TEXES 232

enlightenment

"Awakened one"; achieving full life potential through Buddhism

V-J Day

"Victory over Japan day" is the celebration of the Surrender of Japan, which was initially announced on August 15, 1945

Tanzimat

'Restructuring' reforms by the nineteenth-century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureacracy more efficient. (p. 678)

devshirme

'Selection' in Turkish. The system by which boys from Christian communities were taken by the Ottoman state to serve as Janissaries.(p. 526)

Theravada Buddhism

'Way of the Elders' branch of Buddhism followed in Sri Lanka and much of Southeast Asia. Therevada remains close to the original principles set forth by the Buddha; it downplays the importance of gods (181)

Henry the Navigator

(1394-1460) Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa. (p. 425)

Peter the Great

(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg. (p. 552)

John Quincy Adams

(1767-1848) Son of President John Adams and the secretary of state to James Monroe, he largely formulated the Monroe Doctrine. He was the sixth president of the United States and later became a representative in Congress.

Rush-Bagot Agreement

(1817) Agreement between the U.S. and Britain (which controlled Canada at that time) for mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes. Later expanded to an unarmed U.S.-Canada border.

James Monroe

(1817-1821) and (1821-1825) The Missouri Compromise in 1821, the fifth President of the United States (1817-1825).His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

Andrew Jackson

(1829-1833) and (1833-1837), Indian removal act, nullification crisis, Old Hickory," first southern/ western president," President for the common man," pet banks, spoils system, specie circular, trail of tears, Henry Clay Flectural Process.

Martin Van Buren

(1837-1841) Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt.

John Tyler

(1841-1845) His opinions on all the important issues had been forcefully stated, and he had only been chosen to balance the Whig ticket with no expectation he would ever have power. He was in favor of state's rights, and a strict interpretation of the constitution, he opposed protective tariffs, a national bank and internal improvements at national expense.

Zachary Taylor

(1849-1850), Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore.

Millard Fillmore

(1850-1853) The Fugitive Slave Act was passed in 1850. California becomes a free state, territories chose popular sovereignty, Uncle Tom's Cabin. He helped pass the Compromise of 1850 by gaining the support of Northern Whigs for the compromise.

Chester Arthur

(1881-1885), an honorable man. Firmly believed in the spoils system but eventually demolished it, took Rutherford B. Hayes place when he was assassinated, Pendelton Act

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate. American workers felt threatened by the job competition.

William Howard Taft

(1908-1912), was endorsed by Roosevelt because he pledged to carry on progressive program, then he didn't appoint any Progressives to the Cabinet, actively pursued anti-trust law suits, appoints Richard Ballinger as Secretary of the Interior, Ballinger opposed conservation and favored business interests, Taft fires Gifford Pinchot (head of U.S. forestry), ran for re-election in 1912 but lost to Wilson

Calvin Coolidge

(1923-1925) and (1925-1929), taciturn; small gov't conservative; laissez faire ideology; in favor of immigration restriction (Immigration Act); reduced the tax burden; the Bonus Bill was passed over his veto; Revenue Act of 1924; Kellogg-Briand Pact

Herbert Hoover

(1929-1933) The New York Stock Market Crashes October 29, 1929 "Black Tuesday". The 20th Amendment is passed and added and the 21st Amendment is passed by 1933.

Second New Deal

(1935) a new set of programs in the spring of 1935 including additional banking reforms, new tax laws, new relief programs

Neutrality Acts of 1935

(1935) the laws provided that, on the outbreak of war between foreign nations, all exports of American arms and munitions would be embargoed for six months; American ships were prohibited from carrying arms to any belligerent

Heart of Atlanta Motel v U.S.

(1964) Congress has the right to prohibit racial discrimination in places of public accommodation through the Commerce Clause because the interstate because the interstate movement of people is "commerce." Even if the public accommodation is of a purely "local" character, Congress' power to regulate interstate commerce extends to local incidents thereof which might have a substantial and harmful effect on the commerce.

Gerald Ford

(1974-1977), Solely elected by a vote from Congress. He pardoned Nixon of all crimes that he may have committed. Evacuated nearly 500,000 Americans and South Vietnamese from Vietnam, closing the war. We are heading toward rapid inflation. He runs again and debates Jimmy Carter. At the debate he is asked how he would handle the communists in eastern Europe and he said there were none and this apparently sealed his fate.

Jimmy Carter

(1977-1981), Created the Department of Energy and the Depatment of Education. He was criticized for his return of the Panama Canal Zone, and because of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he enacted an embargo on grain shipments to USSR and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow and his last year in office was marked by the takeover of the American embassy in Iran, fuel shortages, and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, which caused him to lose to Ronald Regan in the next election.

George Bush

(1989-1993), Berlin wall comes down, Persian Gulf war against aggressive Saddam Hussein who invaded Kuwait.

Persian Gulf War

(1990 - 1991) Conflict between Iraq and a coalition of countries led by the United States to remove Iraqi forces from Kuwait which they had invaded in hopes of controlling their oil supply. A very one sided war with the United States' coalition emerging victorious.

Public Works Administration

(FDR) , 1935 Created for both industrial recovery and for unemployment relief. Headed by the Secretary of Interior Harold L. Ickes, it aimed at long-range recovery and spent $4 billion on thousands of projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways.

Agricultural Adjustment Act

(FDR) 1933 and 1938 , Helped farmers meet mortgages. Unconstitutional because the government was paying the farmers to waste 1/3 of there products. Created by Congress in 1933 as part of the New Deal this agency attempted to restrict agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies to take land out of production.

Alliance for Progress

(JFK) 1961,, a program in which the United States tried to help Latin American countries overcome poverty and other problems, money used to aid big business and the military

Neo-Babylonian kingdom

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coureurs de bois

(runners of the woods) French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among and often married with Amerindian peoples of North America. (p. 489)

Amerigo Vespucci

- 1454-1512. - Italian member of a Portuguese expedition. - Explored South America. - Discovery suggested that the expedition has found a "New World." - After an account of Vespucci's 1497 expedition was published, a cartographer mistakenly thought that Vespucci had led the expedition and had landed in the New World before Christopher Columbus; the cartographer named the continent America.

Treaty of Tordesillas

- 1493. - Commitment between Spain and Portugal. - Created a Papal Line of Demarcation, which divided the New World: east of the line for Portugal and west of it for Spain. - Portugal also received the easternmost part of what is currently Brazil, when it "discovered" the land in 1500. - Later, the Papal Line affected colonization in Africa and Asia.

English Puritanism

- 1500s and 1600s. - Movement by those who wished to reform the Church of England to be more in line with their ideology. - Though King Henry VIII had set out the separate his own Church of England from papal authority, many Roman Catholic traditions and practices remain. - Puritans rejected these Roman Catholic holdovers and sought to make the English Church "pure." - Puritans held Calvinist beliefs, such as predestination and the authority of Scripture over papal authority. - Puritanism echoes throughout American culture in the ideas of self-reliance, moral fortitude, and an emphasis on intellectualism.

Dutch West India Company

- 1500s and 1600s. - The joint-stock company that ran the colonies in Fort Orange and in New Amsterdam, which later became New York. - Carried on a profitable fur trade with the Native American Iroquois. - Instituted the patroon system, in which large estates were given to wealthy men who transported at least fifty families to New Netherland to tend the land (few seized the opportunity.)

Mercantilism

- 1500s-1700s. - Prevailing economic philosophy of the 1600s that held that colonies existed to serve the mother country. - Founded on the belief that the world's wealth was sharply limited and, therefore, one nation's gain was another nation's loss. - Each nation's goal was to export more than it imported in a favorable balance of trade; the difference would be made up in their possession of gold and silver, which would make the nation strong both economically and militarily. - Mercantilists believed economic activity should be regulated by the government.

Queen Elizabeth I

- 1533-1603. - Protestant successor to Queen Mary (England.) - Popular leader and the first woman to successfully hold the throne. - Invested in English raids on the Spanish New World; Spain responded with the Spanish Armada. - Established Protestantism in England and encouraged English business.

John Rolfe

- 1585-1622. - English colonist in Jamestown, Virginia. - Married Pocahontas. - Created process for curing tobacco, ensuring economic success for Jamestown.

Sir Walter Raleigh

- 1587. - Selected Roanoke Island as a site for the first English settlement. - Returned to England to secure additional supplies, but he found the colony deserted upon his return; it is not know what became of the Roanoke settlers. - Raleigh abandoned his attempts to colonize Virginia after the failure at Roanoke. - Held back by a lack of financial resources and the war with Spain, English colonization in America was impeded for fifteen years.

The Spanish Armada

- 1588 - Fleet assembled by King Philip II of Spain to invade England. - The Armada was defeated by the skill of British military leaders and by rough seas during the assault. - England's victory over Spanish forces was one of the greatest achievements of Queen Elizabeth I, as it established England as an emerging sea power. - Its defeat helped bring about the decline of the Spanish empire.

St. Augustine, Florida

- 1598. - French Protestants (Huguenots) went to the New World to freely practice their religion, and they formed a colony near modern-day St. Augustine, Florida. - Spain, which oversaw Florida, reacted violently to the Huguenots because they were trespassers and because they were viewed as heretics by the Catholic Church. - Spain sent a force to the settlement and massacred the fort's inhabitants. - The settlement at St. Augustine, Florida, is considered to be the first permanent European settlement in what would become the United States.

Black Slaves in 1600s

- 1600s - Because black slaves were only a small percentage of the population, they began at almost the same level as indentured servants. - Later in the century, increased importation and population of blacks in the southern colonies began. - Slaves, called "chattel," came to be seen as lifelong property whose status would be inherited by their children.

Triangular Trade (Atlantic Trade)

- 1600s - Created as a result of mercantilism. - European merchants purchased African slaves with goods manufactured in Europe or imported from Asian colonies. - These merchants sole slaves in the Caribbean for commodities (sugar, cotton, tobacco.) - Caribbean commodities were later sold in Europe and North America. - Trade thrived because each partner could get the resources it wanted by exchanged resources that it had available.

Early American Literature and Art

- 1600s-1700s. - Early writings promoted the benefits of colonization to both Europeans and to the colonies themselves; authors included John Smith and William Penn. - Religious issues and the Great Awakening provided material for written works by John Winthrop, Edward Winslow, Roger Williams, Jonathan Edwards, and George Whitefield. - The political issues of revolution influenced writing in the mid-1700s, including works by Samuel Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Paine. - Post-war writings such as The Federalist Papers explored the system of American values and governmental structure. - The first American novel, published in 1789, was William Hill Brown's The Power of Sympathy. - Art copied European styles but featured portraits of important Americans; famous artists included John Trumbull, Charles Peale, Benjamin West, and John Copley. - Gilbert Stuart painted the portrait of George Washington that is now on the one-dollar bill.

Types of Colonies in the New World

- 1600s. - In a charter colony, colonists were essentially members of a corporation, and electors among the colonists controlled the government based on an agreed-upon charter. - A royal colony had a governor selected by England's king; the governor served in the leadership role and chose additional, lower-ranking officers. - Proprietary colonies were owned by individuals with direct responsibility to the king; each proprietor selected a governor, who served as the authority figure for the colony.

Indentured Servitude

- 1600s. - Poor workers, convicted criminals, and debtors received immigration passage and fees in return for a number of years a labor on behalf of a planter or company. - Servants entered into their contracts voluntarily and kept some legal rights. - However, servants had little control over the conditions of their work and living arrangements, and the system led to harsh and brutal treatment. - It remained the predominant system of labor until the 1670s; Bacon's Rebellion made the practice seem more risky to planters and owners, and improving the economic conditions in England decreased the supply of servants. - Many owners relied on slave labor instead.

"Starving Time"

- 1609-1610. - A period of starvation endured by the Jamestown colonists. - The colonists depended upon trade with the local Native Americans for their food supplies. - A series of conflicts between the colonists and the Native Americans limited the colonists' ability to trade for supplies and to farm their own food. - A large number of colonists dies and others tried to flee to England; however, boats arriving with supplies from England intercepted the colonists and forced them to return to Jamestown. - Additional support from England, the development of new industries, and the creates of new trade partnerships helped ensure the settlement's long-term survival.

The Separatists and Plymouth

- 1620. - Separatists were Puritans who believed the Church of England was beyond saving and felt that they must break away from it. - One group of Separatists that suffered harassment from the government fled to Holland and then to America. - Members of this group traveled on the Mayflower and became known as the Pilgrims, a term used for voyagers seeking to fulfill a religious mission. - The Mayflower set sail from Plymouth, England, in September 1620 and landed in Provincetown Harbor, settling in what became Plymouth, Massachusetts. - Before landing in the New World, the Pilgrims formed the Mayflower Compact, which provided for a government guided by the majority. - William Bradford (1590-1657) served as the Plymouth Colony's first governor.

Massachusetts Bay Company

- 1629. - Joint-stock company chartered by a group of Puritans escaping King James I. - Led by John Winthrop, who taught that the new colony should be a model of Christian society. - These Puritans carefully organized their venture and, upon arriving in Massachusetts, did not undergo the "starving time" that had often plagued other first-year colonies. - The government of Massachusetts developed to include a governor and a representative assembly.

Delaware

- 1631. - Dutch patroon established the first settlement in Delaware. - That settlement was destroyed by native American attacks. - The Dutch West India Company and Dutchmen, including Peter Minuit, began to trade and settle in Delaware during the mid-to-late 1630s. - Between 1664 and 1674, Delaware switched between Dutch and English ownership,ending with English ownership in 1674.

John Locke and Natural Law

- 1632-1704 - Locke was a major English political philosopher of the Enlightenment. - Isaac Newton theorized Natural Law in the realm of science, and Locke followed him, trying to identify Natural law in the human realm. - Prior to Locke, their existed a theory of social contract in which people would accept certain restrictions on themselves for the benefit of their society, and these restrictions would be upheld by a sovereign power. - Locke's assertion of Natural Law changed the perspective of the social contract theory; he believed that if life, liberty, and property were not protected, governments could be overthrown justly. - Locke's ideas because the indirect theory of American political activity for leaders such as Benjamin Franklin, and they influenced Thomas Jefferson in writing the Declaration of Independence.

Maryland

- 1632. - Maryland became the first proprietary colony to serve as a refuge for English Catholics. - George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) applied for the charter to create the Province of Maryland. - Calvert's son, Caecilius, helped establish a representative assembly. - Maryland passed its Act of Toleration in 1649, guaranteeing religious freedom to all Christians in the colony; this set an important precedent for later characterization of the United States and its Constitution.

Anne Hutchinson

- 1638. - Claimed to have had special revelations from God that superseded the Bible, contrary to Puritan doctrine. - The leadership of New England accused her of antinomian teachings (antinomianism is the belief that salvation is attained through faith and divine grace and not through strict adherence to rules or moral laws.) - Hutchinson was tried and banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. - With her followers, she founded Portsmouth in the Aquidneck region (1638) in what is now known as Rhode Island.

English Civil War

- 1641-1651. - Conflict was based in the struggle between King Charles I (son of King James I) and the English Parliament. - Charles claimed to rule by divine right; Parliament argued that its membership had rights that were separate from those granted to the king. - Parliament's members were mostly Puritan and had the backing of the merchant class and lesser land owners. - Wealthy nobles tended to support Charles I, who opposed Puritans on questions of religion. - Led to outright conflict between Royalist military forces and forces opposing Charles I. - Parliament's victory in 1651 resulted in the trial and execution of Charles I and the exile of his son Charles II. - The English monarchy was replaced with the Commonwealth of England (1649-1653) and then with a Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell's rule (1653-1659.)

William Penn

- 1644-1718. - Founded Pennsylvania as a refuge for his fellow Quakers. - Penn advertised his colony widely in Europe and offered generous terms on land. - Guaranteed a representative assembly and full religious freedom. - Settlers flocked to Pennsylvania from all over Europe.

Effects of the Navigation Acts

- 1650-1673. - Boosted the prosperity of New Englanders, who engaged in large-scale shipbuilding. - Hurt the residents of the Chesapeake by driving down the price of tobacco. - Transferred wealth from America to Britain by increasing the prices Americans had to pay for British goods and lowering the prices Americans received for the goods they produced. - Mercantilism also helped bring on a series of wars between England and Holland in the late 1600s.

Navigation Acts

- 1650-1673. - Dictated that certain goods shipped from a New World port where to go only to Britain or to another New World port. - Served as the foundation of England's worldwide commercial system; cam out of the economic philosophy of mercantilism. - Thought is was meant to benefit the whole British Empire, its provisions helped some New World colonies at the expense of other. - Intended as a weapon in England's ongoing struggle against its rival, Holland. - Led to increased tension between Britain and the colonies.

Bacon's Rebellion

- 1676. - Virginia's Royal governor, William Berkeley, received strict instructions to run the colony for the benefit of Britain. - Nathaniel Bacon, was a leader of colonial frontiersmen in Virginia. - Bacon objected to the rights granted to Virginia's wealthy inner circle and was angered by Governor Berkeley's inability to protect Virginia from attacks by the Native Americans. - Bacon commanded two unauthorized raids on native American tribes, increasing his popularity; Berkeley had his arrested. - Soon after, Bacon gathered his forces, opposed the Royal governor, and set fire to Jamestown to defend his forces' position. - Berkeley ended the rebellion with the aid of British military forces. - After Bacon's rebellion, American colonies turned increasingly away from indentured servants and toward slave labor.

Dominion of New England

- 1686-1689. - An administrative body created by King James II that oversaw British colonies in the New England region. - Put in place to implement the Navigation Acts and to assist the colonies in defending themselves against hostile French and native American forces. - The Dominion Governor-in-Chief, Edmund Andros, outlawed town meeting, disputed titles to certain colonial lands, and proselytized on behalf of the Church of England. - New England colonists had originally been in favor of some sort of voluntary association, but the Dominion was very unpopular because of these types of impositions.

Half-Way Covenant

- 1690s. - Decision by Puritan colony churches to allow the grandchildren of those who did not have the person experience of conversion to participate in select church affairs. - Previously, only the children of those who had experienced conversion could participate. - Reflected the decline of zealous piety among New Englanders.

Salem Witch Trials

- 1692. - Several young girls in Salem Village claimed to be tormented by the occult activities of certain neighbors. - Some twenty persons were executed. - Puritan ministers finally intervened to stop the executions. - Different theories about the reasons that the trials occurred: political and class divisions in Salem; economic stresses from providing for growing families; the gender-biased view that women were more likely to follow evil. - Writer Arthur Miller produced "The Crucible" (1953), a retelling of the Salem Witch Trials and a reflective commentary on the witch-hunts of Joseph McCarthy.

John Peter Zenger

- 1697-1746. - German American newspaper publisher and printer. - His acquittal of libel charges in New York City (1735) established a legal precedent for freedom of the press. - The Supreme Court under Chief Justice Warren (195301969) would later reinvigorate free press rights. - The case of New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) strengthened the protection of the press against libel cases brought by public figures.

The Enlightenment

- 1700s/ - Connects to the idea of Deism, in which the universe was created by God and then abandoned; no supernatural controls would be exerted and all things were explainable by reason. - Enlightenment philosphy dictated that human reason was adequate to solve mankind's problems and, correspondingly, much less faith was needed in the central role of God as an active force in the universe. - Idea moved from Europe to become the New World's seed of culture, intellectualism, and society. - Some important Enlightenment writers include Isaac Newton (Principia Mathematica, 1687), John Locke (Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 1689), and Renè Descartes, whose basic tenet of philosophical theory existed in the phrase, "I think, therefore, I am."

Jonathan Edwards

- 1703-1758. - Preacher of the Great Awakening who emphasized personal religious experience, predestination, and dependence of man upon God and divine grace. - One of his widely read sermons was "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God." - While Edwards is known for being one of the most prominent Calvinists, the Great Awakening was partially responsible for refuting the idea that salvation was only possible with predestined election, an important Calvinist belief.

Benjamin Franklin

- 1706-1790. - Was a colonial writer, scientist, diplomat, printer, and philosopher. - Published the Pennsylvania Gazette and wrote Poor Richard's Almanac. - Served in the Second Continental Congress and was a drafter and signer of the Declaration of Independence.

Impact of the French and Indian War on British Colonial Policy

- 1712-1770. - Britain set out to solve the large national debt incurred in recent conflicts. - It created a series of acts that raised taxes on American goods, leading to rebellious activities in the colonies. - Acts included the Proclamation of 1763, Sugar Act (1763), Stamp Act (1765), and Quartering Act (1765.)

The First Great Awakening

- 1720s-1740s. - A series of emotional religious revivals that occurred throughout the colonies (prevalent in New England.) - Preachers spread a message of personal repentance and emphasized faith as a way to avoid hell. - Suggested an equality between God and the Bible. - George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards became its most dynamic preachers. - While the Awakening created conflict among those who argued about religion, its ideas helped build connections between the colonies. - More denomination of Christianity were formed. - A number of colleges were founded by those who accepted the Great Awakening, including Princeton, Brown, and Rutgers.

Samuel Adams

- 1722-1803. - Revolutionary resistance leader in Massachusetts. - Along with Paul Revere, he headed the Sons of Liberty in Massachusetts. - Worked with the committees of correspondence, which provided communication about resistance among colonies. - Attended both the First and Second Continental Congress and signed the Declaration of Independence.

Charles Cornwallis

- 1738-1805. - British military and political leader. - Was a member of Parliament. - Opposed the tax measures that led to the American Revolution. - Led British forces during the American Revolution. - The British defeat culminated with Cornwallis's surrender at Yorktown in 1781.

John Jay

- 1745-1829 - Member of First and Second Continental Congress. - Negotiated Treaty of Paris and Jay's Treaty. - First Chief Justice of Supreme Court. - Wrote portions of the Federalist Papers.

French and Indian War

- 1748-1763. - Rivalry between France, Britain, and various Native American tribes over land in the Ohio region. - It was one of a series of wars fought between France and England throughout the world at the time. - Battles continued on European and American fronts until Britain gained control of Canada. - It was in these conflicts that George Washington first appeared as an able military leader.

Writs of Assistance

- 1750s-1770s. - Court orders that authorized customs officials to conduct non-specific searches to stop colonial smuggling. - Allowed for the searching of homes, warehouses, and shops. - James Otis served as a prosecutor in a failed Massachusetts legal case; he argued that these searches were contrary to natural law. - Later, the Fourth Amendment would protect citizens against "unreasonable searches and seizures."

Albany Plan

- 1754. - Delegates of seven colonies met in New York to discuss plans for collective defense. - The Pennsylvanian delegate, Benjamin Franklin, proposed a plan for an intercolonial government, but the plan was rejected by the colonial legislatures as demanding too great a surrender of power. - While the other colonies showed no support for Franklin's plan, it was an important precedent for the concept of uniting in the face of a common enemy.

John Marshall

- 1755-1835. - Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court (1801-1835.) - He was a Federalist installed by Adams. - His decisions defined and strengthened the powers of the judicial branch and asserted the power of judicial review over federal legislation. - His court made determinations that cemented a static view of contracts. - His court's decisions advanced capitalism. - Significant cases included Marbury v. Madison, Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, McCulloch v. Maryland, and Gibbons v. Ogden.

Alexander Hamilton

- 1757-1804. - First Secretary of Treasury. - Proposed the Federal assumption of states debts, the establishment of a national bank, and the federal stimulation of industry through excise tax and tariffs. - Opponents, including Jefferson, saw his programs as aiding a small, elite group at the expense of the average citizen. - Hamilton died from wounds sustained in a pistol duel with Aaron Burr, Jefferson's vice president.

Sugar Act

- 1764. - It taxed goods imported to America to raise revenue for England. - Meant to assist England in recouping the debt it had taken on during the French and Indian War. - Strictly enforced, unlike the Molasses Act of 1733. - Taxed goods included imports such as wine, cloth, coffee, and silk.

Eli Whitney

- 1765-1825. - Inventor and manufacturer. - Invented the cotton gin in 1793, revolutionizing the cotton industry and increasing the need for slaves. - Established first factory to assemble muskets with interchangeable, standardized parts. - His innovations led to an "American system" of manufacture, where those laborers with less skill could use tools and templates to make identical parts; also, the manufacture and assembly of pats could be done separately.

Quartering Act

- 1765. - Act that required the colonies in which British troops were stationed to provide soldiers with bedding and other basic needs. - Colonists reacted negatively because they feared having a standing army in their towns, and they disliked the additional expenses it caused. - After the emergence of the United States Constitution, the Third Amendment protected citizens against the stationing of troops in their homes.

Stamp Act

- 1765. - An internal tax, the sole purpose of which was to raise revenue. - Required Americans to use "stamped" paper for legal documents, newspapers, and playing cards, among other goods. - Revenue from this tax was to be used solely for the support of the British soldiers protecting the colonies.

Declaratory Act

- 1766. - Act giving Britain the power to tax and make laws for Americans in all cases. - Followed repeal of the Stamp Act, which colonists had seen as a victory. - The Declaratory Act suggested that Britain might pass more restrictive acts in the near future.

Townshend Acts

- 1767. - Created by British Prime Minister Charles Townshend (Grenville's replacement.) - Formed a program of taxing items imported into the colonies, such as paper, lead, glass, and tea. - Replaced the direct taxes of the Stamp Act. - Led to boycotts by Boston merchants and served as a key contributor to the Boston Massacre.

Methods of Colonial Resistance

- 1770s. - Colonists reacted first with restrained and respectful petitions against the British, suggesting "taxation without representation is tyranny." - Colonial governments organized "committees of correspondence" to share their view of British actions with neighboring colonies and with foreign governments; this was the start of political organization among the colonies. - Colonial merchants then boycotted British goods (non-importation.) - Colonists finally turned to violence; crowed took action against customs officials and against merchants who violated the boycotts. - Some colonists continued to follow British command and became English "Loyalists."

Virtual Representation

- 1770s. - English principle stating that the members of parliament represented all of Britain and the British Empire, even though members were only elected by a small number of constituents. - This idea was meant to be a response to the colonial claim of "no taxation without representation," meaning that parliament was itself a representation of those being taxed.

Tea Act and Boston Tea Party

- 1773. - The Tea Act was a concession that allowed the British East India Company to ship tea directly to America and sell it at a bargain. - Because the cheap tea undercut the costs of local merchants, colonists opposed these shipments; they turned back ships, left shipments to rot, and held ships in port. - Led to the Boston Tea Party in December or 1773, where citizens, dressed as Native Americans, destroyed tea on the British ships.

The Intolerable Acts (The Coercive Acts)

- 1774. - Names given by colonists to the Quebec Act (1774) and to a series of acts by the British in response to the Boston Tea Party. - Closed the Port of Boston to all trade until citizens paid for the lost tea. - Increased the power of Massachusetts' Royal governor at the expense of the legislature. - Allowed Royal officials accused of crimes in Massachusetts to be tries elsewhere.

George Washington's Leadership in the American Revolution

- 1775-1781. - Named Commander--in-chief of Continental Forces in June 1775 by the Second Continental Congress. - Forced British to evacuate Boston in March 1776. - Defeated British at Trenton, New Jersey, after crossing the Delaware on December 25, 1776. - Survived tough winter at Valley Forge (1777-1778); Washington strengthened his troops during the winter and gained tremendous respect among the men. - General Cornwallis surrendered to Washington on October 19, 1781.

Lee's Resolutions

- 1776. - Presented to Second Continental Congress by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia. - Urged Congress to declare independence and were accepted July 2 of 1776. - Said, "That the United Colonies are, and of right out to be, free and independent States."

Battle of Saratoga

- 1777. - American Revolution battle fought in northern New York. - The British planned to end the American Revolution by splitting the colonies along the Hudson River, but they failed to mobilize properly. - The British ended up surrendering, allowing for the first great American victory. - Demonstrated that the British could more easily hold the cities, but that they would have trouble subduing the countrysides. - Considered a turning point, as French aid began after this battle.

Anti-Federalists

- 1780s-1790s. - Those against the adoption of the Constitution; they were suspicious of political actions that would limit freedom and of a centralized government that would rule at a distance. - George mason, Patrick Henry, and George Clinton were Anti-Federalists. - Many of the Anti-Federalists would come to oppose the policies of Alexander Hamilton and the Federalists. - The Jeffersonian Republican Party absorbed many of the Anti-Federalists after the Constitution was adopted.

Western Land Cessions

- 178101787; Georgia in 1802. - The original thirteen states ceded their western land claims to the new federal government. - The states that lacked western land claims feared that states with claim could grow in size, skewing representation in the federal government. - Before signing the United States Constitution, these states demanded that those with claims cede the land. - Ordinances in 1784 and 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance (1787) organized the ceded areas in preparation for statehood. - New states were organized and admitted to the Union. - This policy strengthened the ties of western farmers to the central government.

Shay's Rebellion

- 1786-1787. - During a period of economic depression, Daniel Shays led a group of farmers to stop the courts from seizing a farmer's land and enacting debt collection. - Citizens of Boston raised an army and suppressed the rebels. - Americans felt pressure to strengthen the government and avoid future violence. - The rebellion served as a catalyst for writing the Constitution.

Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise.)

- 1787. - Called for a bicameral legislative system in which the House of Representatives would be based on population and the Senate would have equal representation in Congress. - Combined pieces of the New Jersey Plan, the Virginia Plan, and other proposals. - Included the Three-Fifths Compromise, which counted slaves a three-fifths of a person for purposes of apportioning representation and called for direct taxation on the states.

Federalists

- 1788. - Americans who advocated centralized power and constitutional ratification. - Used The Federalist papers to demonstrate how the Constitution was designed to prevent the abuse of power. - Supporters of Federalist platforms included Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay, and northeastern business groups. - Federalists believed that the government was given all powers that were not expressly denied to it by the Constitution (they had a "loose interpretation" of the Constitution."

Judiciary Act of 1789

- 1789 - Provided for a Supreme Court with a Chief Justice and five associates. - Established the office of the Attorney General. - Created federal district courts and circuit courts.

George Washington

- 1789-1797. - First President. - Was unanimously elected. - Served two terms. - His leadership led to a standard of a strong presidency with control of foreign policy and the power to veto Congress's legislation. - Declared the Proclamation of Neutrality in April 1793, keeping the United States neutral in the European wars. - His Farewell Address in 1796 warned against entangling alliances, recommended isolationism, and warned of political party factions

Alien and Sedition Acts

- 1789-1799. - Legislation enacted by the Federalists to reduce foreign influences and increase their power. - New hurdles to citizenship were established. - Broadened power to quiet print media critics. - The legislation was used to silence Jeffersonian Republican critics of the Federalists and was indicative of the poisoned relations between the two groups. - These acts tested the strength of the First Amendment and limited the freedom of the press. - The Federalists gained a reputation as being a less democratic group, quickening their demise as a political organization.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

- 1789-1799. - Response by Jeffersonian Republicans to the Alien and Sedition Acts. - Included text written by Jefferson and by Madison. - Suggested that states should have the power within their territory to nullify federal law. - Stated that federal government had no right to exercise powers not specifically delegated to it. - The resolutions represented a future argument that would be used when secession and Civil War threatened the country. - Called into question the paradox of the Elastic Clause and the Tenth Amendment.

XYZ Affair

- 1789. - The United States wanted an end to French harassment of American shipping. - To settle the issue, French representatives demanded a bribe from the United States just to open negotiations with French Minister Talleyrand. - The United States refused the bribe and suspended trade with the French. - Led to the creation of the American Navy.

Jeffersonian Republicans (Democratic-Republicans)

- 1792-1860. - Political party that absorbed the Anti-Federalists. - Proponents included Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. - Favored states' rights and power in the hands of commoners; supported by Southern agriculture and frontiersmen. - Believed that the federal government was denied all powers that were not expressly given to it by the Constitution (a "strict interpretation" of the document.) - Supported the French Revolution's ideals, but they were against the Revolution's bloody radicalism.

Jay's Treaty

- 1794. - An attempt to settle the conflict between the United States and England over commerce, navigation, and violations of the Treaty of Paris of 1783. - Provided for eventual evacuation by the British of their post in the Northwest, but it allowed them to continue their fur trade. - Allowed for the establishment of commissions to settle United States-Canadian border disputes and United States-Britain losses during the Revolutionary War. - The generous terms to Britain upset Americans because these were promises that had been made and not fulfilled in the Treaty pf Paris of 1783.

Whiskey Rebellion

- 1794. - Western whiskey farmers refused to pay taxes on which Hamilton's revenue program was based. - A group of farmers terrorized the tax collectors, and Washington responded with a federalized militia. - George Washington and Alexander Hamilton rode out to Pennsylvania themselves to emphasized their commitment. - First test of federal authority. - Established federal government's right to enforce laws.

Pickney Treaty

- 1795. - Signed by the United States and Spain. - Free navigation of the Mississippi River was given to the United States. - United States gained area north of Florida that had been in dispute (present-day Mississippi and Alabama.) - Gave western farmers the "right of deposit" in New Orleans, enabling them to use the port for their goods and making it easier for them to get their goods to the east. - The United States would later make the Louisiana Purchase, which would cement this right of deposit.

John Adams

- 1797-1800. - Second president. - First vice president. - Diplomat and signer of the Declaration of Independence. - Led the country through the XYZ affair, the Alien and Sedition Acts, and the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. - Kept the nation from war during his tenure as president.

The Napoleonic Wars

- 1799-1815. - War between Napoleon's France and the other European powers, led by Britain. - Both sides tried to prevent neutral powers, especially the United States, from trading with their enemy. - American ships were seized by both sides and American sailors were "impressed," or forced, into the British navy. - The United States was angered by this violation of the "freedom of the seas" principle, which holds that outside its territorial waters, a state may not claim sovereignty over the seas. - These violations would escalate and lead to the War of 1812.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

- 1803-1806. = Expedition through the Louisiana Purchase and the West. - Departed from St. Louis and explored areas including the Missouri River, the Yellowstone River, and the Rockies. - Sacajawea, a Shoshone guide, helped them in their journey. - Opened up new territories to American expansion.

Marbury v. Madison

- 1803. - William Marbury had been commissioned justice of the peace in D.C. by President John Adams. - His commission was part of Adams' "midnight appointments" during his last days in office. - Marbury's commission was not delivered, so he sued President Jefferson's Secretary of State, James Madison. - Chief Justice John Marshall held that while Marbury was entitled to the commission, the statute that allowed Marbury's remedy was unconstitutional, as it granted the Supreme Court powers beyond what the Constitution permitted. - This decision paved the way for judicial review, which gave courts the power to declare statues unconstitutional.

Embargo of 1807

- 1807-1809. - American declaration to keep its own ships from leaving port for any foreign destination. - Jefferson hoped to avoid contact with vessels of either of the warring sides of the Napoleonic Wars. - Re result was economic depression in the United States, which angered the Federalists, who were well-represented in Northeast commerce and were hit hard by the financial downturn.

James Madison

- 1809-1817. - Fourth president. - His work before becoming president led him to be considered the "Father of the Constitution." - Participated in the writing of The Federalist Papers. - In congress, he wrote the Virginia Plan. - Was a Republican in a Federalist-controlled Congress. - Faced pressure from "War Hawks" like Henry Clay and John C Calhoun to get involved in the Napoleonic Wars and end the damaging embargo. - Led the United States into the War of 1812 and concluded the war in 1814.

Non-Intercourse Act

- 1809. - Congress opened trade to all nations except France and Britain. - Trade boycott appeared to have little effect on curbing French and British aggression stemming from the Napoleonic Wars. - Though the Embargo Act was a protective measure, the Non-Intercourse Act reengaged the United States in trade while continuing its stance against alliances with either France or Britain. - The Non-Intercourse Act was repealed in 1810.

Expansion of Electorate, 1810-1828

- 1810-1828. - Most states eliminated the property qualifications for voting during this period. - African Americans were still excluded from polls across the South and most of the North. - The political parties established national nomination conventions.

Fletcher v. Peck

- 1810. - Marshall Court decision. - The first time state law was voided on the grounds that it violated a principle of the United States Constitution. - The Georgia legislature had issued extensive land grants in a corrupt deal. The Supreme Court decided that the original contract was valid, regardless of the corruption. - Reaffirmed the sanctity of contracts.

Washington Burned

- 1814. - During the War of 1812, a British armada sailed up the Chesapeake Bay and burned the White House. - Attack came in response to the American burning of Toronto. - The armada proceeded toward Baltimore; America's Fort McHenry held firm through bombardment, which inspired Francis Scott Key's "Defense of Fort McHenry" (later renamed" The Star-Spangled Banner."

James Monroe

- 1817-1825. - Fifth president. - Led during the "Era of Good Feelings," which was marked by the domination of his political party, the Democratic-Republicans, and the decline of the Federalist Party. - Established the Monroe Doctrine as a wide-ranging policy for foreign affairs. - National identity grew, most notably through the westward movement of the country and various public works projects. - The "Era" saw the beginnings of North-South tensions over slavery.

Rush-Bagot Agreement

- 1817. - The Treaty of Ghent, which ended hostilities after the War of 1812, set the groundwork for this agreement by encouraging both sides to continue to study boundary issues between the United States and Canada. - Rush-Bagot was an agreement between Britain and the United States to stop maintaining armed fleets on the Great Lakes. - Served as the first "disarmament" agreement and laid the foundation for future positive relations between Canada and the United States

Adams-Onis Treaty

- 1819. - Helped define the United States-Mexico border. - The border that was under Spanish control had created conflict between the two countries. - Spain sold its remaining Florida territory to the United States and drew the boundary of Mexico to the Pacific. - United States ceded its claims to Texas, and Spain kept California and the New Mexico region. - United States assumed $5 million in debts owed by Spain to American merchants. - Later, lands kept by Spain would become battlegrounds for American expansion.

McCulloch v. Maryland

- 1819. - Marshall Court decision. - Determined that no state could control an agency of the federal government. - Maryland tried to levy a tax on a local branch of the United States Bank to protect its own banks. - Supreme Court determined such state action violated Congress' "implied powers" to operate a national bank. - Use of judicial review over state law made this a division of powers case.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

- 1819. - Marshall Court decision. - Severely limited the power of state governments to control corporations, which were the emerging form of business. - New Hampshire legislature tried to change Dartmouth from a private to a public institution by having its charter revoked. - The Court ruled that the charter issued during colonial days still constituted a contract and could not be arbitrarily changed without the consent of both parties. - Reaffirmed the sanctity of contracts.

(141) James Fenimore Cooper

- American novelist born in Burlinton, New Jersey. -Writings influenced by the American frontier. -His works include Last of the Mohicans, The Water Witch, The American Democrat. His work along with that of writers like Washington Irving helped for the foundation of distinctive American literature.

Battles of Concord and Lexington

- April 1775. - Concord: Site suspected by British General Gage of housing a stockpile of colonial weaponry. - Paul Revere, William Dawes,s and others detected movement of British troops toward Concord and warned militia and gathered Minutemen at Lexington. - Lexington: Militia and Royal infantry fought, and the colonial troops withdrew.

Quakers

- Around 1680/ - Quakers believed human religious institutions were largely unnecessary. - They thought they could receive revelation directly from God and placed little importance on the Bible. - They were pacifists and declined to show customary deference to their alleged social superior. - Quakers' aggressiveness in denouncing established institutions brought them trouble in both Britain and American. - They opposed slavery and favored decent treatment of Native Americans. - Elements of this culture would play a role in shaping the characterization of a United States that valued independence and social equality.

Georgia

- Chartered in 1732. - James Oglethorpe, and English philanthropist and soldier, chartered the colony. - Settlers included those who paid their won way to receive the best land grants. 0 Some settlers were financed by the colony's board of trustees, including bands of prisoners from British jails. - After wars between the European empires began, the colony served as a buffer between South Carolina and Spanish-held Florida. - Elaborate and detailed regulations resulted in relatively little settlement.

Connecticut

- Corporate colony established 1662. - Thomas Hooker led a large group of Puritans to settle in the Connecticut River Valley after they had slight religious disagreements with the leadership of Massachusetts. - The major colonies in the Connecticut River Valley agreed to unite as the Connecticut Colony. - In 1639, the colony formed a set of laws known as the Fundamental Orders; these laws provided for representative government by those who were permitted to vote. - When the corporate colony was established and recognized by England, its charter was founded on the Fundamental Orders. - The Fundamental Orders are an important example of the growth of political democracy.

New Hampshire

- Corporate colony established 1677. - King Charles II established it as a Royal colony. - The colony remained economically dependent on Massachusetts, and Britain continued to appoint a single person to rule both colonies until 1741. - Weeks before the signing of the Declaration of Independence by the Second Continental Congress, New Hampshire established a temporary constitution for itself that proclaimed its independence from Britain.

New York and New Jersey

- Established 1664. - Last Dutch governor of New York was Peter Stuyvesant. - After the British conquered the dutch lands in America, English King Charles II gave the title to the lands between New England and Maryland to his brother, James, Duke of York. - James was adamantly opposed to representative assemblies. - Residents continued to call for self-government until James relented, only to break this promise when he became James II, King of England. - The region that would become New Jersey was ruled as a separate proprietary colony; it eventually became a royal colony.

The Carolinas

- Granted in 1663. - King Charles II rewarded loyal noblemen with these lands after the twenty-year Puritan revolution in England. - In hopes of attracting settlers, the proprietors planned for a hierarchical society. - They experimented with silk manufacturing and with crops such as rice and indigo, but this proved unworkable and the Carolinas grew slowly as a result. - Large groups of colonists in the Carolinas came from Barbados; the form of slavery that this group employed proved to be very harsh. - While North Carolina became a separate colony in 1712, the same proprietors retained ownership. - Rebellion against the proprietors in 1719 led to royal intervention, and both North and South Carolina became royal colonies in 1729.

Headright System

- Introduced in 1618. - System used by the Virginia Company to attract colonists. - It promised them parcels of land (roughly fifty acres) to immigrate to America. - Also gave nearly fifty acres for each servant that a colonist brought, allowing the wealthy to obtain large tracts of land. - The system solidified the use of indentured servitude for the time being.

Monroe Doctrine

- Introduced in 1823. - Developed by president James Monroe. - Held that the United States would not allow foreign powers to establish new colonies in the western hemisphere or allow existing colonies to be influenced by outside powers. - America feared international influence because of a period of worldwide revolutionary fervor after Napoleon's fall. - Another cause: Many Latin American countries were gaining independence from Spain, and the United States thought that these colonies might be taken over by other European powers, threatening American security. - The doctrine had a lasting impact beyond Monroe's time in office; other presidents, from Coolidge to Kennedy, have invoked it to deal with their own foreign affairs issues.

Common Sense

- January 1776. - Pamphlet published by Thomas Paine that called for immediate independence from Britain. - It was sold throughout the colonies, where it gained popularity. - Common Sense helped weaken resistance in the Continental Congress toward independence.

The Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan

- July 1787. - Virginia Plan: Presented by Edmund Randolph and written by James Madison, it called for a bicameral legislature based on a state's population, and it suggested that both the chief executive and judiciary should be chosen by legislature. - New Jersey Plan: Presented by William Patterson, it called for a unicameral legislature with equal representation for each state. - The plans were united in the Great Compromise. - They formed the basis of the modern American legislative structure.

Battle of Bunker Hill

- June 17, 1775. - Bunker Hill was an American post overlooking Boston. - The stronghold allowed Americans to contain General Gage and his troops. - The colonists twice turned back a British frontal assault, and they held off the British until the Bunker Hill force ran out of ammunition and was overrun. - American strong defense led to a strengthened morale.

Boston Massacre

- March 5, 1770. - Occurred when the British attempted to enforce the Townshend Acts. - British soldiers killed five Bostonians, including Crispus Attacks, an American patriot and former slave. - John Adams provided the legal defense for the soldiers. - Though the British soldiers acted moreor less in self-defense, anti-Royal leaders used the massacre to spur action in the colonies.

The Second Continental Congress

- May 1775. - Colonial representative meeting in Philadelphia, over which John Hancock presided. - The group was torn between declaring independence and remaining under British power. - Moderates forced the adoption of the Olive Branch Petition, a letter to King George III appealing one final time for a resolution to all disputes; the king refused to receive it. - The Congress sent George Washington to command the army around Boston. - American ports were opened in defiance of the Navigation Acts. - The Congress wrote the Declaration of Independence.

Stamp Act Congress

- October 1765. - Delegates of seven colonies met in new York to discuss plans for defense. - Adopted the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, which stated that freeborn Englishmen could not be taxed without their consent.

Joint-Stock Company

- Popularized in 1600s - A type of business structure used by some colonial explorers to raise money for their expeditions. - These private trading companies sold shares to investors who provided start-up funding. - In return for taking on the risk of the investment, investors were paid based on the profits of the expedition. - Many modern business structures, such as the American corporation, are founded on principles of the joint-stock company.

After the War of 1812

- Post-1814. - Increased American nationalism. - Created high foreign demand for cotton, grain, and tobacco. - The country turned from its agrarian origins toward industrialization. - Led to a depression in 1819 due to influx of British goods; the Bank of the United States responded by tightening credit to slow inflation

Elastic Clauses and the Tenth Amendment

- Ratified 1791. - The Tenth Amendment restricts the federal government to those powers delegated to it by the Constitution and gives all other powers to the states, or the people. - Article I, Section 8 grants the federal government the power to make all laws "which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers." - The conflict between these two ideas is the determination of which group, the federal government or the states and their people, has the right to exercise powers that have not been expressly delegated to the central government.

First Continental Congress

- September-October 1774. - Meeting in Philadelphia of colonial representatives to denounce the Intolerable Acts and to petition the British Parliament. - A few radical members discussed breaking from England. - Created Continental Association and forbade the importation and use of British goods. - Agreed to convene a Second Continental Congress in May 1775.

The Constitution of the United States

- Signed September 17, 1787, and ratified by the required nine states June 21, 1788. - Drafted at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787. - Included a preamble and seven articles. - Created a stronger federal government. - The Bill of Rights constitutes the first ten amendments, and it protects individual rights and freedoms.

Articles of Confederation

- Submitted July 1776; ratified 1781. - Framework for an American national government in which states were given the most power. - Permitted the federal government to make war, offer treaties,and create new states. - There was no federal power to levy taxes, raise troops, or regulate commerce. - Congressional revision of the articles created a weak national government.

Roger Williams and Rhode Island

- Williams, 1603-1683; Rhode Island established in 1644. - Williams was a Puritan preacher who fled Massachusetts after his views on religious observance became too extreme for the colonists. - Williams bought land from the native Americans and founded Providence in 1636, and it was soon populated by his many followers. - Rhode Island formed as a combination of Providence, Portsmouth, and other settlements that had sprung up in the area. - Through Roger Williams, the colony granted complete religious toleration. - It tended to be populated by exiles and troublemakers and was sometimes called "Rogue's Island." - The colony suffered constant political turmoil.

Thomas Jefferson

-1801-1809. - Third president. - Author of the Declaration of Independence. - Before becoming president, he served as the first Secretary of State. - First president to reside in Washington, D.C. - Jefferson's taking office was called the "Revolution of 1800" as it was the first time American changed presidential political leadership (Federalist to Jeffersonian Republican.) - His embodiment of the Jeffersonian Republican party helped increase its strength, while weak leadership in the Federalist Party was a reason for its demise. - His administration was responsible for the Embargo of 1807. - He presided over the Louisiana Purchase. - His politics were characterized by support of states' rights.

(324) Major Strikes After WWI

-A Boston police force attempted to unionize and Governor Coolidge fired them for a new force. -Seattle had a general strike in 1919 -AFL attempted to organize steel industry, but strikes were broken after violence broke out.

Rise in Living Standards in the 1920s

-Advances in plumbing, hot water, central heating, home appliances. -Many didn't have enough money to benefit from these improvements. -Credit became available to allow payment in installments.

(148) Spoils System

-Andrew Jackson's method od turning over the civil servant jobs to new government officials. -"Rotation in office" was supposed to democratize government and lead to reform by allowing common people to run the government. -This system was in place long before Jackson, but his name is tied to it because he endorsed its usage. -In general, officials were replaced by those loyal to the new administration and they were not always qualified for the positions. -It was ended with the passage of the Pendleton Act.

(143) "Corrupt Bargain" of 1824

-Candidates: Henry Clay, (Speaker of the House), John Quincy Adams, (Secretary of State), Andrew Jackson (1812 war hero) and William Crawford (Secretary of the Treasury) -Jackson won the popular vote but didn't win the majority of electoral vote, as a result the election went to the House of Representatives. -In the House of Representatives vote, Henry Clay supported John Quincy Adams, who went on to win the presidency. -Adams gave Clay the post of Secretary of State. -Accusations of a "corrupt bargain" were made by Jackson, but they are considered largely untrue.

(330) Industrial Changes in the 1920s and Effects

-Change from steam to electricity (allowed more intricate design) -Scientific management lead to more efficient strategies for workers. -Major research and development projects reduced production costs, industries such as automobile, chemical, radio, printing, and commercial aviation expanded. -Led to overproduction by the 1920s.

(315) Commitee of Public Information

-Created anti-german propoganda -Urged citizens to spy on foriegn born neighbors

(325) U.S v. Schenck

-During World War 1, Charles Schenck created a pamphlet opposing the military draft; he was convicted of attempting to obstruct the military under the Espionage Act -The Supreme Court determined that speech may be suppressed if it creates a clear and present danger. -In the following years, the "clear and present danger" test was limited to violent action rather than the support of these ideas

(321) Treaty of Versailles

-Formed a League of Nations to protect territorial integrity and political indepence of its members. -Germany was held responsible for the war and was required to pay for the damages. -New national boundaries were drawn.

(149) Alexis de Tocqueville

-French civil servant who traveled to and wrote about the United States. -Wrote Democracy in America, reflecting his interest in the American democratic process and appreciation of American civil society. -Assessed the American attempt to have both liberty and equality. -Provided an outsider's objective view on the Age of Jackson.

Hudson River School

-Group of American landscape artists. -Part of increasing nationalism after the War of 1812. -The influence of the European Romantic movement led many Americans artists to paint their homeland. -Depicted important landscapes such as Niagara Falls, the Catskills, Rocky Mountains and the Hudson River Valley. -Thomas Doughty, Thomas Cole, George Inness and S.F.B Morse

(310) Labor Acts

-La Follette Seamen's Act- Required safety and sanitation along with set wages and hours for sailors. -Adamson Act- Railroad employees were given an eight hour day. -Keating-Ownen Child Labor Act- Forbade products to be shipped if they were produced by child labor.

(317) Espionage and Sedition Acts

-Laws against making false statements that aided the enemy. -Forbade criticism of the flag, government or uniform. -Upheld by supreme court, allowing government to limit free speech in times of war.

(311) Louis Brandeis

-Nominated by Wilson to the Supreme Court. -Advocate of social justice. -First Jewish justice. -Known for his "Brandeis Breif" in Muller v. Oregon

(320) Fourteen Points

-Peace plan presented by Wilson -Called for open treaties -Promoted free trade and arms reduction -Recommended a general association of Nation to preserve peace. -Americans feared international entanglement

(313) Unlimited Submarine Warfare

-Proclamation by Germany that it would sink all shops, without warning, that entered a large war zone off the coasts of Allied Nations -Germany realized that it might draw the United States into World War 1 -Germany believed that cutting Allied supplies would allow Germany to win the war before a sizeable response by America -America broke diplomatic relations with Germany

(322) Wilson's treaty and Henry Cabot Lodge

-Republican Senator Lodge led opposition against Paris Peace Treaty because of war entanglement with other members (Article X) -On national speaking tour to push for League of Nations, Wilson collapsed after a speech -Wilson returned to D.C. and suffered a severe stroke -Wilson never fully recovered, but he wrote to Democrats to oppose treaty changes by Lodge -By not compromising, the treaty was defeated and the United States did not join the League; a joint resolution enacted peace instead

(142) John James Audubon

-Romantic-era artist. -Member of the Hudson River School, a group of landscape painters. -Demonstrated the emotion of nature, especially in birds and animals. -In 1886 a nature organization took his name.

(147) Andrew Jackson

-Seventh president. -Following the War of 1812, he invaded Spanish Florida to quell Native American rebellions. -After the treaty for the War of 1812 had already been signed, he defeated a British force that had invaded New Orleans, safeguarding the Mississippi. -Popular president due to his image as the self-made westerner. -His form of leadership, known as Jacksonian Politics called for a strong executive, relied on the party system and emphasized states rights. -Implemented the Spoils System approach to civil service. -Signed the Indian Removal Act, which provided for federal enforcement to remove Native American tribes west of the Mississippi.

(144) John Quincy Adams

-Sixth President. -His supporters called themselves National Republicans (Jackson supporters labeled themselves Democratic-Republicans) -Led an active federal government in areas like internal improvements and Native American affairs. -His policies proved unpopular in amidst increasing sectional interest and conflicts over states rights. -After his presidency he served in the House of Representatives where he forced debates against slavery and against the Jacksonian policy of removing certain Native American tribes.

The Economic and Social Effects of the Automobile

-Stimulated steel, rubber, glass, gasoline and highway construction. -Created a nation of paved roads. -Created jobs. -Rural areas became less isolated.

(145) "Tariff of Abominations"

-Tariff bill with higher import duties for many goods being bught by southern planters. -John C. Calhoun, John Quincy Adams Vice President, anonymously protested his own leadership's bill, suggesting that federal law harmful to an individual state could be declared void within that state. -This suggestion of nullification would be utilized by other states would escalate hostilities leading to the Civil War.

(326) Prohibition

-Temperance movements began to grow in the early 1800s -Carry Nation, a member of the Women's Christian Temperance Union, used rocks, hammers, and hatchets to destroy liquor stores and saloons -Eighteenth Amendment to Constitution prohibited manufacture, sale, transport, or import of liquor -Volstead Act defined alcoholic beverages and imposed criminal penalties for violations of the Eighteenth Amendment -Prohibition led to bootlegging( illegal production or distribution of intoxicating beverages), corruption of government officials, and speakeasies( secret bars operated by bootleggers)

Harlem Renaissance

-The growth of African American culture in the 1920s, centered in Harlem. -Great Depression led to its decline.

(327) Red Scare and Palmer Raids

-United States workers strikes seemed to be harbinger of revolution to many in the country -Fear of revolution fed by anti-German hysteria and the success of the Bolshevik Revolution -Bombs sent anonymously through the mail to prominent American leaders encouraged fear -Attorney General Palmer was a target of failed mail bomb -Four thousand arrested as "Communist" and illegal aliens, but only 556 shown to be in those categories -Palmer announced threat of large Communist riots on May Day of 1920, but none materialized -Palmer was discredited and the Red Scare passed

(146) John Calhoun

-Vice president to both John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson -Champion of states rights. -Author of an essay "The South Carolina Exposition and Protest" advocating nullification. -Later, as a senator, he engaged Senator Daniel Webster in a debate over slavery and states rights, demonstrating the ideas that would drive the nation to civil war.

(316) American Protective League

-Volunteer organization that pressured support for the war. -Humiliated those not buying war bonds. -Persecuted those of German decent and encouraged the banning of German culture.

(319) Home Front During WWI

-Wilson controlled raw materials, production, prices and labor relations to ensure supplies for the war. -He appointed Herbert Hoover as head of the food administration. -He resolved labor disputes through employee benefits

(318) Women and Minorities in WWI

-Women served as clerks or in medical units -400000 African Americans were drafted or enlisted -African Americans were kept in segregated units, mostly in labor battalions or support activities

Labor Act

-la follette seaman's act; required safety and sanitation measures for commercial ships and regulated wages, food, ad hours of sailor

Emperor Menelik

. Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1889-1911). He enlarged Ethiopia to its present dimensions and defeated an Italian invasion at Adowa (1896). (p. 737)

Napoleon Bonaparte

. Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile. (p. 591)

Haymarket Square Riot

100,000 workers rioted in Chicago. After the police fired into the crowd, the workers met and rallied in Haymarket Square to protest police brutality. A bomb exploded, killing or injuring many of the police. The Chicago workers and the man who set the bomb were immigrants, so the incident promoted anti-immigrant feelings.

Wilson's Treaty

14 points

New Spain

1400s and 1500s *Spain tightly controlled empire in the New World *Mainly located in North and Central America, including the Caribbean and Spanish East Indies *To deal with labor shortages, the Spaniards developed a system of large manors (ecomiendas) using Native American slaves under conquistadors *With the death of Native American slaves, Spaniards began importing African slaves to supply their labor needs

Christopher Columbus

1451-1506 *Italian-born navigator who found fame when he landed in the Americas(Oct. 12, 1492) *Set sail on behalf of Spain with three ships: the Nina, the Pinta, and his flagship, the Santa Maria *Originally, he sailed west across the Atlantic Ocean to find a water route to Asia *Columbus was convinced that he had found the waterway that he sought and that the Americas were actually an extension of China *Returned from his expedition with gold, encouraging further exploration

Amerigo Vespucci

1454-1512 *Italian member of a Portuguese expedition *Explored South America *Discovery suggested that the expedition had found a "New World" *After an account of Vespucci's 1497 expedition was published, a cartographer mistakenly thought that Vespucci had led the expedition and had landed in the New World before Christopher Columbus; the cartographer named the continent America

Treaty of Tordesillas

1493 *Commitment between Spain and Portugal *Created a Papal Line of Demarcation, which divided the New World: east of the line for Portugal and west of it for Spain *Portugal also received the easternmost part of what is currently Brazil, when it "discovered" the land in 1500 *Later, the Papal Line affected colonization in Africa and Asia

English Puritanism

1500s and 1600s *Movement by those who wished to reform the Church of England to be more in line with their ideology *Though King Henry VIII had set out to separate his own Church of England from papal authority, many Roman Catholic traditions and practices remained *Puritans rejected these roman Catholic holdovers and sought to make the English Church "pure" *Puritans held Calvinist beliefs, such as predestination and the authority of Scripture over papal authority *Puritanism echoes throughout American culture in the ideas of self-reliance, moral fortitude, and an emphasis on intellectualism

Dutch West India Company

1500s and 1600s *The joint-stock company that ran the colonies in Fort Orange and in New Amsterdam, which later became New York *Carried on a profitable fur trade with the Native American Iroquois *Instituted the patroon system, in which large estates were given to wealthy men who transported at least fifty families to New Netherland to tend the land (few seized the opportunity)

Mercantilism

1500s-1700s *Prevailing economic philosophy of the 1600s that held colonies existed to serve the mother country *Founded on the belief that the world's wealth was sharply limited and, therefore, one nation's gain was another nation's loss *Each nation's goal was to export more than it imported in a favorable balance of trade; the difference would be made up in their possession of gold and silver, which would make the nation strong both economically and militarily *Mercantilists believed economic activity should be regulated by the government

Queen Elizabeth I

1533-1603 (ruled 1558-death) *Protestant successor to Queen Mary (England) *Popular leader and the first woman to successfully hold the throne *Invested in English raids on the Spanish New World; Spain responded with the Spanish Armada *Established Protestantism in England and encouraged English business

John Rolfe

1585-1622 *English colonist in Jamestown, Virginia *Married Pocahontas *Created process for curing tobacco, ensuring economic success for Jamestown

Sir Walter Raleigh

1587 *Selected Roanoke Island as a site for the first English settlement *Returned to England to secure additional supplies, but he found the colony deserted upon his return; it is not known what became of the Roanoke settlers *Raleigh abandoned his attempts to colonize Virginia after the failure at Roanoke *Held back by a lack of financial resources and the war with Spain, English colonization in America was impeded for fifteen years

The Spanish Armada

1588 *Fleet assembled by King Phillip II of Spain to invade England *The Armada was defeated by the skill of British military leaders and by rough seas during the assault *England's victory over Spanish forces was one of the great achievements of Queen Elizabeth I, as it established England as an emerging sea power *Its defeat helped bring about the decline of the Spanish empire

St. Augustine, Florida

1598 *French Protestants (Huguenots) went to the New World to freely practice their religion, and they formed a colony near modern-day St. Augustine, Florida *Spain, which oversaw Florida reacted violently to the Huguenots because they were trespassers and because they were viewed as heretics by the Catholic Church *Spain sent a force to the settlement and massacred the fort's inhabitants *The settlement at St. Augustine, Florida, is considered to be the first permanent European settlement in what would become the United States

Black Slaves in the 1600s

1600s *Because black slaves were only a small percentage of the population, they began at almost the same level as indentured servants *Later in the century, increased importation and population of blacks in the southern colonies began *Slaves, called "chattel," came to be seen as lifelong property whose status would be inherited by their children

Triangular Trade (Atlantic Trade)

1600s *Created as a result of mercantilism *European merchants purchased African slaves with goods manufactured in Europe or imported from Asian colonies *These merchants sold slaves in the Caribbean for commodities (sugar, cotton, tobacco) *Caribbean commodities were later sold in Europe and North America *Trade thrived because each partner could get the resources it wanted by exchanging resources that it had available

Types of Colonies in the New World

1600s *In a charter colony, colonists were essentially members of a corporation, and electors among the colonists controlled the government based on an agreed-upon charter *A royal colony had a governor selected by England's king; the governor served in the leadership role and chose additional, lower-ranking officers *Proprietary colonies were owned by individuals with direct responsibility to the king; each proprietor selected a governor, who served as the authority figure for the colony

Indentured Servitude

1600s *Poor workers, convicted criminals, and debtors received immigration passage and fees in return for a number of years at labor on behalf of a planter or company *Servants entered into their contracts voluntarily and kept some legal rights *However, servants had little control over the conditions of their work and living arrangements, and the system led to harsh and brutal treatment *It remained the predominant system of labor until the 1670s; Bacon's Rebellion made the practice seem more risky to planters and owners, and improving economic conditions in England decreased the supply of servants *Many owners relied on slave labor instead

Early American Literature and Art

1600s-1700s *Early writings promoted the benefits of colonization to both Europeans and to the colonies themselves; authors included John Smith and William Penn *Religious issues and the Great Awakening provided material for written works by John Winthrop, Edward Winslow, Roger williams, Jonathon Edwards, and George Whitefield *The political issues of revolution influenced writing in the mid-1700s, including works by Samuel Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Paine *Post-war writings such as The Federalist Papers explored the system of American values and governmental structure *The first American novel, published in 1789, was William Hill Brown's The Power of Sympathy *Art copied European styles but featured portraits of important Americans; famous artists included John Trumbull, Charles Peale, Benjamin West, and John Copley *Gilbert Stuart painted the portrait of George Washington that is now on the one-dollar bill

"Starving Time"

1609-1610 *A period of starvation endured by the Jamestown colonists *The colonists depended upon trade with the local Native Americans for their food supplies *A series of conflicts between the colonists and the Native Americans limited the colonists' ability to trade for supplies and to farm their own food *A large number of colonists died and others tried to flee to England; however, boats arrived with supplies from England intercepted the colonists and forced them to return to Jamestown *Additional support from England, the development of new industries, and the creation of new trade partnerships helped ensure the settlement's long-term survival

Headright System

1618; System used by the Virginia Company to attract colonists to promise them parcels of land. 50 acres of land to anyone who would settle.

House of Burgesses

1619 *Representative assembly in Virginia *Election to a seat was limited to voting members of the charter colony, which at first was all free men; later rules required that a man own at least fifty acres of land to vote *First representative house in America Instituted the private ownership of land but maintained the rights of colonists

The Separatists and Plymouth

1620 *Separatists were Puritans who believed the Church of England was beyond saving and felt that they must break away from it *One group of Separatists that suffered harassment from the government fled to Holland and then to America *Members of this group traveled on the Mayflower and became known as the Pilgrims, a term used for voyagers seeking to fulfill a religious mission *The Mayflower set sail from Plymouth, England, in September 1620 and landed in Provincetown Harbor, settling in what became Plymouth, Massachusetts *Before landing in the New World, the Pilgrims formed the Mayflower Compact, which provided for a government guided by the majority William Bradford (1590-1657) served as the Plymouth Colony's first governor

Massachusetts Bay Colony

1629 *Joint-stock company charted by a group of Puritans escaping King James I *Led by John Winthrop, who taught that the new colony should be a model of Christian society *These Puritans carefully organized their venture and upon arriving in Massachusetts, did not undergo the "starving time" that had often plagued other first-year colonies *The government of Massachusetts developed to include a governor and a representative assembly

Delaware

1631 *Dutch patroons established the first settlement in Delaware *That settlement was destroyed by Native American attacks *The Dutch West India Company and Dutchmen, including Peter Minuit, began to trade and settle in Delaware during the mid-to-late 1630s *Between 1664 and 1674, Delaware switched between Dutch and English ownership, ending with English ownership in 1674

Maryland

1632 *Maryland became the first proprietary colony to serve as a refuge for English Catholics *George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) applied for the charter to create the Province of Maryland *Calvert's son, Caecilius, helped establish a representative assembly *Maryland passed its Act of Toleration in 1649, guaranteeing religious freedom to all Christians in the colony; this set an important precedent for later characterization of the United States and its Constitution

John Locke and Natural Law

1632-1704 *Locke was a major English political philosopher of the Enlightenment *Isaac Newton theorized Natural Law in the realm of science, and Locke followed him, trying to identify Natural Law in the human realm *Prior to Locke, there existed a theory of social contract in which people would accept certain restrictions on themselves for the benefit of their society, and these restrictions would be upheld by a sovereign power *Locke's assertion of Natural Law changed the perspective of the social contract theory; he believed that if life, liberty, and property were not protected, governments could be overthrown justly *Locke's ideas became the indirect theory of American political activity for leaders such as Benjamin Franklin, and they influenced Thomas Jefferson in writing Declaration of Independence

Anne Hutchinson

1638 *Claimed to have had special revelations from God that superseded the Bible, contrary to Puritan doctrine *The leadership of New England accused her of antinomian teachings (antinomianism is the belief that salvation is attained through faith and divine grace and not through strict adherence to rules or moral laws) *Hutchinson was tried and banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony *With her followers, she founded Portsmouth in the Aquidneck region (1638) in what is now known as Rhode Island

English Civil War

1641-1651 *Conflict was based in the struggle between King Charles I (son of King James I) and the English Parliament *Charles claimed to rule by divine right; Parliament argues that its membership had rights that were separate from those granted to the king *Parliament's members were mostly Puritan and had the backing of the merchant class and lesser land owners *Wealthy nobles tended to support Charles I, who opposed Puritans on questions of religion *Led to outright conflict between Royalist military forces and forces opposing Charles I *Parliament's victory in 1651 resulted in the trial and execution of Charles I and the exile of his son Charles II *The English monarchy was replaced with the Commonwealth of England (1649-1653) and then with a Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell's rule (1653-1659)

William Penn

1644-1718 *Founded Pennsylvania as a refuge for his fellow Quakers *Penn advertised his colony widely in Europe and offered generous terms on land *Guaranteed a representative assembly and full religious freedom Settlers flocked to Pennsylvania from all over Europe

Effects of the Navigation Acts

1650-1673 *Boosted the prosperity of New Englanders, who engaged in large-scale shipbuilding *Hurt the residents of the Chesapeake by driving down the price of tobacco *Transferred wealth from America to Britain by increasing the prices Americans had to pay for British goods and lowering the prices Americans received for the goods they produced *Mercantilism also helped bring on a series of wars between England and Holland in the late 1600s

Navigation Acts

1650-1673 *Dictated ther certain goods shipped from a New World from a New World port were to go only to Britain or to another New World port *Served as the foundation of England's worldwide commercial system; came out of the economic philosophy of mercantilism *Though it was meant to benefit the whole British Empire, its provisions helped some New World colonies at the expense of others *Intended as a weapon in England's ongoing struggle against its rival, Holland *Led to increased tension between Britain and the colonies

Slave Codes

1650s-1860s *A series of laws that limited slave rights *Slave owners were given authority to impose harsh physical punishment ans to control their slaves in any fashion they sought, without court intervention *Prohibited slaves from owning weapons, becoming educated, meeting with other African Americans without permission, and testifying against whites in court *Severely limited the rights of slaves

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 *Virginia's Royal governor, William Berkeley, received strict instructions to run the colony for the benefit of Britain *Nathaniel Bacon was a leader of colonial frontiersmen in Virginia *Bacon objected to the rights granted to Virginia's wealthy inner circle and was angered by Governor Berkeley's inability to protect Virginia from attacks by the Native Americans *Bacon commanded two unauthorized raids on Native American tribes, increasing his popularity; Berkeley had him arrested *Soon after, Bacon gathered his forces, opposed the Royal governor, and set fire to Jamestown to defend his forces' position *Berkeley ended the rebellion with the aid of British military forces *After Bacon's rebellion, American colonies turned increasingly away from indentured servants and toward slave labor

Dominion of New England

1686-1689 *An administrative body created by King James II that oversaw British colonies in the New England region *Put in place to implement the Navigation Acts and to assist the colonies in defending themselves against hostile French and Native American forces *The Dominion Governor-in-Chief, Edmund Andros, outlawed town meetings, disputed titles to certain colonial lands, and proselytized on behalf of the Church of England *New England colonists had originally been in favor of some sort of voluntary association, but the Dominion was very unpopular because of these types of impositions

Half-Way Covenant

1690s *Decision by Puritan colony churches to allow the grandchildren of those who did not have the personal experience of conversion to participate in select church affairs *Previously, only the children of those who had experienced conversion could participate *Reflected the decline of zealous piety among New Englanders

Salem Witch Trials

1692 *Several young girls in Salem Village claimed to be tormented by the occult activities of certain neighbors *Some twenty persons were executed *Puritan ministers finally intervened to stop the executions *Different theories about the reasons that the trials occurred: political and class divisions in Salem; economic stresses from providing for growing families; the gender-biased view that women were more likely to follow evil *Writer Arthur Miller produced The Crucible (1953), a retelling of Salem Witch Trials and a reflective commentary on the witch-hunts of Joseph McCarthy

John Peter Zenger

1697-1746 *German American newspaper publisher and printer *His acquittal of libel charges in New York City(1735) established a legal precedent for freedom of the press *The Supreme Court under Chief Justice Warren (1953-1969) would later reinvigorate free press rights *The case of New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) strengthened the protection of the press against libel cases brought by public figures

The Enlightenment

1700s *Connects to the idea of Deism, in which the universe was created by God and then abandoned; no supernatural controls would be exerted and all things were explainable by reason *Enlightenment philosophy dictated that human reason was adequate to solve mankind's problems and, correspondingly, much less faith was needed in the central role of God as an active force in the universe *Idea moved from Europe to become the New World's seed of cultures intellectualism, and society *Some important Enlightenment writers include Isaac Newton (Principia Mathematica, 1687), John Locke (Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 1689), and Rene Descartes, whose basic tenet of philosophical theory existed in the phrase "I think, therefore, I am."

Elements of Slavery

1700s-1800s *Slaves suffered varying degrees or repression, although most received adequate housing and diet *Slaves did commit some violent uprisings *Many slaves tried to run away into bordering free states *Injustice created quiet revolt as slaves sabotaged their facilities, found ways to become unproductive for their masters, and ridiculed their owners *Despite their repression, slaves created their own common culture

Jonathon Edwards

1703-1758 *Preacher of the Great Awakening who emphasized personal religious experience, predestination, and dependence of man upon God and divine grace *One of his widely read sermons was "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" *While Edwards is known for being one of the most prominent Calvinists, the Great Awakening was partially responsible for refuting the idea that salvation was only possible with predestined election, an important Calvinist belief

Benjamin Franklin

1706-1790 *Was a colonial writer, scientist, diplomat, printer, and philosopher Published the Pennsylvania Gazette and wrote Poor Richard's Almanac *Served in the Second Continental Congress and was a drafter and signer of the Declaration of Independence

William Pitt

1708-1778 *Britain's capable and energetic prime minister *After several humiliating defeats, he led Britain to virtually destroy the French empire in North America by focusing on the French headquarters in Canada *The Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended hostilities

William Pitt

1708-1778. - Britain's capable and energetic prime minister. - After several humiliating defeats, he led Britain to virtually destroy the French empire in North America by focusing on the French headquarters in Canada. - The Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended hostilities.

Impact of the French and Indian War on British Colonial Policy

1712-1770 *Britain set out to solve the large national debt incurred in recent conflicts *It created a series of acts that raised taxes on American goods, leading to rebellious activities in the colonies *Acts included the Proclamation of 1763, Sugar Act (1763), Stamp Act (1765), and Quartering Act (1765)

The First Great Awakening

1720s-1740s *A series of emotional religious revivals that occurred throughout the colonies (prevalent in New England) *Preachers spread a message of personal repentance and emphasized faith as a way to avoid hell *Suggested an equality between God and the Bible *George Whitefield and Jonathon Edwards became its most dynamic preachers *While the Awakening created conflict among those who argued about religion, its ideas helped build connections between the colonies *More denominations of Christianity were formed *A number of colleges were founded by those who accepted the Great Awakening, including Princeton, Brown, and Rutgers

Samuel Adams

1722-1803 *Revolutionary resistance leader in Massachusetts *Along with Paul Revere, he headed the Sons of Liberty in Massachusetts *Worked with the committees of correspondence, which provided communication about resistance among colonies *Attended both the First and Second Continental Congress and signed the Declaration of Independence

Charles Cornwallis

1738-1805 *British military and political leader *Was a member of Parliament *Opposed the tax measures that ed to the American Revolution *Led British forces during the American Revolution *The British defeat culminated with Cornwallis's surrender at Yorktown in 1781

John Jay

1745-1829 *Member of First and Second Continental Congress *Negotiated Treaty of Paris and Jay's Treaty *First Chief Justice of Supreme Court *Wrote portions of The Federalist Papers

French and Indian War

1748-1763 *Rivalry between France, Britain, and various Native American tribes over land in the Ohio region *It was one of a series of wars fought between France and England throughout the world at the time *Battles continued on European and American fronts until Britain gained control of Canada *It was in these conflicts that George Washington first appeared as an able military leader

Writs of Assistance

1750s-1770s *Court orders that authorized customs officials to conduct non-specific searches to stop colonial smuggling *Allowed for the searching of homes, warehouses, and shops *James Otis served as a prosecutor in a failed Massachusetts legal case; he argued that these searched were contrary to natural law *Later, the Fourth Amendment would protect citizens against "unreasonable searched and seizures"

Albany Plan

1754 *Delegates of seven colonies met in New York to discuss plans for collective defense *The Pennsylvanian delegate, Benjamin Franklin, proposed a plan for an intercolonial government, but the plan was rejected by the colonial legislatures as demanding too great a surrender of power *While the other colonies showed to support for Franklin's plan, it was an important precedent for the concept of uniting in the face of a common enemy

John Marshall

1755-1835 *Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court (1801-1835) *He was a Federalist installed by Adams *His decisions defined and strengthened the powers of the judicial branch and asserted the power of judicial review over federal legislation *His court made determinations that cemented a static view of contracts *His court's decisions advanced capitalism *Significant cases included: Marbury v. Madison, Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, McCulloch v. Maryland, and Gibbons v. Ogden

Alexander Hamilton

1757-1804 *First Secretary of Treasury *Proposed the federal assumption of state debts, the establishment of a national bank, and the federal simulation of industry through excise tax and tariffs *Opponents, including Jefferson, saw his programs as aiding a small, elite group at the expense of the average citizen *Hamilton died from wounds sustained in a pistol duel with Aaron Burr, Jefferson's vice president

Treaty of Paris 1763

1763 *Ended Seven Years War *From France, Britain took Canada and some of what would become the United States east of the Mississippi River *France lost all of its North American holdings *Spain took the Louisiana Territory *Treaty marked the end of salutary neglect, a relationship in which the British Parliament had somewhat ignored the colonies, allowing them to develop their character without interference

Proclamation of 1763

1763 *Was a result of pontiac's Rebellion, a Native American uprising against the British for their mistreatment *Forbade white settlement west of the Appalachians to reduce friction between Native Americans and the settlers *Stated that Native Americans owned the land on which they were residing *Outraged colonists believed that the successful outcome of the French and Indian War should have allowed settlement in the Ohio Valley

Sugar Act

1764 *It taxed goods imported to America to raise revenue for England Meant to assist England in recouping the debt it had taken on during the French and Indian War *Strictly enforced, unlike the Molasses Act of 1733 *Taxed goods included imports such as wine, cloth, coffee, and silk

Quartering Act

1765 *Act that required the colonies in which British troops were stationed provide soldiers with bedding and other basic needs *Colonists reacted negatively because they feared having a standing army in their towns, and they disliked the additional expenses it caused *After the emergence of the United States Constitution, the Third Amendment protected citizens against the stationing of troops in their homes

Stamp Act

1765 *An internal tax, the sole purpose of which was to raise revenue *Required Americans to use "stamped" paper for legal documents, newspapers, and playing cards, among other goods *Revenue from this tax was to be used solely for the support of the British soldiers protecting the colonies

Quartering Act

1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.

Eli Whitney

1765-1825 *Inventor and manufacturer *Invented the cotton gin in 1793, revolutionizing the cotton industry and increasing the need for slaves *Established the first factory to assemble muskets with interchangeable, standardized parts *His innovations led to an "American system" of manufacture, where those laborers with less skill could use tools and templates to make identical parts; also, the manufacture and assembly of parts could be done separately

Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

Declaratory Act

1766 *Act giving Britain the power to tax and make laws for Americans in all cases *Followed the repeal of the Stamp Act, which colonists had seen as a victory *The Declaratory Act suggested that Britain might pass more restrictive acts in the near future

Townshend Acts

1767 *Created by British Prime Minister Charles Townshend (Grenville's replacement) *Formed a program of taxing items imported into the colonies, such as paper, lead, glass, and tea *Replaced the direct taxes of Stamp Act *Led to boycotts by Boston merchants and served as a key contributor to the Boston Massacre

Denmark Vesey

1767(?)-1822 *A slave who won enough money in a lottery to buy his own freedom *Gained wealth and influence in South Carolina *Accused of using church get-togethers to plan a violent slave revolt *Vesey and thirty-four other slaves were hanged *Some historians doubt the conspiracy was real

Methods of Colonial Resistance

1770s *Colonists reacted first with restrained and respectful petitions against the British, suggesting "taxation without representation is tyranny" *Colonial governments organized "committees of correspondence" to share their view of British actions with neighboring colonies and with foreign governments; this was the start of political organization among the colonies *Colonial merchants then boycotted British goods (non-importation) *Colonists finally turned to violence; crowds took action against customs officials and against merchants who violated boycotts *Some colonists continued to follow British command and became English "Loyalists"

Virtual Representation

1770s *English principle stating that the members of members of parliament represented all of Britain and the British Empire, even though members were only elected by a small number of constituents *This idea was meant to be a response to the colonial claim of "no taxation without representation," meaning that parliament was itself representation of those being taxed

Tea Act and Boston Tea Party

1773 *The Tea Act was a concession that allowed the British East India Company to ship tea directly to America and sell it at a bargain *Because the cheap tea undercut the costs of local merchants, colonists opposed these shipments; they turned back ships, left shipments to rot, and held ships in port *Led to the Boston Tea Party in December of 1773, where citizens, dressed as Native Americans, destroyed tea on the British ships

Tea Act

1773 act which eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants. Led to the Boston Tea Party.

The Intolerable Acts (The Coercive Acts)

1774 *Names given by colonists to the Quebec Act (1774) and to a series of acts by the British in response to the Boston Tea Party *Closed the Port of Boston to all trade until citizens paid for the lost tea *Increased the power of Massachusetts' Royal governor at the expense of the legislature *Allowed Royal officials accused of crimes in Massachusetts to be tried elsewhere

George Washington's Leadership in the American Revolution

1775-1781 *Named Commander-in-Chief of Continental Forces in June 1775 by the Second Continental Congress *Forced British to evacuate Boston in March 1776 *Defeated British at Trenton, New Jersey, after crossing the Delaware on December 25, 1776 *Survived tough winter at Valley Forge(1777-1778); Washington strengthened his troops during the winter and gained tremendous respect among the men *General Cornwallis surrendered to Washington on October 19, 1781

Lee's Resolutions

1776 *Presented to Second Continental Congress by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia *Urged Congress to declare independence and were accepted July 2, 1776 *Said, "That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States"

Battle of Saratoga

1777 *American REvolution battle fought in northern New York *The British planned to end the American Revolution by splitting the colonies along the Hudson River, but they failed to mobilize properly *The British ended up surrendering, allowing for the first great American victory *Demonstrated that the British could more easily hold the cities, but that they would have trouble subduing the countrysides *Considered a turning point, as French aid began after this battle

Anti-Federalists

1780s-1790s *Those against the adoption of the Constitution; they were suspicious of political actions that would limit freedom and of a centralized government that would rule at a distance *George Mason, Patrick Henry, and George Clinton were Anti-Federalists *Many of the Anti-Federalists would come to oppose the policies of Alexander Hamilton and the Federalists *The Jeffersonian Republican Party absorbed many of the Anti-Federalists after the Constitution was adopted

Western Land Cessions

1781-1787; Georgia in 1802 *The original thirteen states ceded their western land claims to the new federal government *The states that lacked western land claims feared that states with claims could grow in size, skewing representation in the federal government *Before signing the United States Constitution, these states demanded that those with claims cede the land *Ordinances in 1784 and 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance (1787) organized the ceded areas in preparation for statehood *New states were organized and admitted to the Union *This policy strengthened the ties of the western farmers to the central government

John Calhoun

1782-1850 *Vice President to both John Q. Adams and to Adams's political rival, Andrew Jackson, who defeated Adams in 1828 *Champion of states' rights *Author of an essay, "The South Carolina Exposition and Protest," advocating nullification of Tariff of 1828 and asserting the right of the states to nullify federal laws *Later, as a senator, he engaged Senator Daniel Webster in a debate over slavery and states' rights, demonstrating the ideas that would drive the country to the Civil War

Treaty of Paris, 1783

1783 *Peace settlement that ended the Revolutionary War *The United States was represented by Ben Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay *Britain recognized the United States' independence and outlined its borders *The United States received all lands east of the Mississippi River, north of Florida, and south of the Great Lakes *The United States agreed that Loyalists were not to be persecuted

Washington Irving

1783-1859 *In his time, he was the best-known native writer in the United States and one of the first American writers to gain fame throughout Europe *His satire is considered some of the first great comic literature written by an American *Stories included Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1820) *His writings reflected an increasing nationalism, as the stories were based in American settings

John James Audubon

1785-1851 *Romantic-era artist *Member of the Hudson River School, a group of landscape painters *Demonstrated the emotion of nature, especially birds and animals *In 1886, a nature organization took his name

Land Ordinance of 1785; Northwest Ordinance of 1787

1785;1787 *The Land Ordinance was an act of Congress that sold western lands in order to settle that territory and to earn revenue for the federal government *The Land Ordinance organized the distribution of land into townships and set aside a section of each township to be used for public education *The Northwest Ordinance described how the land north of the Ohio River should be divided and helped to create five new states *The Northwest Ordinance held that states would be admitted to the Union when the number of free inhabitants reached 60,000; slavery and involuntary servitude were not allowed in these states *The Northwest Ordinance set a precedent of how states could join the Union and stood as a successful accomplishment by a federal government that had been seen before as ineffective

Shay's Rebellion

1786-1787 *During a period of economic depression, Daniel Shays led a group of farmers to stop the courts from seizing a farmer's land and enacting debt collection *Citizens of Boston raised an army and suppressed the rebels *Americans felt pressure to strengthen the government and avoid future violence *The rebellion served as a catalyst for writing the Constitution

Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise)

1787 *Called for a bicameral legislative system in which the House of Representatives would be based on population and the Senate would have equal representation in Congress *Combined pieces of the New Jersey Plan, the Virginia Plan, and other proposals *Included the Three-Fifths Compromise, which counted slaves as three-fifths of a person for the purposes of apportioning representation and called for direct taxation on the states

Evolution of the Major Political Parties to pre-civil War

1787-1854 *Key Moment: Debate over the adoption of a federal constitution *Parties: Federalists and Anti Federalists, who disagreed about the power and influence of the central government *Evolutionary Point: After the Constitution was adopted, the Jeffersonian Republicans absorbed he Anti-Federalists and by 180 the Federalists had declined *Key Moment: Disagreement over John Q. Adams's death of Andrew Jackson *Parties: Democratic Republicans and the Whig Party, which was a combination of those who opposed President Jackson's policies and those who had supported John Q. Adams *Evolutionary Point: After the death of Whig President William Henry Harrison, parties focused more on issues of sectional unrest

Federalists

1788 *Americans who advocated centralized power and constitutional ratification *Used The Federalist Papers to demonstrate how the Constitution was designed to prevent the abuse of power *Supporters of Federalist platforms included Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay, and northeastern business groups *Federalists believed that the government was given all powers that were not expressly denied to it by the Constitution (they had a "loose interpretation" of the Constitution)

Judiciary Act of 1789

1789 *Provided for a Supreme Court with a Chief Justice and five associates *Established the office of the Attorney General *Created federal district courts and circuits courts

George Washington

1789-1797 *First President *Was unanimously elected *Served two terms *His leadership led to a standard of a strong presidency with control of foreign policy and the power to veto Congress's legislation *Declared the Proclamation of Neutrality in April 1793, keeping the United States neutral in the European wars *His Farewell Address in 1796 warned against entangling alliances, recommended isolationism, and warned of political party factions

James Fenimore Cooper

1789-1851 *American novelist born in Burlington, New Jersey *His writing was influences by the American frontier and America's landscapes *His works include The Last of the Mohicans (1826), The Water-Witch (1830), and The American Democrat (1838) *His work, along with that of writers like Washington Irving, helped form the foundation for distinctive American literature

The Second Great Awakening and Protestant Revivalism

1790s-1840s *A wave of religious fervor spread through a series of camp meeting revivals *The "Burnt Over District," an area in upstate New York, was the center of the movement *Protestant revivalism rejected the CAlvinist doctrine of predestination and held instead that salvation was in the individual's hands *Revivalism was a reaction to rationalism, emphasizing strong nationalism and the improvement of society through social reform *Revivalism included participation by women and African Americans, demonstrating the influence and growth of democracy *Created diversity in American religious sects and some anti-Catholic sentiment

Southern Response to Slavery

1790s-1860s *Defense of slavery shifted from an early view of slavery as a "necessary evil" (1790) to a "positive good" (after 1840) *Used scientific arguments, biblical texts, and historical examples to justify slavery *As time passed, this defensive position and abolitionist sentiment increased in fervor *Some Southerners, like George Fitzhugh, a Virginia lawyer, defended slavery by condemning Northern "wage slavery"; he used the idea of African American inferiority to suggest that whites were protecting slaves from a world of fierce competition in which, on their own, they would not survive

Jeffersonian Republicans (Democratic Republicans)

1792-1860 *Political party that absorbed the Anti-Federalists *Proponents included Thomas Jefferson and James Madison *Favored states' rights and power in the hands of commoners; supported by Southern agriculture and frontiersmen *Believed that the federal government was denied all powers that were not expressly given to it by the Constitution (a "strict interpretation" of the document) *Supported the French Revolution's ideals, but they were against the Revolution's bloody radicalism

Sam Houston

1793-1863 *Leader of Texas independence *Defeated Santa Anna at the Battle of San Jacinto and claimed independence *Houston asked both President Jackson and President Van Buren to recognize Texas as a state, which they denied out of fear that a new slave state would be formed

Jay's Treaty

1794 *An attempt to settle the conflict between the United States and England over commerce, navigation, and violations of the Treaty of Paris of 1783 *Provided for eventual evacuation by the British of their posts in the Northwest, but it allowed them to continue their fur trade *Allowed for the establishment of commissions to settle United States-Canadian border disputes and United States- Britain losses during the Revolutionary War *The generous terms to Britain upset Americans because these were promises that had been made and not fulfilled in the Treaty of Paris of 1783

Whiskey Rebellion

1794 *Western whiskey farmers refused to pay taxes on which Hamilton's revenue program was based *A group of farmers terrorized the tax collectors, and Washington responded with a federalized militia *George Washington and Alexander Hamilton rode out to Pennsylvania themselves to emphasize their commitment *First test of federal authority *Established federal government's right to enforce laws

Pickney Treaty

1795 *Signed by the United States and Spain *Free navigation of the Mississippi River was given to the United States *United States gained area north of Florida that had been in dispute (present-day Mississippi and Alabama) *Gave western farmers the "right of deposit" in the New Orleans, enabling them to use the port for their goods and making it easier for them to get their goods to the east *The United States would later make the Louisiana Purchase, which would cement this right of deposit

Pinckney Treaty

1795 - Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans

Horace Mann

1796-1859 *American educator who was the first secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education *Suggested reforms in education *Made available hight-quality, no-cost, nondenominational public schooling *The system has lasted to present day, and as a result, Mann has been called father of the American public school

John Adams

1797-1800 *Second President *First Vice President *Diplomat and signer of the Declaration of Independence *Led the country through the XYZ affair, the Alien and Sedition Acts, and the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions *Kept the nation from war during his tenure as president

XYZ Affair

1798 *The United States wanted an end to French harassment of American shipping *To settle the issue, French representatives demanded a bribe from the United States just to open negotiations with French Minister Talleyrand *The United States refused the bribe and suspended trade with the French *Led to the creation of the American Navy

Alien and Sedition Acts

1798-1799 *Legislation enacted by the Federalists to reduce foreign influenced and increase their power *New hurdles to citizenship were established *Broadened power to quiet print media critics *The legislation was used to silence Jeffersonian Republican critics of the Federalists and was indicative of the poisoned relations between the two groups *These acts tested the strength of the First Amendment and limited the freedom of the press *The Federalists gained a reputation as being a less democratic group, quickening their demise as a political organization

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

1798-1799 *Response by Jeffersonian Republicans to the Alien and Sedition Acts *Included text written by Jefferson and by Madison *Suggested that states should have the power within their territory to nullify federal law *Stated that federal government had no right to exercise powers not specifically delegated to it *The resolutions represented a future argument that would be used when secession and Civil War threatened the country *Called into question the paradox of the Elastic Clause and the Tenth Amendment

The Napoleonic Wars

1799-1815 *War between Napoleon's France and the other European powers, led by Britain *Both sides tried to prevent neutral powers, especially the United States, from trading with their enemy *American ships were seized by both sides and American sailors were "impressed," or forced into the British navy *The United States was angered by this violation of the "freedom of the seas" principle, which holds that outside its territorial waters, a state may not claim sovereignty over the sea *These violations would escalate and lead to the War of1812

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Nat Turner

1800-1831 *Slave who led an insurrection in Southampton, Virginia, in 1831 *Influential among local slaves as a preacher *Believe it was his destiny to lead slaves to freedom *Led approximately sixty in revolt, first killing the family of his owner and then killing fifty-five whites in the surrounding neighborhood *The revolt was put down and Turner, some of his conspirators, and several free African Americans were executed *Led to stricter slave laws in the South and an end to the Southern organizations advocating abolition

Romanticism

1800s *A belief in the innate goodness of man, nature, and traditional values, rooted in turn-of-the-century Europe *Emphasized emotions and feelings over rationality *Reaction against the excesses of the Enlightenment led to a growing push for social reform

Population Growth and Change, Early 1800s

1800s *Labor shortage meant more opportunity for work *Influx of immigration included German skilled labor and Irish Catholics, who faced discrimination *Growing population in the West and in rural areas *Urbanization outgrew public services, leading to inadequate security and clean water for city dwellers *Race riots, religious riots, and street crime became part of city life

Texas, Leading to the Battle of the Alamo

1800s *Mexico refused to sell Texas to the United States, which had given up its claims to Texas in the Adams-Onis treaty *Texas had been a state in the Republic of Mexico since 1822, following a revolution against Spain *Mexico offered land grants for immigration to the area, and many Americans responded and came to Texas, increasing population and revenue in Texas *Southerners moved to Mexico with interest in becoming slave masters, but the presence of slavery angered the Mexican government *When the population changed, Mexico's power began to erode *Stephen Austin worked to first make Texas a Mexican state and later independent of Mexico

Slave Labor Roles

1800s *On large farms, white overseers directed African American drivers who supervised groups in the fields as they performed gang labor *On smaller farms, a slave was assigned specific tasks and then given the remainder of the day to himself *House servants were spared physical labor, but they enjoyed less privacy and had direct responsibility to the master

Four Economic Classes in the South

1800s *Planters: Owned large farms and groups of slaves, and exercised political and economic control with cotton exports *Yeomen: The largest group, yeomen worked land independently, sometimes along with slaves, to produce their own foods, like corn *Poor Whites: Lived in squalor that was often as bad as that of the slaves *Slaves: Worked the land; it is noteworthy that three-fourths of whites in the South did not own slaves

Slaves in Southern Urban Areas

1800s *Slaves served as factory workers or as construction laborers *Some purchased their freedom with their savings or disappeared into society *As sectional troubles rose, fewer slaves were able to buy freedom or work in urban areas

Irish and German Immigration

1800s *The 1840s saw a dramatic increase in immigration due to the potato famine in Ireland *The poverty of the Irish immigrants led to settlement in eastern cities and competition for jobs *The 1850s had increases in German immigration because of the failed revolution in 1848 *Many Germans settled in Wisconsin because they had money and other resources, which helped to cultivate the upper-midwest portion of the United States *The Five Points neighborhood of New York City included Irish immigrants, African Americans, and Anglo, Italian, and Jewish cultures; it encapsulated the melting-pot phenomenon in the United States

Women in the Early 1800s

1800s *Women participated in limited political activity that was mostly religious and reform in nature, such as abolition *Employment was limited mostly to schoolteaching *They still lived in a "cult of domesticity," in which a woman's role in marriage was to maintain the home for her husband and to raise the children *A woman's property became part of her husband's *In future years, the women's rights movement would rise to confront this "cult of domesticity"

Judiciary Act of 1801

1801 *Created new judgeships to be filled by the president *John Adams filled the vacancies with party supporters ("Midnight Judges") *Led to bitter resentment by the incoming Jeffersonian Republican Party *Act would play a role in the case of Marbury v. Madison

Thomas Jefferson

1801-1809 *Third President *Author of the Declaration of Independence Before becoming president, he served as the first Secretary of State *First president to reside in Washington, D.C. *Jefferson's taking of office was called the "Revolution of 1800" as it was the first time America had changed presidential political leadership (Federalist to Jeffersonian Republican) *His embodiment of the Jeffersonian Republican Party helped increase its strength, while weak leadership in the federalist Part was a reason for its demise *His administration was responsible for the Embargo of 1807 *He presided over the Louisiana Purchase *His politics were characterized by support of state's rights

Dorothea Dix

1802-1887 *Social reformer who worker to help mentally ill *Northeastern jails housed both criminals and the mentally ill in the same facilities *Dix became determined to change this *Her memorandum to the Massachusetts state legislature in 1842 led to the establishment of state hospitals for the insane

Marbury v. Madison

1803 *William Marbury had been commissioned justice of the peace in D.C. by President John Adams *His commission was part of Adams' "midnight appointments" during his last days in office *Marbury's commission was not delivered, so he sued President Jefferson's Secretary of State, James Madison *Chief Justice John Marshall held that while Marbury was entitled to the commission, the statute that allowed Marbury's remedy was unconstitutional, as it granted the Supreme Court powers beyond what the constitution permitted *This decision paved the way for judicial review, which gave courts the power to declare statutes unconstitutional

Marbury vs Madison

1803 Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review

Lewis and Clark Expedition

1803-1806 *Expedition through the Louisiana Purchase and the West *Departed from St. Louis and explored areas including the Missouri River, the Yellowstone River, and the Rockies *Sacajawea, a Shoshone guide, helped them in their journey *Opened up new territories to American expansion

Ralph Waldo Emerson

1803-1882 *Transcendentalist essayist and lecturer *Self-Reliance (1841), one of his essays, promoted the virtue of independence *Through the themes in his writing and through the independent lifestyle he lived, Emerson strongly influenced American thought and culture

William Lloyd Garrison

1805-1879 *His newspaper, The Liberator, espoused his views that slaves should be immediately emancipated *Many other anti-slavery advocates of the 1830s and 1840s recommended a gradualist approach *Because of his inflexible position and the fiery language he used in his paper, opposition to his policy developed within abolitionist groups *Garrison also advocated an unpopular position in favor of equal rights for women *After the Civil War, he promoted free trade, suffrage for women, and fair treatment for Native Americans

William Lloyd Garrison

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

Embargo of 1807

1807-1809 *American declaration to keep its own ships from leaving port for any foreign destination *Jefferson hoped to avoid contact with vessels of either of the warring sides of the Napoleonic Wars *The result was economic depression in the United States, which angered the Federalists, who were well-represented in Northeast commerce and were hit hard by the financial downturn

Non-Intercourse Act

1809 *Congress opened trade to all nations except France and Britain *Trade boycott appeared to have little effect on curbing French and British aggression stemming from the Napoleonic Wars *Though the Embargo Act was a protective measure, the Non-Intercourse Act re-engaged the United States in trade while continuing its stance against alliances with either France or Britain *The Non-Intercourse Act was repealed in 1810

James Madison

1809-1817 *Fourth President *His work before becoming president led him to be considered the "Father of the Constitution" *Participated in the writing of The Federalist Papers *In Congress, he wrote the Virginia Plan *Was a Republican president in a Federalist-controlled Congress *Faced pressure from "War Hawks" like Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun to get involved in the Napoleonic Wars and end the damaging embargo *Led the United States into the War of 1812 and concluded the war in 1814

John Brown

1809-1859 *Brown and his sons killed five pro-slavery settlers in Kansas in an incident known as the "Pottawatamie Creek Massacre" (1856) *He was supported by some Northern abolitionists in order to start a countrywide revolution *He led followers to seize a federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, hoping to start the rebellion (1859) *Brown was arrested and hanged *Brown was often referred to as "God's Angry Man"

Fletcher v. Peck

1810 *Marshall Court decision *The first time state law was voided on the grounds that it violated a principle of the United States Constitution *The Georgia legislature had issued extensive land grants in a corrupt deal *A legislative session repealed that action because of the corruption *The Supreme Court decided that the original contract was valid, regardless of the corruption *Reaffirmed the sanctity of contracts

Expansion of Electorate, 1810-1828

1810-1828 *Most states eliminated the property qualification for voting during this period *African Americans were still excluded from polls across the South and most of the North *The political parties established national nomination conventions

Tecumseh

1811 *Native American chief who was encouraged by British forced to fight against the pressured removal of Native Americans from Western territories *William Henry Harrison destroyed the united NAtive American confederacy at Tippecanoe

Harriet Beecher Stowe

1811-1896 *Worked with the Grimke sisters, Elizabeth Stanton, and other leaders to pursue activist goals *Early activist in the feminist movement and author of Uncle Tom's Cabin (1851), a novel critical of slavery *Uncle Tom's Cabin was denounced in the South and praised in the North; it turned many toward active opposition to slavery and helped bolster sympathy for abolition by Europeans who had read it

War of 1812 Events

1812 *Early victories at sea by the United States before it was overpowered by the British *The United States' Admiral Perry took Lake Erie with the navy *Opened the way for William Henry Harrison to invade Canada and defeat the British and Native American forces *Andrew Jackson led the American charge through the Southwest *The Battle of New Orleans was a decisive conflict in which Jackson defeated the British; the battle was fought after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent

Causes of the War of 1812

1812-1815 *British impressment of AMerican sailors *The United States suspected the British of encouraging Native American rebellion "War Hawk" Congressional leaders, such as Henry Clay and John Calhoun, pressed for intervention *American frontiersmen wanted more free land, as the West was held by Native Americans and the British *War Hawks also wanted to annex Canada and Florida *Despite the Embargo Act and Non-Intercourse Act, hostilities could not be cooled *Eventually, the United States sided with France against Britain

Stephen Douglas

1813-1861 *Senator from Illinois dubbed the "Little Giant" *Was an expansionist and a supporter of the Mexican War *Broke the Compromise of 1850 into smaller, more acceptable pieces of legislation and pushed it through using various allies in Congress *Introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 *During a Senate campaign in 1858, participated in debates against Abraham Lincoln (dubbed the Lincoln Douglas debates) *He believed popular sovereignty was the appropriate way to handle the slavery question

Washington Burned

1814 *During the War of 1812, a British armada sailed up the Chesapeake Bay and burned the White House *Attack came in response to the American burning of Toronto *The armada proceeded toward Baltimore; America's Fort McHenry held firm through bombardment, which inspired Francis Scott Key's "Defence of Fort McHenry" (later renamed "The Star-Spangled Banner")

Rush-Bagot Agreement

1817 *The Treaty of Ghent, which ended hostilities after the War of 1812, set the groundwork for this agreement by encouraging both sides to continue to study boundary issues between the United States and Canada *Rush-Bagot was an agreement between Britain and the United States to stop maintaining armed fleets on the Great Lakes *Served as the first "disarmament" agreement and laid the foundation for future positive relations between Canada and the United States

James Monroe

1817-1825 *Fifth President *Led during the "Era of Good Feelings," which was marked by the domination of his political party, the Democratic-Republicans, and the decline of the Federalist Party *Established the Monroe Doctrine as a wide-ranging policy for foreign affairs *National identity grew, most notably through the westward movement of the country and various public works projects *The "Era" saw the beginnings of North-South tensions over slavery

Henry David Thoreau

1817-1862 *Transcendental writer *His Walden (1854) repudiated the repression of society and preached non-violent civil disobedience *He protested unjust laws, slavery, and the Mexican War *To demonstrate against these issues, Thoreau refused to pay his poll tax and was forced to spend one night in jail *Thoreau's ideology was reflected in future advocates like Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr.

Frederick Douglass

1817-1895 *An escaped slave and outspoken abolitionist *Escaped from his Maryland owner and published his own newspaper, the North Star *Favored the use of political methods of reform *In the Civil War, he helped put together regiments of African Americans from Massachusetts and urged others to join the Union army *Known as the father of the American civil rights movement

Convention of 1818

1818 *Provided for boundary between the United States and Canada at the forty-ninth parallel *Allowed joint occupancy of Oregon Territory by Americans and Canadians *Permitted American fisherman to fish in the waters of Newfoundland and Labrador

Adams-Onis Treaty

1819 *Helped define he United States-Mexico border *The border that was under Spanish control had created conflict between the two countries *Spain sold its remaining Florida territory to the United States and drew the boundary of Mexico to the Pacific *United States ceded its claims to Texas, and Spain kept California and the New Mexican region *United States assumed $5 million in debts owed by Spain to American merchants *Later, lands kept by Spain would become battlegrounds for American expansion

McCulloch v. Maryland

1819 *Marshall Court decision *Determined that no state could control an agency of the federal government *Maryland tried to levy a tax on a local branch of the United States Bank to protect its own state banks *Supreme Court determined such state action violated Congress's "implied powers" to operate a national bank *Use of judicial review over state law made this a division of powers case

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

1819 *Marshall Court decision *Severely limited the power of state governments to control corporations, which were the emerging form of business *New Hampshire legislature tried to change Dartmouth from a private to a public institution by having its charter revoked *The Court ruled that the charter issued during colonial days still constituted a contract and could not be arbitrarily changed without the consent of both parties *Reaffirmed the sanctity of contracts

Walt Whitman

1819-1892 *Northern Romantic era poet *Wrote a volume of poems, Leaves of Grass (1855) *Celebrated the importance of individualism and is considered the poet of American democracy

Missouri Compromise

1820 *Henry Clay's solution to deadlock over the issue of accepting proposed new state, Missouri *At the time, the Senate was evenly divided between slave and free states *A slave state of Missouri would tip the balance of power *John Tallmadge added an antislavery amendment meant to prohibit the growth of slavery into Missouri and to free slaves already in Missouri when they had reached a certain age. *The TAllmadge Amendment caused the Senate to clock the Missouri Compromise and sparked heated debate about the future of slavery *To settle the dispute, northern Massachusetts became a new free state (Maine) *The legislative section prohibiting slavery in Missouri was replaced by a clause stating that all land of the Louisiana Purchase north of thirty-six-thirty north latitude would prohibit slavery

Utopian Communities

1820-1850 *Movement that copied early European efforts at utopianism *Attempt by cooperative communities to improve life in the face of increasing industrialism *Groups practiced social experiments that generally saw little success due to their radicalism *Included attempts at sexual equality, racial equality, and socialism *Two of these communities were Brook Farm and Oneida

Transcendentalism

1820-1850 *Movement to transcend the bounds of the intellect and to strive for emotional unity with God *Believed that people were capable of unity with God without the help of the institutional church *Saw church as reactionary and sitting to self-expression *Included writers such as Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson

Antebellum Reform

1820-1860 *Explosion in the number of colleges (Oberlin college in Ohio became the first do-ed college) *Expansion of state-supported elementary schools and other public schooling, in part due to the leadership of Horace Mann *Dorothea Dix led in the establishment of asylums of humane treatment of the insane *Prisons were also reformed

The Lowell System

1820s *A popular way of staffing New England *Young women were hired from the surrounding countryside, brought to town, and housed in dorms in mill towns for a short period *The owners called these "factories in the gardens" to spread the idea that these facilities would not replicate the dirty, corrupt mills in English towns *The rotating labor supply benefited owners, as no unions could be formed against them *The system depended on technology to increase production

"Corrupt Bargain" of 1824

1824 *Four presidential candidates: Henry Clay (Speaker of the House), John Quincy Adams (Secretary of the State), Andrew Jackson (1812 war hero), and William Crawford (Secretary of the Treasury) *Jackson won the popular vote but did not win the majority of the electoral vote, and as a result, the election went to the House of Representatives *In the House of Reps. vote, Henry Clay threw his support to Adams, who would go on to win the presidency *Adams gave Clay the post of Secretary of State *Accusations of a "corrupt bargain" were made by Jackson, but they are considered to be largely untrue

Gibbons v. Ogden

1824 *Marshall Court decision *Determined that only Congress may regulate interstate commerce, including navigation *Ogden received a monopoly to operate a steamboat between New York and New Jersey; New York granted him the monopoly through Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston *Gibbons received the same rights through Congress *Supreme Court decided that the state monopoly was void *Use of judicial review over state law made this a division of powers case

Gibbons v. Ogden

1824. Said only Congress can regulate interstate commerce, including navigation. Ogden got a steamboat monopoly from the states, Gibbons from Congress. State monomploy was declared invalid

John Quincy Adams

1825-1829 *Sixth President *His supporters called themselves National Republicans (Jackson supporters labeled themselves Democratic Republicans) *Led an active federal government in areas like internal improvements and Native American affairs *His policies proved unpopular amidst increasing sectional interest and conflicts over states' rights *After his presidency, he served in the House of Representatives, where he forced debates against slavery and against the Jacksonian policy of removing certain Native American tribes

Hudson River School

1825-1875 *Group of American landscape painters *Parts of increasing American nationalism following the War of 1812 *The influence of the European Romantic movement led many American artists to paint their homeland *Depicted important landscapes such as Niagara Falls, the Catskills, the Rocky Mountains, and the Hudson River Valley *Artists included Thomas Doughty, THomas Cole, George Inness, and S.F.B. Morse

Spoils System

1828 *Andrew Jackson s method of turning over the civil servant jobs to new government officials *"Rotation in office" was supposed to democratize government and lead to reform by allowing the common people to run the government *This system had been in place long before Jackson, but his name is tied to it because he endorsed its usage *In general, officials were not replaced by those loyal to the new administration, and they were not always the most qualified for the positions *Over the span of several presidential terms, the system led to corruption and inefficiency *It was ended with the passage of the Pendleton Act

"Tariff of Abominations"

1828 *Tariff bill with higher import duties for many goods bought by southern planters *John C. Calhoun, John Q. Adams's Vice President , anonymously protests his own leadership's bill, suggesting that a federal law harmful to an individual state could be declared void within that state *This suggestion of nullification would be utilized by other states and would escalate hostilities, leading to Civil War

Tariff of Abominations

1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights.

Andrew Jackson

1829-1837 *Seventh President *Following the War of 1812, he invaded Spanish Florida to quell Native American rebellions *After the treaty for the War of 1812 had already been signed, he defeated a British force that had invaded New Orleans, safeguarding the Mississippi Rive *Popular president due to his image as the self-made westerner *His form of leadership, known as Jacksonian Politics, called for a strong executive, relied on the party system, and emphasized states' rights *Implemented the Spoils System approach to civil service *Signed the Indian Removal Act, which provided for federal enforcement to remove Native American tribes west of the Mississippi

Webster-Hayne Debate

1830 *Debate in the Senate between Daniel Webster (MA) and Robert Hayne (SC) that focused on sectionalism and nullification *Came after the "Tariff of Abominations" incident *At issue was the source of constitutional authority: Was the Union derived from an agreement between states or from the people who had sought a guarantee of freedom? *Webster stated, "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable"

Mormonism

1830 *Religion founded by Joseph Smith, Jr. *Smith claimed to have received sacred writings; he organized the Church of Jesus of Latter Day Saints *Smith described a vision from God in which God declared specific tenets of Christianity to be abominations *Because of these claims and unusual practices such as polygamy, Mormons were shunned *Eventually, Mormons formed community near Great Salt Lake under Brigham Young's leadership *Settlement became the state of Utah

Abolitionism

1830s through Civil War *Began with the idea of purchasing and transporting slaves to free African states, which had little success *Anti-slavery societies founded it, and some faced violent opposition *The movement split into two: 1) radical followers and 2) those who petitioned Congress *Entered politics through the Liberty Party, calling for non-expansion of slavery into new western territories *The Liberty Party would eventually combine with the larger Free Soil Party

Biddle's Banks

1832 *Andrew Jackson objected to the Bank of the United States created by Alexander Hamilton *Jackson felt that the Bank had great influence in national affairs but did not respond to the will of working and rural class people *Henry Clay wanted the Bank to be a political issue for the upcoming presidential election in 1832 against Andrew Jackson Nicholas Biddle, chairman of the Bank, worked with Clay to re-charter the Bank four years earlier than it was due *Jackson vetoed the measure, increasing his popularity

Tariff of 1832 and the Order of Nullification

1832 *The tariff favored Northern interests at the expense of Southern ones *Calhoun led a state convention calling for the Order of Nullification, which declared that the tariff laws were void and that South Carolina would resist by force any attempt to collect the tariffs *Jackson, though a supporter of states' rights, defended the Union above all, and asked Congress to issue a new bill to give him authority to collect tariffs by force *Jackson encouraged his allies to prepare a compromise bill so that the federal government would not lose its image of control and so that South Carolina could come back down from nullification *Henry Clay presented his Compromise Tariff of 1833 and South Carolina withdrew the Order, but tensions between the federal government and state governments grew

Gag Rule

1835 law passed by Southern congress which made it illegal to talk of abolition or anti-slavery arguments in Congress

Mark Twain (Samuel Langhorne Clemens)

1835-1910 *American novelist who grew up in Hannibal, Missouri *Early jobs as both a printer's apprentice and a riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River *His novels include The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876), Huckleberry Finn (1885), and A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1889) *Twain's writings portray the essence of life and speech during the era; his use of a distinctly American vernacular influenced future fiction writers

Andrew Carnegie

1835-1919 *After making money through investments in a sleeping car company and oil, Carnegie moved on to a position in the War Department *Later, he worked in the iron business and then moved into steel after learning the Bessemer Process, which formed steel from pig iron *Grew Carnegie Steel Company through acquisitions (vertical integration- controlling all phases of production to increase efficiency and limit competition) *Carnegie Steel Company was involved in the Homestead Strike with the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers *Wrote the article "Gospel of WEalth" for the North American Review, which promoted the belief that the wealthy were just trustees of their money and that they must use their efforts to benefit society *His philanthropic ventures included Carnegie Hall and public libraries

Gag Rule

1836-1844 *Forbade discussion of the slavery question in the House of REpresentatives *Stemmed from Southern members' fear of slave emancipation *Led to increased discussion by Southern conventions of ways to escape Northern economic and political hegemony

The Charles River Bridge Case

1837 *Demonstrated that a contract could be broken to benefit the general welfare *Jackson's chief justice, Roger Taney, held that a state could cancel grant money if the grant ceases to be in the interests of the community *Served as a reversal of Dartmouth College v. Woodward

The Panic of 1837 and Specie Circular

1837 *Recession caused by President Jackson's drastic movement of federal bank deposits to state and local banks *Led to relaxed credit policies and inflation *Jackson demanded a Specie Circular, which required that land be paid for in hard money and not paper or credit *Recession lasted into the 1840s

Martin Van Buren

1837-1841 *Eight President *Democrat from New York who had served as Jackson's vice president after Calhoun left the position *Established the independent treasury, a system maintaining government funds independently of the national banking systems; it existed in one form or another until 1921 *Panic of 1837 hampered attempts to follow Jackson's policies, and he was unsuccessful in re-election

Marcus Alonzo Hanna

1837-1904 *American capitalist dealing in coal, shipping, shipbuilding, banking, and newspapers *He was in the Ohio Republican Party and helped elect William McKinley as governor in 1891 and 1893 *As Chairman of the Republican National Committee, he assisted McKinley in winning the presidential election of 1896

J.P. Morgan

1837-1913 *Wall Street banker whose company financed railroads, banks, and insurance companies *Bought Carnegie for $400 million *Pledged money to help shore up the US banking system after the Panic of 1907 *Philanthropist

Trail of Tears

1838-1839 *Worcester v. Georgia was a response to Jackson's Indian REmoval Act *Cherokees in Georgia claimed to be a sovereign political entity *Native Americans were supported by the Supreme Court, but Jackson refused to enforce the court's decision *By this point, Cherokees had largely met the government's demands to assimilate into Western-style democratic institutions *Still, Cherokees were forced to give up lands to the east of the Mississippi and travel to an area in present-day Oklahoma *The migration's effects were devastating as hunger, disease, and exhaustion killed about 4,000 Cherokee

John D. Rockefeller

1839-1937 *Founder of Standard Oil Company *Used such business practices as horizontal integration(dominating a particular phase of the production process in order to monopolize a market), trusts, and rebates to grow Standard Oil *Also invested in banks, railroads, and timber *Focused on philanthropy toward the end of his life, including the Rockefeller Foundation and the University of Chicago

Popular Sovereignty

1840s *Doctrine under which the status of slavery in the territories was to be determined by the settlers themselves *Doctrine was first put forward by General Lewis Cass *Promoted by Stephen A. Douglas *Meant as a resolution to the looming crisis of the slavery question

Whig Party

1840s *Group stemmed from the old Federalist Party, the old National Republican Party, and others who opposed Jackson's policies *Cultivated commercial and industrial development *Encouraged banks and corporations *Had a cautious approach to westward expansion *Received support largely from Northern business and manufacturing interests and from large Southern planters *Included Calhoun, Clay, and Webster

Transportation in the 1840s and 1850s

1840s and 1850s *Tremendous expansion of railroad lines created a national market for goods *Railroads, such as the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, were developed to help link the Midwest to the East Coast *Steamboats and clipper ships became more popular for travel

Know-Nothings

1840s-1850s *A political movement that supported Americans and American ideals over what it was as the influence of immigrants *Also grew power from those dissatisfied with the perceived unresponsiveness of local leadership *Influenced by German and Irish Catholic immigration during the period; Know-Nothings suspected the immigrants of anti-Americanism and feared the influence of the Pope in Rome *The name of the movement came from its roots in secrecy' in its early days, member were supposed to answer that they did not know about the organization if asked by outsiders *The movement grew in size and political representation in 1854 and 1855, but it was split by the slavery issue, and most members joined joined the Republican Party by the 1860 presidential election

The Underground Railroad and Harriet Tubman

1840s-1860s (Railroad); 1820-1913 (Harriet Tubman) *Method used to move slaves to free territory in the United States and Canada *Harriet Tubman was a slave smuggler and "conductor" of the Underground Railroad *A freed slave herself, Tubman led over 300 to freedom *The Underground Railroad led to tension between states

William Henry Harrison

1841 *Ninth President *A westerner who fought against Native Americans *Nicknamed "Old Tippecanoe" *Vice President was John Tyler *Harrison died of pneumonia a month after inauguration

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

1842 between the US and the Brits, settled boundry disputes in the North West, fixed most borders between US and Canada, talked about slavery and excredition

Causes of Mexican War

1844-1846 *The new Mexican republic would not address grievances of United States citizens, who claimed property losses and personal injuries resulting from conflicts during the Mexican revolution *Mexico and the United States were in a dispute over their border, with the United States saying it was the Rio Grande and Mexico insisting it was the Nueces River *Due to sentiment arising from the idea of Manifest Destiny, there was an increased American interest in Mexican-held Western territory *The United States had aided Texas in its revolt against the Mexican government and there was growing momentum toward a United States annexation of Texas *When the United States Congress annexed Texas, Polk sent John Slidell to negotiate a settlement for that land, for California, and for western Mexico territory; the Mexican government rejected Slidell

James K. Polk

1845-1849 *Eleventh President *"Dark Horse" Democratic candidate who became president *Big believer in Manifest Destiny and expansionism *Nicknamed "Polk the Purposeful" for his focus on a set of specific goals during his presidency *Introduced a new independent treasury system *Lowered the high rates of tariffs with the Walker Tariff *Settled Oregon boundary dispute with the Oregon Treaty (Treaty of Washington-1846) at forty-ninth parallel rather than fifty-four forty *Acquired California *He led the US into the Mexican War

Wilmot Proviso

1846 *Amendment to a Mexican War appropriations bill *Proposed that slavery could not exist in any territory that might be acquired from Mexico *The amendment was passed in the US House of Representatives several times, but it was ultimately defeated on each occasion because the South had greater power in the Senate *Represented the looming question of slavery's future, which would be decided in the Civil War

Wilmot Proviso

1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico

Mexican War

1846-1848 *John C. Fremont (United States) won attacks on land and at sea in and near California *Zachary Taylor defeated large forced in Mexico *Mexico refused to negotiate, so President Pol ordered forces led by Winfield Scott into Mexico City *Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 ended the war, giving the United States land originally sought by Slidell (Mew Mexico, Arizona, California, Texas, and parts of Colorado, Utah, and Nevada) *Border was set at Rio Grande River *Raised questions of slavery in the new territory *Henry David Thoreau and a young Whig, Abraham Lincoln, opposed the war

Mexican Cession and Slavery

1848 *Argument existed about slavery in the newly acquired Mexican Cession *States-righters believed that the territory was the property of all states and that the federal government had no right to prohibit property ownership in territories *Many anti-slavery and federal government supporters contended that Congress had the power to make laws for the territories *Argument in favor of federal power was based on the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 and the Missouri Compromise of 1820

Gold Rush

1848-1850s *Miners who rushed to California after the discovery of gold were called "Forty Niner" *Over 80,000 prospectors "rushed" to San Francisco *The increased population led to California joining the Union as a free state *Connected to the idea of Manifest Destiny

Free Soil/ Free Labor

1848-1854 *An anti-slavery idea that was less opposed to the institution of slavery than it was to the extension of slavery into the United States' Western territories *Supporters wanted land to be available for white people to settle and to become financially independent without completion from slavery *Free Soil Party created in 1848, drawing from anti-slavery Whigs and former Liberty Party members *Opposed extension of slavery into new territories, supported national improvement programs, and promoted small tariff to help raise revenue *Zachary Taylor defeated Free Soil candidate Martin Van Buren for president in 1848 *Free Soil was mostly taken over by the Republicans in 1854

Zachary Taylor

1849-1850 *Twelfth president *Famous general in the Mexican War Whig President *Opposed the spread of slavery *Encouraged territories to organize and seek admission directly as states to avoid the issue of slavery *Died suddenly in 1850 and was replaced by Millard Fillmore

African Americans in the North, 1850

1850 *Organized churches and groups *200,000 free African Americans lived in the North and West, although their lives were restricted by prejudicial laws *Immigration and new sources of labor for employers threatened the economic security of northern African Americans

Fugitive Slave Act

1850 *Part of the Compromise of 1850 *This new Act reinvigorated enforcement of some guidelines that had already been established in the Fugitive Slave Act of 1793, which had been mostly ignored by Northern states *Created federal commissioners who could pursue fugitive slave in any state and paid $10 per returned slave *African Americans living in the North and claimed by slave catchers were denied portion of legal due process *Some Northern states passed personal-liberty laws that contradicted the Act *Led to small riots in the North and increased the rift between the North and South

The South, 1850

1850 *Plantation system: Cash crops grown by slave labot *Agrarian slave labor was more profitable than using slaves in factories *Capital funds were tied up in land and slaves, so little was left for investing in new growth or industry *Value system put emphasis on leisure and elegance *Unlike the North, the South remained agrarian and its population was less dense *Due to the rise of cotton, the influence of the Gulf States in the South grew *Cotton became the largest export of the United States *Slave importation continued through the 1850s into southwestern states, despite the federal outlaw *Few immigrants went to the South

Compromise of 1850 (Omnibus Bill)

1850 *Proposed by Henry Clay and handled by Stephen Douglas *Douglas broke the legislation into various pieces, which helped assure its passage; this allowed northern and southern legislators to vote against just the parts they didn't like *The Compromise le to sectional harmony for several years *California admitted as a free state *New Mexico and Utah territories would be decided by popular sovereignty *Slave trade was abolished in the District of Columbia *Tough Fugitive Slave Act passed *Federal payment to Texas ($10 million) for lost New Mexico territory

The North, 1850

1850 *Wages were increasing and the economy was growing *Railroad competition began to harm the canal business *Large numbers of Irish and Germans immigrated to the United States *Urbanization increased as the population grew, bringing problems such as slums, impure water, rats, and foul sewage

Millard Filmore

1850-1853 *Thirteenth President *Became president after Zachary Taylor died *As a congressman, he revealed his opposition to both the expansion of slavery and various abolitionist activities, driving away supporters *Supported the Compromise of 1850 *Failed to obtain a nomination in 1852, but was nominated by both the Whigs and the Know-Nothing movement in 1856

John Tyler

1851-1845 *Tenth President *Took office following the death of William Henry Harrison *States' righter, Southerner, and strict constitutionalist *Rejected the programs of the Whigs who had elected Harrison, which led them to turn against him *Settled Webster-Ashburton Treaty between the United States and Britain *Helped Texas achieve statehood in 1845

Franklin Pierce

1852-1856 *Fourteenth President *Democratic president from New Hampshire *Supported Manifest Destiny despite Northern concerns that it would leas to the spread of slavery *Signed the Kansas-Nebraska Act *Sent Commodore Matthew Perry into Japan to open the country to diplomacy and commerce (Treaty of Kanagawa) *Opened Canada to greater trade *Pierce's diplomats failed in their attempts to purchase Cuba from Spain, leading to the drafting of the Ostend Manifesto

Ostend Manifesto

1854 *Drafted by James Buchanan, John Mason, Pierre Soule after Soule failed to purchase Cuba from Spain *Suggested that the United States should take Cuba from Spain by force is Spain refused to sell it *Abolitionists saw Ostend as a plot to extend slavery *Southerners supported the manifesto, as they had feared Cuba would be a free "black republic"

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 *Legislation introduced by Stephen Douglas to organize the area west of Missouri and Iowa *One goal was to facilitate the building of a transcontinental railroad that ran west from Chicago *Called for two territories to be created (Kansas and Nebraska) and he issue of slavery was to be decided by popular sovereignty *The act revoked a provision of the Missouri Compromise, allowing everything above 36 degrees 30' to be free *Kansas' status was impacted by fighting between pro and anti slavery groups who moved to the area *The conflict was termed "Bleeding Kansas"

Creation of Lincoln's Republican Party

1854 *The Democratic Party divided along North-South lines *The Whig Party disintegrated, with its members either joining the Know-Nothings or the newly created Republican Party *The Republican Party's unifying principle was that slavery should be banned from all the nation's territories and not permitted to spread any further to established states

Eugene V. Debs

1855-1926 *Became president of American Railway Union in 1893 *Led successful strikes against the Great Northern Railway and against the Pullman Palace Car Company *Was a founder of the Social Democratic Party *Ran for president as a Socialist candidate five times between 1900 and 1920

Frederick Winslow Taylor

1856-1915 *Created the basis for the scientific management of business in his quest for efficiency *Used shops and large plants as models and succeeded in spreading his ideas on efficiency to several industries *Wrote books on the subject of scientific management

Booker T. Washington

1856-1915 *The son of a slave and a white man *Taught at Hampton Institute and, in 1881, helped organize a school for African Americans in Tuskegee, Alabama *The Tuskegee Institute emphasized industrial training to help African Americans gather wealth and become influential in society *Claimed that it was a mistake for African Americans to push for social equality before they had become economically equal *His ideas were denounced by some leaders in the African American community *Lectured throughout the United States and Europe and wrote various works, including his autobiography, Up From Slavery

Lecompton Constitution

1857 *Document submitted by pro-slavery leaders in territorial Kansas that put no restriction on slavery *Free-soilers boycotted the constitutional convention in Lecompton because the document would not leave Kansas a free territory *Though President Buchanan supported the constitution as the basis for Kansas' statehood, Congress voted against it *The constitution was turned down and Kansas remained a territory

Causes and Impact of the Panic of 1857

1857 *Failure of the Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Co. in New York *Over-speculation in railroads and lands *Decrease in flow of European capital for the United States investments because of Europe's own wars *Surplus of wheat hurt Northern farmers *Panic spread to Europe, South America, and the Far East *Panic fueled sectional tensions as Northerners blamed it on the low tariff policies of the Southern-dominated Congress

Dred Scott v. Sandford

1857 *Supreme Court case involving a slave, Scott, who was taken by his master from Missouri, a slave state, to Illinois, a free state *After Scott had been returned to Missouri, he sued for freedom for himself and his family, stating that by residing in a free state he had ended his slavery *President Buchanan meant for the case's decision to serve as the basis for the slavery issue *Pro-South Judge Taney ruled that Scott did not have the right of citizenship, which he would need to be able to bring forth a suit *Ruled further that the Missouri Compromise itself was unconstitutional because Congress had no power to prohibit slavery in the territories, as slaves were property *The Scott decision would apply to all African Americans, who were regarded as inferior and, therefore, without rights

James Buchanan

1857-1861 *Fifteenth President *Presided over the country when the Dred Scott decision was announced *Blackened the Lecompton Constitution to appease the South *Buchanan, still acting as president after Lincoln's election, denied the legal right of states to secede but believed that the federal government could not legally prevent them *Before leaving office, Buchanan appointed Northerners to federal posts and helped to prepare Fort Sumter with reinforcements

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

1858 *Part of the Illinois senatorial campaign between Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln, these debates centered on the issue of slavery *Douglas maintained that popular sovereignty was supported by the basic elements of democracy *Douglas offered the "Freeport Doctrine"; despite the Dred Scott case, slavery could be prevented if people living ina territory refused to pass laws favorable to slavery *Lincoln had a moral opposition to slavery's spread and demanded constitutional protection where it existed *Lincoln lost the Senate election to Douglas, but he stepped into the national limelight

Theodore Roosevelt

1858-1919. 26th President. Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France.

Election of 1860

1860 *Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln *Major planks of his campaign: containment of slavery and encouragement of transcontinental rail *The Democratic vote was split between Douglas and several other strong candidates *Lincoln won the election and the South began to secede thereafter

Transportation from 1860-1900

1860-1900 *Railroads were given land grants by the government *Railroad transportation provided opportunities for movement of goods and people to the West and raw materials to the East *Affected population movements *Made Chicago one of the most populous cities in the nation by 1900

Jae Addams

1860-1935 *American social reformer *Provided the services of the Hull House in Chicago (1889) to help poor immigrants settle *Member of the "Social Gospel" movement, which applied lessons from the Bible to help solve problems of immigration and urbanization *Won 1931 Nobel Peace Prize

Jane Addams

1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom.

Civil War Conscription

1860s *Congress passed a federal conscription law in 1863 *Rioting in the North took place, notably in New York City, when drafted individuals were permitted to avoid service by hiring a substitute or paying $300 *the Confederacy's short supply of manpower ment an earlier draft, beginning in 1862 *Southerners could also hire substitutes or purchase an exemption

Radical Republicans

1860s *Faction of the Republican Party that believed the Civil War was meant to stop slavery and emancipate all slaves *Believed Congress should control Reconstruction and not the President *Rejected the reentry of Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana into the Union, despite their qualification under the "10% Plan" *They wanted the rebellious South to be dealt with in a harsher manner *Ben Wade and Thad Stevens were among their members

Civil War Advantages for the North

1860s *Greater population *Better railroad lines and more established trade routes than the South *More wealth *Were able to use the moral issue of fighting slavery as motivation

Civil War Ships

1860s *Ironclads were Civil War ships protected from cannon fire by iron plates bolted over the sloping wooden sides *Confederates outfitted an old wooden warship, the Merrimack, with iron railroad rails and renamed it the Virginia; it achieved devasting results *The Union's Monitor fought the Merrimack to a standstill

Civil War Advantages for the South

1860s *Only needed to resist being conquered *Vast in land size *Troops would fight in their familiar home territory *Highly qualified senior officers including Robert E. Lee, Joseph Johnston, Albert Sidney Johnston, and Stonewall Jackson *Inspired to protect their familiar institutions and culture

Anaconda Plan

1861 *Civil War strategy planned by Northern General Winfield Scott to crush the Southern rebellion *Called for a naval blockade to shut out European supplies and exports, a campaign to take the Mississippi River and, thereby, split the South, and a targeting of Southern cities in hopes that pro-Unionists would rise up in the South and overthrow the secession *Both the blockade and the taking of the Mississippi were successful

Abrahan Lincoln

1861-1865 *Sixteenth President *The Lincoln-Douglas Debates won him high national regard and, eventually, the Republican nomination for President *Produced and led a Northern armu to defend the Union against secessionists *Suspended habeas corpus during the Civil War, which was upheld by Congress *Issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed slaved within the Confederacy *Developed the "10% Plan" for Reconstruction *Gave the Gettysburg Address on November 19, 1863, which began "Four score and seven years ago..." *He was assassinated while attending a play at Ford's Theatre in Washington; the assassin, John Wilkes Booth, believed he was assisting the Southern cause

The Homestead Act

1862 *Granted 160 acres of government land to any person who would farm it for at least five years *The government helped to settle the West with this provision *This "free soil" proposal became law when the Southern Democrats were not part of Congress

Lincoln's "10% Plan"

1863 *Lincoln believed that seceded states should be restored to that Union quickly and easily, with "malice toward none, with charity for all." *Lincoln's "10% Plan" allowed Southerners, excluding high-ranking confederate officers and military leaders, to take an oath promising future loyalty to the Union and an end to slavery *When 10 percent of those registered to vote in 1860 took the oath, a loyal state government could be formed *This plan was not accepted by Congress

Henry Ford

1863-1947 *His Model-T, introduced in 1908, was the first inexpensive, mass-produced automobile *Use of the moving assembly line heavily influenced American manufacturing *He paid workers $5 per day, more than doubling the average autoworker's wage *He was strongly anti-union

Henry Ford

1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

William Randolph Hearst

1863-1951 *Inherited the San Francisco Chronicle *Built a media empire, including newspapers, magazines, radio stations, and movie studios *His "yellow journalism" or writing that dealt with sensational news, helped lead the US into the Spanish-American War

Wade-Davis Bill

1864 *A proposal to reunite the country by Senators Wade and Davis *Required that 50 percent of a state's white male voters take a loyalty oath to be readmitted to the Union *Demanded stronger efforts on behalf of states to emancipate slaves *Lincoln "pocket-vetoed" the bill in favor of his "10% Plan"

Sherman's March to the Sea

1864 *General William Tecumseh Sherman led Union troops through Georgia *Sherman and Union Commander, Ulysses S. Grant, believed in a "total war" that would break the South's psychological capacity to fight; Sherman's army sought to eliminate civilian support of Southern troops *Sherman captured and burned Atlanta in September of 1864 *The purpose of destroying Atlanta was to lower Southern morale and diminish supplies *Sherman led troops to Savannah, then on to South and North Carolina

Northern Election of 1864

1864 *Lincoln ran against General McClellan, who claimed that the war was a failure and called for a peace settlement *Lincoln ran on the ticket of national unity with Andrew Johnson, a loyalist from Tennessee *Sherman's taking of Atlanta helped Lincoln win the election *Those sympathetic to the Southern cause were labeled"Copperheads"

Wade-Davis Bill

1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned.

Freedman's Bureau

1865 *Congressional support agency providing food, clothing, and education for freed slaves *Ex-slave states were divided into districts that were managed by assistant commissioners *Despites it benefits, the Bureau failed to establish the freed slaves as landowners *It organized the African American vote for the Republican Party, creating great animosity toward the bureau in the South

Andrew Johnson

1865-1869 *Seventeenth President *Vice President who took over presidency after Lincoln's assassination *He initially followed Lincoln's policies but gradually became more conservative, giving amnesty to former Confederate officials and opposing legislation that dealt with former slaves *His veto of the Civil Rights Act was overridden by Congress, which decreased his political power *Johnson's opposition to the Radical Republicans and his violation of the Tenure of Office Act led to his impeachment by the House *The Senate was organized as a court to hear the impeachment charges, but it came one vote short of the constitutional two-thirds required for removal

Civil War Amendments

1865-1870 *13th Amendment (1865): Abolished slavery in the United States *14th Amendment (1868): African Americans became citizens and no state could deny life, liberty, or property without due process of the law *15th Amendment (1870): No state could deny the right to vote on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude

Reconstruction

1865-1877 *Period following the Civil WAr in which the United States tried to transform the organization and society of former Confederate states *Determined how the South would take over its oen governance *In 1867, Congress put the South under the army's control to oversee elections, ensure the rights of freed slaves, and restrict Confederate leaders from gaining power *New Republican state governments offered a variety of reconstruction programs, but former Confederates suspicious of these efforts claimed corruption within state leadership; some turned to violent opposition

"Seward's Folly"

1867 *Derisive title of Secretary of State William Seward's decision to purchase Alaska for $7.2 million from Russia *Congress agreed to the purchase, as Russia had been pro-North during the Civil War *Most members thought the purchase to be foolhardy since the land was in such a remote location *Russia was willing to sell Alaska because Russia was overextended abroad and feared the loss of Alaska in a future war

Credit Mobilier

1867-1872 *Stockholders of the Union Pacific Railroad created a dummy company, Credit Mobilier *The company was supposed to complete the transcontinental railroad, but instead it stole millions of dollars from the government *Blame for the scandal fell on Grant and his cabinet

W.E.B. DuBois

1868-1963 *Civil rights leader and author *Called for full equality of African Americans, which included social, civil, political, and economic equality *Opposed Booker T. Washington's "gradual approach" to equaltiy *Through higher education, DuBois wanted to develop leaders from the most able 10 percent of African Americans ("The Talented Tenth") *Co-founded the Niagara Movement, which became the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

First Transcontinental Railroad

1869 *Completed with Golden Spike at Promontory Point, Utah *Marked the meeting of the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific railroads *During construction, the Union Pacific used Irish labor, while the Central Pacific used Chinese labor *The connection of the railroads opened national markets and met growing economic needs

Ulysses S. Grant

1869-1877 *Eighteenth President *Fought in the Mexican War, captured Vicksburg as a Union general, and accepted General Lee's surrender *Appointed Secretary of War by Andrew Johnson in 1867; disagreed with Johnson's policies and won election through support of Radical Republicans *Despite his personal honesty and honor, his administration was marred by such scandals as Credit Mobilier and the Whiskey Ring

Whiskey Ring Fraud

1870s *One of the scandals of Grant's administration *Liquor taxes were increased to aid in paying off the cost of the Civil War *Distillers and treasury officials conspired to defraud the government by giving out cheap tax stamps, robbing the government of millions in excise tax

Gilded Age

1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor

Gilded Age

1870s-1890s *Phase coined by Mark Twain to describe the new industrial era *America emerged as the world's leading industrial and agricultural producer *Profits became increasingly centralized in the hands of fewer people

Panic of 1873

1873 *Economic depression during Grant's second term *Over-expansive, unregulated business during the post-Civil War years, the failure of American investment banking firms, and economic downturns in Europe all contributed to the panic *Led to the retirement of greenbacks and a return to the gold standard

Compromise of 1877

1877 *Compromise came after the disputed presidential election of 1876 between Hayes and Tilden *Tilden won the popular vote but neither candidate won the electoral vote, because the electoral votes in three states were in dispute *The Democrats agreed to give Hayes the presidency *Hayes promised to show consideration for Southern interests, end Reconstruction, aid Southern industrialization, and withdraw remaining forced from the South *This settlement left the freed African Americans in the South without support from the Republican Party

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

1877 *Pay cuts caused labor strikes to spread through the country *Workers of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad went on strike over a second pay cut *President Hayes used federal troops to restore order after workers were killed

Rutherford B. Hayes

1877-1881 *Nineteenth President *Former Ohio governor who was the Republican presidential nominee in 1876 *Won election through the Compromise of 1877 *During his term, he removed federal troops from the South *Dealt with railroad strike in 1877

Upton Sinclair

1878-1968 *Novelist and socialist *Used his writings to expose issues in the US society, such as the need for food inspection laws, and the oppressive effect of capitalism on education and culture *His book The Jungle (1906), a graphic novel about the Chicago stockyard, led to food inspection reforms and the Meat Inspection Act of 1906 *Lost bid to become governor of California in 1934 *Won Pulitzer Prize in 1942

Jim Crow Laws

1880-1900s *Laws separating whites and African Americans in public facilities and restricting their legal guarantees, such as the right to vote *Often part of state statuses *Support of these laws was provided in the Plessy v. Ferguson case, demonstrating the limits of the 14th Amendment *Name of the laws are said to be derived from a character in a minstrel song

James Garfield

1880; Republican; president for only 4 months before being assassinated by Charles Guiteau; promoted civil service reform but did not live to see

Modern Navy

1880s *Construction of new steel ships led the United States to take the lead in the world naval rankings *United States Naval War College was established on Oct. 6, 1884 *Alfred Thayer Mahan (1840-1914) was a US naval officer, President of Newport War College, and author who pushed for imperialism and growth of the US Navy *Repair and coaling stations helped expand the Navy's effectiveness

Half-Breeds, Stalwarts, and Mugwumps

1880s *Factions of the Republican Party in the 1880s *Half-Breeds: supported civil service reform and merit appointments to government *Stalwarts: Opposed civil service reform and supported the protective tariff *Mugwumps: Group that left Republican Party to become Democrats; this group heavily favored civil service reform and mistrusted James Blaine as the presidential nominee because it suspected his involvement in past corruption *The election of 1880 united Garfield, a Half-Breed, and Vice President Chester Arthur, a Stalwart

Captains of Industry or Robber Barons

1880s *Leaders of large, efficient corporations *Often gained wealth through questionable business practices *Monopolies by these large companies led to demands by small businessmen and laborers for government regulation *John D. Rockefeller's tactics were exposed in Ida Tarbell's History of the Standard Oil Company, published in 1904

Social Darwinism

1880s *Theory that wealth was based on the survival of the fittest; associated with Charles Darwin's work *Wealthy industrial leaders used the doctrines to justify vast differences in classes *Supporters included Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner

James Garfield

1881 *Twentieth President *Former Ohio Congressman and Union General *Charles Guiteau, a disappointed office seeker, shot and killed Garfield *His assassination spurred the passage of the Pendleton Act

Chester Arthur

1881-1885 *Twenty-first President *Assumed the office when President Garfield was assassinated by Charles Guiteau *Worked to outlaw polygamy in Utah and to strengthen the Navy *Supported the Pendleton Act, which established open competitive exams for civil service jobs and officially ended the Spoils System that had been popular under Andrew Jackson

Chinese Exclusion Act

1882 *Only legislation passed to limit immigration of any one group of people *Passed in response to the Chinese who settled in California after building the railroads

Eleanor Roosevelt

1884-1962 *Wife of FDR *Strong supporter of civil rights, women's rights, and world peace *Resigned from Daughters of the American Revolution after they refused to allow Marian Anderson, an African AMerican, to sing at Independence Hall *Served as delegate to the UN from 1945-1953

Grover Cleveland

1885-1889 and 1893-1897 *Twenty-second and twenty-fourth President *The first Democrat elected after the Civil War *He was the only president to two non-consecutive terms *He vetoed many private pension bills to Civil War veterans who submitted fraudulent claims *Signed the Interstate Commerce Act *Sent in federal troops to enforce an injunction against striking railroad workers in Chicago

Wabash Case

1886 *Case challenging legislation enacted by the State of Illinois against railroads *The state was trying to appease the demands of farmers for lower railroad rates *The Supreme Court determined that states had no power to regulate interstate commerce *The case undid an earlier victory for states established in the Munn v. Illinois case (1877), which had allowed for regulation

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

1886 *Combination of national craft unions representing labor interests in wages, hours, and safety *Individuals were members of their local unions, which in turn, were members of the AFL *Rather than revolutionary changes, they sought a better working life; their philosophy was "pure and simple unionism" *First president was Samuel Gompers

American Federation of Labor

1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

Interstate Commerce Act

1887 *Established the Interstate Commerce Commission in part to monitor discrimination within railroad industry *Prohibited rebates and pools and required railroads to publish their rates *Also prohibited unfair discrimination against shippers and outlawed the practice of charging more for short hauls than long hauls *In general, the Act opened competition, the goal of which was to preserve equality and spur innovation

Dawes Severalty Act

1887 *Legislation encouraging the breakup of Native American tribes in hopes of assimilating them into American society *Helen Hunt Jackson's A Century of Dishonor was a catalyst, as it depicted injustices to Native Americans *Distributed Native American reservation lands among individual members of the tribe to form a system of agriculture more similar to the white man's *Gave each head of a Native American family 160 acres of farmland or 320 acres of grazing land *Effect was to nearly destroy the reservation system, as the remaining tribal lands were opened up for whites

Benjamin Harrison

1889-1893 *Twenty-third President *Former senator and lawyer *He was nominated for the presidency on the eighth ballot at the 1888 Republican Convention *Defeated Grover Cleveland, despite receiving fewer popular votes *Submitted to the Senate a treaty to annex Hawaii, although President Cleveland later withdrew it *Signed many appropriations bills for naval improvement and internal improvements

Sherman Antitrust Act

1890 *Based on Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce *Declared every contract, combination, or conspiracy in restraint of interstate trade to be illegal *Corporate monopolies were exposed to federal prosecution if they were found to conspire in restraining trade *The Supreme Court applied the act to both labor unions and corporations

Populist Party

1890 *Consisted mostly of farmers *Members who met in Nebraska wrote their "Omaha Platform" *The demands of the platform included free and unlimited coinage of silver, a graduated income tax, and government ownership of the telephone, telegraph, and railroad industries *Many of these ideas were later adopted by the Progressive Party

Battle of Wounded Knee

1890 *Sioux natives wished to practice a dance that they believed would free their lands, rid them of whites, and lead to prosperity, but this plan frightened white settlers *The federal army believed Chief Sitting Bull was organizing a rebellion, and acting on the settlers' fear and their suspicions, the army captured the chief *In a sudden exchange of gunfire between the tribe and the army, Chief Sitting Bull and the others were killed *The remainder of the tribe fled to a camp near Wounded Knee Creek *When the army reached this camp, a shot was fired, and in reaction, the army killed two hundred men, women, and children in what is considered the last battle of the Indian Wars

Progressivism

1890s-1914 *Social, political, and economic reform that came as an American response to problem caused by industrialization, urbanization, and immigration *Democratic reforms were made throughout states and the national government *Reforms led to the 16th, 17th, and 19th Amendments

Homestead Strike

1892 *Iron and steel workers' strike against Carnegie Steel Company in Pittsburgh to protest salary reductions *Henry Clay Frick hired Pinkerton security guards to protect Carnegie's plant, but fighting resulted in deaths among both the protestors and the guards *The Pennsylvania State Militia was brought in to take control

Homestead Strike

1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot when "scab" labor was brought in to force an end to the strike.

Cross of Gold Speech

1896 *Address given by William Jennings Bryan, the Democratic presidential nominee, during the national convention of the Democratic Party *The speech criticized the gold standard and supported the coinage of silver *Bryan's beliefs were popular with debt-ridden farmers *The last words of his speech, and the most famous, were "You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold"

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896 *Homer Plessy refused to leave a railroad car restricted only to whites *The Supreme Court upheld the Louisiana state law that required "separate but equal" facilities *The majority stated that the 14th Amendment protected only political equality and not social equality *Justice Harlan's dissent argued that "...all citizens are equal before the law," laying the foundation for Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, which would overturn "separate but equal"

William McKinley

1897-1901 *Twenty-fifth President *Former Republican congressman from Ohio *Business rallied to support him against his opponent, William Jennings Bryan *While Bryan toured the country, McKinley stayed at home and hosted important visitors, building an honest, "presidential" image *Defeated William Jennings Bryan for office in 1896 *McKinley's election over Bryan influenced future political races by setting up interest groups and alliances that lasted for over a decade *McKinley was re-elected in 1900, but Leon Czolgosz, an anarchist, assassinated him one year into his second term

Spanish-American War

1898 *Cuba resented Spain's control, which led to rebellion *Spain responded with the dispatch of General Valeriano Weyler, who confined civilians to brutal camps *"Yellow press" in the US labeled him "Butcher Weyler," increasing American support against Spain *The US sent the battleship Maine to Havana to protect American interests, which included sugar; the Maine was blown up *America fought Spain in the Philippines and in Cuba *The Treaty of Paris gave Cuba its independence; US gained Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines while Spain received $20 million from the US for the Philippines

Teller Amendment

1898 *The Teller Amendment promised that when the US overthrew Spanish rule in Cuba, the US would give Cubans their independence *After the Spanish American War, the Platt Amendment overrode the Teller Amendment, and Cuba came under control of the US

Open Door Policy

1898 *The United States' foreign policy for its dealings with China *The United States had become a major commercial power in Asia after acquiring the Philippine Islands *Europe and Japan made moved to take over portions of China, threatening US interests there *Under President McKinley's direction, Sec. of State John Hay sent messages to major powers in Europe and Japan, asking them to state publicly that they would not interfere with open trade in China *Hay announced agreement by all partied in July 1900 *The policy served as a guiding principle for US foreign affairs in China through the early 1900s

Spanish-American War

1898 - America wanted Spain to peacefully resolve the Cuaban's fight for independence - the start of the war was due in large part to yellow journalism

(290) Spanish-American War

1898 Cuba resented Spain's control, which led to rebellion. General Valeriano Weyler confined civilians to camps. He was called "Butcher Weyler". America fought Spain in Phillipines and Cuba. Treaty of Paris gave Cuba its independence

Prohibition

18th Amendment A total ban on the sale and consumption of alcohol

(291) Puerto Rico and the United States

1900 Foraker Act gave PR limited popular government. 1917 citizenship given to Puerto Ricans

Puerto Rico and the United States

1900(Foraker) and 1917 (citizenship) *In 1900, Congress passed the Foraker Act, which gave Puerto Rico limited popular government *In 1917, American citizenship was granted to Puerto Ricans

Muckrakers

1900-1912 *American journalists, novelists, and critics who exposed corruption, especially in business and politics *President Roosevelt it said to have given the muckrakers their name *Famous muckrakers include Upton Sinclair, Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens, Frank Norris, and Samuel Hopkins Adams *Led to increased support for the progressive movement

(294) Muckrakers

1900-1912. Journalists who exposed corruption in business and politics.Upton Sinclair, Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens, Frank Norris and Samuel Hopkins Adams

Platt Amendment

1901 *Rider attached to Army appropriations bill *It was written into the constitution of Cuba by the United States and, in effect, it made Cuba a US protectorate *It permitted the US to intervene to preserve Cuba's "independence" but in reality, it allowed the US to protect its own interests in CUba *The United States kept land for naval bases on Cuba; Guantanamo Bay would play a part in later Cuba-US conflicts

(295) Insular Cases

1901-1904 Court cases held to determine if the "Constitution followed the flag" -i.e. do people in US-controlled territories have the same rights as US Citizens. Court said this was not automatic

Theodore Roosevelt

1901-1909 *Twenty-sixth President *Roosevelt had to deal with ill health and became an advocate for similarly disadvantaged people *Roosevelt was part of the RoughRider Regiment during the Spanish American conflict, where he became a war hero *As President, he became a "trust buster"; he used the Sherman Antitrust Act to dissolve trusts that restrained interstate and foreign trade *He won the antitrust case against the Northern Securities Company *His style of diplomacy was to "speak softly and carry a big stick"; he protected US interests by ensuring the construction of the Panama Canal and the United States' authority in Latin America *Roosevelt served as a middleman in conflicts between Russia and Japan; he forged the Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907 *He supported conservation (not preservation) of national resources

(292) Platt Amendment

1901. Made Cuba a US Protectorate. Said US could intervene to 'preserve' Cuba's independence/protect its own interests

Charles Lindbergh

1902-1974 *American pilot who made the first non-stop solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean *Flew his plane, The Spirit of St. Louis, from NY to Paris *Most famous speaker for the America First Committee (1930s), which opposed American intervention in WWII *Was a noted Nazi sympathizer

(301) Radio

1906 first human voice broadcast,1910 first musical broadcast Woodrow Wilson = first president to broadcast. Helped to break down regionalism

(296) Upton Sinclair

1906 wrote The Jungle about the meat packing industry in Chicago. Led to the Meat Inspection Act of 1906.

Muller v. Oregon

1908 *Oregon established a law that limited women to ten hours of work in factories and laundries *Muller, a laundry owner, challenged the legality of the law, arguing that t violated the "liberty to contract" *Louis Brandeis, one of the attorneys arguing the case used extensive sociological evidence in his brief (the Brandeis Brief), which served as a model for later social reformers *The Supreme Court held that the law was unconstitutional

Muller v Oregon

1908 - Supreme Court upheld Oregon state restrictions on the working hours of women as justified by the special state interest in protecting women's health

(298) Henry Ford

1908 Model T. Moving assembly line. Strongly Anti-union

(297) Muller v. Oregon

1908 Oregon had limited women to 10 hours in factories and laundries. Muller said this violated "right to contract" but law was upheld

Richard Wright

1908-1960 *African American author who wrote about racial oppression His novels included Uncle Tom's Children (1938), Native Son (1940), and Black Boy (1945) *He joined the Communist Party for a brief time in the early 1930s

William Howard Taft

1909-1913 *Twenty seventh President *After serving as Secretary of War under Teddy Roosevelt, he was elected over William Jennings Bryan *He prosecuted trusts under the Sherman Antitrust Act *His policy of "Dollar Diplomacy" called for acting in foreign affairs to achieve a financial result on behalf of one's country *His administration created the Department of Labor and established the parcel-post system *President Theodore Roosevelt's relationship with Taft deteriorated, leading to Roosevelt's opposition of Taft's re-election *He became Chief Justice of the SUpreme Court after serving as president

(302) The Great Migration

1910-1940, movement of African-americans from the South to North. Due to low cotton prices,need for workers in North, increased manufacturing in North, growth of KKK in South

The Great Migration

1910s-1940s *The movement of African AMericans from the South to the industrial centers of the Northeast and the Midwest *Causes for the migration included decreased cotton priced, the lack of immigrant workers in the North, increased manufacturing as a result of the war, and the strengthening of the Ku Klux Klan *The African American population in such cities as Detroit, Chicago, and New York grew during this period *The migration led to higher wages, more educational opportunities, and better standards of life for many African Americans

Federal Reserve Act of 1913

1913 *Created the Federal Reserve Bank *Response to the Panic of 1907 and to the concerns of business *There was a need for a stable currency supply that could grow and shrink with business demands *Several measures competed for designing this central reserve, each offering control to a different group *President Wilson worked diligently to create and secure passage of the Act *It divided the nation into separate regions with federal reserve banks in each that would serve as "banker's banks" *The Federal Reserve Board oversaw the system and regulated it by raising or lowering the interest rates that each federal reserve reserve banks would charge

(303) Seventeenth Amendment

1913 Said each state can elect 2 senators for 6-year terms by popular vote. Gave citizens more active role in government

Seventeenth Amendment

1913 constitutional amendment allowing American voters to directly elect US senators

Watchful Waiting

1913-1914 *Policy by Woodrow Wilson of rejecting alliances with leaders who took control through force until a determination of their interests could be made *Wilson implemented this policy by refusing to accept the leadership of Victoriano Huerta when he took control of Mexico through violent revolution *Policy ended when the US sent forced to retaliate against Mexico, which had arrested American sailors in its borders

Woodrow Wilson

1913-1921 *Twenty-eighth President *Before his presidency and political work, he served as an academic and President of Princeton University *His legislation lowered tariffs, created a graduated federal income tax, and established the Federal Trade Commission to control unfair business practices *He initiated progressive reform that prohibited child labor and limited railroad workers to an eight-hour day *He led the US into WWI *His "14 Points" outlined the settlement of WWI *He was a noted racist who segregated the federal government and who praised Birth of a Nation, a controversial movie negatively depicting African Americans

Rosa Parks

1913-2005 *African American woman who refused to give her bus seat to a white in Alabama (1955) *Parks was arrested, drawing the support of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. *Dr. Kin organized a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama, leading to desegregation in the US and strengthening support for the civil rights movement

World War I Causes and Major Players

1914 *Cause: The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria Hungary by a Serbian nationalist *Cause: Growing nationalism in Austria-Hungary and France *Cause: Colonial expansion in Africa and China *Cause: Military buildup *Major Player for the Allies(Triple Entente): Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Belgium, Japan, and the US :Major Players for the Central Powers (Triple Alliance): Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria

Clayton Antitrust Act

1914 *Further outlined regulations against monopolies and other unfair business practices *Meant as an update to the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 *Price discrimination that was destructive to competition was declared illegal *Declared interlocking board of directors of direct competitors illegal *Established Federal Trade Commission to investigate and prosecute instances of unfair competition *Served as the grounds for many suits against big corporations *Exempted labor unions engaged in legal activities

Clayton Antitrust Act

1914 act designed to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890; certain activities previously committed by big businesses, such as not allowing unions in factories and not allowing strikes, were declared illegal.

(307) Clayton Anti-Trust Act

1914 outlined regulations against monopolies and other unfair business practices. Ended price discrimination that hurt competition.Established Federal Trade Comissionto investigate cases of unfair competition

(308) WWI Causes and major players

1914Causes:1. Assasination of Archduke Ferdinand. 2. Nationalism in Austria and France 3. Colinialism in Africa and China 4. Military Buildup Allies:Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Belgium, Japan, US Central Powers:Germany, Austria-Hungary,Turkey, Bulgaria

Lusitania and Neutrality

1915 *At the outset of World War I, Germany began the use of submarines and announced a blockade of the Allied forces *The Lusitania was a British passenger liner attacked by German submarines *While unarmed, the Lusitania did carry munitions for the Allies *US citizens traveling aboard the Lusitania were killed *Wilson protested but remained neutral, in line with the 1914 Proclamation of Neutrality *One other line with Americans, the Sussex, was sunk, and then Germans gave a pledge to stop attacks on unarmed vessels

Labor Acts, 1915-1916

1915-1916 *La Follette Seaman's Act(1915): Required safety and sanitation measures for commercial ships and regulated wages, food, and hours of sailors *Adamson Act (1916): Employees of railroads who were engaged in interstate commerce were given an eight-hour work day and overtime pay or time-and-a-half *Keating-Owen Child Labor Act (1916): Forbade shipment of products that had involved child labor in their manufacture, in Hammer v. Dagenhart (1918), the Supreme Court declared it unconstitutional because Congress had interfered with the power of states

Louis Brandeis

1916 Nomination *Nominated by Wilson to the Supreme Court *Considered an advocate of social justice *First Jewish justice *Prior to his place on the Supreme Court, he was known for his "Brandeis Brief" in the Muller v. Oregon

Committee on Public Information

1917 *Formed by President Wilson *Established voluntary censorship of the press and created a propaganda campaign for the country's support of WWI *Portrayed Germans as barbaric and urged all citizens to spy on neighbors with foreign names *Encouraged reporting of suspicious activities to the Justice Department *Provided speeches to volunteers, the Four Minute Men, who gave talks on the American war effort during the changing of reels in movie theaters across the US *Headed by George Creel *Fostered "100% American" jingoism

Unlimited Submarine Warfare

1917 *Proclamation by Germany that it would sink all ships, without warning, that entered a large war zone off the coasts of Allied Nations *Germany realized that it might draw the United States into World War I *Germany believed that cutting Allied supplies would allow Germany to win the war before a sizeable response by America *America broke diplomatic relations with Germany

Zimmerman Telegram

1917 *Telegram from German Foreign Secretary Zimmerman to German minister in Mexico that was intercepted by the British *Proposed that Mexico attack the US in the even that America entered WWI *Germany would return lost territories of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona to Mexico in victory *Telegram was released publicly and ensured American support for war against Germany

American Protective League

1917 *Volunteer organization that claimed approval of the Justice Department for pressuring support of war *Humiliated those accused of not buying war bonds *Persecuted those of German descent *Encouraged the banning of German culture in everything from product names to consumption, including "pretzels" and "German Measles"

Reasons for the United States Entry into WWI

1917 *Zimmerman telegram showed that Germany was untrustworthy and would come after the United States *Armed neutrality could not protect shipping *Germany had broken the Sussex Pledge, which protected certain ships from German warfare *After Russia's revolution, the democratic Russian government made it an acceptable ally to the United States *America could hasten end of war and ensure a role in designing peace *Sinking the Lusitania and other ships by German submarines angered the US *The US was already backing the Allies with supplies *In his war message, Wilson said that, "the world must be made safe for democracy"

Espionage and Sedition Acts

1917 and 1918 *Fines and imprisonment for persons who made false statements that aided the enemy, hindered the draft, or incited military rebellion *Forbade criticism of the government, flag, or uniform *Led to imprisonment of major figures *The Supreme Court upheld the acts, allowing the government to limit free speech when words represented clear and present danger, especially during times of war

Women and Minorities in WWI

1917-1919 *Women served as clerks or in medical units *400,000 African American men were drafted or enlisted *African Americans were kept in segregated units and generally used in labor battalions or in support activities, though some units saw combat

Fourteen Points

1918 *Specific peace plan presented by Wilson in an address to Congress *Called for open (rather than secret) peace treaties *Promoted free trade, transportation along the seas, and arms reduction *Recommended a general association of nation to preserve the peace *Reactions in Europe were mixed as some countries wanted to punish Germany, and they found the terms in the 14 Points too accommodating *American citizens were also mixed in their support because they feared future international entanglement *In the end, the Treaty of Versailles went against many of the 14 Points *Growing isolationist sentiment, which was reflected in America's reaction to the 14 Points, would later slow the US's decision to enter WWII

United States Home Front During WWI

1918 *Wilson controlled raw materials, production, prices, and labor relations to ensure supplies for war *He appointed Herbert Hoover as head of food administration *Wilson oversaw the use of fuel, railroads, and maritime shipping *He resolved labor disputes through offers of employee benefits

U.S. v. Schenck

1919 *During World War I, Charles Schenck created a pamphlet opposing the military draft; he was convicted of attempting to obstruct the military under the Espionage Act *The Supreme Court determined that speech may be suppressed if it creates a clear and present danger (one cannot yell "fire" in a crowded theater) *In following years, the "clear and present danger" test was limited to violent actions rather than the support of these ideas

Wilson's Treaty and Henry Cabot Lodge

1919 *Republican Senator Lodge led opposition against Paris Peace Treaty because of war entanglement with other members (Article X) *On a national speaking tour to push for League of Nations, Wilson collapsed after a speech *Wilson returned to D.C. and suffered a severe stroke *The President never fully recovered, but he wrote to Democrats to oppose treaty changes by Lodge *By not compromising, the treaty was defeated and the US did not join the League; a joint resolution enacted peace instead

Prohibition

1919 *Temperance movements began to grow in the early 1800s *Carry Nation, a member of the Women's Christian Temperance Union, used rocks, hammers, and hatchets to destroy liquor stores and saloons *Eighteenth Amendment to Constitution prohibited manufacture, sale, transport, or import of liquor *Volstead Act defined alcoholic beverages and imposed criminal penalties for violations of the 18th Amendment *Prohibition led to bootlegging (illegal production or distribution of intoxicating beverages), corruption of government officials, and speakeasies (secret bars operated by bootleggers) *Al Capone was one of the most famous bootlegging gangsters *In 1933, the Twenty-first Amendment, which repealed Prohibition, was ratified

Red Scare and the Palmer Raids

1919 *United States worker strikes seemed to be harbingers of revolution to many in the country *Fear of revolution was fed by anti-German hysteria and the success of the Bolshevik Revolution *Bombs sent anonymously through the mail to prominent American leaders encouraged fear *Attorney General Palmer was a target of a failed mail bomb *Four thousand were arrested as "Communists" and illegal aliens, but only 556 actually were *Palmer announced threat of large Communist riots on May Day of 1920, but none materialized *Palmer was discredited and the Red Scare passed

Major Strikes After WWI

1919-1920s *A Boston police force attempted to unionize, and Governor CAlvin Coolidge fired them to recruit a new force *Seattle had a general strike in 1919 *The AFL attempted to organize steel industry, but the strike was broken after violence and the use of federal troops *United Mine Workers struck and gained minor wage increases

Results of WWI

1919-1920s *America emerged as the political and economic leader of the world *In the US, European demand for its goods led to inflation; this strengthened the American economy but increased prices *Workers in America led several major strike because of these increased prices *European states went into decline following WWI *Germany was devastated by the conflict

Jackie Robinson

1919-1972 *Baseball player who became a symbol of civil rights when he broke the Major League's color barrier in 1947 *Recruited from Kansas City Monarchs, a team in the Negro League, to play with the Brooklyn Dodgers

Women's Suffrage

1920 *The Nineteenth Amendment provided for women's suffrage, which had been defeated earlier by the Senate *It was ratified by the states in 1920 *Feminists who supported suffrage beginning in the 1860s included Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Carrie Chapman Catt

Sacco and Vanzetti

1920 *Two gunmen robbed a factory and killed two men in MA *Sacco and Vanzetti, Italian immigrants and anarchists, were tried for the murders *Judge Thayer favored prosecution and pushed for execution *Despite years of protesting that they had not received a fair trial, the men were executed in 1927, reflecting the anti-immigrant sentiments in the US

Rise in the Standard of Living During the 1920s

1920s *Advances like indoor plumbing, hot water, central heating, home appliances, and fresher foods emerged *Many did not have the money to benefit from these advances *Credit became available to allow payment in installments *Sales grew out of advertising through new media, such as radio

Shift in Popular Culture, 1920s

1920s *Change from entertainment through home and small social groups to commercial, profit-making activities *Movies attracted audiences, and Hollywood became the movie center of America *Professional athletics grew in participation and popularity, especially baseball, boxing, and football *Tabloids and magazines increased in popularity, including the New York Daily News and Reader's Digest

Industrial Changes in 1920s and Effects

1920s *Change from steam to electric power allowed more intricate designs, replacing human laborers *Scientific management strategies were employed, leading to the more efficient use of workers *Major research and development projects reduced production costs and products *Expanding industries included automobile, electricity, chemicals, film, radio, commercial aviation, and printing *This led overproduction by the late 1920s

Marcus Garvey

1920s *Native of Jamaica *Advocated African American racial ride and separatism rather than integration *Pushed for a return to Africa *Developed a following and sold stock in a steamship line to take migrants to Africa *Convicted of fraud after the line went bankrupt

Automobile: Economic and Social Effects

1920s *Stimulated steel, rubber, glass, gasoline, and highway construction industries *Created a nation of paved roads *The new need for paved roads led to employment for many *Helped increase freedom for young people while lessening parental control *Tourism grew and rural areas became less isolated

Harlem Renaissance

1920s *Term used to describe the growth of African American literature and arts *The center of this movement was Harlem, NY, where many African Americans moved during the early 1900s *South African Americans brought jazz to Harlem and influenced the music scene while, at the same time, writing, sculpting, and photography grew as art forms *Writers from the period included Langston Hughes, Zora Neale hurston, and Clause McKay *Musicians from this time included Duke Ellington, Bessie Smith, and Louis Armstrong *The Great Depression led to its decline

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

1920s-1930s *Chartered by Congress and Hoover to loan money to railroads and financial institutions *Meant to keep basic institutions in business *Accused of assisting the wealthy

Foreign Economies and the Great Depression

1920s-1930s *Within months of Hoover's election, the stock market crashed, leading the nation into the Great Depression *Decline in the American economy meant less money spent on loans and products from other countries *Foreign powers were not able to pay debts back to the US *American exports dropped and the Depression spread

Teapot Dome Scandal

1921 *Bribery scandal involving Harding's Secretary of the Interior, Albert Fall *Fall secured naval oil reserves in his jurisdiction *He leased reserves at Teapot Dome, WY, to two major business owners in exchange for cash payouts *The businessmen were acquitted, but Fall was imprisoned for bribery, making him the first cabinet member to go to jail

Emergency Quota Act

1921 *one of a series of acts by Congress that limited immigration *Immigration was limited by nationality to 3% of the number of foreign born persons from that nation living in the US in 1910 *Designation restricted only certain nationalities and religious groups *In effect, targeted Italians, Greeks, Poles, and Eastern European Jews

Warren G. Harding

1921-1923 *Twenty-ninth President *Nominated by the Republican Party as a dark horse candidate *Represented opposition to the League of Nations, low taxes, high tariffs, immigration restriction, and aid to farmers *Was pro civil rights for all Americans *Promised return to normalcy *Pardoned Eugene V. Debs *Gave United States steel workers the eight-hour day *Died suddenly during cross-country tour and was succeeded by Calvin Coolidge

Betty Friedan

1921-2006. American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique".

Five Power Treaty

1922 *Committed the US, Britain, Japan, France, and Italy to restricting construction of new battleship class ships *Pact gave Japan naval supremacy in the Pacific

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

1922 *Increased tariff schedules *Tariffs were raised on farm produce to equalize American and foreign production *Gave the president the power to reduce or increase tariffs by 50% based on advice from the Tariff Commission *Connected to American feelings toward isolationism

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

1922 and 1930, raised tariffs extremely high on manufactured goods; benefited domestic manufacturers, but limited foreign trade

Dawes Plan

1924 *Debt restructuring plan for Germany after WWI *American banks made loans to Germany, Germany paid reparations to Allies, and Allies paid back the US government *Cycle based on loans from American banks *The plan would play a part in the development of the Great Depression

Creationism and the Scopes Trial

1925 *Fundamentalist Protestants supported Creationism as a ways to prohibit the teaching of evolution in schools *They hopes to protect belief in the literal understanding of the Bible *John Scopes, a young Biology teacher, broke the law by teaching Darwinism and served as a test case for the ACLU *Darwinism was a concept of evolution created by Charles Robert Darwin and written about in Origin of the Species *Clarence Darrow defended Scopes, and William Jennings Bryan defended the State of Tennessee *Judge refused to allow expert witness testimony *Scopes was convicted and fined $100, which was later dropped *Some states passed anti-evolution laws

Scopes Trial

1925 Tennesse trial where teacher John Scopes was charged with teaching evolution; Darrow = defense; Bryan = prosecutor; demonstrated religous fundamentalism vs. modernism

Calvin Coolidge

1925-1929 *Thirtieth President *Republican candidate who came to office first after Harding's death and then after a landslide victory *Avoided responsibility for most of Harding's cabinet scandals *Reputation for honesty *Believed in leading through inactivity *Stated, "The chief business of the American people is business"

Cesar Chavez

1927-1993. Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

1928 *Also known as the Pact of Paris *Fifteen-nation pact agreed that all conflicts should be settled by peaceful means and that war was to be renounced *The US Congress demanded a right of self-defense and that America should not have to act against countries that broke the treaty *The pact lacked effectiveness as it failed to provide enforcement measures

"Hoovervilles"

1929-1930s *Term used to describe makeshift shacks that housed groups of homeless people *Used in open areas near cities during the Great Depression *Named after Herbert Hoover to mock his presidency

Herbert Hoover

1929-1933 *Thirty-first President *Coolidge did not seek nomination in 1928, leaving Hoover to run against Alfred E, Smith, Governor of New York, a Catholic anti-prohibitionist *He had become a multimillionaire in the mining industry *Hoover had served as Sec. of Commerce and head of the Food Admin. *A conservative economic philosophy and continuation of Prohibition won the election for Hoover *He used the phrase "rugged individualism," which called for people to succeed on their own with minimal help from the government *Hoover became the scapegoat for the Depression and was soundly defeated by FDR in 1932

Martin Luther King, Jr.

1929-1968 *Civil rights leader and Chairman of Southern Christian Leadership Conference *Believed in non-violent civil disobedience *Key member of the 1963 March on Washington, a response to a civil rights bill by Kennedy being stalled in Congress *At the March on Washington, King delivered his "I Have A Dream" speech *Opposed the war in Vietnam *Assassinated by James Earl Ray in 1968

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

1930 *Brought tariff to the highest level in its history *In retaliation, foreign countries set tariffs on American goods, creating a decline in exports and further deepening the economic depression *This was another expression of isolationism

Charles Evans Hughes

1930-1941 *Eleventh Chief Justice of the Supreme Court *Had also served as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court (1910-1916) and US Secretary of State (1921-1925) *As Chief Justice, he often voted to uphold FDR's New Deal legislation, although he wrote the opinion in Schechter v. US (1935) finding the National Recovery Admin. unconstitutional

Father Charles E. Coughlin

1930s *A Catholic priest who headed the National Union for Social Justice, which denounced FDR's New Deal policies *Held a weekly radio show and discussed politics and finance *Proposed to his many listeners an ambiguous currency program, but found popularity mostly through anti-Semitic rhetoric

Dust Bowl

1930s *Areas of American prairie states that experienced ecological damage due to huge clouds of soil *Mismanagement of grazing land and severe winds swept unprotected soil into dust storms *Led to both economic and health hardships for many

FDR's Good Neighbor Policy

1930s *Foreign policy doctrine adopted by FDR for the US *Withdrew many marines from Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and other areas *America stayed out of the Cuban revolution *America settled with Mexico on American properties in that country

Hitler and Germany's Actions Leading to WWII

1930s *Hitler's rise to power in 1933 led to the persecution of German Jews *Germany and Austria became unified *Germany and Britain signed the Munich Pact, authorizing Germany to force the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia *Germany took over the rest of Czechoslovakia *The Nazis systematically eliminated the civil and human rights of Jews and other "undesirables" under their control *Germany signed a nonaggression pact with Russia, agreeing to divide Poland *Nazis built death camps to attain "the final solution of the Jewish question," resulting in the murder of 6 million Jews and more than 5 million others *Germany invaded Poland *Britain and France declared war

The Bonus Army

1932 *A group of 14,000 unemployed veterans who marched on Washington *They sought additional payments from Congress *Hoover had the Senate kill a bill that would have provided additional payment, and half of the veterans took the government's offer of transportation back home *The remaining veterans took shelter in shacks near the Anacostia River to draw attention to their cause *Hoover called in the Army and had the remainder of the veterans removed from Washington *The event created the impression that Hoover did not care about the plight of the poor

Hoover-Stimson Doctrine

1932 *Henry L. Stimson, Sec. of State under Hoover, sent identical notes to China and Japan, which became known as the Hoover-Stimson Doctrine *The notes were a reaction to Japan's movement into Manchuria *They stated that the US would not recognize any treaty or agreement that would limit China's territory, encroach on US's rights in China, upset the political situation in China, or hinder the Open Door Policy

Hoover Stimson Doctrine

1932, Hoover's Secretary of State said the US would not recognize territorial changes resulting from Japan's invasion of Manchuria

Banking Failures

1933 *Banks were unable to collect on loans because of the Great Depression *Banks could not return money to depositors, leading to bank closures *On March 5, 1933, FDR reacted by closing all banks and instituting the Emergency Banking Act, which gave him the power to reorganize insolvent national banks

First New Deal Programs

1933 *Civilian Conservation Corp (1933): Provided work for young men through projects such as road construction and flood control *National Industrial Recovery Act (1933): Created National Recovery Administration, which prepared codes for fair competition *Public Works Administration (1933): Constructed roads, schools, dams, bridges, and other projects to aid the economy through increasing jobs *Agricultural Adjustment Act (1933): Encouraged farmers to decrease their production, thereby increasing their profits

Muscle Shoals and the Tennessee Valley Authority

1933 *Muscle Shoals was the location of a dam and two nitrate plants built by the government during WWI *President Coolige vetoed the Senate's plan to lease the property to the private sector *The facility became the center of the Tennessee Valley Authority in 1933, giving FDR a chance to do his first large-scale experiment in regional planning *TVA build a series of dams to provide electricity and flood control *Dams gave economic and environmental boosts to an area in need of rehabilitation

National Industrial Recovery Act

1933 *The National Industrial Recovery Act, or NIRA, was passed on the last day of the "Hundred Days" as the pillar of FDR's assistance program *Goal of NIRA was to help businesses self-regulate and to aid in employment *NIRA created the National Recovery Administration (NRA), which oversaw the creation of fair competition codes *NRA codes abolished child labor, creating minimum wages, and capped hours for workers *In Schechter v. United States (1935), the Supreme Court overturned NIRA, holding that it granted the president too much leeway and that these powers should be in the hands of the states

First New Deal

1933-1934 *First phase of FDR's domestic reform program *Aimed to provide recovery and relief through public works, business and agricultural regulation, and stabilizing prices *Agencies such as the Agricultural Adjustment Admin., Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Civilian Conservation Corps, and National Recovery Admin. were founded *Economy improved to a degree as unemployment decreased *Criticized by conservatives for going too far in the use of deficit spending and for spending on relief *Attacked by liberals for being in favor of business

FDR's Banking ACts, the Gold Standard, and the SEC

1933-1934 *The Emergency Banking Relief ACt was the first act of FDR's Hundred Days; it provided funds to open some banks and it combined and liquidated others *The Glass-Steagall Banking Act insured deposits in commercial banks, created the FDIC, and separated commercial and investment banking to reduce risk *FDR removed gold from circulation; the resulting devaluation of the dollar helped raise prices and assisted the US exports *The Securities and Exchange Commission was created as a watchdog for the stock exchange and securities

Fireside Chats

1933-1945 *FDR's method of addressing the nation through radio *Created assurance among the public in the strength of the banks he was opening *Led to people depositing money again

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

1933-1945 *Thirty-second President *With the slogan "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself," he encourages new hope for emerging from the Great Depression *At age 39, he contracted polio and lost partial use of his legs *Led Congress through the "Hundred Days" *Focused on economic and agricultural recovery and support for the unemployed and elderly *Attempted to enlarge the Supreme Court and put in place justices that would support his legislation, but he failed *Mobilized the US for entry into WWII

Share Our Wealth Society

1934 *Group founded by Louisiana Senator Huey "Kingfish" Long *Long, a populist, criticized FDR for not doing more to help those on the lower end of the scale *Proposed a radical taxation plan on the wealthy to make "every man a king" *When Long was assassinated, the society lost its drive

Bureau of Indian Affairs

1934 *Led by commissioner John Collier *Returned ownership of certain lands to tribes, established tribal governments, and provided economic relief *Created a program of work projects for reservations

Indian Reorganization Act

1934 *Reversed the Dawes Severalty Act *Attempted to restore the tribal basis of Native American life *Tribal life was to be recognized as "normal"

Indian Reorganization Act

1934 - Restored tribal ownership of lands, recognized tribal constitutions and government, and provided loans for economic development.

Isolationism and the Neutrality Acts of 1935

1935 *America became isolationist after World War I, mainly because its citizens had felt the harsh effects of the conflict *Isolationist acts include the rejection of the Treaty of Versailles and the imposition of higher tariffs *Neutrality Acts: In the event of war, American exports of military components were to be stalled for six months, which would stop ships that were leaving the US from transporting arms to combatants

Second New Deal Programs

1935 *The Works Progress Admin. (WPA): provided jobs and income for the unemployed *WPA: Many projects were in construction and community development and were labor-intensive to cut equipment costs *The Wagner Act/National Labor Relations ACt clarified the rights of workers and created a board of oversight for relations between management and labor; workers were permitted to bargain collectively *The Social Security Act was created to protect older workers; funds came from taxes on money earned by employees and paid equally by the employer, and this money supported unemployment programs and offered states matching funds for social services

Second New Deal

1935-1941 *Like the First New Deal, it offered sweeping economic changes to in relief and recovery *While the First New Deal emphasized central planning, the SEcond pushed programs to aid particular groups, such as labor organizations *The US tax structure was finessed through various revenue acts *Some New Deal acts were declared unconstitutional in 1935

Wagner Act

1935; established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.

FDR's Court Packing Scheme

1937 *Bill proposed by Roosevelt allowing the president to appoint a new federal judge for those who did not retire by a certain age *Offered by Roosevelt after he received overwhelming support from the voting public *Served as Roosevelt's reaction to the Supreme Court, which had declared much of the New Deal unconstitutional *Huge reaction by both Dems. and Repubs. against this show of power *Roosevelt lost the bill and some influence over Congress *Later FDR proposals, like Social Security, were upheld by the Supreme Court

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

1938 *Association of laborers from industries including steel and auto *Organized in reaction to the AFL, which represented primarily craft unions *Headed by John L. Lewis *Originally a committee within the AFL (1935) before becoming independent in 1938 *United with the AFL in 1955

Fair Labor Standards Act

1938 *Minimum wage law *Established a riding minimum wage and reduction of the work week *Provided time-and-a-half for work over that period of time

Fair Labor Standards Act

1938 act which provided for a minimum wage and restricted shipments of goods produced with child labor

Franklin D. Roosevelt's Election to a Third Term

1940 *Broke the precedent set by Washington *Agreed to accept the nomination *When faced by his opponent with charges of warmongering, told voters that he would not enter the war *Lost many supporters because of his choice to run again, but he won by a narrow margin over Wendell Willkie

Economic Measures Against Japan

1940-1941 *Japan used the Vichy government to expand into French Indochina *Japan wanted to build bases i the area *America responded by holding Japanese funds and creating embargos *Led to failed negotiations between the US and Japan over Japan's presence in China

American Women During WWII

1940s *216,000 women served in the armed forced in non-combat duties *WAACS(Army), WAVES(Navy), and SPARS(Coast Guard) were forced made of women *Women also served as defense plant workers *The women who worked in the manufacturing plants during WWII were symbolized by the icon "Rosie the Riveter," a feminist image that represented the growth of women's economic power

Growth of the Suburbs

1940s-1950s *After WWII, people began to move away from cities, leading to suburban growth *Causes of this migration included the mass production of automobiles, the growth of the road system, governmental policies, including the FHA (Federal Housing Administration), and better living conditions *As African Americans began to move to northern cities, whites began to move to suburbs ("white flight") *Suburban developments included Levittown, a planned community which offered inexpensive houses built by Levitt & Sons

Lend-Lease Act

1941 law that authorized the president to aid any nation whose defense he believed was vital to American security

Braceros

1942 *An agreement between the Us and Mexico brought thousands of Mexican agricultural workers, or braceros, to the US *Braceros were prevalent in the South and the West *They became part of the American agricultural economy after WWII

Battles of the Coral Sea and Midway

1942 *Battle of the Coral Sea (May 1942): American carriers sent planes against the Japanese troops, forcing them to turn back from an invasion of Australia *Battle of Midway (June 1942): American planed destroyed Japanese carriers as they moved toward the American-owned Midway Islands, becoming a defining moment in the Pacific front

Japanese Internment Camps

1942 *FDR authorized the evacuation of all Japanese from the West Coast into relocation centers *The government interned around 120,000 Japanese-Americans, 2/3 of them native-born US citizens *The move came with public fear of Japanese sabotage following Pearl Harbor and was in some part due to racial discrimination *In 1988, Congress voted to pay compensation to each surviving internee

Battle of Midway

1942 World War II battle between the United States and Japan, a turning point in the war in the Pacific

United States Domestic Measures for WWII

1942-1943 *War Production Board regulated raw materials *Prices and wages were frozen *Income tax was extended to more people *The US sold Liberty Bonds The government had the power to take over businesses closed by strikes

Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act

1943 *Congress was concerned about the loss of production due to labor strikes *The Act authorized the federal government to seize and operate industries stopped by strikes

Korematsu v. US

1944 *Fred Korematsu was arrested and convicted after failing to comply with a military order to move to a Japanese relocation center *The Supreme Court upheld his conviction based on war power; the government's need to protect against espionage outweighed Korematsu's rights *Justice Frank Murphy, in his dissent , stated the decision was the "legalization of racism"

G.I. Bill

1944 *Signed by FDR and passed to give educational benefits to those who had served in the Armed Forces during WWII *Bill was created to help members of the Armed Forced adjust to civilian life, afford a higher education, buy a house, and restore lost educational opportunities *The G.I. Bill also promoted volunteerism for the Armed Forces and led to a better educated population

Korematsu v U.S.

1944 Supreme Court case in which the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 to each survivor

G.I. Bill

1944- gave benifits to to WW2 veterans including financial assistance for veterans wanting to go to college, buy a home, prefered treatment to veterans who wanted to apply for government jobs

Harry S Truman

1945-1953 *Thirty-third President *Became president in 1945 after FDR dies *Decided to drop atomic bombs on Japan *Banned racial discrimination in federal hiring and the armed forced *The Truman Doctrine instituted the policy of "containment" against Communism *Re-elected against Thomas Dewey in 1948

National Security Act

1947 *Created the Central Intelligence Agency *Created the National Security Council *Reorganized the military under one Department of Defense head

Truman Doctrine

1947 *Proposal that the US must bolster the deeds of free people resisting Communism *$400 million appropriated for aid to Greece and Turkey to fight Communism's spread *Supported "containment" as a response to the Cold War

Taft-Hartley Act

1947 *Purpose was to reduce management-labor dispute and to reduce unfair labor practices *Passed over Truman's veto *Required sixty-day notice be given by employers to terminate a contract *Federal government could take legal action to delay for eighty days any strike that threatened the public's health or safety *Provided a cooling-off period for unions and management *Act slowed unionization throughout the country, especially the South *Part of the anti-Communist crusade

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey

Fair Deal

1948 *Proposal by Truman to extend the New Deal for the new era *Increased the minimum wage to $0.75/hour *Social Security was enlarged to cover more people *Called for low-cost housing projects and slum cleanup

Soviet Spies in the United States

1948 &1950 *Alger Hiss: Former State Department official who was convicted of supplying information to the Soviets *Alger Hiss: Implicated by Whittaker Chambers during testimony before the House Committee on Un-American Activities *Alger Hiss: Richard Nixon gained national exposure during his investigation into Hiss *Julius and Ethel Rosenberg: Couple executed for giving atomic information to the Soviets *Rosenbergs: Some argued that they could not receive a fair trial because of the political sentiment of the time

Korean War

1950-1953 *Korea was taken from Japan at the end of WWII and divided at the 38th parallel; the northern half was controlled by the USSR and the southern by the US *North Korea invaded South Korea and the UN sent in troops *General MAcArthur led forced and pushed the North Koreans back across the 38th parallel *China, recently communist, sent in troops to fight the UN in Korea *Truman disagrees with both MacArthur's desire to start an all-out war against China and with his foreign policy statements; Truman removed him from command *Cease-fire was called and an armistice was signed in July 1953

Beat Generation

1950s *Group of artists and writers who rejected traditional artistic and social forms *Influences included psychedelic drugs and Eastern beliefs, such as Zen Buddhism *Members rejected regular work and preferred communal living *Many members were located around San Francisco *Writers of the generation included Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, and Lawrence Ferlinghetti

Rock and Roll

1950s *Music genre that originated in the US *Combine rhythm and blues, gospel, jazz, and country-and-western music *Alan Freed, a Cleveland disc jockey, coined the phrase "rock and roll" and produced the first rock and roll concert *Early artist included Elvis, the Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Chuck Berry, and Buddy Holly

Civil Rights Organizations

1950s-1960s *Congress of Racial Equality (CORE): Founded by James Farmer in Chicago and advocated nonviolence *CORE:Sponsored the 1961 Freedom Rides in the South, breaking segregation rules on buses and eventually changing those rules *Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC): Founded in 1961 to support sit-ins *Stokely Carmichael, a leader of the SNCC and the Black Panther Party, called for "Black Power," which urged independence and solidarity among African Americans; he worked separately from other civil rights organizations

Civil Rights Movement Incidents

1950s-1960s *Emmett Till, a teenage African American, was killed by two white men after supposedly whistling at one of their wives; the two men were acquitted *In 1960, four African American students in Greensboro, North Carolina, sat at the Woolworth's "Whites Only" lunch counter and refused to leave until they were served, sparking sit-ins throughout the South *An explosion at the Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama, killed four African American girls (1963) *During a voter registration drive in Mississippi, two white college students and a local African American were murdered; civil rights legislation was enacted as a result *In 1965, a group marched from Selma, Alabama, to Birmingham, Alabama, for voting rights; the 1965 Voting Rights Act was signed soon thereafter

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

1950s-1960s *Formed in 1910 by a group of whites and African Americans, including W. E. B. DuBois, to stop racial discrimination *Supported sit-ins as a form of protest against segregation as well as other methods of nonviolent protest * Disapproved of the more radical groups such as SNCC and the Black Panthers *Because of its mission, methods, and organization, the NAACP remains a force in social issues and political affairs

Television

1950s-1960s *Invented in the 1930s *FDR was the first president to appear on TV; he gave a speech in 1939 at the New York World's Fair, where the television was being officially introduced to the mass public *Seminal shows during the 1950s and 1960s included The Honeymooners, I Love Lucy, and The Ed Sullivan Show *By 1960, over forty million homes had televisions

Domino Theory

1950s-1980s *Guiding principle of US foreign policy during Cold War era *Started publicly by Pres. Eisenhower in 1954 *Belief that if one area was overtaken by communism, nearby nations would follow *Used as a motivation for the United States' intervention in foreign affairs and conflicts throughout the world

Joseph McCarthy

1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists

Malcolm X

1952; renamed himself X to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulses to achieve true independence and equality

Dwight Eisenhower

1953-1961 *Thirty-fourth President *Became Allied military commander during WWII and led forces in North Africa, Italy, and England *Became Republican president after defeating Adlai Stevenson *Signed the truce in 1953 to end Korean War *Completed integration of military forces *Sent troops into Little Rock, Arkansas, to ensure desegregation *Gave momentum to desegregation movement *Warned the Us about the "military-industrial complex," which refers to the relationship between the government, the military, and the defense industry

The Warren Court

1953-1969 *Reference to Supreme Court if the US when Earl Warren was Chief Justice *Court expanded civil rights, civil liberties, and federal power *Brown v. Board of Education (1854) found segregation in public schools to be illegal *Engel v. Vitale(1962) found it unconstitutional for public schools to have an official prayer *Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) provided criminal defendants with counsel even if they couldn't afford it *Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) established a general right to privacy

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

1954 *Supreme Court case the challenged Plessy v. Ferguson *The Court, led by Chief Justice Earl Warren, held that separate was inherently unequal and instructed states to integrate *Massive Southern resistance slowed the advance f integration *Federal troops used to help 9 black students attend an all white school in Little Rock, despite mobs and the Arkansas National Guard

Geneva Accords

1954 *The foreign ministers of 19 nations, including the US, decided to divide Vietnam at the 17th north latitude *The North would be Nationalist led by Ho Chi Minh, while the South would be Western-influenced republic *Provided for free elections within two years to reunite the two Vietnams

Brown v Board of Education of Topeka

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO)

1954-1977 *Created to oppose the spread of Communism in Southeast Asia after France's withdrawal from Indochina *Original members included the US, Britain, France, Pakistan, Thailand, and the Philippines *The organization was meant to justify an American presence in Vietnam, though some members did not support America in this effort *Dismantled in 1977

Suez Canal Crisis

1956 *International waterway through Isthmus of Suez *Egypt had been receiving aid from the Soviets, leading Eisenhower to promise money to Egypt to curtail the Soviets *Eventually, Eisenhower took back his offer and Egypt attempted to nationalize the Canal *Britain, France, and Israel invaded to gain control of the canal *Fearing escalation, Eisenhower forced France, Britain, and Israel to withdraw

Interstate Highway Act (Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956)

1956 *Under the Act, the interstate highway system was expanded to 41,000 miles *Signed by Eisenhower *Federal government was to pay 90% of the cost of the expansion *$25 billion was authorized from 1957-1969; $114 billion was eventually expended over 35 years *Besides allowing motorists to travel easily throughout the country, the expanded highway system also allowed for troop movement and evacuation routes

Little Rock Crisis

1957 *Brown v. Board of Ed. *1954) called for desegregation of schools *In 1957 the NAACP registered 9 African American students to attend the previously all-white Little Rock Central High *Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus used the Arkansas National Guard to try and block the kids on Sept, 4, 1957 *Eisenhower sends in federal troops and the students attend their first day on Sept. 25, 1957

Eisenhower Doctrine

1957 *Created as a partial reaction to the Suez Canal crisis *The doctrine committed forces and economic aid to the Middle East to stop Communist threats *Some nations, including Egypt and Syria, denounced the doctrine

Civil Rights Act of 1957

1957 *First civil rights act since Reconstruction *Stimulated by Brown v. Board of Edu. of Topeka and civil rights activism *Created a panel to ensure that voting rights of African Americans were not violated

Fidel Castro

1959 *Communist-friendly leader of Cuba *Took power in Cuba after overthrowing Fulgencio Batista in 1959 *Signed agreements with Soviets for trade *The United States broke diplomatic and trade relations with Cuba

Election of 1960

1960 *Richard Nixon, Eisenhower's former vice president, was nominated by the Republicans *Senator John F. Kennedy was nominated by the Democrats *Kennedy's Catholicism was a campaign issue because of fears that Catholic leaders would influence him *The four presidential debates were televised and watched by approximately 75 million Americans *Nixon's negative appearance on television affected voters' perception of him and aided Kennedy in the election

U-2 Spy Plane

1960 *Soviets shot down a United States U-2 reconnaissance plane in Soviet airspace *Eisenhower admitted to spying on the Soviets *The pilot, Francis Gary Powers, survived and served eighteen months in a Soviet jail

U-2 Spy Plane

1960; Soviets shoot down spy plane flying over Russia; Captured American pilot Francis Gary Powers

Alliance for Progress

1961 *The Alliance was a "Marshall Plan" for Latin America *Its purpose was to provide economic aid to help the region resist Communism *The results of the Alliance were disappointing to those who supported it

John F. Kennedy

1961-1963 *Thirty-fifth President *Democrat and first Catholic president *Domestic program (New Frontier) included tax reforms, educational aid, and emphasis on the space program *Raised minimum wage *Approved the Bay of Pigs invasion *Established the Peace Corps in 1961 as an agency to send American volunteers to developing countries *Successfully led America through the Cuban Missile Crisis *He was assassinated in Dallas on November 22, 1963, by Lee Harvey Oswald

Engel v. Vitale

1962 *Supreme Court held that a prayer created by the New York State Board of Regents was unconstitutional *Even though this prayer was "non-denominational," the Court held that state'sponsored prayer of any type went against the First Amendment's establishment of religion clause

Baker v. Carr

1962 *Tennessee had failed to reapportion its state legislature for sixty years despite growth and population movement *Charles Baker, a Tennessee voter, brought suit against the state, arguing a violation of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment *Baker claimed that his vote had been diluted *The Supreme Court held that the political question would be heard, opening the way for numerous voting suits

Cuban Missile Crisis

1962 crisis that arose between the United States and the Soviet Union over a Soviet attempt to deploy nuclear missiles in Cuba

Lyndon Johnson

1963-1969, Democrat , signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy famillies. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1964 Congressional resolution that authorized President Johnson to commit US troops to south vietnam and fight a war against north Vietnam

Watts Riots

1964 riots which started in an African-American ghetoo of Los Angeles and left 30 dead and 1,000 wounded. Riots lasted a week, and spurred hundreds more around the country.

Civil Rights Act of 1957

1964; banned discrimination in public acomodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal

Civil Rights Act of 1964

1964; banned discrimination in public acomodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal

Voting Rights Act of 1965

1965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it rboguth jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap

Tet Offensive

1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

War Powers Act

1973. A resolution of Congress that stated the President can only send troops into action abroad by authorization of Congress or if America is already under attack or serious threat.

Three Mile Island

1979 - A mechanical failure and a human error at this power plant in Pennsylvania combined to permit an escape of radiation over a 16 mile radius.

Ronald Reagan

1981-1989,"Great Communicator" Republican, conservative economic policies, replaced liberal Democrats in upper house with consevative Democrats or "boll weevils" , at reelection time, jesse jackson first black presdiential candidate, Geraldine Ferraro as VP running mate (first woman)

Bill Clinton

1992 and 1996; Democrat; Don't Ask Don't Tell policy implemented by Congress, Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, Travelgate controversy; Operation Desert Fox (4 day bombing campaign in Iraq); Scandals: Whitewater controversy, Lewinsky scandal (impeached and acquited), Travelgate controversy, Troopergate; first balanced budget since 1969

Social Darwinism

19th century of belief that evolutionary ideas theorized by Charles Darwin could be applied to society.

Rutherford B. Hayes

19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history

John Jay

1st Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, negotiated with British for Washington

Knights of Labor

1st effort to create National union. Open to everyone but lawyers and bankers. Vague program, no clear goals, weak leadership and organization. Failed

James Fenimore Cooper

1st truly American novelist noted for his stories of Indians and the frontier life; man's relationship w/ nature & westward expansion

Dwight Eisenhower

2 term Republican American president. He was elected because he was a WWII war hero. Ike planned the successful Operation Torch attack and was later appointed to be "Supreme Allied Commander" in Europe (he was placed in charge of all generals for all nations allied with the US). His next big plan was Operation Overlord.

Richard Wright

20th century writer best known for his novels dealing with the black experience in the United States. Two of his best known works are Black Boy and Native Son. The first African American writer to win a broad response from the reading public.

Grover Cleveland

22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes

Benjamin Harrison

23rd President; Republican, poor leader, introduced the McKinley Tariff and increased federal spending to a billion dollars

(286) William McKinley

25 president, supported a gold standard, imperialism and ran a "front porch" campaign. He was reelected in 1900 but assassinated one year in to his second term.

William McKinley

25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist

(293) Theodore Roosevelt

26th President, 1901-1909.War Hero during Spanish-American war. Was a "Trust Buster". He would "Speak softly and carry a big stick"

(299) William Howard Taft

27th President. 1909-1913. Prosecuted Trusts. Policy of "Dollar Diplomacy" said US could act in foreign affairs for financial gain. Later became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

(304) Woodrow Wilson

28th president. 1913-1921. progressive reforms regarding taxes and labor laws, 14 Points after WWI. Was racist

John F. Kennedy

35th President of the United States 35th President of the United States; only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize; events during his administration include the Bay of Pigs Invasion, the Cuban Missile Crisis, the building of the Berlin Wall, the Space Race, the African American Civil Rights Movement and early events of the Vietnam War; assassinated in Dallas, TX in 1963

Thomas Jefferson

3rd President of the United States , He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States.

Neo-Confucianism.

600 B.C.E. was the reemergence of confucianism

Il-Khan

A 'secondary' or 'peripheral' khan based in Persia. The Il-khans' khanate was founded by H?leg?, a grandson of Genghis Khan, was based at Tabriz in modern Azerbaijan. It controlled much of Iran and Iraq. (p. 333)

First Transcontinental Railroad

A 1,907-mile (3,069 km) contiguous railroad line constructed in the United States between 1863 and 1869 west of the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers to connect the Pacific coast.

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

Plessy v. Ferguson

A 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal

Palmer Raids

A 1920 operation coordinated by Attorney General Mitchel Palmer in which federal marshals raided the homes of suspected radicals and the headquarters of radical organization in 32 cities

National Labor Relations Act

A 1935 law, also known as the Wagner Act, that guarantees workers the right of collective bargaining sets down rules to protect unions and organizers, and created the National Labor Relations Board to regulate labor-managment relations.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

A 1946 United Nations covenant binding signatory nations to the observance of specified rights. (p. 892)

Geneva Accords

A 1954 peace agreement that divided Vietnam into Communist-controlled North Vietnam and non-Communist South Vietnam until unification elections could be held in 1956

Pentagon Papers

A 7,000-page top-secret United States government report on the history of the internal planning and policy-making process within the government itself concerning the Vietnam War.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

diaspora

A Greek word meaning 'dispersal,' used to describe the communities of a given ethnic group living outside their homeland. Jews, for example, spread from Israel to western Asia and Mediterranean lands in antiquity and today can be found in other places.103

Jesus

A Jew from Galilee in northern Israel who sought to reform Jewish beliefs and practices. He was executed as a revolutionary by the Romans. (155)

Paul

A Jew from the Greek city of Tarsus in Anatolia, he initially persecuted the followers of Jesus but, after receiving a revelation on the road to Syrian Damascus, became a Christian. (156)

nawab

A Muslim prince allied to British India; technically, a semi-autonomous deputy of the Mughal emperor. (p. 657)

Urdu

A Persian-influenced literary form of Hindi written in Arabic characters and used as a literary language since the 1300s. (p. 388)

Roger Williams

A Puritan preacher who fled Massachusetts after his views on religious observance became too extreme for other colonists

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

bubonic plague

A bacterial disease of fleas that can be transmitted by flea bites to rodents and humans; humans in late stages of the illness can spread the bacteria by coughing. High mortality rate and hard to contain. Disastrous. (280)

Battle of the Coral Sea

A battle between Japanese and American naval forces that stopped the Japanese advance on Australia.

(136) Romanticism

A belief in the innate goodness of man, nature *in 1800's. *Emphasized emotions over reason. *Reaction against the enlightenment

Black Panthers

A black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest.

Watergate Scandal

A break-in at the Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate complex in Washington was carried out under the direction of White House employees. Disclosure of the White House involvement in the break-in and subsequent cover-up forced President Nixon to resign in 1974 to avoid impeachment.

joint-stock company

A business, often backed by a government charter, that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risks (and profits) among many investors. (p. 460)

Little Ice Age

A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable. (p. 462)

Demographic Transition

A change in the rates of population growth. Before the transition, both birth and death rates are high, resulting in a slowly growing population; then the death rate drops but the birth rate remains high, causing a population explosion. (867)

most-favored-nation status

A clause in a commercial treaty that awards to any later signatories all the privileges previously granted to the original signatories. (p. 686)

Hebrew Bible

A collection of sacred books containing diverse materials concerning the origins, experiences, beliefs, and practices of the Israelites. Most of the extant text was compiled by members of the priestly class in the fifth century B.C.E. (99)

Treaty of Tordesillas

A commitment between Spain and Portugal, created a Papal line of Demarcation which divided the New World.

Persepolis

A complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homelan (119)

aqueduct

A conduit, either elevated or under ground, using gravity to carry water from a source to a location-usually a city-that needed it. The Romans built many aqueducts in a period of substantial urbanization. (p. 156)

Xiongnu

A confederation of nomadic peoples living beyond the northwest frontier of ancient China. Chinese rulers tried a variety of defenses and stratagems to ward off these 'barbarians,' as they called them, and dispersed them in 1st Century. (168)

Half-Way Covenant

A decision by Puritan colony churches to allow the grandchildren of those who had the personal experience of conversion to participate in select church affairs

Ostend Manifesto

A declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.

Scalawags

A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners

Malay Peoples

A designation for peoples originating in south China and Southeast Asia who settled the Malay Peninsula, Indonesia, and the Philippines, then spread eastward across the islands of the Pacific Ocean and west to Madagascar. (p. 190)

electric telegraph

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s and replaced telegraph systems that utilized visual signals such as semaphores. (609)

Great Western Schism

A division in the Latin (Western) Christian Church between 1378 and 1417, when rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome and Avignon. (p. 411)

Congress of Industrial Organizations

A federation of labor union for all unskilled workers. It provided a national labor union for unskilled workers, unlike the AFL, which limited itself to skilled workers.

The Panic of 1837

A financial panic that was caused by Jackson's presidential order for specie circular (gold/silver or securely backed paper money, that was sparked by a preceding speculation boom) in all governmental transactions, which was sparked by his desire to curb speculation. This causes a rush on the banks to get gold/silver/money, and the banks fail, because the "pet banks" had recently had a federal surplus withdrawn so that the states could receive what amounted to a subsidy. Without a central bank, the economy tanks, and people think that its Van Buren's fault.

electricity

A form of energy used in telegraphy from the 1840s on and for lighting, industrial motors, and railroads beginning in the 1880s. (p. 702)

steel

A form of iron that is both durable and flexible. It was first mass-produced in the 1860s and quickly became the most widely used metal in construction, machinery, and railroad equipment. (p. 701)

Proclamation of Neutrality

A formal announcement issued by President George Washington on April 22, 1793, declaring the United States a neutral nation in the conflict between Great Britain and France.

Alger Hiss

A former State Department official who was accused of being a Communist spy and was convicted of perjury. The case was prosecuted by Richard Nixon.

Bureau of Indian Affairs

A government agency created in the 1800s to oversee federal policy toward Native Americans

Emergency Quota Act

A government legislation that limited the number of immigrants from Europe which was set at 3% of the nationality currently in the U.S. It greatly limited the number of immigrants who could move to the U.S. And it reflected the isolationist and anti-foreign feeling in America as well as the departure from traditional American ideals.

Teapot Dome Scandal

A government scandal involving a former United States Navy oil reserve in Wyoming that was secretly leased to a private oil company in 1921

tax farming

A government's use of private collectors to collect taxes. Individuals or corporations contract with the government to collect a fixed amount for the government and are permitted to keep as profit everything they collect over that amount. (p. 334)

Royal Colony

A governor selected by England's king would serve in the leadership role and choose additional, lesser officers.

encomienda

A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians. (479)

manumission

A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave. (p. 505)

Uigurs

A group of Turkic-speakers who controlled their own centralized empire from 744 to 840 in Mongolia and Central Asia. (p. 284)

Muckrakers

A group of investigative reporters who pointed out the abuses of big business and the corruption of urban politics; included Frank Norris (The Octopus) Ida Tarbell (A history of the standard oil company) Lincoln Steffens (the shame of the cities) and Upton Sinclair (The Jungle)

Gideon v Wainwright

A landmark case in United States Supreme Court history. In the case, the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that state courts are required under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution to provide counsel in criminal cases for defendants unable to afford their own attorneys.

Library of Ashurbanipal

A large collection of writings drawn from the ancient literary, religious, and scientific traditions of Mesopotamia. It was assembled by the sixth century B.C.E. Assyrian ruler Ashurbanipal. (98)

Louis Brandeis

A lawyer and jurist, he created the "Brandeis Brief," which succinctly outlines the facts of the case and cites legal precedents, in order to persuade the judge to make a certain ruling.

William Randolph Hearst

A leading newspaperman of his times, he ran The New York Journal and helped create and propagate "yellow (sensationalist) journalism."

Ralph Nader

A leftist American politician who promotes the environment, fair consumerism, and social welfare programs. His book Unsafe at Any Speed brought attention to the lack of safety in American automobiles.

Western Front

A line of trenches and fortifications in World War I that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the North Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany, on the one hand, and France and Britain, on the other. (p. 757)

Creationism

A literal interpretation of the Bible regarding the creation of humanity and the universe, used to argue that evolution should not be presented as established scientific fact

Ramesses II

A long-lived ruler of New Kingdom Egypt (r. 1290-1224 B.C.E.). He reached an accommodation with the Hittites of Anatolia after a standoff in battle at Kadesh in Syria. He built on a grand scale throughout Egypt. (p. 68)

steam engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable steam engine in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. Steam power was then applied to machinery. (607)

Civilian Conservation Corp

A major public works program in the United States during the Great Depression.

Borobodur

A massive stone monument on the Indonesian island of Java, erected by the Sailendra kings around 800 C.E. The winding ascent through ten levels, decorated with rich relief carving, is a Buddhist allegory for the progressive stages of enlightenment. (193)

printing press

A mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a woodblock or type to paper using ink. Presses using movable type first appeared in Europe in about 1450. See also movable type. (p. 409)

water wheel

A mechanism that harnesses the energy in flowing water to grind grain or to power machinery. It was used in many parts of the world but was especially common in Europe from 1200 to 1900. (p. 398)

Stamp Act Congress

A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.

indentured servant

A migrant to British colonies in the Americas who paid for passage by agreeing to work for a set term ranging from four to seven years. (p. 486)

The Santa Fe Expedition

A military and commercial venture purposed with establishing the northern boundaries of Texas by claiming parts of New Mexico. President Lamar also sought to obtain control over the Santa Fe Trail in order to procure trade with New Mexico. The expedition was deemed a failure since the group was captured by Mexican forces and held captive for over a year. The failure of the Santa Fe Expedition was deemed a huge blemish on Lamar's record as president.

Stephen Douglas

A moderate, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty.

First Temple

A monumental sanctuary built in Jerusalem by King Solomon in the tenth century B.C.E. to be the religious center for the Israelite god Yahweh. The Temple priesthood conducted sacrifices, received a tithe or percentage of agricultural revenues. (102)

Indian National Congress

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor. (p. 663)

Indian National Congress

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, it appealed to the poor (812)

Saturday Night Massacre

A name given to the resignation of the U.S. attorney general and the firing of his deputy in October 1973, after they refused to carry out President Nixon's order to fire the special prosecutor investigating the Watergate affair

Engel v Vitale

A nondenominational prayer was authorized to be said at the start of each day at local public schools. Result: The prayer violated the establishment clause. = 1st A.

Carpetbaggers

A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states

Qin

A people and state in the Wei Valley of eastern China that conquered rival states and created the first Chinese empire (221-206 B.C.E.). The Qin ruler, Shi Huangdi, standardized many features of Chinese society and enslaved subjects. (163)

Hittites

A people from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the Late Bronze Age. With wealth from the trade in metals and military power based on chariot forces, the hittites vied with New Kingdom Egypt over Syria (p.64)

Zulu

A people of modern South Africa whom King Shaka united beginning in 1818. (p. 649)

Mongols

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. >(p. 325)

Gold Rush

A period from1848 to 1856 when thousands of people came to California in order to search for gold.

Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished

Renaissance

A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern Renaissance 1400-1600 (445)

Renaissance (European)

A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern trans-Alpine Renaissance (407,445)

scholasticism

A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century. (p. 408)

Enlightenment

A philosophical movement in eighteenth-century Europe that fostered the belief that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics. (pp. 468, 574)

positivism

A philosophy developed by the French count of Saint-Simon. Positivists believed that social and economic problems could be solved by the application of the scientific method, leading to continuous progress. Popular in France and Latin America. (616)

stock exchange

A place where shares in a company or business enterprise are bought and sold. (p. 460)

Selective Service and Training Act

A plan for the first peacetime draft in American history; opinions changed towards this act due to Germany's victory over France

Marshall Plan

A plan that the US came up with to revive war-torn economies of Europe. This plan offered $13 billion in aid to western and Southern Europe.

Dawes Plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success.

liberalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes. (713)

Francisco Pancho Villa

A popular leader during the Mexican Revolution. An outlaw in his youth, when the revolution started, he formed a cavalry army in the north of Mexico and fought for the rights of the landless in collaboration with Emiliano Zapata. (819)

Habsburg

A powerful European family that provided many Holy Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian (later Austro-Hungarian) Empire, and ruled sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Spain. (p. 449)

Teotihuacan

A powerful city-state in central Mexico (100-75 C.E.). Its population was about 150,000 at its peak in 600. (p. 300)

driver

A privileged male slave whose job was to ensure that a slave gang did its work on a plantation. (p. 503)

Vietnam War

A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.

Bacon's Rebellion

A rebellion with back country farmers to attack Native Americans in an attempt to gain more land 1676

papyrus

A reed that grows along the banks of the Nile River in Egypt. From it was produced a coarse, paperlike writing medium used by the Egyptians and many other peoples in the ancient Mediterranean and Middle East. (p. 44)

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Dorothea Dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.

Charles Evans Hughes

A reformist Republican governor of New York, who had gained fame as an investigator of malpractices by gas and insurance companies and by the coal trust. He later ran against Wilson in the 1916 election.

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

A regional defense pact pulled together by Dulles to prevent the "fall" to communism of South Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia.

Europe

A relatively small continent with a large population. It is resource rich and, on the whole, mild and temperate in climate. It is physically joined to Asia.

Tennessee Valley Authority

A relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.

Zoroastrianism

A religion originating in ancient Iran with the prophet Zoroaster. It centered on a single benevolent deity-Ahuramazda, Emphasizing truth-telling, purity, and reverence for nature, the religion demanded that humans choose sides between good and evil (120)

three-field system

A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced two-field system in medieval Europe. (p. 396)

Manhattan Projec

A secret U.S. project for the construction of the atomic bomb.

Ku Klux Klan

A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.

Upanishads

A series of essays and poems raised the possibility that people could liberate themselves from the cycle of life, death, and reincarnation without relying so heavily on the brahmins.

Intolerable Acts

A series of laws passed in 1774 to punish Boston for the Tea Party

Alien and Sedition Acts

A series of laws that sought to restrict the activities of people who opposed Federalist policies (1798)

Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I.

The First Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals occurring throughout the colonies and prevalent in New England.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

maroon

A slave who ran away from his or her master. Often a member of a community of runaway slaves in the West Indies and South America. (p. 505)

(140) Denmark Vesey

A slave who won enough $$ in a lottery to buy his freedom; was hanged for planning a slave revolt

city-state

A small independent state consisting of an urban center and the surrounding agricultural territory. A characteristic political form in early Mesopotamia, Archaic and Classical Greece, Phoenicia, and early Italy. (p. 32)

caravel

A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. (p. 427)

Red Scare

A social/political movement designed to prevent a socialist/communist/radical movement in this country by finding "radicals," incarcerating them, deporting them, and subverting their activities

sepoy

A soldier in South Asia, especially in the service of the British. (p. 658)

World Bank

A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. (p. 834)

Srivijaya

A state based on the Indonesian island of Sumatra, between the seventh and eleventh centuries C.E. It amassed wealth and power by a combination of selective adaptation of Indian technologies and concepts, and control of trade routes. (192)

Champa

A state formerly located in what is now southern Vietnam. It was hostile to Annam and was annexed by Annam and destroyed as an independent entity in 1500. (p. 366)

tribute system

A system in which defeated peoples were forced to pay a tax in the form of goods and labor. This forced transfer of food, cloth, and other goods subsidized the development of large cities. An important component of the Aztec and Inca economies. (p. 307)

tributary system

A system in which, from the time of the Han Empire, countries in East and Southeast Asia not under the direct control of empires based in China nevertheless enrolled as tributary states, acknowledging the superiority of the emperors in China. (279)

cuneiform

A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adapted to represent other languages of western Asia.

Indenture System

A system where poor people received immigration passage and fees in return for a number of years of labor.

Tariff of 1832

A tariff imposed by Jackson which was unpopular in the South; South Carolina nullified it, but Jackson pushed through the Force Act, which enabled him to make South Carolina comply through force; Henry Clay reworked the tariff so that South Carolina would accept it, but after accepting it, South Carolina also nullified the Force Act

Townshend Act

A tax that the British Parliament passed in 1767 that was placed on leads, glass, paint and tea

fresco

A technique of painting on walls covered with moist plaster. It was used to decorate Minoan and Mycenaean palaces and Roman villas, and became an important medium during the Italian Renaissance. (p. 73)

shaft graves

A term used for the burial sites of elite members of Mycenaean Greek society in the mid-second millennium B.C.E. At the bottom of deep shafts lined with stone slabs, the bodies were laid out along with gold and bronze jewelry, implements, and weapons (75

Royal African Company

A trading company chartered by the English government in 1672 to conduct its merchants' trade on the Atlantic coast of Africa. (p. 507)

hadith

A tradition relating the words or deeds of the Prophet Muhammad; next to the Quran, the most important basis for Islamic law. (p. 241)

Mahabharata

A vast epic chronicling the events leading up to a cataclysmic battle between related kinship groups in early India. It includes the Bhagavad-Gita, the most important work of Indian sacred literature. (p. 185)

Adolph Hitler

A very crude leader that took advantage of a disillusioned and depression-stricken nation. After the Treaty of Versailles blamed Germany for WWI, Hitler lead the nation into WWII under the "big lie." He was a manipulative and feared dictator that vented his anger on the Jewish Nation.

junk

A very large flatbottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel. (p. 288)

contract of indenture

A voluntary agreement binding a person to work for a specified period of years in return for free passage to an overseas destination. Before 1800 most indentured servants were Europeans; after 1800 most indentured laborers were Asians. (p. 670)

Berlin Wall

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

nomadism

A way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water. (p. 326)

Abbasid Dynasty

Abbasids, headquartered in Baghdad, allowed Muslims as well as Persians, Egyptians, and Mesopotamians to rise to positions of power and wealth.

John Brown

Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858)

Declaratory Act

Act passed in 1766 after the repeal of the stamp act; stated that Parliament had authority over the the colonies and the right to tax and pass legislation "in all cases whatsoever."

Taft-Hartley Act

Act passed in 1947 that put increased restrictions on labor unions. Also, it allowed states to pass "right to work" laws: prohibited "union" shop (= workers must join union after being hired). It also prohibited secondary boycotts and established that the President has power to issue injections in strikes that endangered national health & safety ("cooling off" period)

Salt II

Additional arms limitations signings in 1979 which places limits on long-range missiles, bombers and nuclear warheads.

Declaration of Independence

Adopted July 4, 1776 *Document restating political ideas justifying the separation from Britain *Thomas Jefferson and his committee had the duty of drafting for the Continental Congress *John Locke's influences served as a foundation for this document *The final product lacked provisions condemning the British slave trade and a denunciation of the British people that earlier drafts had contained

Technological Development of Tang and Song Dynasties

Advances were made possible as a result of abundant food supplies: High quality porcelain, metallurgical technologies, military advances, printing technology.

Rashid al-Din

Adviser to the Il-khan ruler Ghazan, who converted to Islam on Rashid's advice. (p. 334)

Marcus Garvey

African American leader durin the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

Booker T Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

Eddie Bernice Johnson

African American representative from Texas' 30th district, used her position of lawmaker to create a forum for fighting discrimination. Johnson advocated for legislation meant to curb housing discrimination and investigations into unfair government contracts.

Asante

African kingdom on the Gold Coast that expanded rapidly after 1680. Asante participated in the Atlantic economy, trading gold, slaves, and ivory. It resisted British imperial ambitions for a quarter century before being absorbed into Britain. 1902 (736)

ancestor veneration

African peoples placed this at the heart of their religious practice and believed that proper observance of funeral customs and the sacrifice of food and wine would persuade the spirits of departed ancestors to protect their village. It spread widely throughout East Asia.

recaptives

Africans rescued by Britain's Royal Navy from the illegal slave trade of the nineteenth century and restored to free status. (p. 655)

Growth of the Suburbs

After World War II, people began to move away from cities, leading to suburban growt

Pedro Garibay

After arresting many criollo leaders and shipping Iturrigaray back to Spain, he was made the new viceroy.

Reconstruction Finance Corpertion

Agency established in 1932 to provide emergency relief to large businesses, insurance companies, and banks.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Agreement signed in 1928 in which nations agreed not to pose the threat of war against one another

Berlin Airlift

Airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

Muscle Shoals

Alabama, Musicians were white and singers were black, Booker T and the M.G.'s

Juan N. Seguin

Alamo survivor. Spread the message "Remember the Alamo", which became a rallying cry for Texas independence.

Corrupt Bargain of 1824

Alleged deal between Clay and J.Q. Adams to make Clay Secretary of State by giving all House support to Adams to help him defeat Jackson.

keiretsu

Alliances of corporations and banks that dominate the Japanese economy. (p. 861)

Mandate System

Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I, to be administered under League of Nations supervision. (p. 770)

Oceania

Along with Australia, the thousands of islands in the Pacific Ocean that form no continent.

Neolithic (New or Recent Stone Age)

Along with shifting climate changes (tundras to grasslands, former grasslands to forests), people started to settle more parts of the earth. Pastoralism and agriculture become more common.

Aztecs

Also known as Mexica, the Aztecs created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax. (p. 305)

Ashcan School

Also known as The Eight, a group of American Naturalist painters formed in 1907, most of whom had formerly been newspaper illustrators, they believed in portraying scenes from everyday life in starkly realistic detail. Their 1908 display was the first art show in the U.S.

Ignacio Elizondo

Ambushed the insurgents, capturing many of their important leaders including Father Hidalgo.

American Hostages in Iran

America had supported the Shah of Iran, who lost power after a coup by the Ayatollah Khomein. Iranians captured the US Embassy and held them hostage, wanting the shah in return

John Adams

America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

(288) Open Door Policy

America's foreign policy regaurding China after acquiring the Philippines. Supported open trade.

Samuel Adams

American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence

Marcus Alonzo Hanna

American capitalist dealing in coal, shipping, shipbuilding, banking, and newspaper

Benjamin Franklin

American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution. (p. 577)

Thomas Edison

American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, acoustic recording on wax cylinders, and motion pictures. (p. 703)

John Marshall

American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review.

Frederick Winslow Taylor

American mechanical engineer, who wanted to improve industrial efficiency. He is known as the father of scientific management, and was one of the first management consultants

John Paul Jones

American naval commander in the American Revolution (1747-1792) said " I have not yet begun to fight."

Walt Whitman

American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry.

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Edgar Allan Poe

American writer known especially for his macabre poems, such as "The Raven" (1845), and short stories, including "The Fall of the House of Usher" (1839).

1821

Americans first began to settle in Texas at the end of this year when Stephen F. Austin and several families settled in Central Texas.

Iran-Contra Affair

Americans kidnapped in Beirut by Iranian govt, so deal, scandal including arms sales to the Middle East in order to send money to help the Contras in Nicaragua even though Congress had objected, Poindexter and North involved

Arawak

Amerindian peoples who inhabited the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean at the time of Columbus. (p. 423)

Hammurabi

Amorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E.). He conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases. (p. 34)

American Protective League

An American World War I-era private organization that worked with federal law enforcement agencies in support of the anti German Empire movement, as well as against radical anarchists, anti-war activists, and left-wing labor and political organizations.

Ulysses S Grant

An American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Whig Party

An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements

Sir Walter Raleigh

An English adventurer and writer, who was prominent at the court of Queen Elizabeth I, and became an explorer of the Americas. In 1585, Raleigh sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. It failed and is known as " The Lost Colony."

Buddha

An Indian prince named Siddhartha Gautama, who renounced his wealth and social position. After becoming 'enlightened' (the meaning of Buddha) he enunciated the principles of Buddhism. (180)

(285) Cross of Gold Speech

An address given by Bryan, the Democratic presidential nominee during the national convention of the Democratic party, it criticized the gold standard and supported the coinage of silver. His beliefs were popular with debt-ridden farmers.

Muslim

An adherent of the Islamic religion; a person who 'submits' (in Arabic, Islam means 'submission') to the will of God. (p. 231) )

Early Japan

An agricultural society inspired by Tang China, instituted a series of reforms to centralize power.

Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO

Iroquois Confederacy

An alliance of five northeastern Amerindian peoples (after 1722 six) that made decisions on military and diplomatic issues through a council of representatives. Allied first with the Dutch and later with the English, it dominated W. New England. (488)

Twelfth Amendment

An amendment to the Constitution, adopted in 1804, that specifies the separate election of the president and vice president by the electoral college.

Branch Davidian Incident

An apocalyptic group founded during the 1930s, David Koresh and his followers lived at a compound outside Waco, Texas. A shootout occurred between the FBI, the ATF, and Branch Davidians as a warrant for illegal weapons and child abuse was attempted to be served. Four federal agents and five Branch Davidians were killed. A 51-day standoff occurred which resulted in the death of Koresh and his followers.

State Colonization Law of March 24, 1825

An attempt to bring people to the states of Coahuila and Texas, encourage agriculture, and assist commerce. Although Americans were allowed to settle in these states, Mexicans would receive first choice of lands. Americans were given a temporary pass of taxation but had to agree to take an oath to obey federal and state constitutions, practice the Christian faith, and behave with high morals. In exchange for these vows, these settlers would become citizens of Mexico.

Oveta Culp Hobby

An attorney and journalist who became the first secretary of the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. She was also the first commanding officer of the Women's Army Corp and chairperson of the board of the Houston Post.

Mary Maverick

An early Texas pioneer whose memoirs serves as a critical source of daily life in San Antonio during the Republic of Texas and early statehood.

Funan

An early complex society in Southeast Asia between the first and sixth centuries C.E. It was centered in the rich rice-growing region of southern Vietnam, and it controlled the passage of trade across the Malaysian isthmus. (p. 191)

Hanseatic League

An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century. (p. 401)

Fair Deal

An economic extension of the New Deal proposed by Harry Truman that called for higher minimum wage, housing and full employment. It led only to the Housing Act of 1949 and the Social Security Act of 1950 due to opposition in congress.

Import Substitution Industrialization

An economic system aimed at building a country's industry by restricting foreign trade. It was especially popular in Latin American countries such as Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil in the mid-twentieth century. (823)

durbar

An elaborate display of political power and wealth in British India in the nineteenth century, ostensibly in imitation of the pageantry of the Mughal Empire. (p. 661)

Neo-Assyrian Empire

An empire extending from western Iran to Syria-Palestine, conquered by the Assyrians of northern Mesopotamia between the tenth and seventh centuries B.C.E. They used force and terror and exploited the wealth and labor of their subjects. (93)

Incan Empire

An empire in Modern day Peru

Cross of Gold Speech

An impassioned address by William Jennings Bryan at the 1896 Deomcratic Convention, in which he attacked the "gold bugs" who insisted that U.S. currency be backed only with gold.

Zheng He

An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa. (pp. 355, 422)

WTO

An international body established in 1995 to foster and bring order to international trade. (p. 889)

North Atlantic Treaty Organization

An international organization that has joined together for military purposes

United Nations

An international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. It was founded in 1945 at the signing of the United Nations Charter by 50 countries, replacing the League of Nations, founded in 1919.

seasoning

An often difficult period of adjustment to new climates, disease environments, and work routines, such as that experienced by slaves newly arrived in the Americas. (p. 504)

African National Congress

An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Eventually brought equality (809)

labor union

An organization of workers in a particular industry or trade, created to defend the interests of members through strikes or negotiations with employers. (p. 709)

European Community

An organization promoting economic unity in Europe formed in 1967 by consolidation of earlier, more limited, agreements. Replaced by the European Union (EU) in 1993. (p. 834)

Black Death

An outbreak of bubonic plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons. (p. 397)

patron/client relationship

Anciant Roman: a fundamental social relationship in which the patron-a wealthy and powerful individual-provided legal and economic protection and assistance to clients, men of lesser status and means, and in return the clients supported their patrons (149

Wari

Andean civilization culturally linked to Tiwanaku, perhaps beginning as colony of Tiwanaku. (p. 314)

mit'a

Andean labor system based on shared obligations to help kinsmen and work on behalf of the ruler and religious organizations. (p. 312)

ayllu

Andean lineage group or kin-based community. (p. 312)

Battles of Concord and Lexington

April 1775 *Concord: Site suspected by British General Gage of housing a stockpile of colonial weaponry *Paul Revere, William Dawes, and others detected movement of British troops toward Concord and warned militia and gathered Minutemen at Lexington Lexington: Militia and Royal infantry fought, and the colonial troops withdrew

Bay of Pigs

April 1961 *Attempted invasion of Cuba by CIA-trained Cuban refugees *Goal was to overthrow Fidel Castro, Cuba's Communist-friendly leader *The invasion failed after Kennedy refused air support *JFK assumed responsibility for the invasion

Louisiana Purchase

April 30, 1803 *Purchased for $15 million from France *Jefferson was concerned about the constitutionality of purchasing land without having this authority granted by the Constitution, so he employed the presidential power of treaty-making to make the purchase *United States' territory was doubled *The purchase helped remove France from the western borders of the United States *Farmers could now send their goods (furs, grains, tobacco) down the Mississippi River and through New Orleans, facilitating transportation to Europe *The expansion westward created more states with Jeffersonian Republican representation to the point that the Federalists became a marginalized party *Opened land to agrarian expansion, helping fulfill one of the tenets of Jefferson's social ideology

Conclusion of the Civil War

April 9, 1865 *With his forced surrounded, General Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House in Virginia *Lee's surrender caused the remaining Confederate soldiers to lay down their arms *By the end of the conflict, the country had sustained over 600,000 casualties

Ibn Khaldun

Arab historian. He developed an influential theory on the rise and fall of states. Born in Tunis, he spent his later years in Cairo as a teacher and judge. In 1400 he was sent to Damascus to negotiate the surrender of the city. (336)

Faisal

Arab prince, leader of the Arab Revolt in World War I. The British made him king of Iraq in 1921, and he reigned under British protection until 1933. (p. 760)

Muhammad (570-632 C.E.)

Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam. (p. 230)

Oman

Arab state based in Musqat, the main port in the southwest region of the Arabian peninsula. Oman succeeded Portugal as a power in the western Indian Ocean in the eighteenth century. (p. 542)

Pericles

Aristocratic leader who guided the Athenian state through the transformation to full participatory democracy for all male citizens. (130)

Who are some leading figures who outlined basic laws of geometry, geography, astronomy, medicine, and natural history?

Aristotle, Ptolemy, Euclid, Archimedes.

Crusades

Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The Crusades brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation. (p. 270)

Quakers

Around 1680 *Quakers believed human religious institutions were largely unnecessary *They thought they could receive revelation directly from God and placed little importance on the Bible *They were pacifists and declined to show customary deference to their alleged social superiors *Quakers' aggressiveness in denouncing established institutions brought them trouble in both Britain and America *They opposed slavery and favored decent treatment of Native Americans *Elements of this culture would play a role in shaping the characterization of a United States that values independence and social equality

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

Arrested in the Summer of 1950 and executed in 1953, they were convicted of conspiring to commit espionage by passing plans for the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union.

John B, Magruder

Arrived in Texas on October 1862 after being reassigned by General Lee. His greatest success was a victory at the Battle of Galveston where the Confederate Army recaptured Galveston Island. It remained under Confederate control throughout the remainder of the war despite a war-long Union blockade of the Gulf Coast.

Elastic Clause

Article I, Section 8, of the Constitution, which allows Congress to make all laws that are "necessary and proper" to carry out the powers of the Constitution.

Teller Amendment

As Americans were preparing for war with Spain over Cuba in 1898, this Senate measure stated that under no circumstances would the United States annex Cuba. The amendment was passed as many in the muckraking press were suggesting that the Cuban people would be better off "under the protection" of the U.S

Socrates

Athenian philosopher (ca. 470-399 B.C.E.) who shifted the emphasis of philosophical investigation from questions of natural science to ethics and human behavior. He made enemies in government by revealing the ignorance of others. (133)

Potsdam Conference

August 2, 1945 *Attended by Truman, Stalin, Churchill, and Churchill's replacement, Clement Attlee *Agreed upon a policy for the occupation of both Germany and Japan *Decided German reparations *Demanded that Japan surrender or be destroyed

Theodore Herzl

Austrian journalist and founder of the Zionist movement urging the creation of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine. (p. 760)

Washington Irving

Author, diplomat, wrote The Sketch Book, which included "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow," the first American to be recognized in England (and elsewhere) as a writer

Henry Kissinger

Awarded 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for helping to end Vietnam War and withdrawing American forces. Heavily involved in South American politics as National Security Advisor and Secretary of State. Condoned covert tactics to prevent communism and facism from spreading throughout South America.

J.P. Morgan

Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"

Swahili

Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa. (p. 542)

Feudalism

Basic concept refers to the political and social order of medieval Europe based on a hierarchy of lords and vassals who controlled political and military affairs.

James Hogg

Became first native Texan to serve as its governor.

George Grenville

Became prime minister of Britain in 1763 he persuaded the Parliament to pass a law allowing smugglers to be sent to vice-admiralty courts which were run by British officers and had no jury. He did this to end smuggling.

Black Codes

Began 1865 *Restrictions by Southern states on former slaves *Designed to replicate the conditions of slavery in post-Civil War South *Various codes prohibited meetings without a white present, while others established segregated public facilities *Led to Radical Republican opposition and exclusion of Southern representation in Congress

Cold War

Began 1946 *War of words caused by differences in economic and political beliefs between the US and USSR *No actual fighting took place *Churchill commented that an "Iron Curtain" had been dropped between Western Europe and the Soviet's Eastern Europe

Secession

Began in December of 1860 *Response to the election of Abraham Lincoln, wh sought tocontain slavery *South Carolina voted to secede on December 10, 1860 *Over the following two months, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas seceded *The remaining states- Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina- seceded after the fall of Fort Sumter *These states declared themselves the Confederate States of America and elected Jefferson Davis as president, adopting a constitution that permitted slavery rights and sovereignty of states

Atlantic Slave Trade

Began in the 1300s. Europeans colonists wanted to exploit the natural resources of their new homes, but there was labor shortage in the Americas. The solution was to use Africans as slaves. These slaves were typically purchased by European slave traders from African tribal leaders. Although more slaves were transported to South America than North America, the long-term effects were racism in the Americas, economic stagnation in Africa, and political division in the U.S.

Panic of 1857

Began with the failure of the Ohio Life Insurance Company and spread to the urban east. The depression affected the industrial east and the wheat belt more than the South.

Vietnam War: Causes

Beginning 1954 *Vietnam was divided into the Communist North, led by Ho Chi Minh, and the South, supported by the US *The Viet Cong (Communist guerillas) attempted to overthrow Saigon, South Vietnam's capital *South Vietnam asked President Kennedy for aid to fend off the Communists

reconquest of Iberia

Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms. (p. 414)

monotheism

Belief in a single divine entity. The Israelite worship of Yahweh developed into an exclusive belief in one god, and this concept passed into Christianity and Islam. (102)

Isolationalism

Belief that political ties to other countries should be avoided, supported by the Americans

Separatists

Believed the Church of England was beyond saving and felt that they must separate from it

Sahel

Belt south of the Sahara; literally 'coastland' in Arabic. (p. 215)

(284) W.E.B DuBois

Black civil rights leader and author Called for social, economic and political equality Founded NAACP

Joesph Stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition (780)

Quran

Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca. 610 and his death in 632; the sacred text of the religion of Islam. (p. 232)

James Meredith

Born 1933 *James Meredith obtained a federal court order to allow him to enroll at the University of Mississippi in 1962 *On several occasions, he was barred from enrolling *Federal marshals were called in to aid him in enrolling and attending classes

Adolf Hitler

Born in Austria, Hitler became a radical German nationalist during World War I. He led the National Socialist German Workers' Party-the Nazi Party-in the 1920s and became dictator of Germany in 1933. He led Europe into World War II. (p. 786)

economic sanctions

Boycotts, embargoes, and other economic measures that one country uses to pressure another country into changing its policies. (p. 889)

Shi'ite Islam

Branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali. Shi'ism is the state religion of Iran. (See also Sunnis.) (pp. 225, 531)

Cuban Missile Crisis

Brink-of-war confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over the latter's placement of nuclear-armed missiles in Cuba. (p. 839)

Convention of 1818

Britain and the United States agreed to the 49th parallel as the northern boundary of the Louisiana Territory between Lake of the Woods and the Rocky Mountains. The two nations also agreed to joint occupation of the Oregon country for ten years.

William Pitt

Britain's Prime minister, treaty of pairs

Cecil Rhodes Asante

British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. The colonies of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) were named after him. (p. 736)

Virtual Representation

British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members

Battle of Omdurman

British victory over the Mahdi in the Sudan in 1898. General Kitchener led a mixed force of British and Egyptian troops armed with rapid-firing rifles and machine guns. (p. 730)

Stanley, Henry Morton (1841-1904)

British-American explorer of Africa, famous for his expeditions in search of Dr. David Livingstone. Stanley helped King Leopold II establish the Congo Free State. (p. 732)

Election of 1960

Brought about the era of political television. Between Kennedy and Nixon. Issues centered around the Cold War and economy. Kennedy argued that the nation faces serious threats from the soviets. Nixon countered that the US was on the right track under the current administration. Kennedy won by a narrow margin.

Crystal Palace

Building erected in Hyde Park, London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age. (p. 606)

What does it mean to learn empirically?

By means of systematic observation.

Jacksonian Politics

Called for a strong executive who liberally used the vet

Cultural Revolution

Campaign in China ordered by Mao Zedong to purge the Communist Party of his opponents and instill revolutionary values in the younger generation.(p. 848)

high culture

Canons of artistic and literary masterworks recognized by dominant economic classes. (p. 897)

Thebes

Capital city of Egypt and home of the ruling dynasties during the Middle and New Kingdoms. Amon, patron deity of Thebes, became one of the chief gods of Egypt. Monarchs were buried across the river in the Valley of the Kings. (p. 43)

Mero?

Capital of a flourishing kingdom in southern Nubia from the fourth century B.C.E. to the fourth century C.E. In this period Nubian culture shows more independence from Egypt and the influence of sub-Saharan Africa. (p. 71)

Tenochtitlan

Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins. (p. 305)

(287) Marcus Hanna

Capitalist who helped get McKinley elected for governer and eventually president

Wabash Case

Case challenged legislation made the State of Illinois against railroads; the state was trying to appease the demands of farmers for lower railroad rate

Baker v Carr

Case that est. one man one vote. this decision created guidelines for drawing up congresional districts and guaranteed a more equitable system of representation to the citizens of each state

Representative works from India include huge _________ built in honor of Buddhist and Hindu deities.

Cave temples. Ex. Pillars of Ashoka.

Delhi Sulatanate

Centralized Indian empire of varying extent, created by Muslim invaders. (p. 374)

Navigation Acts

Certain goods shipped from a New World port were to go only to Britain or to another New World port. Led to tensions with the colonies

Henry Cabot Lodge

Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)

Twentieth Amendment

Changed the inauguration date from March 4 to January 20 for president and vice president, and to January 3 for senators and representatives. It also said Congress must assemble at least once a year.

Twenty-Sixth Amendment

Changed the legal voting age from 21 to 18.

Decline of the Carolingian Empire

Charlemagne died in 814.

Carolingian Empire

Charlemagne extended the empire into northeastern Spain, Bavaria, and Italy and as far south as Rome.

Georgia

Chartered in 1732 *James Oglethorpe, an English philanthropist and soldier, charted the colony *Settlers included those who paid their own way to receive the best land grants *Some settlers were financed by the colony's board of trustees, including bands of prisoners from British jails *After wars between the European empires began, the colony served as a buffer between South Carolina and Spanish-held Florida *Elaborate and detailed regulations resulted in relatively little settlement

Ashur

Chief deity of the Assyrians, he stood behind the king and brought victory in war. Also the name of an important Assyrian religious and political center. (p. 94)

Beijing

China's northern capital, first used as an imperial capital in 906 and now the capital of the People's Republic of China. (p. 351)

Daoism

Chinese School of Thought: Daoists believe that the world is always changing and is devoid of absolute morality or meaning. They accept the world as they find it, avoid futile struggles, and deviate as little as possible from the Dao, or 'path' of nature.

Yuan Shikai

Chinese general and first president of the Chinese Republic (1912-1916). He stood in the way of the democratic movement led by Sun Yat-sen. (p. 768)

Sun Yat-Sen

Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders. (p. 768)

Mandate of Heaven

Chinese religious and political ideology developed by the Zhou, was the prerogative of Heaven, the chief deity, to grant power to the ruler of China.

Treaty Ports

Cities opened to foreign residents as a result of the forced treaties between the Qing Empire and foreign signatories. In the treaty ports, foreigners enjoyed extraterritoriality. (p. 685)

Hiroshima

City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II.

Hiroshima

City in Japan, the first to be destroyed by an atomic bomb, on August 6, 1945. The bombing hastened the end of World War II. (p. 797)

Stalingrad

City in Russia, site of a Red Army victory over the Germany army in 1942-1943. The Battle of Stalingrad was the turning point in the war between Germany and the Soviet Union. Today Volgograd. (p. 793)

Chang'an

City in the Wei Valley in eastern China. It became the capital of the Zhou kingdom and the Qin and early Han Empires. Its main features were imitated in the cities and towns that sprang up throughout the Han Empire. >(p. 164)

Medina

City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca. (p. 231)

Mecca

City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion. (p. 230)

Carthage

City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E. (p. 107)

Augustine

City of God provided the intellectual basis for further Christian doctrine.

Alexandria

City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of the Ptolemies. It contained the famous Library and the Museum-a center for leading scientific and literary figures. (138)

Timbuktu

City on the Niger River in the modern country of Mali. It was founded by the Tuareg as a seasonal camp sometime after 1000. As part of the Mali empire, Timbuktu became a major major terminus of the trans-Saharan trade and a center of Islamic learning (388

Great Zimbabwe

City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state. (p. 385)

Lulu Belle Madison White

Civil Rights leader during the 1940s and 1950s who also campaigned for suffrage, equal pay for all, and desegregation of public institutions. She joined the NAACP in 1937.

Battle of Antietam

Civil War battle in which the North suceedeed in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 25,000 casualties

James Farmer

Civil rights leader, founded the 1961 Freedom Ride, which led to the desegregation of interstate transportation in the U.S. He also founded the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), who goal was to end segregation through nonviolence.

Moche

Civilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples. (p. 313)

Anne Hutchinson

Claimed to have special relations from God that superseded the Bible, contrary to Puritan Doctrine, Banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony, funded Rhode Island

Asian Tigers

Collective name for South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore-nations that became economic powers in the 1970s and 1980s. (p. 861)

Bantu

Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages. (p. 219)

The Second Continental Congress

Colonial representative meeting in Philadelphia, presided over by John Hancoc

Charter Colony

Colonists were essentially members of a corporation and based on an agreed-upon charter, electors among the colonists would control the government.

Greco-Roman architecture made distinct use of _______, with the Romans adding _____________.

Columns and facades; archways and domes. Such as the Parthenon, Colosseum, the Church of St. Sophia, etc.

The Hundred Days

Commenced on March 9, 1933 *President Roosevelt called a special session of Congress to deal with the weak American banking system *Congress passed an emergency act to deal with banking and then continued the session to handle the problems of unemployment and falling farm prices *This special session became known as the "Hundred Days" *It launched the First New Deal

Gibbons v Ogden

Commerce clause case (1824). Decision greatly enlarged Congress' interstate commerce clause power by broadly defining the meaning of "commerce" to include virtually all types of economic activity. Pair with Lopez & Morrison cases (limiting commerce power).

Trade within Eastern Hemisphere

Commercial centers in Nishapur, Bukhara, and Samarkand facilitated the revival of trade over the Silk Road (perpetuated by Muslims)

Deng Xiaoping

Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong. (p. 862)

Mormonism

Comprises the religious, institutional, and cultural elements of the most populace branch of the Latte Day Saint movement

Battles of Concord and Lexington

Concord: Site suspected by British General Gage of housing a stockpile of colonial weaponry. Paul Revere, William Dawes, and others detected movement of British troops toward Concord and warned militia and gathered Minutemen at Lexington. Lexington: Militia and Royal infantry fought, and the colonial troops withdrew.

Berlin Conference

Conference that German chancellor Otto von Bismarck called to set rules for the partition of Africa. It led to the creation of the Congo Free State under King Leopold II of Belgium. (See also Bismarck, Otto von.) (p. 732)

Peloponnesian War

Conflict between Athenian And Spartan Alliances. The war was largely a consequence of Athenian imperialism. Possession of a naval empire allowed Athens to fight a war of attrition. Ultimately, Sparta prevailed because of Athenian errors/Persian $$$ (135)

Vietnam War

Conflict pitting North Vietnam and South Vietnamese communist guerrillas against the South Vietnamese government, aided after 1961 by the United States. (p. 838)

Korean War

Conflict that began with North Korea's invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the United States) allying with South Korea and the People's Republic of China allying with North Korea. (p. 836)

Persian Wars

Conflicts between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt (499-494 B.C.E.) through Darius's punitive expedition that failed at Marathon. Chronicled by Herodotus. (131)

Analects.

Confucian teachings

Civil Rights Organizations

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)- founded by James Farmer in Chicago and advocated non-violenc

Non-Intercourse Act

Congress opened trade to all Nations but France and Britain

Africa

Considered by most scholars to be the birthplace of humanity. Its northern third is home to the Sahara, the world's largest desert.

James Allred

Considered the New Deal governor of Texas. He was incredibly popular because he did not hesitate to funnel New Deal money into the state. During his term, he focused on the Civilian Conservation Corps, Works Projects Administration, National Youth Administration, and Public Works Association. He also established the TDPS.

South Asia

Consists of mainly the Indian subcontinent

Twenty First Amendment

Constitutional amendment ratified in 1933 to repeal prohibition.

Modern Navy

Construction new steel ships led the United States to take the lead in the world naval rankings

First Continental Congress

Convened on September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to King George III, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial system.

New Hampshire

Corporate colony established 1677 *King Charles II established it as a Royal colony *The colony remained economically dependent on Massachusetts, and Britain continued to appoint a single person to rule both colonies until 1741 *Weeks before the signing of the Declaration of Independence by the Second Continental Congress, New Hampshire established a temporary constitution for itself that proclaimed its independence from Britain

Connecticut

Corporate colony established in 1662 *Thomas Hooker led a large group of Puritans to settle in the Connecticut River Valley after they had slight religious disagreements with the leadership of Massachusetts *The major colonies in the Connecticut River Valley agreed to unite as the Connecticut Colony *In 1639, the colony formed a set of laws known as the Fundamental Orders; these laws provided for representative government by those who were permitted to vote *When the corporate colony was established and recognized by England, its charter was founded on the Fundamental Orders The Fundamental Orders are an important example of the growth of political democracy

Colored Farmers Alliance

Created by African Americans to help address a lack of economic opportunities.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery

Fidel Castro

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)

Battle of the Bulge

December 1944 *German counterattack that pushed ALlies back into Belgium *Last stand of Hitler's armies *Eventually, the Allies returned to GErmany, leading to its surrender on May 7, 1945

Pearl Harbor

December 7, 1941 *Hawaiian base for the American Pacific fleet and site of massive sneak attack by the Japanese *Carrier-based aircraft attacked American ships, meeting little defense *The Japanese destroyed all the US aircraft, major battleships, and naval crafts at the base, and they killed 2,323 military personnel *FDR asked Congress to declare war on Japan, calling the attack "a date which will live in infamy"

Teheran Conference

December, 1943 - A meeting between FDR, Churchill and Stalin in Iran to discuss coordination of military efforts against Germany, they repeated the pledge made in the earlier Moscow Conference to create the United Nations after the war's conclusion to help ensure international peace.

Battle of the Bulge

December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.

Embargo of 1807

Declaration by President Thomas Jefferson that banned all American trade with Europe. As a result of the war between England and Napoleon's France, America's sea rights as a neutral power were threatened; Jefferson hoped the embargo would force England and France to respect American neutrality.

Convention of 1836

Declared its independence from Mexico and appointed Sam Houston as the major general of the Texas Army.

General Joaquin de Arredondo

Defeated the rebels at the Battle of Medina.

universities

Degree-granting institutions of higher learning. Those that appeared in Latin West from about 1200 onward became the model of all modern universities. (p. 407)

Albany Plan

Delegates of seven colonies met in New York to discuss plans for collective defense.

Franklin Pierce

Democrat (1853-1857), Candidate from the North who could please the South. His success in securing the Gadsden Purchase was overshadowed by the controversy surrounding the Ostend Manifesto, the Kansas Nebraska Act and "Bleeding Kansas." Passions over slavery had been further inflamed, and the North and South were more irreconcilable than before. He succeeded only in splitting the country further apart.

Revolutions of 1848

Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed. (p. 595)

The Charles River Bridge Case

Demonstrated that a contract could be broken to benefit the general welfar

Abbasid Caliphate

Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad (founded 762) from 750 to 1258. (p. 234)

Ptolemies

Descendents of Macedonian officers under Alexander. Gov't largely took over the system created by Egyptian pharaohs to extract the wealth of the land, rewarding Greeks and Hellenized non-Greeks serving in the military and administration. (p. 138)

The Quran and Women

Described Women as honorable individuals equal to men, not property

John Salmon "Rip" Ford

Despite news of General Lee's surrender in April 1865, _____ defeated Union forces during the Battle of Palmito Ranch on May 1865. This would be the final battle of the American Civil War.

Neo Confucianism

Developed in response to the growing popularity of Buddhism

nonaligned Nations

Developing countries that announced their neutrality in the Cold War. (p. 846)

Getulio Vargas

Dictator of Brazil from 1930 to 1945 and from 1951 to 1954. Defeated in the presidential election of 1930, he overthrew the government and created Estado Novo ('New State'), a dictatorship that emphasized industrialization. (823)

Feudal Society in Europe

Divided into three classes, clergy, warrior, and worker

cultural imperialism

Domination of one culture over another by a deliberate policy or by economic or technological superiority. (p. 894)

U.S. v Schenck

During WWI, man created pamphlet opposing military draft and was convicted of attempting to obstruct military under Espionage Act; Court determined speech can be suppressed if it creates clear and present danger

proxy wars

During the Cold War, local or regional wars in which the superpowers armed, trained, and financed the combatants. (p. 855)

Manor Life

During the middle ages in Europe, a lord's estate, which included one or more villages and the surrounding lands, was known as a manor. Serfs on the manor were bound to land and had to work on the fields. They were only allowed to follow Christianity. Peasants on the manor were guaranteed the benefits of staying such as protection, land and food in exchange for work.

Lincoln Douglas Debates

During the race to become Senator Lincoln asked to have multiple debates with Douglas; certain topics of these debates were slavery, how to deal with slavery, and where slavery should be allowed; although Lincoln lost the election to Douglas, he was known throughout the country because of the debates; Douglas said ppl could exclude slavery by not enforcing & protecting slave-owner property--> ppl would not support Douglas for president

King Cotton in the Early 1800s

Early 1800s *The new invention of the cotton gin separated the seeds from the fibers *New states (such as Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas) began producing cotton *Led to a boom in the cotton market, and its global effects crowned the staple as "King Cotton" *The need for cotton encouraged westward expansion

Alexis de Tocqueville

Early 1830s *French civil servant who traveled to and wrote about the United States *Wrote Democracy in America, reflecting his interest in the American democratic process and appreciation of American civil society *Assessed the American attempt to have both liberty and equality *Provided an outsider's objective view of the Age of Jackson

(300) Ashcan School (NY Realists)

Early 1900's, painted realistic scenes Included George Luks, George Bellows, John Sloan, Rober Henri and Arthur B Davies

Ashcan School (New York Realists)

Early 1900s *Group of artists who painted realistic scenes *Focused on subjects of everyday life; titles such as The Wrestlers and Sixth Avenue *Members included George Luks, George Bellows, John Sloan, Robert Henri, Everett Shinn, and Arthur B. Davies

Ku Klux Klan in the Early 1900s

Early 1900s *Main purpose was to intimidate African Americans, who experienced an apparent rise to status due to WWI *Also opposed Catholics, Jews, and immigrants *Klan hired advertising experts to expand the organization *Charged initiation fees and sold memorabilia *The Ku Klux Klan had membership of 5 million before its decline after 1925

Radio

Early 1900s *The first human voice was broadcast and first musical broadcast was in 1910 *Woodrow Wilson was the first President to broadcast *KDKA was the first radio station in the United States (Pittsburgh), commencing broadcast in 1920 *It helped break down regionalism and provided news and entertainment

Joseph McCarthy

Early 1950s *Republican senator from Wisconsin who claimed to have detailed information on Communists within the State Department (1950) *Was never able to prove Communists were within the State Department or any other government agency *In 1954, the Army accused McCarthy of attempting to gain preferential treatment for one of his consultants, and McCarthy accused the Army of keeping him from finding more Communists *A televised Army-McCarthy hearing was held, and McCarthy came off in a negative light, leading to Congress condemning his conduct

Vedas

Early Indian sacred 'knowledge'-the literal meaning of the term-long preserved and communicated orally by Brahmin priests and eventually written down. (175)

conquistadors

Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (See Cort?s, Hern?n; Pizarro, Francisco.) (p. 436)

Ethiopia

East African highland nation lying east of the Nile River. (See also Menelik II; Selassie, Haile.) (p. 221)

Swahili Coast

East African shores of the Indian Ocean between the Horn of Africa and the Zambezi River; from the Arabic sawahil, meaning 'shores.' (p. 383)

free-trade imperialism

Economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of the weaker state. In the late nineteenth century, free-trade imperialism characterized the relations between the Latin American republics. (744)

Emancipation Proclamation

Effective January 1, 1963 *Declared all slaves to be free in areas under rebel control, thus exempting conquered areas of the South *Lincoln was criticized for not abolishing slavery everywhere *Led to slaves in the South leaving their plantations *Increased morale in the North *Partly designed to keep England from joining the war on the side of the South *Changed perception of the war from a conflict to preserve the Union to a war to end slavery

ethnic cleansing

Effort to eradicate a people and its culture by means of mass killing and the destruction of historical buildings and cultural materials. Ethnic cleansing was used by both sides in the conflicts that accompanied the disintegration of Yugoslavia (883)

Akhenaten

Egyptian pharaoh (r. 1353-1335 B.C.E.). He built a new capital at Amarna, fostered a new style of naturalistic art, and created a religious revolution by imposing worship of the sun-disk. (p.66)

ma'at

Egyptian term for the concept of divinely created and maintained order in the universe. Reflecting the ancient Egyptians' belief in an essentially beneficent world, the divine ruler was the earthly guarantor of this order. (See also pyramid.) (p. 42)

Thomas Malthus

Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production. (p. 867)

House of Burgesses

Elected assembly in colonial Virginia, created in 1618. (p. 486)

Haile Selassie

Emperor of Ethiopia (r. 1930-1974) and symbol of African independence. He fought the Italian invasion of his country in 1935 and regained his throne during World War II, when British forces expelled the Italians. He ruled Ethiopia as an autocrat. (809)

Ming Empire

Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Empire. The Ming emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He. (355)

Ming Empire

Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Empire. The Ming emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He. (554)

Mali

Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade. (See also Timbuktu.) (p. 375)

Yuan Empire

Empire created in China and Siberia by Khubilai Khan. (p. 349)

Qing Empire

Empire established in China by Manchus who overthrew the Ming Empire in 1644. At various times the Qing also controlled Manchuria, Mongolia, Turkestan, and Tibet. The last Qing emperor was overthrown in 1911. (p. 556)

Song Empire

Empire in southern China (1127-1279; the 'Southern Song') while the Jin people controlled the north. Distinguished for its advances in technology, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics. (p. 285)

Tang Empire

Empire unifying China and part of Central Asia, founded 618 and ended 907. The Tang emperors presided over a magnificent court at their capital, Chang'an. (p. 277)

Empress Dowager Cixi

Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported antiforeign movements, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces. (p. 721)

Foraker Act

Ended military rule and set up a civil government in Puerto Rico

Sweatt v. Painter

Ended segregation on the University of Texas campus. Sweatt served as a precedent for the landmark case of Brown v. Board of Education.

Paleolithic (Early Stone Age)

Ending 12,000 to 10,000 years ago. The Paleolithic overlapped with the recurring ice ages whose end began the transition to the Neolithic. During this time period societies supported themselves by hunting and gathering. People were most concerned with basic needs (food, shelter, clothing). Societies were often nomadic. People were animistic and many practiced ancestor veneration.

English Civil War

English Conflict between King Charles I and the English Parliament, the king opposed Puritans

Puritans

English Protestant dissenters who believed that God predestined souls to heaven or hell before birth. They founded Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629. (p. 487)

John Rolfe

English colonist in Jamestown, Virginia; Married Pocahontas and created process for curing Tobacco, ensuring economic success.

Josiah Wedgwood

English industrialist whose pottery works were the first to produce fine-quality pottery by industrial methods. (p. 603)

Richard Arkwright

English inventor and entrepreneur who became the wealthiest and most successful textile manufacturer of the early Industrial Revolution. He invented the water frame, a machine that, with minimal human supervision, could spin several threads at once. (604)

Charles Darwin

English naturalist. He studied the plants and animals of South America and the Pacific islands, and in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1859) set forth his theory of evolution. (p. 715)

popular culture

Entertainment spread by mass communications and enjoying wide appeal. (p. 897)

tropics

Equatorial region between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. It is characterized by generally warm or hot temperatures year-round, though much variation exists due to altitude and other factors. (370)

Berlin Wall

Erected in 1961 *Barrier erected by the East German government to separate East and West Berlin *East Berlin was under Communist control, while West Berlin remained under WEstern control (American, British, and French) *Meant to stop defections and travel of East Berliners *"Fell" in 1989

Escobedo v Illinois

Escobedo was arrested for murder and was denied a lawyer before his arrest after request. His lawyer could not consult with him and he confessed to murder. Result: Escobedo was denied rights given by the 5th A. and not properly informed of them. 6th A, too.

Jamestown

Established 1607 *Named for James I (1566-1625), Queen Elizabeth's successor in England *James I granted charters for charter colonies in the New World *In 1607, the Virginia Company of London settled Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement *Swampy location led to disease and contaminated water sources *Despite its location and hostile relations with Native Americans, John Smith's harsh, charismatic leadership of the colony helped keep it from collapsing *In 1619, African slaves arrived at Jamestown, becoming the first group of slaves to reach a British settlement

New York and New Jersey

Established 1664 *Last Dutch governor of New York was Peter Stuyvesant *After the British conquered the Dutch lands in America, English King Charles II gave the title to the lands between New England and Maryland to his brother, James, Duke of York *James was adamantly opposed to representative assemblies Residents continued to call for self-government until James relented, only to break this promise when he became James II, King of England *The region that would become New Jersey was ruled as a separate proprietary colony; it eventually became a royal colony

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Established 1949 *Original members included US, Britain, France, Italy, and Portugal *Allowed for collective self-defense against the Soviet threat in the North Atlantic region *Since its creation, it has influenced economic and social cooperation between member nations *The fall of the Soviet Union has led to NATO expanding membership and moving toward peacekeeping throughout the world *Headquartered in Brussels, Belgium

United Nations

Established Summer 1945 *Created at San Francisco conference *Representative body of nations that wished to resolve global issues *Composed of a General Assembly and Security Council *All members sit on General Assembly and form policy *Security Council has eleven members, five permanent and six additional that rotate *Permanent members are the US, Britain, France, Russia, and China

The Constitution of 1824

Established a republican government for Mexico. Despite the best of intentions, it failed to define the rights of Mexican states within the republic including Texas. In addition, it was incredibly vague on slavery, which was active mainly in Texas.

Knights of Labor

Established in 1869 *Militant organization seeking solutions to labor problems *Allowed skilled and unskilled workers (along with women and African Americans) to join *Wanted an eight-hour work day, termination of child labor, equal pay for equal work, and the elimination of private banks *Under Terrence Powderly's leadership, the Knights reached membership of over 700,000 *Downfall caused by emergence of the AFL, mismanagement, and financial losses from unsuccessful strikes

Hernandez v. Texas

Established that Mexican Americans along with all other racial groups all possessed the right to equal protection under the law.

Interstate Commerce Act

Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history

First New Deal

Established to serve the "three Rs" Relief for the people out of work, Recovery for business and the economy as a whole, and Reform of American economic institutions

The Social Security Act

Established unemployment insurance for workers who had lost their jobs. Created insurance for victims for work-related accidents and provided aid for poverty-stricken mothers and children, the blind and the disabled

mercantilism

European government policies of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and accumulate precious metals by requiring colonies to trade only with their motherland country 506

Triangular Trade

European merchants purchased African Slaves with Goods manufactured in Europe or imported from Asian Colonies. These merchants than sold slaves in the Caribbean for sugar, cotton, and tobacco

humanists (renaissance)

European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later. (p. 408)

(309) Lusitania and Neutrality

Even though Americans were killed aboard the Lusitania, Wilson remained neutral

Columbian Exchange

Exchange of plant, diseases, animals, and technology that occurred after the voyages of Christopher Columbus in 1492.

Legitimate Trade

Exports from Africa in the nineteenth century that did not include the newly outlawed slave trade. (p. 654)

Twenty Third Ammendment

Extends the right to vote in the presidential election to citizens residing in the District of Columbia

Eleanor Roosevelt

FDR's Wife and New Deal supporter. Was a great supporter of civil rights and opposed the Jim Crow laws. She also worked for birth control and better conditions for working women

Semitic

Family of related languages long spoken across parts of western Asia and northern Africa. In antiquity these languages included Hebrew, Aramaic, and Phoenician. The most widespread modern member of the Semitic family is Arabic. (p. 32)

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy. (p. 786)

Yalta Conference

February 1945 *Meeting of the Big 3 to talk about post-WWII plans *Germany was to be divided into American, British, French, and Soviet zones *Poland's boundaries would be revised and free elections would be established *Russia would help by attacking Japan three months after Germany's collapse in exchange for the Sakhalin and Kurile Islands *Agreement was made to hold a conference in San Francisco to from a peacekeeping organization (UN)

Battle of the Alamo

February 24- March 6, 1836 *During Texas's revolution against Mexico, Fort Alamo was attacked by the Mexican Army and 187 members of the Texas garrison were killed *Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, a Mexican military and political leader, was victorious *"Remember the Alamo" was the garrison's battle cry in its fight for independence

FDIC

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation: A federal guarantee of savings bank deposits initially of up to $2500, raised to $5000 in 1934, and frequently thereafter; continues today with a limit of $100,000

Manchus

Federation of Northeast Asian peoples who founded the Qing Empire. (p. 556)

Panic of 1873

Financial panic in which banks closed and the stock market crashed

Barbara Jordan

First African American congresswoman from the Deep South and the first woman elected to the Texas Senate.

Bartolomeu Dias

First European to reach the bottom of the African continent in 1488

Henry B. Gonzales

First Mexican American representatives elected from Texas in 1961.

Jose de Escandon

First Spanish governor of Nuevo Santander, which extended from the Panuco River to the Guadalupe River in present-day Texas. He was known as the Exterminator of the Pames of Queretaro for his barbaric behavior toward Native Americans.

Bartolome de Las Casas

First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor, (476

St. Augustine, Florida

First colonial city in present day united states located in Florida and founded for Spain in 1565.

Sherman Antitrust Act

First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions

Transportation Revolution

First half of the 1800s *Innovations included new construction of roads, additions of canals, and the expansion of the railroads *Robert Fulton built the modern-day steamboat, transforming river transportation *Henry Clay promoted internal improvements to help develop transportation *The transportation revolution cheapened the market for trade and encouraged population movement west of the Appalachian Mountains

Umayyad Caliphate

First hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661 to 750). From their capital at Damascus, the Umayyads ruled an empire that extended from Spain to India. Overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate. (p. 232)

Ghana

First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast. (p. 215)

Battle of Bunker Hill

First major battle of the Revolutions. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and Bunker Hill was in British hands. However, the British suffered more deaths.

Kay Bailey Hutchinson

First woman senator from Texas.

The Spanish Armada

Fleet assembled by King Philip II of Spain to invade England, The Armada was defeated by England's and proved that England was an Emerging sea power.

General Juan Manuel Zambrano

Forcefully removed Casas from office.

extraterritoriality

Foreign residents in a country living under the laws of their native country, disregarding the laws of the host country. 19th/Early 20th Centuries: European and US nationals in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right. (682)

chiefdom

Form of political organization with rule by a hereditary leader who held power over a collection of villages and towns. Less powerful than kingdoms and empires, chiefdoms were based on gift giving and commercial links. (p. 311)

Water Transport

Form of travel that remained easier and more efficient than overland travel.

Free Soil Party

Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.

Texas and Southwestern Cattle Raisers Association

Formed in 1877 to deal with problems facing the cattle industry.

Bureau of Refugees

Formed in September 1865 in order to help freed slaves transition from slavery to freedom.

Hudson River School

Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Founded by W.E.B. Du Bois, it emerged out of the Niagara Movement in 1909. It worked for equal rights for African Americans.

Cyrus

Founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Between 550 and 530 B.C.E. he conquered Media, Lydia, and Babylon. Revered in the traditions of both Iran and the subject peoples.

Glass-Steagall Banking Act

Four provisions of the U.S. Banking Act of 1933 that limited commercial bank securities activities and affiliations within commercial banks and securities firms. Apart from separating commercial and investment banking, it also created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which guaranteed bank deposits up to a specified limit.

Estates General

France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution. (p. 585)

Frankish Empire

Franks built a society based on agriculture in northern regions of europe, and oversaw the development of decentralized political institutions in those areas.

gens de couleur

Free men and women of color in Haiti. They sought greater political rights and later supported the Haitian Revolution. (See also L'Ouverture, Fran?ois Dominique Toussaint.) (p. 593)

National Assembly

French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789. (p. 585)

New France

French colony in North America, with a capital in Quebec, founded 1608. New France fell to the British in 1763. (p. 489)

Alexis de Tocqueville

French political writer noted for his analysis of American institutions (1805-1859)

tsar

From Latin caesar, this Russian title for a monarch was first used in reference to a Russian ruler by Ivan III (r. 1462-1505). (pp. 340, 551)

Chiang Kai-Shek

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong. (p. 788)

Karl Marx

German journalist and philosopher, founder of the Marxist branch of socialism. He is known for two books: The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (Vols. I-III, 1867-1894). (p. 709)

Max Planck

German physicist who developed quantum theory and was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1918. (p. 774)

Albert Einstein

German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed. (p. 774)

Nazis

German political party joined by Adolf Hitler, emphasizing nationalism, racism, and war. When Hitler became chancellor of Germany in 1933, the Nazi Party became the only legal party and an instrument of Hitler's absolute rule. (786)

nuclear nonproliferation

Goal of international efforts to prevent countries other than the five declared nuclear powers (United States, Russia, Britain, France, and China) from obtaining nuclear weapons. The first Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty was signed in 1968. (p. 890)

Emergancy Banking Relief Act

Government would inspect the finances of every bank and allow only the healthy banks to open

The Homestead Act

Granted 160 acres of government land to any person who would farm it for at least five year

The Carolinas

Granted in 1663 *King Charles II rewarded loyal noblemen with these lands after the twenty-year Puritan revolution in England *In hopes of attracting settlers, the proprietors planned for a hierarchical society *They experimented with silk manufacturing and with crops such as rice and indigo, but this provided unworkable and the Carolinas grew slowly as a result *Large groups of colonists in the Carolinas came from Barbados; form of slavery that this group employed proved to be very harsh While North Carolina became a separate colony in 1712, the same proprietors retained ownership *Rebellion against the proprietors in 1719 led to royal intervention, and both North and South Carolina became royal colonies in 1729

What are some large building projects?

Great Library of Alexandria in Egypt, Hanging Gardens of Babylon.

Mahayana Buddhism

Great Vehicle' branch of Buddhism followed in China, Japan, and Central Asia. The focus is on reverence for Buddha and for bodhisattvas, enlightened persons who have postponed nirvana to help others attain enlightenment. (p. 181)

Harriet Beecher Strowe

Greatly strengthened northern antislavery feeling

trireme

Greek and Phoenician warship of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. It was sleek and light, powered by 170 oars arranged in three vertical tiers. Manned by skilled sailors, it was capable of short bursts of speed and complex maneuvers. (p. 132)

Hellenistic Age

Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until spread of islam. (137)

Polis

Greek word for city-state

Share Our Wealth Society

Group founded by Louisiana Senator Huey " Kingfish" Long

Beat Generation

Group highlighted by writers and artist who stressed spontaneity and spirituality instead of apathy and conformity.

Pilgrims

Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands. (p. 487)

chartered Company

Groups of private investors who paid an annual fee to France and England in exchange for a monopoly over trade to the West Indies colonies. (p. 498)

breech loading rifle

Gun into which the projectiles had to be individually inserted. Later guns had magazines, a compartment holding multiple projectiles that could be fed rapidly into the firing chamber. (p. 681)

percussion cap

Gunpowder-filled capsules that, when struck by the hammer of a gun, ignite the explosive charge in a gun. Their use meant that guns no longer needed to be ignited by hand. (p. 681)

Muhammad

Had a transformational spiritual experience and traveled through the Arabian Peninsula proclaiming that he was the last prophet of Allah.

horse collar

Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of horse-drawn plows and vehicles. (p. 269)

Webster-Hayne Debate

Hayne first responded to Daniel Webster's argument of states' rights versus national power, with the idea of nullification. Webster then spent 2 full afternoons delivering his response which he concluded by saying that "Liberty and Union, now and for ever, one and inseparable"

General Thomas J. Rusk

He defeated the Cordova Rebellion with Cordova escaping to Mexico.

Robert F. Kennedy

He ran for President in 1968; stirred a response from workers, African Americans, Hispanics, and younger Americans; would have captured Democratic nomination but was assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan after victory speech during the California primary in June 1968.

James Meredith

He was a civil rights advocate who spurred a riot at the University of Mississippi. The riot was caused by angry whites who did not want Meredith to register at the university. The result was forced government action, showing that segregation was no longer government policy.

Richard M. Nixon

He was a committee member of the House of Representatives, Committee on Un-American Activities (to investigate "subversion"). He tried to catch Alger Hiss who was accused of being a communist agent in the 1930's. This brought Nixon to the attention of the American public. In 1956 he was Eisenhower's Vice-President.

Isaac Burnet

He was the interim president during the New Republic and called for an election in order to accomplish four things: approve the constitution, authorize the amendment of the constitution, and elect a president, and consider annexation to the United States.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe. (p. 863)

hoplite

Heavily armored Greek infantryman of the Archaic and Classical periods who fought in the close-packed phalanx formation. Hoplite armies-militias composed of middle- and upper-class citizens supplying their own equipment: Superior to all other forces 128

Herodotus

Heir to the technique of historia-'investigation'-developed by Greeks in the late Archaic period. He came from a Greek community in Anatolia and traveled extensively, collecting information in western Asia and the Mediterranean lands. (128)

Adams-Onis Treaty

Helped define the US-Mexico border, under Spanish control this caused conflict

Bannermen

Hereditary military servants of the Qing Empire, in large part descendants of peoples of various origins who had fought for the founders of the empire. (p. 684)

Byzantine Empire

Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. (250)

Latin West

Historians' name for the territories of Europe that adhered to the Latin rite of Christianity and used the Latin language for intellectual exchange in the period ca. 1000-1500. (p. 394)

New Imperialism

Historians' term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories for the benefit of the col

New Imperialism

Historians' term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories. (p. 726)

new monarchies

Historians' term for the monarchies in France, England, and Spain from 1450 to 1600. The centralization of royal power was increasing within more or less fixed territorial limits. (p. 414)

Jewish diaspora

Historical exile and dispersion of Jews from the region of the Kingdom of Judah and Roman Judaea, as well as the later emigration from wider Eretz Israel.

Crusades

Holy Wars

Augustus

Honorific name of Octavian, founder of the Roman Principate, the military dictatorship that replaced the failing rule of the Roman Senate. (151)

Anasazi

Important culture of what is now the southwest (1000-1300 C.E.). Centered on Chaco Canyon in New Mexico and Mesa Verde in Colorado, the Anasazi culture built multistory residences and worshipped in subterranean buildings called kivas. (pg 308)

Bakke v Regents of the University of California

Imposed limitations on affirmative action to ensure that providing greater opportunities for minorities did not come at the expense of the rights of the majority. In other words, affirmative action was unfair if it lead to reverse discrimination. The case involved the University of Calif., Davis, Medical School and Allan Bakke, a white applicant who was rejected twice even though there were minority applicants admitted with significantly lower scores than his. A closely divided Court ruled that while race was a legitimate factor in school admissions, the use of rigid quotas was not permissible.

Judiciary Act of 1789

In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.

Civil War Conscription

In 1863, Congress passed a federal conscription law in 1863, rioting in the North took place, when drafted individuals were permitted to avoid service to the war by hiring a substitute or paying $300. The Confederacy had started its draft beginning in 1862 because of their short supply of manpower; Southerners could also hire substitutes or purchase an exemption.

Sacco and Vanzetti

In 1920 these two men were convicted of murder and robbery. They were found guilty and died in the electric chair unfairly

Banking Failures

In 1933 FDR reacted to this by closing all of them and instituting an act which gave him the power to reorganize insolvent institutions

Bay of Pigs

In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

Legalism

In China, a political philosophy that emphasized the unruliness of human nature and justified state coercion and control. The Qin ruling class invoked it to validate the authoritarian nature of their regime. (p.52)

gentry

In China, the class of prosperous families, next in wealth below the rural aristocrats, from which the emperors drew their administrative personnel. (166)

yin/yang

In Chinese belief, complementary factors that help to maintain the equilibrium of the world. Yin is associated with masculine, light, and active qualities; yang with feminine, dark, and passive qualities. (p. 63)

mansabs

In India, grants of land given in return for service by rulers of the Mughal Empire. (p. 536)

karma

In Indian tradition, the residue of deeds performed in past and present lives that adheres to a 'spirit' and determines what form it will assume in its next life cycle. Used in India to make people happy with their lot in life (177)

lama

In Tibetan Buddhism, a teacher. (p. 351)

equites

In ancient Italy, landowners second in wealth and status to the senatorial aristocracy. The Roman emperors allied with this group to counterbalance the influence of the old aristocracy and used the equites to staff the imperial civil service (152)

Israel

In antiquity, the land between the eastern shore of the Mediterranean and the Jordan River, occupied by the Israelites from the early second millennium B.C.E. The modern state of Israel was founded in 1948. (p. 98)

creoles

In colonial Spanish America, term used to describe someone of European descent born in the New World. Elsewhere in the Americas, the term is used to describe all nonnative peoples. (p. 482)

bourgeoisie

In early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions. (p. 459)

manor

In medieval Europe, a large, self-sufficient landholding consisting of the lord's residence (manor house), outbuildings, peasant village, and surrounding land. (p. 254)

vassal

In medieval Europe, a sworn supporter of a king or lord committed to rendering specified military service to that king or lord. (p. 256)

serf

In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord. In Russia some serfs worked as artisans and in factories; serfdom was not abolished there until 1861. (pp. 254, 553)

serfs

In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord. In Russia some serfs worked as artisans and in factories; serfdom was not abolished there until 1861. (pp. 254, 553)

guild

In medieval Europe, an association of men (rarely women), such as merchants, artisans, or professors, who worked in a particular trade and banded together to promote their economic and political interests. (403)

Indian Ocean Maritime System

In premodern times, a network of seaports, trade routes, and maritime culture linking countries on the rim of the Indian Ocean from Africa to Indonesia. (p. 207)

Eastern Orthodoxy

In the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East, the church

plantocracy

In the West Indian colonies, the rich men who owned most of the slaves and most of the land, especially in the eighteenth century. (p. 502)

After War of 1812

Increased Nationalism, Need for cotton, grain, and tobacco

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Indian Muslim politician who founded the state of Pakistan. A lawyer by training, he joined the All-India Muslim League in 1913. As leader of the League from the 1920s on, he negotiated with the British/INC for Muslim Political Rights (816)

Sikhism

Indian religion founded by the guru Nanak (1469-1539) in the Punjab region of northwest India. After the Mughal emperor ordered the beheading of the ninth guru in 1675, Sikh warriors mounted armed resistance to Mughal rule. (p. 538)

Jawaharial Nehru

Indian statesman. He succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India's first prime minister (1947-1964). (p. 815)

Janissaries

Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826. See also devshirme. (p. 526, 675)

Janissary

Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826. See also devshirme. (p. 526, 675)

Portugal

Influenced the Brazilian region of America.

submarine telegraph cables

Insulated copper cables laid along the bottom of a sea or ocean for telegraphic communication. The first short cable was laid across the English Channel in 1851; the first successful transatlantic cable was laid in 1866. (pg 704)

League of Nations

International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s. (763)

United Nations

International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations. (p. 833)

Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956

Interstate Highway Act, provided 25 billion dollars to build 40,000 miles of interstate highways, connected cities and states

Headright Sysyem

Introduced in 1618 *System used by the Virginia Company to attract colonists It promised them parcels of land(roughly fifty acres) to immigrate to America *Also gave nearly fifty acres for each servant that a colonist brought, allowing the wealthy to obtain large tracts of land *The system solidified the use of indentured servitude for the time being

Monroe Doctrine

Introduced in 1823 *Developed by President James Monroe *Held that the United States would not allow foreign powers to establish new colonies in the western hemisphere or allow colonies to be influenced by outside powers *America feared international influence because of a period of worldwide revolutionary fervor after Napoleon's fall *Another cause: Many Latin American countries were gaining independence from Spain, and the United States thought that these colonies might be taken over by other European powers, threatening American security *The doctrine had a lasting impact beyond Monroe's time in office; other presidents, from Coolidge to Kennedy, have invoked it to deal with their own foreign affairs issues

dao

Invisible yet irresistible force.

Sasanid Empire

Iranian empire, established ca. 226, with a capital in Ctesiphon, Mesopotamia. The Sasanid emperors established Zoroastrianism as the state religion. Islamic Arab armies overthrew the empire ca. 640. (p. 225)

Safavid Empire

Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state. (p. 531)

Parthians

Iranian ruling dynasty between ca. 250 B.C.E. and 226 C.E. (p. 204)

Civil War Ships

Ironclads were Civil War ships protected from cannon fire by iron plates bolted over the sloping wooden side

Law of Manu

It is a Hindu text compiled between 200 BCE and 200 CE, and it justified the caste system by arguing that acceptance of one's social status was a moral duty: good behavior as a member of a lower caste would result in good karma, increasing the likelihood of rebirth into a higher caste.

Committee on Public Information

It was headed by George Creel. The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. He proved that words were indeed weapons.

Writs of Assistance

It was part of the Townshend Acts. It said that the customs officers could inspect a ship's cargo without giving a reason. Colonists protested that the Writs violated their rights as British citizens.

Amerigo Vespucci

Italian member of a Portuguese expedition, Coined the term "new world," Named the cartographer named the continent America.

Fascist Party

Italian political party created by Benito Mussolini during World War I. It emphasized aggressive nationalism and was Mussolini's instrument for the creation of a dictatorship in Italy from 1922 to 1943. (See also Mussolini, Benito.) (p. 786)

East Asia

Its core is China, Korea and Japan.

Common Sense

January 1776 *Pamphlet published by Thomas Paine that called for immediate independence from Britain *It was sold throughout the colonies, where it gained popularity *Helped weaken resistance in the Continental Congress toward independence

The Treaty of Versailles

January 1919 *A result of the Paris Peace Conference *It formed the League of Nations to protect territorial integrity and political independence of all members *Germany was held responsible for war (war guilt clause), required to pay heavily for damages (reparations), and limited to a small defensive force *New nations' boundaries were drawn, including Yugoslavia, Austria, Hungary, and Poland *German colonies were made mandates of the League and under trusteeship of the Allies

Nagasaki

Japanese city in which the second atomic bomb was dropped (August 9, 1945).

Talmud

Jewish added commentaries to the sacred text

pilgrimage

Journey to a sacred shrine by Christians seeking to show their piety, fulfill vows, or gain absolution for sins. Other religions also have pilgrimage traditions, such as the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca. (270)

Battle of Gettysburg

July 1-3, 1863 *Lee invaded Pennsylvania from Virginia, pursued by Northern General Meade *Lee was defeated and retreated to Virginia *The bloodiest, most decisive battle of the Civil War *Farthest northern advance of the Confederacy

The Virginia Plan & The New Jersey Plan

July 1787 *Virginia plan: Presented by Edmund Randolph and written by James Madison, it called for a bicameral legislature based on a state's population, and it suggested that both the chief executive and judiciary should be chosen by legislature *New Jersey Plan: Presented by William Patterson, it called for a unicameral legislature with equal representation for each state *The plans were united in the Great Compromise *They formed the basis of the modern American legislative structure

Potsdam Conference

July 26, 1945 - Allied leaders Truman, Stalin and Churchill met in Germany to set up zones of control and to inform the Japanese that if they refused to surrender at once, they would face total destruction.

Battle of Bunker Hill

June 17, 1775 *Bunker Hill was an American post overlooking Boston *The stronghold allowed Americans to contain General Gage and his troops *The colonists twice turned back a British frontal assault, and they held off the British until the Bunker Hill force ran out of ammunition and was overrun *American strong defense led to strengthened morale

Marshall Plan

June 1947 *Recovery program paid America and Allies to rebuild Europe *Helped support a strong European economy and stable politics to resist Communism *Defined by Sec. of State George Marshall and signed by Pres. Truman *America provided over $15 billion in aid to Europe

Berlin Airlift

June 1948 *Allies designated Western Germany to be free from Communism *Soviets blocked both land and water access to West Berlin in the hopes that the Allies would abandon West Berlin *The US lifter supplies for more than 10 months unto the city, forcing the Soviets to remove the blockade in 1949

D-Day

June 6, 1944 *Dwight Eisenhower, Commander-in-Chief of Allied forced, ordered an invasion at Normandy, France * The operation involved over 4,500 vessels *American troops commanded by George S. Patton weakened the German troops in France

D-Day

June 6, 1944, 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower called the operation a crusade in which "we will accept nothing less than full victory." More than 5,000 Ships and 13,000 aircraft supported the D-Day invasion, and by day's end on June 6, the Allies gained a foot- hold in Normandy.

Hammer v Dagenhart

Keating-Owen Child Labor Act unconstitutional

King Leopold II

King of Belgium (r. 1865-1909). He was active in encouraging the exploration of Central Africa and became the ruler of the Congo Free State (to 1908). (p. 732)

Alexander

King of Macedonia in northern Greece. Between 334 and 323 B.C.E. he conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus Valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread Greek culture across the Middle East. Later known as Alexander the Great. (p. 136)

Charlemagne

King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival. (250)

Kiowas

Known as the "main people", migrated from western Montana to the Black Hills during the early 1700s. At this time, they obtained horses, which drastically improved their mobility and led to a lifestyle that was rather typical of the other Plain groups who hunted buffalo and lived in tepees. In contrast, they had several characteristics similar to the Aztecs such as drawing pictographic calendars to record tribal events and worshiping similar stone idol. By the 1790s, they had migrated to present-day southern Kansas and Oklahoma, becoming powerful allies of their Comanche and Apache neighbors.

Aztecs

Known as the cannibal kingdom, for their widespread practice of human sacrifice.

Koryo

Korean kingdom founded in 918 and destroyed by a Mongol invasion in 1259. (p. 292)

Bering Land Bridge

Land bridge that spanned Siberia and Alaska during periods of heavy glaciation.

Gothic Cathedrals

Large churches originating in twelfth-century France; built in an architectural style featuring pointed arches, tall vaults and spires, flying buttresses, and large stained-glass windows. (p. 405)

clipper ship

Large, fast, streamlined sailing vessel, often American built, of the mid-to-late nineteenth century rigged with vast canvas sails hung from tall masts. (p. 666)

Inca

Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco. (p. 316)

Mohenjo-Daro

Largest city of the Indus Valley civilization. It was centrally located in the extensive floodplain of the Indus River. Little is known about the political institutions of Indus Valley communities, but the large-scale implies central planning. (p. 48)

Rust Belt to Sun Belt migration

Largest intra-American movement since the 1950s. As manufacturing in the South was expanding, American steel and coal industries in the North were on the decline. This led to mass exodus beginning in the 1970s from the American North.

Moctezuma II

Last Aztec emperor, overthrown by the Spanish conquistador Hern?n Cort?s. (p. 437)

Hidden Imam

Last in a series of twelve descendants of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali, whom Shi'ites consider divinely appointed leaders of the Muslim community. In occlusion since ca. 873, he is expected to return as a messiah at the end of time. (p. 532)

Khubilai Khan

Last of the Mongol Great Khans (r. 1260-1294) and founder of the Yuan Empire. (p. 351)

Atahualpa

Last ruling Inca emperor of Peru. He was executed by the Spanish. (p. 438)

Tulip Period

Last years of the reign of Ottoman sultan Ahmed III, during which European styles and attitudes became briefly popular in Istanbul. (p. 530)

Stone Age

Lasted roughly from 2.5 million years ago to 5,000 years ago.

Sputnik

Launched October 5, 1957 *Soviet satellite launched into space *First unmanned spacecraft to escape Earth's gravity *Caused concern in the United States because Americans realized they were not as technologically advanced as the Soviets *Led to an increased emphasis on science education in the US

Maryland Act of Toleration

Law that guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians, was after a protestant became governor.

Muhammad Ali

Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952. (p. 652)

Nat Turner

Leader of a slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia. Revolt led to the deaths of 20 whites and 40 blacks and led to the "gag rule' outlawing any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives

Eugene V. Debs

Leader of the American Railway Union, he voted to aid workers in the Pullman strike. He was jailed for six months for disobeying a court order after the strike was over

Vladimir Lenin

Leader of the Bolshevik (later Communist) Party. He lived in exile in Switzerland until 1917, then returned to Russia to lead the Bolsheviks to victory during the Russian Revolution and the civil war that followed. (p. 761)

Mao Zedong

Leader of the Chinese Communist Party (1927-1976). He led the Communists on the Long March (1934-1935) and rebuilt the Communist Party and Red Army during the Japanese occupation of China (1937-1945). (789)

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901. (p. 743)

Francois Dominique Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution. He freed the slaves and gained effective independence for Haiti despite military interventions by the British and French. (p. 593)

Mohandas K. Gandhi

Leader of the Indian independence movement and advocate of nonviolent resistance. After being educated as a lawyer in England, he returned to India and became leader of the Indian National Congress in 1920. (813)

William B. Travis

Led Texan militants when Mexican troops were sent North. He captured Anahuac on June 30, 1835.

American Indian Movement

Led by Dennis Banks and Russell Means; purpose was to obtain equal rights for Native Americans; protested at the site of the Wounded Knee massacre

Platt Amendment

Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

nirvana

Liberation from the wheel of life, without the aid of priests or rituals.

medieval

Literally 'middle age,' a term that historians of Europe use for the period ca. 500 to ca. 1500, signifying its intermediate point between Greco-Roman antiquity and the Renaissance. (p. 250)

samurai

Literally 'those who serve,' the hereditary military elite of the Tokugawa Shogunate. (p. 563)

Poor Whites

Lived in squalor, often worse than slaves

Coahuiltecans

Lived near the Rio Grande. They survived on roots, herbs, and cactus plants. Due to their relatively remote location, decimation from disease, and inter-tribal warfare, this tribe became extinct at an early date.

Karankawas

Lived on the gulf between the current sites of Galveston and Corpus Christi. They were nomadic hunter-gatherers who relied on small game and fish for sustenance. They were known for being tall and muscular, wearing very little clothing. They were also famous for practicing ceremonial cannibalism in which they would consume parts of conquered enemies.

monasticism

Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty. (Primary Centres of Learning in Medieval Europe) (261)

Potosi

Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers and most populous cities in colonial Spanish America. (p. 479)

Caddoes

Located in Northern Texas. They were the most culturally advanced group in the region. They had matrilineal society, tracing their lineage through the maternal instead of the paternal line. They were successful agriculturalists who grew maize, beans, watermelons, figs, tobacco, and squash. They were mentioned by the Spanish explorers as "Tejas", which means "friend" in the native language.

Tonkawas

Located in central Texas. They were a mobile tribe much like the Comanches and hunted bison, deer, and an assortment of smaller game. They had early contact with the Spanish resulting in the tribe obtaining horses by the mid-1500s. They were the traditional enemy of the Apaches, often siding with whoever fought against them.

Holy Roman Empire

Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806. (pp. 260, 449)

(151) Webster-Hayne Debate MOM

MOM 1830 Debate that focused on sectionalism and Nullification. Between Daniel Webster and Robert Hayne. Came after "Tariff of Abominations" incident. Question: was the union derived from an agreement between the states, or from the people. Webster said "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable"

(154) Biddle's Banks MOM

MOM 1832 Andrew Jackson did not think Bank of the United States helped the rural and working class people. Vetoed an attempt by Nicholas Biddle to recharter the banks four years early. This was a popular move

(153) tariff of 1832 and the Order of Nullification (MOM)

MOM 1832 Tariff favored northern interests at the expense of southern ones. Order of Nullification said South Carolina would not pay the tariffs. jackson wanted to collect them by force. This bill was a compromise

(150) Mormonism MOM

MOM Religion Founded by Joseph Smith in 1830. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. Formed a community in Salt Lake City under leadership of Brigham Young

(152) Nat Turner MOM

MOM Slave who led an insurrection in Southampton, Virginia in 1831. killed the family of his owner then 55 more in the neighborhood. He was executed, and this led to stricter slave laws

Feudal Monarchies

Maintained order, provided relatively stable and effective government, later provided impetus (a force that moves something along) for ocean-going explorations

Manhattan Project, Enola gay, and hiroshima/Nagasaki

Man. Proj.(1942-1945); Enola Gay's Flight (Aug. 6, 1945); Bombing of Hiroshima(Aug. 6, 1945); Bombing of Nagasaki (Aug. 9, 1945) *The Manhattan Project described operations by Army engineers to design an atomic bomb *J. Robert Oppenheimer directed the group at Los ALamos, New Mexico *Enola Gay was the plane that carried the atomic bomb to Hiroshima, killing 40,000 people immediately *A second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki *The decision to drop the bombs was controversial, as some argued that the Japanese were essentially beaten and were willing to surrender but that the US insisted on an unconditional surrender

division of labor

Manufacturing technique that breaks down a craft into many simple and repetitive tasks that can be performed by unskilled workers. Pioneered in the pottery works of Josiah Wedgwood and in other eighteenth-century factories, increasing productivity, (603)

Seward's Folly

Many criticized William Seward's purchase of Alaska from Russia for 7.2 million dollars, calling it his folly.

Genocide of Native Americans

Many deaths were caused by the violent actions of European settlers. However, most Native American deaths can be attributed to the spread of communicable diseases.

Lend-Lease Act

March 1941 *American proposal to aid the British, who had little cash for supplies *Offered to give the British American supplies in exchange for payment after the war *Payment could be made in material goods and services *Put the US on the side of the Allies *The US began a program of cash and carry (1939), in which British and French ships could come into US ports and buy anything that they could carry

Boston Massacre

March 5, 1770 *Occurred when the British attempted to enforce the Townshend Acts *British soldiers killed five Bostonians, including Crispus Attucks, an American patriot and former slave *John Adams provided the legal defense for the soldiers *Though the British soldiers acted more or less in self-defense, anti-Royal leaders used the massacre to spur action in the colonies

McCulloch v. Maryland

Maryland imposes taxes on Second Bank of the United States. Cashier of bank (McCulloch) refuses to pay. Result: Congress has power to incorporate bank and Maryland cannot tax instruments of the fed. Gov. necessary and proper clause: Established Judicial Review

The Second Continental Congress

May 1775 *Colonial representative meeting in Philadelphia, over which John Hancock presided *The group was torn between declaring independence and remaining under British power *Moderates forced the adoption of the Olive Branch Petition, a letter to King George III appealing one final time for a resolution to all disputes; the king refused to receive it *The Congress sent George Washington to command the army around Boston *American ports were opened in defiance of the Navigation Acts *The Congress wrote the Declaration of Independence

Haymarket Square Riot

May 4, 1886 *Large rally in Haymarket Square in Chicago shortly after striking began at McCormick Harvesting Machine Co. *Police were attempting to disperse the crowd then a bomb exploded *Eleven were killed and over 100 were injured *Eight anarchists were put on trial and four were executed *Incident was used to discredit the Knights of Labor

V-E Day and V-J Day

May 8, 1945 and August 15, 1945 *VE Day or Victory in Europe Day, was the day the Allies announced Germany's surrender in Europe *VJ Day or Victory in Japan Day, was the day the Allies announced Japan's surrender to end WWII

V-E Day

May 8, 1945; victory in Europe Day when the Germans surrendered

Constitutional Convention

Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States. (p. 583)

Congress of Vienna

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon I. (p. 594)

Tupac Amaru II

Member of Inca aristocracy who led a rebellion against Spanish authorities in Peru in 1780-1781. He was captured and executed with his wife and other members of his family. (p. 493)

Timur

Member of a prominent family of the Mongols' Jagadai Khanate, Timur through conquest gained control over much of Central Asia and Iran. He consolidated the status of Sunni Islam as orthodox, and his descendants, the Timurids, maintained his empire. (336)

Sandinistas

Members of a leftist coalition that overthrew the Nicaraguan dictatorship of Anastasia Somoza in 1979 and attempted to install a socialist economy. The United States financed armed opposition by the Contras. The Sandinistas lost national elections in 1990

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe. (p. 548)

Patriarchal system

Men ruled, fought wars, and received education. They could keep more than one wife, as well as concubines, and were free to divorce a woman who failed to produce an heir. Women were exclusively homemakers and mothers. They were allowed limited education, but prohibited from owning property, and had no dowry system to provide financial security.

Maya

Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucat?n Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar. (p. 302)

Eleventh Legislature

Met on August 1866, and did everything in their power to return Texas back to the antebellum status quo.

Manuel C. Gonzales

Mexican American civil rights leader who played an important role in the founding of organizations like the Mexican Protective League, the Asociacon Juridica Mexicana, the Sons of Texas, and the League of United Latin Citizens. He was an active supporter of the Good Neighbor Commission, which was an agency formed in 1943 to solve social, cultural, and economic difficulties of Mexican Americans.

Hector Garcia

Mexican American doctor and civil rights leader who founded the American G.I. Forum.

Jose Maria Morelos

Mexican priest and former student of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, he led the forces fighting for Mexican independence until he was captured and executed in 1814. (See also Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel.) (p. 626)

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

Mexican priest who led the first stage of the Mexican independence war in 1810. He was captured and executed in 1811. (p. 625)

Braceros

Mexican workers that were brought to America to work when so many men and women were gone from home during World War II that there weren't enough workers.

Wichitas

Migrated into the southern plains. The tribe gained horses during the 1700s and used the animal as a tool to more efficiently hunt buffalo and support their nomadic lifestyle. One unusual aspect of the Wichitas' lifestyle was that they had a mixed economy in which they not only hunted for food but also had a vast agricultural system in which they grew corn, beans, squash, and tobacco.

Toltecs

Migrated to central Mexico, settled Tula during the Eighth century.

Suez Canal Crisis

Military attack on Egypt by Britain, France, and Israel in 1956 after Egypt seized the Suez Canal from British administration.

Commander Charles Griffin

Military commander of Texas, removed numerous officials throughout the state.

George Washington

Military commander of the American Revolution. He was the first elected president of the United States (1789-1799). (p. 581)

John "Jack" Coffee Hays

Military officer in the Republic of Texas, remained neutral during the Civil War. He had repelled a Mexican Invasion of Texas in 1842 and successfully thwarted numerous Native American attacks during that period. He was also instrumental in developing training techniques unique in frontier warfare. He is also remembered as a prominent Texas Ranger.

Texas State Library

Mirabeau Lamar established this library during his presidency.

Joseph Brant

Mohawk leader who supported the British during the American Revolution. (p. 581)

Golden Horde

Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam. Also known as the Kipchak Horde. (p. 333)

Antebellum Reform

More colleges, state-supported elementary schools, Dorothea Dix reforms, prison reforms.

Ibn Battuta

Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. (p. 373)

Insular Cases

Most cases occurred 1901-1904 *A series of court cases held to determine if the "Constitution followed the flag" *At stake was whether people in areas controlled by the US were given rights as citizens *The court determined that those living in new territories were not automatically granted the rights of United States citizens

Transcendentalism

Movement to transcend the bounds of the intellect and to strive for emotional unity with God

Islam in Northern India

Muslim forces reached India by the mid-seventeenth century

Acheh Sultanate

Muslim kingdom in northern Sumatra. Main center of Islamic expansion in Southeast Asia in the early seventeenth century, it declined after the Dutch seized Malacca from Portugal in 1641. (p. 541)

ulama

Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. (p. 238)

Sunnis

Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries. (See also Shi'ites.) (p. 225)

Shi'ites

Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali. Shi'ism is the state religion of Iran. (See also Sunnis.) (pp. 225, 531)

Tiwanaku

Name of capital city and empire centered on the region near Lake Titicaca in modern Bolivia (375-1000 C.E.). (p. 315)

James W. Throckmorton

Named president of the Constitutional Convention of 1866.

Father Charles E. Coughlin

National Union for Social Justice- blamed Jewish people

Guomindang

Nationalist political party founded on democratic principles by Sun Yat-sen in 1912. After 1925, the party was headed by Chiang Kai-shek, who turned it into an increasingly authoritarian movement. (p. 769)

Pearl Harbour

Naval base in Hawaii attacked by Japanese aircraft on December 7, 1941. The sinking of much of the U.S. Pacific Fleet brought the United States into World War II. (p. 793)

Holocaust

Nazis' program during World War II to kill people they considered undesirable. Some 6 million Jews perished during the Holocaust, along with millions of Poles, Gypsies, Communists, Socialists, and others. (p. 800)

Confederation of 1867

Negotiated union of the formerly separate colonial governments of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. This new Dominion of Canada with a central government in Ottawa is seen as the beginning of the Canadian nation.(p. 627)

Agustin de Iturbide

Negotiated with the Mexican revolutionary leader Vincente R. Guerrero for independence in the Plan de Iguala on February 24, 1821.

railroads

Networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. First railroads were built in England in the 1830s. Success caused a railroad building boom lasting into the 20th Century (704)

The Works Progress Administration

New Deal agency created in 1935 to put American men and women to work.

Seperate Spheres

Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics (711)

Nongovernmental Organizations

Nonprofit international organizations devoted to investigating human rights abuses and providing humanitarian relief. Two NGOs won the Nobel Peace Prize in the 1990s: International Campaign to Ban Landmines (1997) and Doctors Without Borders (1999). (p. 8

Provisions of Paris Peace Conference

North Vietnam must release all P.O.W.'s, recognition of the 17th parallel, U.S. must leave in 60 days, If the North Attacks the South the U.S. will come back in

Teheran Conference

November 28-December 1, 1943 *Meeting of the Big Three: Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin *Agreement that Russia would attack Germany from the east as the Allies would attack from the west *First time Roosevelt met Stalin

Order Nullification

Nullifying stuff

Domestication of Plants and Animals

Occurred about 10,000 years ago. "Neolithic revolution."

Stamp Act Congress

October 1765 *Delegates of seven colonies met in New York to discuss plans for defense *Adopted the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, which stated that freeborn Englishmen could not be taxed without their consent

Black Monday

October 19, 1987. Date of the largest single-day decline in the Dow Jones Industrial Average until September 2001. The downturn indicated instability in the booming business culture of the 1980s but did not lead to a serious economic recession.

Stock Market Crash of 1929

October 1929 *Investors began to panic during late October 1929, creating tremendous losses in the stock market *On October 24, 1929 (Black Thursday), the Dow Jones Industrial Average dropped fifty percent and over 13 million shares of stock were traded *On 29th, (Black Tuesday), over 16 million shares of stock were traded *The crash led to the Great Depression

Cuban Missile Crisis

October 1962 *An American spy plane discovered Soviet missile sites being placed in Cuba *In response, President Kennedy blockaded Cuba and demanded that the Soviets remove the missile bases and all long-range weapons *Kennedy declared that any missile attack on the US would result in retaliation against the U.S.S.R. *Khrushchev removed the missile sites; the US lifted the blockade and removed its intermediate-range ballistic missiles from Turkey *Led to Nuclear Test Ban (1963), in which the United States, Britain, and the U.S.S.R. agreed not to perform nuclear tests in the atmosphere or underwater

caliphate

Office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire. (See also Abbasid Caliphate; Sokoto Caliphate; Umayyad Caliphate.) (p. 232)

Animism, shamanism

Old spirit-based belief systems; Shamans attempted to heal the sick, prayed to the spirits for success in hunting, and enforced taboos, or forbidden behaviors.

Jose de Urrea

On March 9, 1836, this Mexican general was heading toward Goliad. After many victories, he captured General James Fannin and the Goliad army.

Armenia

One of the earliest Christian kingdoms, situated in eastern Anatolia and the western Caucasus and occupied by speakers of the Armenian language. (p. 221)

Li Shimin

One of the founders of the Tang Empire and its second emperor (r. 626-649). He led the expansion of the empire into Central Asia. (p. 277)

Yamagata Arimoto

One of the leaders of the Meiji Restoration. (p. 722)

Irrigation

One of the most important ways that both Native Americans and Spanish settlers altered the geographic landscape of Texas.

W.E.B. DuBois

Opposed Booker T. Washington. Wanted social and political integration as well as higher education for 10% of African Americans-what he called a "Talented Tenth". Founder of the Niagara Movement which led to the creation of the NAACP.

NATO

Organization formed in 1949 as a military alliance of western European and North American states against the Soviet Union and its east European allies. (See also Warsaw Pact.)(p. 832)

The Judiciary Act of 1801

Organized the federal legal system, establishing the Supreme Court, federal district and circuit courts, and the office of the Attorney General.

North and South America

Originally settled by migrating people from Asia who crossed a land bridge that existed only temporarily.

dalai lama

Originally, a title meaning 'universal priest' that the Mongol khans invented and bestowed on a Tibetan lama (priest) in the late 1500s to legitimate their power in Tibet. Subsequently, the title of the religious and political leader of Tibet. (p. 556)

Proprietary Colonies

Owned by an individual with direct responsibility to the king, A proprietor selected governor who served as an authority figure.

Planters

Owned large farms and groups of slaves, exercised political and economic control with cotton exports

In East Asia, temples were built in a unique ________ style.

Pagoda.

17th Amendment

Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures.

National Security Act

Passed in 1947 in response to perceived threats from the Soviet Union after WWII. It established the Department of Defense and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and National Security Council.

Twenty Second Amendment

Passed in 1951, the amendment that limits presidents to two terms of office.

Railroad Strike

Pay cuts caused labor strikes to spread through the countr

Cossaks

Peoples of the Russian Empire who lived outside the farming villages, often as herders, mercenaries, or outlaws. Cossacks led the conquest of Siberia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. (p. 552)

Celts

Peoples sharing a common language and culture that originated in Central Europe in the first half of the first millennium B.C.E.. After 500 B.C.E. they spread as far as Anatolia in the east, Spain and the British Isles in the west, onquered by Romans (90)

General Colonization Law of 1824

Permitted any head of household to claim land in Mexico regardless of race or immigration status.

Nasir al-Din Tusi

Persian mathematician and cosmologist whose academy near Tabriz provided the model for the movement of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernican model of the solar system. (p. 337)

utopian socialism

Philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century. Utopian socialists hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively (616

Manifest Destiny

Phrase coined in 1844 *Belief that America was destined to expand to the Pacific, and possibly into Canada and Mexico *John O'Sullivan, an American journalist, wrote an article pushing for the annexation of Texas and coined the phrase "Manifest Destiny" *Came out of post-1812 War nationalism, the reform impulse of the 1830s, and the need for new resources *Those Whigs who supported Manifest Destiny favored more peaceful means, while other Whigs feared American expansion because it might raise the slavery issue in new territories *Manifest Destiny was an engine of both discovery and destruction; while it helped America push westward, the ideas behind Manifest Destiny fueled the Mexican War and the displacement of Native Americans

Five Year Plans

Plans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery, and most other products and were enforced by the police powers of the state. (781)

John Calhon

Planter from South Carolina

Stock Market Crash of 1929

Plunge in stock market prices that marked the beginning of the Great Depression

Watchful Waiting

Policy by Woodrow Wilson of rejecting alliances with leaders who took control through force until a determination of their interests could be mad

colonialism

Policy by which a nation administers a foreign territory and develops its resources for the benefit of the colonial power. (p. 731)

Perestroika

Policy of 'openness' that was the centerpiece of Mikhail Gorbachev's efforts to liberalize communism in the Soviet Union. (See also Gorbachev, Mikhail.) (p. 863)

Eisenhower Doctrine

Policy of the US that it would defend the Middle East against attack by any Communist country

New Economic Policy

Policy proclaimed by Vladimir Lenin in 1924 to encourage the revival of the Soviet economy by allowing small private enterprises. Joseph Stalin ended the N.E.P. in 1928 and replaced it with a series of Five-Year Plans. (See also Lenin, Vladimir.) (p. 766)

Solidarity

Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression. It began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in eastern Europe. (p. 863)

Helsinki Accords

Political and human rights agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland, by the Soviet Union and western European countries. (p. 839)

terrorism

Political belief that extreme and seemingly random violence will destabilize a government and permit the terrorists to gain political advantage. Though an old technique, terrorism gained prominence in the late 20th Century (890)

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Political declarations in favor of states' rights, written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, in opposition the the Alien and Sedition acts. Maintained that states could nullify federal legislation they regarded as unconstitutional

nationalism

Political ideology that stresses people's membership in a nation-a community defined by a common culture and history as well as by territory. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, nationalism was a force for unity in western Europe (713)

personalist leaders

Political leaders who rely on charisma and their ability to mobilize and direct the masses of citizens outside the authority of constitutions and laws. Nineteenth-century examples include Jos? Antonio P?ez of Venezuela and Andrew Jackson of the US. (628)

All-India Muslim League

Political organization founded in India in 1906 to defend the interests of India's Muslim minority. Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, it attempted to negotiate with the Indian National Congress. Demanded Pakistan (813)

Joint-Stock Company

Popularized in 1600s *A type of business structure used by some colonial explorers to raise money for their expeditions *These private trading companies sold shares to investors who provided start-up funding *In return for taking on the risk of the investment, investors were paid based on the profits of the expedition *Many modern business structures, such as the American corporation, are founded on principles of the joint-stock company

Malacca

Port city in the modern Southeast Asian country of Malaysia, founded about 1400 as a trading center on the Strait of Malacca. Also spelled Melaka. (p. 387)

Aden

Port city in the modern south Arabian country of Yemen. It has been a major trading center in the Indian Ocean since ancient times. (p. 385)

sub-Saharan Africa

Portion of the African continent lying south of the Sahara. (p. 216)

Bartolomeu Dias

Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean. (p. 428)

Vasco da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. (p. 428)

Ferdinand Magellan

Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world. (p. 431)

Carpetbaggers and Scalawags

Post Civil War- Reconstruction *Carpetbaggers: Derogatory Southern name for Northerners who came to the South to participate in Reconstruction governments *Names came from the cloth bags of possessions many of them used to travel South *Scalawags: Derogatory name for Southerners working for or supporting the federal government during Reconstruction *Some of these Southerners had opposed the war from the beginning, while others helped Reconstruction for financial gain *Partially in response to Reconstruction, a group of Southern whites formed the Klu Klux Klan, which targeted carpetbaggers, scalawags, African Americans, and others with aggressive and sometime violent acts

After the War of 1812

Post-1814 *Increased American nationalism *Created high foreign demand for cotton, grain, and tobacco *The country turned from its agrarian origins toward industrialization *Led to depression in 1819 due to influx of British goods; Bank of the United States responded by tightening credit to slow inflation

postmodernism

Post-World War II intellectual movement and cultural attitude focusing on cultural pluralism and release from the confines and ideology of Western high culture. (p. 900)

Gupta Empire

Powerful Indian state based, like its Mauryan predecessor, on a capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture (186)

Chimu

Powerful Peruvian civilization based on conquest. Located in the region earlier dominated by Moche. Conquered by Inca in 1465. (p. 314)

Toltecs

Powerful postclassic empire in central Mexico (900-1168 C.E.). It influenced much of Mesoamerica. Aztecs claimed ties to this earlier civilization. (p. 305)

Agriculture by 1850

Pre-1850 *Agricultural technology increased harvest sizes, saved on labor, and made selling farm goods to international markets possible *Demand for agricultural land grew *Railroad was used to help transport goods *John Deere, an American manufacturer, pioneered the steel-plow industry *Cyrus McCormack invented the mechanical reaper

Industry by 1850

Pre-1850 *Mostly located in the North *Industry's value surpassed agriculture *United States technology exceeded Europe in such areas as rubber, coal power, mass production, and the telegraph *Cheap immigrant labor threatened the established workers' jobs

Warren G. Harding

Pres.1921 laissez-faire, little regard for gov't or presidency. "return to normalcy" after Wilson + his progressive ideals. Office became corrupt: allowed drinking in prohibition, had an affair, surrounded himself w/ cronies (used office for private gain). Ex) Sec. of Interior leased gov't land w/ oil for $500,000 and took money himself. Died after 3 years in office, VP: Coolidge took over

Juan Peron

President of Argentina (1946-1955, 1973-1974). As a military officer, he championed the rights of labor. Aided by his wife Eva Duarte Per?n, he was elected president in 1946. He built up Argentinean industry, became very popular among the urban poor. (823

Saddam Husain

President of Iraq since 1979. Waged war on Iran in 1980-1988. In 1990 he ordered an invasion of Kuwait but was defeated by United States and its allies in the Gulf War (1991). (p. 860)

Lazaro Cardenas

President of Mexico (1934-1940). He brought major changes to Mexican life by distributing millions of acres of land to the peasants, bringing representatives of workers and farmers into the inner circles of politics, and nationalizing the oil industry 820

Woodrow Wilson

President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. He was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations. (p. 762)

Mercantilism

Prevailing economic philosophy of the 1960's where colonies are exploited by their mother countries for resources.

Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

Priest that denounced the ruling class in 1810, which began the Revolution.

Alexander Nevski

Prince of Novgorod (r. 1236-1263). He submitted to the invading Mongols in 1240 and received recognition as the leader of the Russian princes under the Golden Horde. (p. 339)

Unlimited Submarine Warfare

Proclamation by Germany that it would sink all shops, without warning, that entered a large war zone off the coasts of Allied Nations

Guerrero Decree

Prohibited slavery in Mexico. Inhabitants of Texas vehemently denounced this law, and Guerrero quickly succumbed to pressure excluding Texas from the decree.

Eighteenth Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

Minoan

Prosperous civilization on the Aegean island of Crete in the second millennium B.C.E. The Minoans engaged in far-flung commerce around the Mediterranean and exerted powerful cultural influences on the early Greeks. (p. 73)

Queen Elizabeth I

Protestant successor to Queen Mary, invested English raids on the Spanish New World, Established Protestantism in England and encouraged English business.

The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783

Published 1890 *Written by Alfred Thayer Mahan (1840-1914), a naval officer and historian *Further encouraged those in favor of American imperialism and seaward expansion *Themes in the book were used as partial justification for the United States' taking of the Philippines

John Peter Zenger

Publisher and Printer which started the idea of free speech

Kangxi

Qing emperor (r. 1662-1722). He oversaw the greatest expansion of the Qing Empire.

The Council House Fight

Quarrel between Texas peace delegates and the Comanches. On March 1840 these two groups met in order to establish peace after two years of conflict. The Comanches wanted Texas to officially recognize their homeland Comancheria whereas Texans wanted prisoners of war to be released. The meeting ended in violence when shots were fired killing twelve Comanches. Any change of peace between these two groups ended, resulting in years of warfare and turmoil.

Hatshepsut

Queen of Egypt (1473-1458 B.C.E.). Dispatched a naval expedition down the Red Sea to Punt (possibly Somalia), the faraway source of myrrh. There is evidence of opposition to a woman as ruler, and after her death her name was frequently expunged. (p.66)

Champa Rice

Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China as a tribute gift by the Champa state. (See also tributary system.) (p. 295)

Tanakh

Rabbis codified Jewish scripture. Name some.

Bolsheviks

Radical Marxist political party founded by Vladimir Lenin in 1903. Under Lenin's leadership, the Bolsheviks seized power in November 1917 during the Russian Revolution. (See also Lenin, Vladimir.) (p. 761)

Jacobins

Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilien Robespierre from 1793 to 1794. (See also Robespierre, Maximilien.) (p. 588)

chinampas

Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields. (p. 301)

Expansion of Islam

Rapid expansion in the century after Muhammad's death was the work of early caliphs who spread the word through pilgrimages.

newly industrialized economies

Rapidly growing, new industrial nations of the late twentieth century, including the Asian Tigers. (p. 861)

Elastic Clause and the Tenth Amendment

Ratified 1791 *The Tenth Amendment restricts the federal government to those powers delegated to it by the Constitution and gives all other powers to the states, or the people *Article I, Section 8 grants the federal government the power to make all laws "which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers" *The conflict between these two ideas is the determination of which group, the federal government or the states and their people, has the right to exercise powers that have not been expressly delegated to the central government

Seventeenth Amendment

Ratified 1913 *A progressive initiative that allowed for each state to elect two senators for six year terms by popular vote *Restated the first paragraph of Article 1, Section 3 of the Constitution by replacing "chosen by Legislature thereof" with "elected by the people thereof" *Allowed citizens to have a more active participation in government

President Ulysses Grant

Readmitted Texas to the Union, ending Reconstruction.

Ice Ages

Reason that it took people to move into Europe, Central Asia, and Siberia. They lasted until approximately 12,000 years ago.

The Cordova Rebellion

Rebellion plot against the Republic of Texas in the summer of 1838. Main conspirator Alcalde Vicente Cordova supported the Texas Revolution against Mexico until independence was declared. With support from the Cherokee tribe, Cordova sought to bring down the Texas government.

business cycle

Recurrent swings from economic hard times to recovery and growth, then back to hard times and a repetition of the sequence. (p. 615)

English Puritanism

Reform the Church of England, believed in predestination; Calvinism.

Manchuria

Region of Northeast Asia bounded by the Yalu River on the south and the Amur River on the east and north. (p. 354)

Bengal

Region of northeastern India. It was the first part of India to be conquered by the British in the eighteenth century and remained the political and economic center of British India throughout the nineteenth century.(812)

Gold Coast

Region of the Atlantic coast of West Africa occupied by modern Ghana; named for its gold exports to Europe from the 1470s onward. (p. 428)

Gujarat

Region of western India famous for trade and manufacturing; the inhabitants are called Gujarati. (p. 380)

Victorian Age

Reign of Queen Victoria of Great Britain (1837-1901). The term is also used to describe late-nineteenth-century society, with its rigid moral standards and sharply differentiated roles for men and women and for middle-class and working-class people (711)

Yongle

Reign period of Zhu Di (1360-1424), the third emperor of the Ming Empire (r. 1403-1424).Sponsored the building of the Forbidden City, a huge encyclopedia project, the expeditions of Zheng He, and the reopening of China's borders to trade and travel (355)

Islam

Religion expounded by the Prophet Muhammad (570-632 C.E.) on the basis of his reception of divine revelations, which were collected after his death into the Quran. (231)

Protestant Reformation

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It resulted in the 'protesters' forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran and Reformed Churches and the Church of England. (p. 446)

Catholic Reformation

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline. (p. 447)

mass deportation

Removal of entire peoples used as terror tactic by Assyrian and Persian Empires. (95)

Craig Anthony Washington

Representative from Texas, opposed bills related to the NAFTA and NASA.

Hawaii

Republic founded in 1894 *American sugar planters worked in Hawaii and expanded American-Hawaiian sugar trade *Queen Liliuokalani opposed foreigners, which alienated Americans *Revolution against the queen occurred in 1893 with the encouragement of American leaders *Feeling that most islanders did not support the revolution, Grover Cleveland unsuccessfully attempted to restore Queen Liliuokalani *Stanford Dole, son of American missionaries in Hawaii, shepherded the process of annexing Hawaii *Dole became Hawaii's first governor when the United Stated annexed it on July 7, 1898

Emilano Zapata

Revolutionary and leader of peasants in the Mexican Revolution. He mobilized landless peasants in south-central Mexico in an attempt to seize and divide the lands of the wealthy landowners. Though successful for a time, he was ultimately assassinated. 819

French and Indian War

Rivalry between France, Britain and NA tribes over land.

Constantine

Roman emperor (r. 312-337). After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity a favored religion. (p.159)

pax romana

Roman peace,' The stability and prosperity that Roman rule brought to the lands of the Roman Empire in the first two centuries C.E. The movement of people and trade goods along Roman roads and safe seas allowed for the spread of cuture/ideas (154)

The Netherlands

Ruled over New Amsterdam (New York).

Mansa Kankan Musa

Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world. (p. 376)

Muscovy

Russian principality that emerged gradually during the era of Mongol domination. The Muscovite dynasty ruled without interruption from 1276 to 1598. (p. 551)

Mikhail Romanov

Russian tsar (r. 1613-1645) A member of the Russian aristocracy, he became tsar after the old line of Muscovite rulers was deposed. (p. 551)

Joshua Houston

Sam Houston's personal servant and friend. An educated slave, he met some of the most influential men in Texas. In 1862, Sam Houston freed him even though it was technically illegal.

Medieval Japan

Samurai, played an important role in Japanese Society, they observed bushido, which emphasized the imprtance of loyalty to the warriors lord.

What were the languages of widespread religions?

Sanskrit, Mandarin Chinese, Latin, Greek.

Burr Conspiracy

Scheme by Vice-President Aaron Burr to lead the succession of the Louisiana Territory from the US and create his own empire. He was captured in 1807 and charged with treason. Because there was no evidence or two witnesses he was acquitted. Marshall upholds the strict rules for trying someone for treason.

James Watt

Scot who invented the condenser and other improvements that made the steam engine a practical source of power for industry and transportation. The watt, an electrical measurement, is named after him. (p. 607)

Horace Mann

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; "Father of the public school system"; a prominent proponent of public school reform, & set the standard for public schools throughout the nation; lengthened academic year; pro training & higher salaries to teachers

Phoenicians

Semitic-speaking Canaanites living on the coast of modern Lebanon and Syria in the first millennium B.C.E. From major cities such as Tyre and Sidon, Phoenician merchants and sailors explored the Mediterranean, and engaged in widespread commerce. (103)

Blaise Diagne

Senegalese political leader. He was the first African elected to the French National Assembly. During World War I, in exchange for promises to give French citizenship to Senegalese, he helped recruit Africans to serve in the French army. (809)

Louis Juchereau de St. Denis

Sent to east Texas to help set up Missions such as Mission San Francinsco de los Tejas and Mission Santisimo Nombre de Maria. These missions were abandoned in 1693 due to hostilities with Native Americans who blamed the Spanish for a smallpox outbreak. These missions were paramount because they led to the permanence of the European occupation of Texas.

Battle of Antietam

September 17, 1862 *A Civil War battle that offered the North an opportunity to defeat General Lee and shorten the war *Northern General George McClellan had discovered detailed plans for Lee's entire operation but ignored the opportunity because of over-cautiousness *Lee's army was forced to retreat to Virginia after a bloody battle at Antietam *McClellan's failure to pursue Lee led Lincoln to remove him from command

Selective Service and Training Act

September 1940 *US's first peacetime draft *Men between ages 21 and 35 were signed into service, and a group of them was chosen for a year of training in the military

First Continental Congress

September-October 1774 *Meeting in Philadelphia of colonial representatives to denounce the Intolerable Acts and to petition the British Parliament *A few radical members discussed breaking from England *Created Continental Association and forbade the importation and use of British goods *Agreed to convene a Second Continental Congress in May 1775

Hundred Years War

Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. (p. 413)

Shah Abbas I

Shah of Iran (r. 1587-1629). The most illustrious ruler of the Safavid Empire, he moved the imperial capital to Isfahan in 1598, where he erected many palaces, mosques, and public buildings. (p. 533)

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Shi'ite philosopher and cleric who led the overthrow of the shah of Iran in 1979 and created an Islamic republic. (p. 859)

Panama Canal

Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 2000 (746)

Suez Canal

Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882. (p. 726)

dhow

Ship of small to moderate size used in the western Indian Ocean, traditionally with a triangular sail and a sewn timber hull. (p. 382)

The Constitution of the United States

Signed September 17, 1787; ratified by the required nine states June 21, 1788 *Drafted at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 *Included a preamble and seven articles *Created a stronger federal government *The Bill of Rights constitutes the first ten amendments, and it protects individual rights and freedoms

Juan O'Donoju

Signed a treaty granting Mexico its independence on August 24, 1821 after noticing that the Plan de Iguala would not work.

Tianamen Square

Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life. (p. 862)

Troy

Site in northwest Anatolia, overlooking the Hellespont strait, where archaeologists have excavated a series of Bronze Age cities. One of these may have been destroyed by Greeks ca. 1200 B.C.E., as reported in Homer's epic poems. (p. 76)

Mycenae

Site of a fortified palace complex in southern Greece that controlled a Late Bronze Age kingdom. In Homer's epic poems Mycenae was the base of King Agamemnon, who commanded the Greeks besieging Troy. (74)

Harappa

Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium B.C.E. It was located on the northwest frontier of the zone of cultivation , and may have been a center for the acquisition of raw materials. (p. 48)

Court Packing Scheme

Six additional justices would have been appointed. This was proposed in response to the Supreme Court overturning several of his New Deal measures that proponents claim were designed to help the United States recover from the Great Depression.

Denmark Vessey

Slave who purchased his freedom, planned a large slave rebellion, but was found out by Charleston SC, arrested and executed.

Slaves in the 1600's

Small percentage of the population, from Africa

Salvador Allende

Socialist politician elected president of Chile in 1970 and overthrown by the military in 1973. He died during the military attack. (p. 856)

socialism

Socialists advocated government protection of workers from exploitation by property owners and government ownership of industries. This ideology led to the founding of socialist or labor parties in the late 1800s. (709)

Farmer's Alliance

Sought to pursue farmers to practice cooperative farming using credit rather than cash.

Afrikaners

South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910. (735)

New Spain

Spain's tightly controlled empire in the New World which used the encomienda system.

Fray Damian Massanet

Spanish Franciscan priest who co-founded the first mission in New Spain in 1683 with Francisco Hidalgo, the College of Santa Cruz de Queretaro. For over a decade the priests tried to establish missions in east Texas, but could not obtain proper support from New Spain. Since he was not able to procure the assistance New Spain, Hidalgo sent a letter to the French governor of Louisiana for assistance in 1711.

Hernan Cortes

Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain. (p. 437)

Fransisco Pizarro

Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533. (p. 438)

The Peopling of the World

Spread of modern humans around the world that began 100,000 years ago. The first step was the migration of hunter-forager groups from Africa to the Middle East.

Kievan Russia

State established at Kiev in Ukraine ca. 879 by Scandinavian adventurers asserting authority over a mostly Slavic farming population. (p. 267)

(289) Teller Amendment

Stated that the Cubans would have independance once the Americans overthrew the Spanish. Overrode by the Platt Amendment and Cuba came under American control

Balfour Declaration

Statement issued by Britain's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine. (p. 761)

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution. (p. 586)

START

Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, Cut the Nuclear weapons arsenals of both nations by thirty percent

Interior Lowlands

Stretch from Caprock Escarpment in the west, the Edwards Plateau in the south, and the Eastern Cross Timbers to the east.

Articles of Confederation

Submitted July 1776; ratified 1781 *Framework for an American national government in which states were given the most power *Permitted the federal government to make war, offer treaties, and create new states *There was no federal power to levy taxes, raise troops, or regulate commerce *Congressional revision of the articles created a weak national government

scramble for africa

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts. (p. 731)

Jane McCallum

Suffragist leader who fought for women's suffrage and Prohibition during the early twentieth century.

Acequias

Supplied water to seven missions near San Antonio. The first crop that was grown using irrigation was corn, but soon other crops were successfully grown.

Viceroy Jose de Iturrigaray

Supported the criollo but was removed from office in a coup by the peninsulars.

Lecompton Constitution

Supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state.

Fletcher v. Peck

Supreme Court case which protected property rights and asserted the right to invalidate state laws in conflict with the Constitution

Miranda v Arizona

Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police.

Generals Magruder and Edmund Kirby Smith

Surrendered their command to Union forces.

Casas Revolt

Swung the revolution back in favor of the rebels when Governor Manuel Antonio Cordero y Bustamante had 700 troops defect in January 1811 after being confronted by 7,000 rebel troops in Coahila.

khipu

System of knotted colored cords used by preliterate Andean peoples to transmit information. (p. 312)

hieroglyphics

System of writing in which pictorial symbols represented sounds, syllables, or concepts. Used for official and monumental inscriptions in ancient Egypt.

divination

Techniques for ascertaining the future or the will of the gods by interpreting natural phenomena such as, in early China, the cracks on oracle bones or, in ancient Greece, the flight of birds through sectors of the sky. (p. 59)

Third World

Term applied to a group of developing countries who professed nonalignment during the Cold War. (p. 846)

Afro-Eurasia

Term referring to Africa, Europe and Asia together.

Eurasia

Term referring to Europe and Asia together.

Goliad Campaign of 1835

Texans defeated Mexican forces here. The victory not only provided the rebel Texans with valuable weapons but cut off the Mexican army from the gulf, which prevented them from rearming.

kamikaze

The 'divine wind,' which the Japanese credited with blowing Mongol invaders away from their shores in 1281. (p. 365)

Grand Canal

The 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire. (p. 277)

James Buchanan

The 15th President of the United States (1857-1861). He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860.

Warsaw Pact

The 1955 treaty binding the Soviet Union and countries of eastern Europe in an alliance against the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. (p. 836)

Harry S. Truman

The 33rd U.S. president, who succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt upon Roosevelt's death in April 1945. Truman, who led the country through the last few months of World War II, is best known for making the controversial decision to use two atomic bombs against Japan in August 1945. After the war, Truman was crucial in the implementation of the Marshall Plan, which greatly accelerated Western Europe's economic recovery.

Long March

The 6,000-mile (9,600-kilometer) flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek. (789)

Battle of Galveston

The Confederate Army recaptured Galveston Island during this Battle.

moksha

The Hindu concept of the spirit's 'liberation' from the endless cycle of rebirths. (179)

Zen

The Japanese word for a branch of Mahayana Buddhism based on highly disciplined meditation. It is known in Sanskrit as dhyana, in Chinese as chan, and in Korean as son. (p. 289)

Dutch West India Company

The Joint-Stock company that ran the colonies in Fort Orange and in New Amsterdam, which later became New York.

Serbia

The Ottoman province in the Balkans that rose up against Janissary control in the early 1800s. After World War II the central province of Yugoslavia. Serb leaders struggled to maintain dominance as the Yugoslav federation dissolved in the 1990s. (p. 676)

Yi Kingdom

The Yi dynasty ruled Korea from the fall of the Koryo kingdom to the colonization of Korea by Japan. (p. 362)

Dawes Severalty Act

The act passed with the intent to assimilate Native Americans into mainstream of American life by dissolving tribes as legal entities and eliminating tribal ownership of land.

mechanization

The application of machinery to manufacturing and other activities. Among the first processes to be mechanized were the spinning of cotton thread and the weaving of cloth in late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century England. (p. 603)

Inventions that aided European Exploration

The astrolabe (tool used to determine latitude), magnetic compass (showed explorers what direction they were travelling, and the traverse board (helped explorers track the speed and direction of the ship) were key inventions that aided European Exploration.

syncretism

The blending of old and new religious beliefs; mixing of practices from more than one religion.

Freedman's Bureau

The bureau's focus was to provide food, medical care, administer justice, manage abandoned and confiscated property, regulate labor, and establish schools.

Memphis

The capital of Old Kingdom Egypt, near the head of the Nile Delta. Early rulers were interred in the nearby pyramids. (p. 43)

papacy

The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head. (pp. 258, 445)

Agricultural Revolution

The change from food gathering to food production that occurred between ca. 8000 and 2000 B.C.E. Also known as the Neolithic Revolution. (p. 17)

Neolithic Revolution

The changes that occurred after the Neolithic Revolution. People started to settle down, farm and domesticate animals. Pastoralist and herding societies (groups that domesticated animals but not plants) also emerged.

Druids

The class of religious experts who conducted rituals and preserved sacred lore among some ancient Celtic peoples. They provided education, mediated disputes between kinship groups, and were suppressed by the Romans as potential resistance. (92)

technology transfer

The communication of specific plans, designs, or educational programs necessary for the use of new technologies from one society or class to another. (p. 358)

umma

The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community. (p. 231)

Korean War

The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

Lorenzo de Zavala

The constitution of the Republic of Texas was written by him. The constitution was essentially a carbon copy of the U.S. Constitution.

Sixteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment adopted in 1913 that explicitly permitted Congress to levy an income tax.

Social Stratification

The creation of classes in a societies.

Innovations that facilitated European Exploration

The creation of smaller, quicker ships like the caravel and galleon were ideal for long-range travel because they were inexpensive to build, quick, and maneuverable.

Shang

The dominant people in the earliest Chinese dynasty for which we have written records (ca. 1750-1027 B.C.E.). Ancestor worship, divination by means of oracle bones, and the use of bronze vessels for ritual purposes were major elements of Shang culture.

capitalism

The economic system of large financial institutions-banks, stock exchanges, investment companies-that first developed in early modern Europe. Commercial capitalism, the trading system of the early modern economy. (506)

Indian Civil Service

The elite professional class of officials who administered the government of British India. Originally composed exclusively of well-educated British men, it gradually added qualified Indians. (p. 661)

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. (p. 472)

Siberia

The extreme northeastern sector of Asia, including the Kamchatka Peninsula and the present Russian coast of the Arctic Ocean, the Bering Strait, and the Sea of Okhotsk. (p. 551)

Jackie Robinson

The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans.

Olmec

The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., the Olmec people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction. (86)

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

Kamakura Shogunate

The first of Japan's decentralized military governments. (1185-1333). (p. 294)

Mauryan Empire

The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B.C.E. and survived until 184 B.C.E. From its capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes. (184)

Japanese Internment Camps

The forcible relocation of approximately 110,000 Japanese Americans to housing facilities called "War Relocation Camps", in the wake of Imperial Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor.

indulgence

The forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins, granted by the Catholic Church authorities as a reward for a pious act. Martin Luther's protest against the sale of indulgences is often seen as touching off the Protestant Reformation. (p. 446)

gunpowder

The formula, brought to China in the 400s or 500s, was first used to make fumigators to keep away insect pests and evil spirits. In later centuries it was used to make explosives and grenades and to propel cannonballs, shot, and bullets. (p. 289)

satrap

The governor of a province in the Achaemenid Persian Empire, often a relative of the king. He was responsible for protection of the province and for forwarding tribute to the central administration. Enjoyed much power. (pg118)

Stone Age

The historical period characterized by the production of tools from stone and other nonmetallic substances. It was followed in some places by the Bronze Age and more generally by the Iron Age. (p. 11)

Salem Witch Trials

The hunt in Salem village which tried to find witches

laissez faire

The idea that government should refrain from interfering in economic affairs. The classic exposition of laissez-faire principles is Adam Smith's Wealth of Nations (1776). (p. 615)

Council of the Indes

The institution responsible for supervising Spain's colonies in the Americas from 1524 to the early eighteenth century, when it lost all but judicial responsibilities. (p. 476)

Scientific Revolution

The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science. (p. 466)

Tamil Kingdoms

The kingdoms of southern India, inhabited primarily by speakers of Dravidian languages, which developed in partial isolation, and somewhat differently, from the Aryan north. (185)

Babylon

The largest and most important city in Mesopotamia. It achieved particular eminence as the capital of the Amorite king Hammurabi in the eighteenth century B.C.E. and the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar in the sixth century B.C.E. (p. 29)

Asia

The largest and most populous continent on earth. It contains the world's most diverse mix of climates, languages, and cultures. Asia's subregions include the Middle East, Central Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia and East Asia.

Tokugawa Shogunate

The last of the three shogunates of Japan. (p. 563)

Savings and Loan Scandal

The lax regulation of the savings and loan industry led to poor investments and high insolvenc

mass production

The manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small repetitive tasks. This method was introduced into the manufacture of pottery by Josiah Wedgwood and into the spinning of cotton thread by Richard Arkwright. (602)

The Great Migration

The migration of thousands of African-Americans from the South to the North. African Americans were looking to escape the problems of racism in the South and felt they could seek out better jobs and an overall better life in the North.

Taiping Rebellion

The most destructive civil war before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire. (p. 687)

Suleiman the Magnificent

The most illustrious sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1520-1566); also known as Suleiman Kanuni, 'The Lawgiver.' He significantly expanded the empire in the Balkans and eastern Mediterranean. (p. 526)

Simon Bolivar

The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America. Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. (p. 623)

Bhagavad-Gita

The most important work of Indian sacred literature, a dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and the god Krishna on duty and the fate of the spirit. (p. 185)

Progressivism

The movement in the late 1800s to increase democracy in America by curbing the power of the corporation. It fought to end corruption in government and business, and worked to bring equal rights of women and other groups that had been left behind during the industrial revolution.

Enola Gay

The name of the American B-29 bomber, piloted by Col. Paul Tibbets, Jr., that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, on Aug. 6, 1945.

Great Circuit

The network of Atlantic Ocean trade routes between Europe, Africa, and the Americas that underlay theAtlantic system. (p. 508)

Atlantic System

The network of trading links after 1500 that moved goods, wealth, people, and cultures around the Atlantic Ocean basin. (p. 497)

Mahayana

The newer school, caught on farther to the north, especially in Japan, Korea, and parts of China. Mahayana involves more ritual and symbology than the Buddha spoke of, mainly due to syncretism. humans.

Middle Passage

The part of the Great Circuit involving the transportation of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas. (p. 508)

Sumerians

The people who dominated southern Mesopotamia through the end of the third millennium B.C.E. They were responsible for the creation of many fundamental elements of Mesopotamian culture-such as irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions.

Neolithic

The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution(s). It follows the Paleolithic period. (p. 11)

Paleolithic

The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period. (p. 11)

balance of power

The policy in international relations by which, beginning in the eighteenth century, the major European states acted together to prevent any one of them from becoming too powerful. (p. 455)

Meiji Restoration

The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism. (See also Yamagata Aritomo.) (p. 694)

shamanism

The practice of identifying special individuals (shamans) who will interact with spirits for the benefit of the community. Characteristic of the Korean kingdoms of the early medieval period and of early societies of Central Asia. (p. 292)

Romanization

The process by which the Latin language and Roman culture became dominant in the western provinces of the Roman Empire. Romans did not seek to Romanize them, but the subjugated people pursued it. (155)

modernization

The process of reforming political, military, economic, social, and cultural traditions in imitation of the early success of Western societies, often with regard for accommodating local traditions in non-Western societies. (p. 652)

witch-hunt

The pursuit of people suspected of witchcraft, especially in northern Europe in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. (p. 464)

deforestation

The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves. (p. 462)

Sepoy Rebellion

The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. (p. 661)

Peninsulars

The ruling class born in Spain, supported the current viceroy government.

Ashikaga Shogunate

The second of Japan's military governments headed by a shogun (a military ruler). Sometimes called the Muromachi Shogunate. (p. 365)

Agricultural Diffusion

The shift of food gathering to food producing. Gatherer>grower=agricultural revolution. Chaser>herder=domestication. People could now live in one area because they didn't have to search for food. Could now make houses

variolation

The technique of enhancing immunity by exposing patients to dried mucous taken from those already infected. (p. 559)

mestizo

The term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed Amerindian and European descent. (p. 484)

mulatto

The term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European descent. (p. 484)

constitutionalism

The theory developed in early modern England and spread elsewhere that royal power should be subject to legal and legislative checks. (p. 452)

autocracy

The theory justifying strong, centralized rule, such as by the tsar in Russia or Haile Selassie in Ethiopia. The autocrat did not rely on the aristocracy or the clergy for his or her legitimacy. (p. 553)

absolution

The theory popular in France and other early modern European monarchies that royal power should be free of constitutional checks. (p. 452)

"Out of Africa Thesis"

The theory that members of the genus Homo, the primate category to which humans belong, emerged in southern and eastern Africa. And that modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) arose in East Africa between 100,000 to 200,000 years ago and then migrated outward.

Ghengis Khan

The title of Tem?jin when he ruled the Mongols (1206-1227). It means the 'oceanic' or 'universal' leader. Genghis Khan was the founder of the Mongol Empire. (p. 325)

Industrial Revolution

The transformation of the economy, the environment, and living conditions, occurring first in England in the eighteenth century, that resulted from the use of steam engines, the mechanization of manufacturing in factories, transit, and communications (599

Treaty of Versailles

The treaty imposed on Germany by France, Great Britain, the United States, and other Allied Powers after World War I. It demanded that Germany dismantle its military and give up some lands to Poland. It was resented by many Germans. (p. 763)

Macartney Mission

The unsuccessful attempt by the British Empire to establish diplomatic relations with the Qing Empire. (p. 560)

Forbidden City

The walled section of Beijing where emperors lived between 1121 and 1924. A portion is now a residence for leaders of the People's Republic of China. (p. 355)

Australia

The world's smallest continent. Home to the Earth's oldest surviving ethnic group, the Aborigines.

Daoism's most famous symbol is what?

The yin-yang; it is a circle whose dark and light halves are divided by a double-curved line, illustrating that nothing is absolute.

The Proprietors

These people owned colonies with direct responsibility to the king, supposed to provide opportunity for Royal Control

monsoon

These strong and predictable winds have long been ridden across the open sea by sailors, and the large amounts of rainfall that they deposit on parts of India, Southeast Asia, and China allow for the cultivation of several crops a year. (pp. 174, 371)

Insular Cases

These were court cases dealing with islands/countries that had been recently annexed and demanded the rights of a citizen. These Supreme Court cases decided that the Constitution did not always follow the flag, thus denying the rights of a citizen to Puerto Ricans and Filipinos.

Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Kickapoo, ad Shawnee

These were part of a number of different tribes that migrated west in the early nineteenth century into Texas from east of the Mississippi.

Francisco Javier Vanegas and General Felix Maria Calleja

They had Hidalgo's army on retreat toward northern provinces.

Comanches

They migrated to Texas from Wyoming during the 1600s. By the late 1600s, the Comanches acquired horses by raiding Pueblo villages. They were the most skilled tribe in terms of horse breeding and training. The Comanches were feared and respected for their great mobility, horsemanship, and ferocity during warfare.

Lipans

They were one of the most important subgroups of the Apaches in Texas. Initially, they had made serious trouble by raiding tribes for food and plunder. They were mainly a nomadic group subsisting on hunting-gathering and raiding other tribes. They gained horses after raiding Spanish and Pueblo settlements, which made them even more formidable.

Ashoka

Third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India (r. 270-232 B.C.E.). He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing. (p. 184)

Darius I

Third ruler of the Persian Empire (r. 521-486 B.C.E.). He crushed the widespread initial resistance to his rule and gave all major government posts to Persians rather than to Medes.

Furman v Georgia

This 1972 Supreme Court case struck down all state laws allowing the death penalty stating that they allowed for too much discretion on the part of the judge and jury resulting in lack of consistent administration of the penalty.

Federal Reserve Act of 1913

This act created a central banking system, consisting of twelve regional banks governed by the Federal Reserve Board. It was an attempt to provide the United States with a sound yet flexible currency. The Board it created still plays a vital role in the American economy today.

Keating-Owen Child Labor Act

This act was signed by President Wilson in 1916 that excluded from interstate commerce goods manufactured by children under fourteen; later ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court on the ground that regulation of interstate commerce could not extend to the conditions of labor.

Plan de Iguala

This called for a constitutional monarchy, maintaining the rights and lands for the Catholic Church, and equality between the criollos and peninsulars.

Credit Mobilier Scandal

This scandal occurred in the 1870s when a railroad construction company's stockholders used funds that were supposed to be used to build the Union Pacific Railroad for railroad construction for their own personal use. To avoid being convicted, stockholders even used stock to bribe congressional members and the vice president.

Criollos

Those born in New Spain who had longed for a greater say in local government, promoted a provisional government that supported deposed King Ferdinand

Whiskey Ring Fraud

To aid in the cost of the Civil War, liquor taxes were increase

Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act

To avoid issues with unions striking the gov passed the strike. allowed gov to take over any business closed due to a strike and strikers would be put in jail

Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon

Took over the revolution after the execution of Miguel Hidalgo. He was more organized and politically savvy, and had a clearer plan for the future of Mexico. Unfortunately for the insurgents, he was executed.

El Alamein

Town in Egypt, site of the victory by Britain's Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery over German forces led by General Erwin Rommel (the 'Desert Fox') in 1942-1943. (p. 793)

Dutch West India Company

Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa. (p. 498)

trans-Saharan Caravan Routes

Trading network linking North Africa with sub-Saharan Africa across the Sahara. (p. 210)

Jay's Treaty

Treaty signed in 1794 between the U.S. And Britain in which Britain sought to improve trade relations and agreed to withdraw from forts in the northwest territory

U.S.-British Tension and Webster-Ashburton Treaty

Treaty signed in 1842 *American ship was burned by Canadian loyalists *Canada and the US disputed the boundary of Maine *British ships sometime stopped American ships to suppress American slave smuggling *The treaty settled the boundary of Maine and border disputes in the Great Lakes *Created more cooperation between the United States and Britain in curbing the slave trade

Salt I

Treaty signed in 1972 between the U.S. and the USSR. This agreement limited the number of missiles in each nation

Treaty of Nanking

Treaty that concluded the Opium War. It awarded Britain a large indemnity from the Qing Empire, denied the Qing government tariff control over some of its own borders, opened additional ports of residence to Britons, and ceded Hong Kong to Britain. (685)

steppe

Treeless plains, especially the high, flat expanses of northern Eurasia, which usually have little rain and are covered with coarse grass. They are good lands for nomads and their herds. Good for breeding horses: essential to mongol military. (326)

Ottomans

Turks who had come to Anatolia in the same wave of migrations as the Seljuks. (344)

varna/jati

Two categories of social identity of great importance in Indian history. Varna are the four major social divisions: the Brahmin priest class, the Kshatriya warrior/administrator class, the Vaishya merchant/farmer class, and the Shudra laborer class. (177)

Espionage and Sedition Acts

Two laws, enacted in 1917 and 1918, that imposed harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against US partcipation in WWI

movable type

Type in which each individual character is cast on a separate piece of metal. It replaced woodblock printing, allowing for the arrangement of individual letters and other characters on a page. Invented in Korea 13th Century. (293)

Battle of Midway

U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II. (p. 795)

Populist Party

U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies

Battle of Wounded Knee

US soldiers massacred 300 unarmed Native American in 1890. This ended the Indian Wars.

Mamluks

Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517)

mamluks

Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. Mamluks eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria. (236)

Charles Lindbergh

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean (1902-1974)

Rachel Carson

United States biologist remembered for her opposition to the use of pesticides that were hazardous to wildlife (1907-1964)

Mark Twain

United States writer and humorist best known for his novels about Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn (1835-1910)

Juan Bautista de las Casas

Unseated Governor Manuel Salcedoe of Texas in January 22, 1811.

Office of State Superintendent of Instruction

Used tax dollars to fund education (school districts), which was hugely instrumental in the rise of literacy rates.

Jeffersonian Democrats

Vehemently opposed Roosevelt's presidency.

Legalism

Viewed people as innately immoral, and advocated harsh punishments as the only way to control them.

Compromise of 1870

WHAT ENDED RECONSTRUCTION IN THE SOUTH

Opium War

War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China. (p. 684)

Dirty War

War waged by the Argentine military (1976-1982) against leftist groups. Characterized by the use of illegal imprisonment, torture, and executions by the military. (p. 857)

Andrew J. Hamilton

Was appointed interim governor by President Johnson. Hamilton was the choice to lead Texas during Reconstruction because he had supporters from the pre-war antebellum elite and Unionists alike.

Jesse H. Jones

Was the head of Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) which disbursed ten billion dollars to banks, agriculture, railroads, and public works.

Quanah Parker

Was the last chief of the Quahada Comanches and an important figure in Native American resistance and reservation life.

Eleventh Amendment

When states sue other states, it automatically goes before the Supreme Court. Residents of one state cannot sue another state. Another country can't sue the US and vice verse.

Counterculture Movement

White middle class college youths.

Eva Peron

Wife of Juan Per?n and champion of the poor in Argentina. She was a gifted speaker and popular political leader who campaigned to improve the life of the urban poor by founding schools and hospitals and providing other social benefits. (p. 824)

Roger Williams and Rhode Island

Williams (1603-1683), Rhode Island established in 1644 *Williams was a Puritan preacher who fled Massachusetts after his views on religious observance became too extreme for the colonists *Williams bought land from the Native Americans and founded Providence in 1636, and it was soon populated by his many followers *Rhode Island formed as a combination of Providence, Portsmouth, and other settlements that had sprung up in the area *Through Roger Williams, the colony granted complete religious toleration *It tended to be populated by exiles and troublemakers and was sometimes called "Rogue's Island" *The colony suffered constant political turmoil

iron curtain

Winston Churchill's term for the Cold War division between the Soviet-dominated East and the U.S.-dominated West. (p. 831)

acllas

Women selected by Inca authorities to serve in religious centers as weavers and ritual participants. (p. 318)

______ appeared in China in the 200s CE, allowing for faster production and dissemination of information.

Woodblock printing.

(306) Watchful Waiting

Woodrow Wilson's policy rejecting alliances with leaders who took control by force.

Yeomen

Worked land independently, sometimes along with slaves to make their own food

The Influence of Sea Power

Written by Alfred T. Mahan, it emphasized that control of the sea was the key to world dominance and that countries should build up their navies

The Constitution of the United States

Written in 1788 stating the laws of the US by Madison, Hamilton, Jefferson and Franklin at the constitutional convention

Maximillien Robespierre

Young provincial lawyer who led the most radical phases of the French Revolution. His execution ended the Reign of Terror. See Jacobins. (p. 589)

Sufis

a mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life

Siddhartha Gautama

a nobleman from northern India. Appalled by the pain and poverty suffered by common people, he abandoned his aristocratic life to seek an answer to the question of human suffering. This search caused his spiritual enlightenment.

Sparta

an ancient Greek city famous for military prowess

Filial piety/ ancestors veneration

ancestor worship and respect that is central in confucianism

Judeo-Christian

bedrock of western culture for centuries

Influence of Christianity in Europe

by 1000, Christianity was the accepted religion in most of western Europe • The pope was established as the single most important figure, providing the church with a sense of direction

tophet

cemetery containing burials of young children, possibly sacrificed to the gods in times of crisis, found at Carthage and other Phoenician settlements in the western Mediterranean. (p. 108)

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

charged a high tax for imports thereby leading to less trade between America and foreign countries along with some economic retaliation

investiture

controversy Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands. (p. 261)

social harmony

created by a combination of benevolent ruler-ship from above and good behavior from below.

(305) Federal Reserve Act of 1913

divided nation into regions with federal banks that would be "Bankers' banks", in response to need for a stable currency supply, and to Panic of 1907

Celestial bureaucracy

divine governing that was discredited by confucianism

Vedism

dominated India since around 1500 BCE, a religious crisis arose after 700 BCE.; Growing discontent with the priestly brahmins, who taught that only through unquestioning obedience to them could worshippers be reincarnated into better lives.

loess

fine, light silt deposited by wind and water. It constitutes the fertile soil of the Yellow River Valley in northern China. Because loess soil is not compacted, easily worked, but it leaves the region vulnerable to earthquakes. (p.58)

Mycenaeans

first Greek-speaking people; invaded Minoans; dominated Greek world 1400 B.C. to 1200 B.C.; sea traders; lived in separate city-states; invovled in Trojan War against Troy

Mandate of Heaven

idea that emperor is assigned by the divine as ruler in China

Code of Hammurabi

influenced 10 commandments

Theravada (Hinayana)

is prominent in South and Southeast Asia, it emphasizes simplicity and meditation and remains closer to Buddha's actual teachings.

Brahma

is the masculine personification of the World Soul.

Sokoto Caliphate

large Muslim state founded in 1809 in what is now northern Nigeria. (p. 651)

Constantine

legalized Christianity with the Edict of Milan.

Classical civilizations

meaning that literature, art, and architecture produced by states like Han China, Gupta India, or Greece and Rome were often longer-lived in their influence than the states themselves.

Securities and Exchange Commission

monitors the stock market and enforces laws regulating the sale of stocks and bonds

Civil Rights Movement Incidents

movement in the United States beginning in the 1960s and led primarily by Blacks in an effort to establish the civil rights of individual Black citizens

Upton Sinclair

muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago. The book was fiction but based on the things Sinclair had seen.

Daoism

mystical strain of thought in China which maintains belief in an invincible force controlling a things

Feng shui

or harmonious placement, which orients buildings and the items inside them in ways that ensure good fortune.

Hierarchy

paramount, and the well-being of the group comes before that of the individual. As long as the ruler performs his duties well, his people are obliged to obey him.

Hebrew

people who formed Judaism, the first monotheistic religion

National Industrial Recovery Act

permitted all workers to join unions of their choice, allowed workers to bargain collectively for wage increases and benefits, allowed workers to go on strike to try to force employers to meet their demands

Daoism

philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events

third century crisis

political, military, and economic turmoil that beset the Roman Empire during much of the third century C.E.: frequent changes of ruler, civil wars, barbarian invasions, decline of urban centers, and near-destruction of long-distance commerce. (157)

Karma and reincarnation.

principle Hindu and Buddhist beliefs

Caste system, nirvana.

rejected by Buddha

Buddhism

religion based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama

Roman Catholicism

remained dominant and provided much of Europe with a badly needed force for cultural unity.

Battle of Medina

secured Texas for the Royal Crown.

Ashoka

spread Buddhism throughout India and beyond its borders.

theater-state

state that acquires prestige and power by developing attractive cultural forms and staging elaborate public ceremonies (as well as redistributing valuable resources) to attract and bind subjects to the center. (186)

Legalism

strict conformity to the letter of the law rather than its spirit

democracy

system of government in which all 'citizens' (however defined) have equal political and legal rights, privileges, and protections, as in the Greek city-state of Athens in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. (p. 127)

Shiva

the Destroyer, the dancing god of creation and destruction, reflects the duality of life and death.

Vishnu

the Preserver is a savior figure and a great friend to humanity.

Caste system

thought to have originated after 1500 BCE, when Indo-European invaders from the North relegated menial tasks and manual labor to the darker-skinned natives; racist social hierarchy determined by skin color

The Bonus Army

veterans of the Great War (WW I) who marched on Washington D.C. to demand the bonus promised to them in 1945. In 1932 US troops attacked this group and drove them out of the capital.

Laozi

who may or may not have been an actual historical figure. Daoism's central text, the Tao-te-Ching, is attributed to Laozi, but was most likely written 300s or 200s BCE.

sati ritual

wife burning after husband death

Hanseatic League (hansa)

• A trade network that developed in the Baltic and North Sea (1400s-1600s); encompassed the commercial centers of Poland, northern Germany, and Scandinavia; linked to the Mediterranean through the Rhine and Danube Rivers • Traded: grain, fish, furs, timber, and pitch • Frequency of trade led to the adoption of credit and banking systems, which made trade possible on a large scale • Commercial partnerships further increased the volume of trade in Europe Impact on class structure of northern Europe made social mobility possible

Feudalism in Europe and Japan

• Code of Conduct—Europe: chivalry; Japan: Bushido • Warriors—Europe: knights; Japan: daimyo • Ruler—Europe: king; Japan: emperor (really a figurehead; control rested with shogun)