that your intake should be no more than 1 ¼ teaspoon Acts as an electrolyte, which are vital for nerve signals, and the transport of nutrients Most of the sodium we eat comes from processed foods

sodium

Sodium is needed in your body in very small amounts-about 500 milligrams It is recommended that your intake should be no more than 1 ¼ teaspoon Acts as an electrolyte, which are vital for nerve signals, and the transport of nutrients Most of the sodium we eat comes from processed foods

bulimia

Some of the most common symptoms of bulimia are: Eating uncontrollably Purging Strict dieting Fasting Vigorous exercise Vomiting or abusing laxatives or diuretics in an attempt to lose weight. Vomiting blood Using the bathroom frequently after meals. Preoccupation with body weight Depression or mood swings. Feeling out of control. Swollen glands in neck and face Heartburn, Bloating, Indigestion, Constipation Irregular periods Dental problems sore throat Weakness Exhaustion Bloodshot eyes

anorexia

Symptoms to watch out for ■ Displays confusing behaviour, from being moody, depressed and withdrawn to overly sweet and compliant.■ Wears baggy clothes or dresses in layers to hide body shape. ■ Complains of weight problems, despite being of average or thin build. ■ Obsesses about the calorific and fat content of food. For example, keeps a food diary. ■ Exercises continuously. ■ Visibly restricts food intake or starves themselves. ■ Afraid to eat around other people. ■ Has unusual food rituals, including shifting food around on plate, cutting it into tiny pieces or dropping it into a napkin. ■ Hides food in strange places or flushes it down the toilet. ■ Makes self-defeating statements after eating. ■ Hair loss and skin has pale or grey appearance. ■ Suffers dizziness, headaches, frequent sore throat or swollen glands. ■ Loss of menstrual cycle. ■ Poor sleeping habits.

dietary guidelines

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans are a set of recommendations designed to improve the diets and health of Americans. These guidelines focus on helping Americans get more nutrients in few Calories, improve the balance between the amount of food that they eat and the amount of exercise that they get, and limit dietary items that may contribute to disease.

food provides energy

The amount of energy in food depends on the amount of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Extra food energy that you do not use immediately is stored as glycogen or fat. Breakfast provides you with important energy for activating your body and brain at the start of the day.

gram

The gram (g) is the standard unit of mass in the metric or System Internationale (SI) system.The gram, along with millimeters (mL), are the metric units used to measure the serving size of food and are listed on the Nutrition Facts label found on food products.

what calories to do

The number of calories in a food is a measure of how much potential energy that food possesses. A gram of carbohydrates has 4 calories, a gram of protein has 4 calories, and a gram of fat has 9 calories. Foods are a compilation of these three building blocks. So if you know how many carbohydrates, fats and proteins are in any given food, you know how many calories, or how much energy, that food contains.

why we eat

The smell and taste of food Mood Family, ethnic, and religious traditions Social occasions Health concerns Advertising Cost and availability

trans fat

Trans fat is found in numerous foods - commercially packaged goods, commercially fried food such as French Fries from some fast food chains, other packaged snacks such as microwaved popcorn as well as in vegetable shortening and some margarine. Indeed, any packaged goods that contains "partially-hydrogenated vegetable oils", "hydrogenated vegetable oils" or "shortening" most likely contain trans fat.

being over weight

Type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and high blood pressure Prostate, colon, and breast cancer Sleeping problems such as sleep apnea

food and digestive

Ulcers are open sores in the lining of the stomach or intestines. They can cause pain after eating. Ulcers are caused by bacterial infections. Stress and an unhealthy diet can make ulcers worse. Ulcers can be treated with antibiotics.

Unsaturated

Unsaturated fats contain unsaturated fatty acids. A fatty acid is unsaturated when the carbon atoms are not bonded to as many hydrogen atoms as possible. Unsaturated fats are usually liquid at room temperature. They come from foods such as oils and fish

vitamins

Vitamins are carbon-containing nutrients that are needed in small amounts to maintain health and allow growth. Fat-soluble vitamins dissolve in fat. As a result, they can be stored in fat tissue and remain in the body for a long time. Water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water. They are not stored in the body very well

weight managment

Weight management is a program of sensible eating and exercise habits that will help keep weight at a healthy level. The keys to healthy weight management are to eat better, eat less, and exercise more. The goal is to lose fat, not muscle.

Nutrients

are substances in food that provide energy or help from body tissues and are a necessary for life and growth

Fats

are the body's main form of long-term energy storage. Fats are large molecules made up of fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids are long chains of carbon atoms attached to hydrogen atoms. Fats are classified by the types of fatty acids they contain.

Nutrition

is the cience study of food and the ways the body uses it food

Metabolism

is the sum of the chemical processes that take place in your body to keep you alive and active. Metabolism requires energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The energy in food is measured in Calories.