TExES History 7-12
Europe to North America
Russians, Swedes, Dutch, German, and Scottish raced to establish colonies in the New World -New Amsterdam (New York) was founded by the Dutch.
Kay Bailey Hutchison
first woman to represent Texas in the U.S. Senate
Susan B. Anthony
social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Association
Declaration of Independence
the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain
Reconstruction
the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union -Established the South's first public school systems, thought to strengthen the bargaining power of plantation laborers, made taxation more equitable, and outlawed racial discrimination in public transportation and accommodations
Populism
the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite
Marco Polo
(1254-1324) Italian explorer and author. He made numerous trips to China and returned to Europe to write of his journeys. He is responsible for much of the knowledge exchanged between Europe and China during this time period.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.
The Great Depression
(HH) , starting with collapse of the US stock market in 1929, period of worldwide economic stagnation and depression. Heavy borrowing by European nations from USA during WW1 contributed to instability in European economies. Sharp declines in income and production as buying and selling slowed down. Widespread unemployment, countries raised tariffs to protect their industries. America stopped investing in Europe. Lead to loss of confidence that economies were self adjusting, HH was blamed for it
The 13 Colonies:
-Virginia (1607) - John Smith and the London Company. -New York (1626) - Originally founded by the Dutch. Became a British colony in 1664. -New Hampshire (1623) - John Mason was the first land holder. Later John Wheelwright. -Massachusetts Bay (1630) - Puritans looking for religious freedom. -Maryland (1633) - George and Cecil Calvert as a safe haven for Catholics. -Connecticut (1636) - Thomas Hooker after he was told to leave Massachusetts. -Rhode Island (1636) - Roger Williams to have a place of religious freedom for all. -Delaware (1638) - Peter Minuit and the New Sweden Company. British took over in 1664. -North Carolina (1663) - Originally part of the Province of Carolina. Split off from South Carolina in 1712. -South Carolina (1663) - Originally part of the Province of Carolina. Split off from North Carolina in 1712. -New Jersey (1664) - First settled by the Dutch, the English took over in 1664. -Pennsylvania (1681) - William Penn and the Quakers. -Georgia (1732) - James Oglethorpe as a settlement for debtors.
Spanish Colonial Era in Texas
- 1689 to 1821 - Mexican Independence: 1821 - system of missions and presidios, designed to spread christianity and the Spanish culture and to establish control over the region
The Roman Civilization
- 1753 BC to 476 AD - settled at the tiber river - through war and trading they reached northern africa, western asia, continental europe, britain, and Mediterranean islands - literature art law in politics were modeled for later states and cultures - germanic king ODAECR stormed the city of Rome in 476 AD leading to its collapse
Stamp Act
- 1765 - law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.
Bill of Rights
- First 10 amendments to the Constitution - establishes individual rights protected from government
The Aztecs
- Mexico - 1325 to 1521 AD - capital is tenochtitlan - advanced in agriculture, art, and architecture - political and military excellence - Aztecs civilization ended by HERAN CORTEZ/ spanish conquistadors
The Incas
- Peru 1438 to 1532 AD - all about conquests, liked eating up weaker cultures - unstoppable force - network of roads - largest native american society, developed drainage systems and canals to expand crop resources
Whigs
- Political Party led by HENRY CLAY - Favored the BUS and the American System; strong legislative branch; against "King Andrew I"
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
- first written constitution in America - limited the governors powers in Connecticut
Articles of Confederation
- the first constitution of the United States - needed to be replaced because it gave state governments to much power and federal governments too little
Ancient Greek Civilization
-2700 BC-479 BC -Greece -Known for concepts of democracy and senate -Searched for new land and spread 1500 city-states from the Mediterranean to asia-minor, from black sea to north africa.
The Persian Civilization
-550 BC-331 BC -Egypt, Turkey, Mesopotamia, Indus River -First king was Cyrus II -Loved conquering lands, such as egypt, iran, turkey, northen india, pakistan, afghanistan, and central asia. -Practiced Zoroastrianism religion. -Later King Darius I created the Royal Road which helped connect several cities, mail service, and control over vast territory. -Alexander the Great, from Macedonia, used the royal road to ocnquer the persians who were exhausted from the revolt of their captured states.
Spread of Islam
-Caliphs (Successors of Muhammed and rules of the islamic states) -In 1637, they invaded the Levant, gaining access to the Mediterranean sea. In 10 years, they possessed Egypt, Libya, and Tunisia. -Relied on trade routes to expand their religion, leading to the traus-saharan trade route in north africa, which then spread to west and central africa, bringing their religion with them. Islam spread through West Africa peacefully by trade, and violently by conquest. People in ruling courts converted, some in the countryside kept their beliefs
Establishment of the 13 Colonies:
-Europeans came to America to establish colonies for a variety of reasons, including political competition between countries, religious freedom, economic gain, and social reasons like escaping debt. - Queen Elizabeth wanted to establish the colonies to grow the British empire. England hoped to find wealth, create new jobs, and establish trade ports along the coast of the americas.
Slave Trade in Africa
-First group that started the salve trade were the Portuguese when trying to find the new path to the indian ocean. They arrived at Kong and took the people and King Alfonso I. -North America joined in the early 17th century when they needed workers for the sugar plantations.
The Great Kahns
-Gerghis Kahn founder of Mongol Empire -Brutal -Kidnapped priests, craftsman, doctors and more to truly absorb the knowledge of cultures they raided.
Charlomagne
-Holy Roman Emperor -Conquerer of land and forced his faith -Protected Papucy (office of the pope) -Devine Right of King: above everyone and only under God
The Mongol Empire
-Horse people, uncivilized, nomadic lifestyle -brutal raids, stealing livestock/treasures/people -ruled over the largest empire from south china sea to the baltic -founder was GERGHIS KAHN
Impact of Chinese Technology on Europe
-coal would power the industrial revolution -paper money would revolutionize their economy -the compass made columbus's expedition possible -gunpowder would change warfare -Mongols brought this technology to Europe
Causes of the American Revolution
1. Taxation 2. Revocation of Royal Charters 3. Enforcement of Navigation Acts 4. British Demands for Colonists to pay for cost of French and Indian War. 5. Oppression by King 6. Interference of Parliament in Colonial Affairs. 7. No Representation in Parliament.
The Chinese Civilization
1600 BC-1046 BC -China (Yellow River) and Yangtza region -Wove the first silk and pressed the first paper. -Domestic problems lead to their downfall which killed the Shang Dynasty in 1046 BC
Mayflower Compact
1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.
Abraham Lincoln
16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)
Age of Jackson ( Jacksonian Era )
1828-1841 period marked by the belief that ordinary people should vote in elections, hold office, and do anything they had the ability to do - went from only landowners being able to vote to any white men could vote no matter their socioeconomic class
Dred Scott v. Sanford
1857 Supreme Court decision that stated slaves were not citizens: slaves were property no matter where they were living and the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional
Betty Friedan
1921-2006. American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique".
Cesar Chavez
1927-1993. Farm worker, labor leader, and civil-rights activist who helped form the National Farm Workers Association, later the United Farm Workers.
Brown v. Board of Education
1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.
The Mayan Civilization
2600 BC-900 AD -Yucatan -Hunters, gatherers, and farmers -Reached artisitic and intellectual heights -inner conflict, drought, and the spanish lead to their downfall.
The Ancient Egyptian Civilization
3150 BC-30 BC -Egypt-Nile River -Pharaoh Ramses II ended a 200 year conflict with the Hitties and agreed to become allies being one of the worlds first peace treaties.
The Mesopotamian Civilization
6500 BC-539 BC -Northeast by Zagros Mtns, Southeast by arabian plateau -First civilization in the world -Inventions of the wheel, time, math, maps, writing, and sail boats -cuneiform, first written code, organization into city-states, and astronomy
The Cold War
A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.
Westward Expansion
A movement westward for jobs, land, hope, the gold rush, adventure, a new beginning and the transcontinental railroad. It lasted from 1850-1890 -Problem: Slavery in the western territories. -North and South grew further a part in terms of economy, ideology, and society.
Manifest Destiny
A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.
Common Sense
A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation. -Persuasive argument
Progressive Era Reforms
A period of political change and reform during the early decades of the 20th century. Some Progressives hoped to reform politics by limiting the power of corporations and political parties.
Vietnam War
A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States.
Communist Manifesto
A socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1848) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views. --Highlighted struggles between classes in society and injustice of working experience.
Townshend Acts
A tax that the British Parliament passed in 1767 that was placed on leads, glass, paint and tea
The Grand Exchange
A trading process that began when Christopher Columbus brought seeds, fruit trees, and livestock to the Americas, where they were cultivated and became staples. In return, native North American species were exported to Europe. This exchange expanded to include different countries and products around the world.
Navigation Acts
Acts passed in 1660 passed by British parliament to increase colonial dependence on Great Britain for trade; limited goods that were exported to colonies; caused great resentment in American colonies.
Jefferson Davis
An American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865
George Childress
Author of the Texas Declaration of Independence
Henry Kissinger
Awarded 1973 Nobel Peace Prize for helping to end Vietnam War and withdrawing American forces. Heavily involved in South American politics as National Security Advisor and Secretary of State. Condoned covert tactics to prevent communism and facism from spreading throughout South America.
Malcolm X
Black Muslim who argued for separation, not integration. He changed his views, but was assassinated in 1965.
Robert E. Lee's surrender
Both armies had been clashing for days and Lee couldn't replenish his army with supplies. Union started to siege and took over Richmond having the Confederacy cornered. The confederacy surrendered. -Appomattox Court House
Sam Houston
Commander of the Texas army at the battle of San Jacinto; later elected president of the Republic of Texas
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, included a Bill of Rights, and permanently prohibited slavery
Henry B. Gonzalez
Democratic politician and 1st Mexican American to be elected to the state Senate in 1957.
Dutch Golden Age
Dutch had to gain independence from Habsburg, Spain for religious reasons (heavily protestant) Spain formally recognized them as independent after the 30 year war. -Dutch trade, science, and art and the Dutch Military were among the most acclaimed in the world. -Accomplished shipwrights and traders. -In their external expansion, their joint-stock company Dutch East India Company founded colonies in Botavia in order to profit off of the spice trade.
Jose de Escandon
First Spanish governor of Nuevo Santander, which extended from the Panuco River to the Guadalupe River in present-day Texas. He was known as the Exterminator of the Pames of Queretaro for his barbaric behavior toward Native Americans.
Sputnik
First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.
Lexington and Concord, 1775
First battle in the Revolutionary War, (AKA "shot heard round the world") fought in Massachusetts on April 19, 1775.
Mohommad
Founder of Islam, Considered a prophet not a divine person, The Quran is believed to be God's word given directly to Mohommad. -Born into polytheism in 570 CE in Mecca -His wife Khadijah exposed him to a group called Hanefites, where they rejected polytheism for monotheism. Influenced by judaism and christianity (Islam). -Ministered through Mecca and taught his religion to the people and viewed as a prophet by the Arab tribes of Medina. -Raids and wars would happen in order to convert.
19th Amendment (1920)
Gave women the right to vote
English Bill of Rights
Guaranteed certain rights to English citizens. Introduced the concept of individual rights. (1689)
Emancipation Proclamation
Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free
Law of April 6, 1830
Passed by the Mexican government stopped immigration to Texas from the U.S.
Tea Act of 1773
Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party
French in the New World
Looking for the Northwest Passage. The main goal was to trade. Established Port-Royal in Acadia (Nova Scotia) in 1603. Established Quebec in 1608. By 1673 they had explored all of the Mississippi River. 1608 Reached the Gulf of Mexico. Kept good relations with the Natives. -Managed the Fur Trade -Lead to the 7 year war (French and Indian War)
McCulloch v. Maryland
Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law. (1819)
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
Military alliance created in 1949 made up of 12 non-Communist countries including the United States that support each other if attacked. -Created by the U.S, Canada, and several western european nations to provide collective security against the soviet union.
Spanish in the New World
Obtain riches and great wealth
South and Central America Exploration
Pedro Alvarez Cabral: From Portugal, became first European to reach Brazil. Vasco Nunez de Balboa: Spaniard who was first European to reach Pacific Ocean
New Deal Legislation
Policies for economic improvement introduced in 1933 by U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt as a result of the Great Depression, which promised to put Americans back to work.
Democrats
Political party that generally stressed individual liberty, the rights of the common people, and hostility to privilege - Led by ANDREW JACKSON
Taxation without representation
Reason why colonists went to war with England. Colonists thought it was unfair to be taxed by a government that they didn't have a voice in.
Feudalism in Roman Empire
Relied on systems of service, where each system group would act as vassals (servants) to the group above them. -Low group: Peasant class, farmed land (majority of population) -Middle class: Knights, land grants -High class: Noble class, land owners -Kings: Monarchs
Reasons for Colombus to explore
Religious growth-convert the natives Desire for wealth-gold/spices
Declaration of Sentiments
Revision of the Declaration of Independence to include women and men (equal). It was the grand basis of attaining civil, social, political, and religious rights for women. -Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca
Spanish explorer who explored what is now Texas in 1528
Federalists
Supporters of the U.S. Constitution at the time the states were contemplating its adoption.
Tariffs Policy
Tax levied on imported goods and were the dominant source of the federal governments revenue in the 19th century. -used for protection purposes
Korean War
The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.
U.S. Constitution
The document written in 1787 and ratified in 1788 that sets forth the institutional structure of the U.S. government and the tasks these institutions perform. It replaced the Articles of Confederation.
Watergate
The events and scandal surrounding a break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters in 1972 and the subsequent cover-up of White House involvement, leading to the eventual resignation of President Nixon under the threat of impeachment.
Virginia House of Burgesses
The first representative assembly in the new world. Created due to distance between Great Britain and the colonies.
The Federalists Papers
This collection of essays by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison, explained the importance of a strong central government. It was published to convince New York to ratify the Constitution.
McCarthyism
The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee.
Anti-Trust Acts
These acts, led by Theodore Roosevelt, focused on dissolving unfair business consolidations or monopolies.
Fredonian Rebellion
This was the 1st attempt by the Anglo settlers in Texas to secede from Mexico, it was short lived from Dec. 1826 to Jan. 1827.
US globalization
Through the acceptance of immigration that enabled great infrastructure improvements and the ventures into foreign markets America was enabled to establish a foothold in global political context.
The Seneca Falls Convention
Took place in upperstate New York in 1848. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote.
Treaty of Versailles
Treaty that ended WW I. It blamed Germany for WW I and handed down harsh punishment, eventually leading to WWII.
Alfred Thayer Mahan
US Admiral who encouraged the US to strengthen its naval power to become a world power.
decisions and discord between WWi and WWII
WWI did not directly cause WWII, however it created several consequences which led to WWII such as new states in eastern Europe who were weak for the taking by hitler. -The Great Depression -Chinese Civil War
Winter at Valley Forge
Washington and troops were low on supplies, food, and clothing. Because it was a harsh winter, 1/5 of soldiers died.
Plessy v. Ferguson
a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal
Magna Carta
a document constituting a fundamental guarantee of rights and privileges. - Document signed by king John in 1215
Marshall Plan
a plan for aiding the European nations in economic recovery after World War II in order to stabilize and rebuild their countries and prevent the spread of communism.
Treaty of Paris
agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent country.
Berlin Airlift
airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin
Progressive Movement
an early 20th century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunities, and to correct injustices in American life
Prince Henry of Portugal
established a school that taught sailing, geography, mapmaking, and astronomy
Barbara Jordan
first African-American woman from a southern state to serve in Congress when she was elected to the House of Representatives in 1973.
Stephen F. Austin
known as the Father of Texas, led the second and ultimately successful colonization of the region by bringing 300 families from the United States.
Civil Rights Movement
movement in the United States beginning in the 1960s and led primarily by Blacks in an effort to establish the civil rights of individual Black citizens -MLK
Mary Maverick
• Wrote memoirs that help historians understand this period of Texas history • Her son, Lewis Antonio Maverick, was the first Anglo child to be born and grow up in San Antonio • Participated in the Council House Fight in 1840