Test three nutrition
Evan is a well-nourished adult who weighs 70 kg (about 154 lb). How much energy reserve would his body typically store in the form of glycogen? .2 kg 15 kg 2 kg .002 kg
.2 kg
Ultra-trace minerals are those that are required in amounts less than ________ mg per day. 20 2 10 1
1
The RDA for riboflavin for adults aged 19 years and older is 1.3 mg/day for men and .5 mg/day for women. 2.5 mg/day for women. 6 mg/day for women. 1.1 mg/day for women.
1.1 mg/day for women.
What percentage of dietary vitamin B6 comes from animal sources in a typical American diet? 40% 80% 60% 20%
40%
How many water-soluble vitamins are essential for human health? 2 7 9 5
9
What is the first step in the body's metabolism of alcohol in people with low to moderate intakes? P450 enzymes produce acetyl CoA. Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) produces acetaldehyde. Acetate is converted to acetyl CoA. Aldehyde dehydrogenase produces acetate.
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) produces acetaldehyde.
Eric plays soccer and runs track. He relies on sports gels, candy, and soda for quick energy boosts after his games and track meets. Based on his activity level and snack preferences, he has an increased risk for blurred vision and dermatitis. B-vitamin deficiency. cancer. allergies.
B-vitamin deficiency.
The oxidation-reduction reactions that produce energy require which of the following coenzymes? vitamin C minerals B-vitamins fat-soluble vitamins
B-vitamins
Which of the following is NOT a cofactor? iron copper zinc B-vitamins
B-vitamins
Your friend is trying to decide if her diet provides adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals and whether she needs to take supplements. Which guideline below would best help her make a sound decision? Eat high on the food chain. Eat food: not too much, mostly plants. Eat the nutrient, not the food. Eat enriched and fortified foods to take advantage of state-of-the-art nutrition.
Eat food: not too much, mostly plants.
Which of the following statements is false about pantothenic acid? There no known effects from consuming excess amount. Deficiencies are very rare. It is found in variety of foods. Excessive intake can result in toxicity symptoms.
Excessive intake can result in toxicity symptoms.
Hyperthyroidism is most commonly caused by the autoimmune disease called beriberi. cretinism. Graves' disease. Cushing's disease.
Graves' disease.
Persephone is being treated for liver cancer with a series of injections that destroy the blood vessels supplying the tumor. Which of the following statements is true of Persephone's cancer? It almost certainly began in her liver and has now spread throughout her body. It almost certainly began somewhere else in her body and has metastasized to her liver. It is in the third stage, known as progression. It is almost certainly benign.
It is in the third stage, known as progression.
Which of the following statements is false about reviews of micronutrient supplements from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF)? No evidence that micronutrient supplements reduce chronic disease risk. High doses of vitamin D do not prevent or lower cardiovascular disease risk. Overall, there is sufficient evidence to determine the risks vs. benefits of using any multivitamin, paired-nutrient supplements, or single-nutrient supplements for the prevention of cardiovascular disease or cancer Neither vitamin E or beta carotene prevents or reduces risk of cardiovascular disease.
Overall, there is sufficient evidence to determine the risks vs. benefits of using any multivitamin, paired-nutrient supplements, or single-nutrient supplements for the prevention of cardiovascular disease or cancer
Which of the following outcomes is MOST likely in a school-age child who consumes a low-quality diet that provides only about half the RDA for thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamin B6? The child will be too ill to attend school. The child will be able to attend school, but will fail academically. The child will need to be hospitalized. The child will be able to attend school, but will not be able to keep up with the other children in physical education classes or games at recess.
The child will be able to attend school, but will not be able to keep up with the other children in physical education classes or games at recess.
Alcohol-related thiamin deficiency is called alcohol hypothiaminosis. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. alcohol-induced anemia. Parsonage-Turner neuropathy.
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
Which of the following diets is lowest in B vitamins? Asian diet a diet high in unenriched, processed foods a diet high in fruits and vegetables, whole grains, fish, and nonfat dairy vegan diet
a diet high in unenriched, processed food
The doctor has recently told Julie that she is anemic and has prescribed an iron supplement. The doctor has advised Julie to increase her body's absorption of the iron by taking the supplement with a glass of orange juice. a tablespoon of castor oil. a glass of milk. a glass of water.
a glass of orange juice.
The end products of deamination are ammonia and a keto acid. carbon dioxide. nitrogen. ATP.
a keto acid
Compared to vitamin E, beta-carotene is a relatively weak antioxidant. a better choice for people with GI tract problems. needed in greater amounts. more easily absorbed and utilized by the body.
a relatively weak antioxidant.
In 1906, F.G. Hopkins first called vitamins and minerals accessory factors. nutrients. essential substances. essential factors.
accessory factors.
The primary high-energy molecule in human metabolism is creatine phosphate. glucose. adenosine triphosphate (ATP). nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD).
adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
The process of making large molecules from smaller ones is called anabolism. catabolism. hydrolysis. metabolism.
anabolism.
A deficiency of riboflavin is referred to as ariboflavinosis. riboflavinitis. hyporiboflavin. primary riboflavin insufficiency.
ariboflavinosis.
Why are biotin deficiencies seen in people who consume a large number of raw eggs? because the biotin in eggs are not absorbed unless the eggs are cooked before consuming because raw eggs are hard to digest. because raw eggs contain a protein that binds with biotin and prevents its absorption because raw eggs do not contain any biotin
because raw eggs contain a protein that binds with biotin and prevents its absorption
Juan ate a healthy, well-balanced meal three hours ago and is resting comfortably on the couch. Which metabolic pathway is providing most of his ATP? gluconeogenesis beta-oxidation glycolysis lipogenesis
beta oxidation
Which of the following vitamins is a component of four carboxylase enzymes involved in carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism? niacin biotin riboflavin thiamin
biotin
Which of the following reactions represents dephosphorylation? breakdown of ATP synthesis of glucose phosphate synthesis of sucrose breakdown of maltose
breakdown of ATP
When we eat more Calories than we need, the body responds by using ketones for energy and proteins converted to body fat. carbohydrates for energy and storing dietary fats as body fat. protein for energy and carbohydrates converted to body fat. fat for energy and carbohydrates for storage as glycogen.
carbohydrates for energy and storing dietary fats as body fat.
The final stage of glucose oxidation, oxidative phosphorylation, ultimately yields glucose. carbon dioxide. carbon dioxide, ATP and water. hydrogen and carbon.
carbon dioxide, ATP and water.
Niacin is a component of coenzymes involved in the synthesis and maintenance of the myelin sheath. synthesis of essential amino acids. synthesis of ethanol, fatty acids, and cholesterol. catabolism of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and alcohol.
catabolism of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and alcohol.
Niacin is a component of coenzymes involved in the synthesis and maintenance of the myelin sheath. synthesis of essential amino acids. synthesis of ethanol, fatty acids, and cholesterol. catabolism of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and alcohol.
catabolism of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and alcohol.
Eating too little of which compound below may lead to fat accumulation in the liver and eventually liver damage? choline acetylcholine acetyl CoA cholesterol
choline
Which of the following is a vitamin-like substance involved in energy metabolism? choline iodine folate riboflavin
choline
Which of the following is integral in the neurotransmitter involved in muscle movement and memory? choline pyridoxal niacin biotin
choline
What mineral do some athletes take in supplements in an effort to gain lean body mass and reduce body fat? iron chromium iodine choline
chromium
Which of the following is a trace mineral that enhances the ability of insulin to transport glucose into the body's cells? iodine choline chromium iron
chromium
The energy required to fight or to flee from an enemy is provided by catabolism of stored energy prompted by which of the following hormones? cortisol insulin ghrelin cholecystokinin (CCK)
cortisol
An anabolic reaction in which water is released as a by-product is called hydrolysis. dephosphorylation. phosphorylation. dehydration synthesis.
dehydration synthesis
Disaccharides are formed from monosaccharides by what type of reaction? dehydration synthesis hydrogen bonding phosphorylation hydrolysis
dehydration synthesis
Antioxidants stabilize free radicals by removing an electron from them. donating an electron to them. covalently bonding to them. denaturing them.
donating an electron to them.
The final stage of glucose oxidation, which is carried out in the inner membranes of the mitochondria, involves which series of reactions? beta-oxidation tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle electron transport chain oxidation-reduction
electron transport chain
In oxidation-reduction reactions, what is exchanged? quarks protons neutrons electrons
electrons
As an adverse effect of a prescription medication she was taking for acne, Violet experienced such persistent nausea that she could not make herself eat anything for four days, after which her physician switched her to a different medication. By the end of her fourth day of not eating, what was Violet probably experiencing? manic bursts of energy, high body temperature, and increased plasma ketone levels manic bursts of energy, low body temperature, and a decreased breakdown of glycogen stores fatigue, fever, and an increased breakdown of glycogen stores fatigue, low body temperature, and increased plasma ketone levels
fatigue, low body temperature, and increased plasma ketone levels
What is the primary symptom of niacin toxicity? diarrhea flushing fatigue dizziness
flushing
Which of the B-vitamins primarily functions in cell regeneration and the synthesis of red blood cells? folate biotin pantothenic acid riboflavin
folate
Which of the following foods is NOT a good source of iodine? green leafy vegetables shrimp fish seaweed
green leafy vegetables
Low intakes of vitamin B6, folate, and vitamin B12 are linked to low blood levels of homocysteine. high blood levels of homocysteine. high blood levels of heme iron. reduction in antibody levels.
high blood levels of homocysteine.
Vitamin B6, Folate, and Vitamin B12 share an important role in cardiovascular health in metabolism of which amino acid? cysteine tyrosine histidine homocysteine
homocysteine
Which of the following enzymes facilitates the release of fatty acids into the blood? pepsin hormone-sensitive lipase hexokinase peptidase
hormone-sensitive lipase
Through what type of reaction are disaccharides catabolized to monosaccharides? phosphorylation dehydration synthesis hydrogen bonding hydrolysis
hydrolysis
Where is beta-carotene converted to retinol? in the stomach in the large intestine in the liver in the small intestine
in the small intestine
Which of the following is not a catabolic hormone that triggers the breakdown of stored triglycerides, glycogen, and body proteins for energy? epinephrine glucagon insulin cortisol
insulin
What is the major dietary source of iodine? saltwater fish iodized salt fruits and vegetables dairy products
iodized salt
The thermal energy released during the body's metabolic reactions is sufficient to power short bursts of activity. catalyzes phosphorylation reactions. is converted by cells into chemical energy. keeps us warm.
keeps us warm.
Fruity breath is a sign of lipolysis. ketoacidosis. glycogenolysis. lacticacidosis.
ketoacidosis.
Carbohydrates, ketogenic amino acids, and alcohol can be converted to body fat through the process of lipolysis. lipogenesis. liposuction. proteolysis.
lipogenisis
The catabolism of triglycerides is called lipogenesis. lipolysis. TCA. glycolysis.
lipolysis.
Which of the following situations will result in a buildup of ketones in the blood? excess of tricarboxyl acid (TCA)-cycle intermediates low carbohydrate availability low levels of acetyl CoA due to increased fat mobilization high-carbohydrate diet
low carbohydrate availability
Which of the following minerals is NOT involved in energy metabolism? iodine manganese chromium magnesium
magnesium
Which trace mineral is a cofactor involved in the formation of urea and assists in the formation of bone and cartilage? calcium iodine sodium manganese
manganese
Which dietary source of niacin has the highest availability for absorption? meat enriched bread products ready-to-eat cereals cereal grains
meat
For a person who chronically abuses alcohol, which alternative pathway becomes important in metabolizing it? aldehyde dehydrogenase first pass alcohol dehydrogenase microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)
microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)
Which of the following describes the main symptom(s) of beriberi? hemorrhaging dermatitis blindness muscle wasting and nerve damage
muscle wasting and nerve damage
Nicotinamide and nicotinic acid are two forms of folate. cigarette smoke. nicotine. niacin.
niacin
Which of the following is a vitamin that can be synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan? phenylalanine ascorbic acid niacin cobalamin
niacin
Which of the following vitamins is MOST important in energy metabolism? niacin choline vitamin C vitamin B12
niacin
Which of the following decreases the absorption of zinc and iron? dietary fat vitamin C lactose oxalic acid
oxalic acid
Which metabolic pathway will predominate after eating a balanced meal? lipolysis gluconeogenesis deamination oxidative glycolysis
oxidative glycolysis
A molecule that gives up electrons is oxidized. hydrolyzed. reduced. condensed.
oxidized.
Which of the following vitamins is involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins, the synthesis of cholesterol, and the detoxification of drugs? vitamin B6 folate vitamin B12 pantothenic acid
pantothenic acid
Which of the following vitamins is metabolized into acyl carrier protein, which is involved in the synthesis of fatty acids? riboflavin niacin pantothenic acid thiamin
pantothenic acid
What is the chemical name for vitamin B6? folate pyridoxine niacin pantothenic acid
pyridoxine
The chronic overconsumption of what food can result in a biotin deficiency? grapefruit juice raw egg whites natural licorice herbal tea
raw egg whites
What is the first step in lipolysis? removal of triglycerides from the lipoproteins removal of the glycerol from the adipose tissues removal of dietary lipids from chylomicrons removal of each fatty acid from the glycerol backbone
removal of each fatty acid from the glycerol backbone
Which B-vitamin is part of the coenzymes FAD and FMN that aid in carbohydrate and fat metabolism? riboflavin niacin thiamin folate
riboflavin
The deficiency disease associated with vitamin C is Keshan disease. scurvy. night blindness. erythrocyte hemolysis.
scurvy.
Consuming excessive amounts of vitamin B6 in supplement form has been associated with liver damage and glucose intolerance. reddened flushing of the skin. early onset of menopause. sensory neuropathy.
sensory neuropathy.
Which of the following increases the RDA for vitamin C? following a vegan diet smoking cigarettes drinking alcohol taking vitamin C supplements
smoking cigarettes
Where is the first site of alcohol oxidation? stomach liver pancreas blood stream
stomach
Which of the following is a mineral involved in energy metabolism? thiamin pyridoxine sulfur sodium
sulfur
Copper, zinc, and manganese are part of which antioxidant enzyme system? catalase superoxide dismutase glutathione peroxidase haloperoxidase
superoxide dismutase
The coenzyme TPP plays a critical role in the breakdown of glucose for energy. Which water-soluble vitamin is part of the TPP complex? riboflavin thiamin niacin biotin
thiamin
Which of the following vitamins is involved in breaking glucose down into a smaller molecule that can be taken up by the TCA cycle? ascorbic acid valine riboflavin thiamin
thiamin
All of the following vitamins can be synthesized by the body in small amount except niacin. thiamin. vitamin K. vitamin D.
thiamin.
The first B-vitamin discovered was niacin. thiamin. vitamin B12. folate.
thiamin.
Iodine is essential for the synthesis of neurotransmitters. thyroid hormones. collagen. growth hormone.
thyroid hormones.
Which of the following hormones requires selenium for its synthesis? cortisol estrogen insulin thyroxine
thyroxine
In which of the following functions does vitamin B6 play a key role? synthesis of thyroid hormones folding of the embryonic neural tube transamination blood clotting
transmation
Jackie eats a banana, tuna fish sandwich, dry granola, and a slice of cheese. Which of these foods has the highest amount of available niacin? tuna fish granola banana cheese
tuna fish
In the early 1900s, Japanese children who did not consume fish developed a form of blindness. Which vitamin were they deficient in? vitamin A vitamin C vitamin D vitamin E
vitamin A
Which vitamin was discovered first? vitamin B12 vitamin C vitamin K vitamin A
vitamin A
Sandy has just been diagnosed with atrophic gastritis. Which vitamin is her doctor MOST likely to suggest she receive in supplement form? folate vitamin B12 thiamin pantothenic acid
vitamin B12
Which water-soluble vitamin can be stored by the body? thiamin vitamin C riboflavin vitamin B12
vitamin B12
Chronic deficiency of which of the following vitamins can impair heme synthesis and lead to the formation of small red blood cells with inadequate hemoglobin? niacin vitamin B12 folate vitamin B6
vitamin B6
When you exercise, your body uses glycogen to maintain blood glucose levels. Which vitamin acts as a coenzyme during this process? vitamin B6 vitamin B12 biotin folate
vitamin B6
Which B-vitamin is needed for protein synthesis? riboflavin choline thiamin vitamin B6
vitamin B6
Which of the following micronutrients may be especially important for people with diabetes to consume in adequate amounts? vitamin E and chromium vitamin D and zinc potassium and magnesium vitamin C and iron
vitamin E and chromium
What are the three end products of the oxidation-reduction reactions involved in metabolism? sucrose, lactate, and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) water, carbon dioxide, and ATP glucose, pyruvate, and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) acetyl CoA, nitrogen, and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
water, carbon dioxide, and ATP
What are the three end products of the oxidation-reduction reactions involved in metabolism? sucrose, lactate, and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) water, carbon dioxide, and ATP glucose, pyruvate, and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) acetyl CoA, nitrogen, and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
water, carbon dioxide, and ATP
