The American Pageant Study Guide Chapter 9 APUSH

What is republican motherhood?

"Republican Motherhood" is a 18th-century term for an attitude toward women's roles present in the emerging United States before, during, and after the American Revolution. It centered on the belief that the patriots' daughters should be raised to uphold the ideals of republicanism, in order to pass on republican values to the next generation. In this way, the "Republican Mother" was considered a custodian of civic virtue responsible for upholding the morality of her husband and children. Although it is an anachronism, the period of Republican Motherhood is hard to categorize in the history of Feminism. On the one hand, it reinforced the idea of a domestic women's sphere separate from the public world of men. On the other hand, it encouraged the education of women and invested their "traditional" sphere with a dignity and importance that had been missing from previous conceptions of Women's work.

3/5s compromise

3/5 slaves = 1 person for representation in house of representatives

Constitutional Convention what

A constitutional convention is a gathering for the purpose of writing a new constitution or revising an existing constitution. Members of a constitutional convention (sometimes referred to as "delegates to" a constitutional convention) are often elected by popular vote. The resulting constitutional frame of government is often subjected to a popular vote via referendum before it enters into force.

New Jersey Plan

A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress.

electoral college

A group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president

Civil Law

A law that governs relationships between individuals and defines their legal rights.

what is black ivory?

A name for African American slaves, who were considered highly valuable in the south, much like ivory, and were often smuggled into America after slave trade was prohibited by law.

Virginia Plan

A plan at the constitutional convention to base representation in the legislature on population.

How did the Revolutionary war give a sharp stimulus to American manufacturing?

A sharp stimulus was given to manufacturing by the prewar nonimportation agreements and later by the war itself. Goods that had formerly been imported from Britain were mostly cut off, and the ingenious Yankees were forced to make their own. Ten years after the Revolution, busy Brandywine Creek, south of Philadelphia, was turning the water wheels of numerous mills along an eight-mile stretch. Yet America remained overwhelmingly a nation of soil-tillers.

The Federalists

Alexander Hamilton (1789-1792) John Jay (1792-1795) John Adams (1795-1802)[1] Charles C. Pinckney (1802-1806) DeWitt Clinton (1806-1813) Rufus King (1813-1824)

How did it affect women?

Although the notion of republican motherhood initially encouraged women in their private roles, it eventually resulted in increased educational opportunities for American women, as typified by Mary Lyon and the founding in 1837 of "Mount Holyoke Female Seminary", later Mount Holyoke College. The ideal produced women with initiative and independence; as Kerber says, it was "one side of an inherently paradoxical ideology of republican motherhood that legitimized political sophistication and activity." Educated Northern women became some of the strongest voices and organizers of the abolitionist movement, which blossomed in the 1830s and 1840s. Working on civil rights for enslaved people caused women to realize they themselves were enslaved by the patriarchy and wanted rights for themselves, giving rise to the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848, and the women's rights movement in the United States. They worked for suffrage, property rights, legal status and child custody in family disputes. The movement likely owes a debt to the emphasis on republican motherhood of fifty years before.

What 2 ideas did the state of Massachusetts contribute

Among the most profound influences on the young John Adams was his witnessing attorney James Otis arguing the Writs of Assistance case in 1761.This case would influence Adams years later when, in drafting the Massachusetts Constitution, he included a strong prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures. That provision ensures that articulated and established rules are followed before private property may be searched or seized by government officials. The Writs of Assistance case originated in 1760. Soon after George III ascended to the English throne, customs officials began aggressively to inspect ships, businesses, and homes for evidence of goods smuggled into Massachusetts by merchants seeking to avoid taxes. To conduct a search, customs officials needed only to obtain a "writ of assistance," a general search warrant that allowed them to search within any identified premises. The government was not required to make any showing of cause before obtaining a writ. In February 1761, Otis represented a group of Massachusetts merchants who challenged the legality of the writs in a case brought before the Superior Court of Judicature. For five hours, Otis argued that the writs violated the inalienable rights of the colonists as British subjects: "A man's house is his castle; and whilst he is quiet, he is as well guarded as a prince in his castle. This writ, if it should be declared legal, would totally annihilate this privilege." Chief Justice Hutchinson delayed the Court's decision, likely hoping that public sentiment against the writs would subside. Though the Court did eventually uphold the writs, Adams believed that customs officials never "dared" to execute them. Otis's argument against arbitrary and excessive power influenced many, including 25-year-old John Adams, who later recalled, "Every man of an immense crowded audience appeared to me to go away as I did, ready to take arms against writs of assistance. Then and there was the first scene of the first act of opposition to the arbitrary claims of Great Britain. Then and there, the child Independence was born." The Boston Massacre Case The Boston Massacre case demonstrates John Adams's deep and abiding respect for a legal system based on the rule of law. For in this case, John Adams was requested to - and did - defend British soldiers who had fired into a mob of unruly colonists. Events began on March 5, 1770, when tensions were high between the colonists and the armed British soldiers stationed in Boston. That evening, a dispute between a British sentry and a colonist led to the gathering of a disorderly crowd of colonists which, eventually, confronted Captain Thomas Preston and eight British soldiers. When the volatile crowd refused orders to disperse and threw objects at the soldiers, the soldiers shot into the crowd, killing five colonists, including Crispus Attucks. Captain Preston and the soldiers were arrested. The following day, John Adams was asked to defend Captain Preston and the soldiers from anticipated indictments. Adams agreed. Though committed to freedom from British tyranny, he believed that those accused deserved a proper defense. Adams's decision to defend the accused was particular noteworthy as other patriots, including his cousin Samuel Adams and Paul Revere, who invoked what they now named the "Boston Massacre" to inflame anti-British sentiments. Captain Preston's trial was held first, from October 24-30, 1770. Adams's strategy was to challenge the prosecution's claim that Preston had ordered his soldiers to fire. Adams succeeded, and the jury acquitted Preston. The subsequent trial of the eight soldiers was transcribed and published. After calling over forty witnesses, Adams gave an "electrifying" closing argument in which he argued that the soldiers had acted in self-defense when facing a mob. He further contended that because the evidence was unclear as to which soldiers had fired, it was better for the jury to acquit all eight defendants than mistakenly to convict one innocent man. "The reason is, because it's of more importance to community, that innocence should be protected, than it is, that guilt should be punished." The jury acquitted six soldiers and found two guilty of manslaughter; those two had been clearly proved to have fired shots. For his role in the trials, Adams received serious public criticism and lost a substantial portion of his law practice. Later, he would write: The part I took in defense of Cptn. Preston and the Soldiers, procured me anxiety, and obloquy enough. It was, however, one of the most gallant, generous, manly and disinterested actions of my whole life, and one of the best pieces of service I ever rendered my country. Judgement of death against those soldiers would have been as foul a stain upon this country as the executions of the Quakers or Witches, anciently. As the evidence was, the verdict of the jury was exactly right. As reflected in observations of the Writs of Assistance case and his own role in the Boston Massacre trials, Adams had a passionate commitment to the rule of law and the right of all to fair proceedings. These passions would guide Adams as he developed and articulated his philosophy of a government based on laws not men. Thoughts on Government In a brief essay entitled Thoughts on Government written during the early spring of 1776, John Adams articulated the central points of his philosophy of government. In formulating his vision, Adams relied on his vast reading of enlightenment political theory (e.g., Locke's Two Treatises of Government and Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws) and his study of ancient and modern history (e.g., Ancient Athens and Sparta, Republican and Imperial Rome, English and European history), as well as his firm belief that history had presented him and the other colonists with an unmatched opportunity to form their own governments as free and independent states. You and I. . . have been sent into life at a time when the greatest lawgivers of antiquity would have wished to live. How few of the human race have ever enjoyed an opportunity of making an election of government, more than of air, soil, or climate, for themselves or their children! When, before the present epoch, had three millions of people full power and a fair opportunity to form and establish the wisest and happiest government that human wisdom can contrive? Adams believed that a stable and democratic government required the consent of the governed and the separation of powers among the executive, legislature, and judiciary, and a bicameral (two-body) legislature. Of the necessity for an independent judiciary, Adams wrote: The dignity and stability of government in all its branches, the morals of the people, and every blessing of society depend so much upon an upright and skillful administration of justice, that the judicial power ought to be distinct from both the legislative and executive, and independent upon both, that so it may be a check upon both, as both should be checks upon that. The judges, therefore, should be always men of learning and experience in the laws, of exemplary morals, great patience, calmness, coolness, and attention. Their minds should not be distracted with jarring interests; they should not be dependent upon any man, or body of men. To these ends, they should hold estates for life in their offices; or, in other words, their commissions should be during good behavior, and their salaries ascertained and established by law. The constitutional framework articulated in Thoughts on Government influenced the constitutions drafted in many of the colonies, including Massachusetts.

Define anarchy.

Anarchy is a state without law or order or government.

How many states were needed to approve the new constitution?

Article VII stipulated that nine states had to ratify the Constitution for it to go into effect. Beyond the legal requirements for ratification, the state conventions fulfilled other purposes

How powerful was the newly formed USA in international relations?

As a new nation after the Revolutionary War, America's prime national interest was to maintain its independence from more powerful European countries. Protected by the Atlantic Ocean, its major foreign policy, as typified by the Monroe Doctrine, was to limit European attempts of further colonization of the Western Hemisphere. Through the 19th century, America concentrated on creating a nation that spanned the continent, and it avoided foreign entanglements. Once industrialized and more prosperous, it began looking for foreign markets and colonies.

How was the US viewed by Great Britain, France, and Spain?

Beginning in 1776, it jointly funded Roderigue Hortalez and Company, a trading company that provided critical military supplies. Spain also provided financing for the final Siege of Yorktown in 1781 with a collection of gold and silver in Havana, Cuba. Spain was allied with France through the Bourbon Family Compact and also viewed the Revolution as an opportunity to weaken its enemy Great Britain, which had caused Spain substantial losses during the Seven Years' War. As the newly appointed Prime Minister, José Moñino y Redondo, Count of Floridablanca, wrote in March 1777, "the fate of the colonies interests us very much, and we shall do for them everything that circumstances permit"

Judicial branch

Branch of government that decides if laws are carried out fairly.

Executive Branch

Branch of government that enforces the laws

Charles Beard Progressive school

Charles Austin Beard (November 27, 1874 - September 1, 1948) was, with Frederick Jackson Turner, one of the most influential American historians of the first half of the 20th century. For a while he was a history professor at Columbia University but his influence came from hundreds of monographs, textbooks and interpretive studies in both history and political science. His works included a radical re-evaluation of the founding fathers of the United States, who he believed were motivated more by economics than by philosophical principles. Beard's most influential book, An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States (1913), has been the subject of great controversy ever since its publication. While frequently criticized for its methodology and conclusions, it was responsible for a wide-ranging reinterpretation of American history of the founding era.He was also the co-author with his wife Mary Beard of The Rise of American Civilization (1927), which had a major influence on American historians. An icon of the progressive school of historical interpretation, his reputation suffered during the Cold War era when the assumption of economic class conflict was dropped by most historians. Richard Hofstadter (a consensus historian) concluded in 1968: "Today Beard's reputation stands like an imposing ruin in the landscape of American historiography. What was once the grandest house in the province is now a ravaged survival". Conversely, Denis W Brogan believed that Beard lost favour in the Cold War not because his views had been proven to be wrong, but because Americans were less willing to hear them. In 1965 he wrote; "The suggestion that the Constitution had been a successful attempt to restrain excessive democracy, that it had been a triumph for property (and) big business seemed blasphemy to many and an act of near treason in the dangerous crisis through which American political faith and practice were passing"

John Fiske The nationalist school

Describes how the young nation needed a strong central government to lean on in time's of post-Revolutionary War struggles in foreign affairs and economy.

Checks and balances

Each branch of govt is subject to restraints by the other two branches

How did it hurt the individual citizen?

Everybody was dying because it was a war.

what were the arguments and characteristics of the federalists and anti-federalists?

Federalists A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures. Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution. Supporters of ratification of the Constitution and of a strong central government. Supporters of the new constitution in 1787. Supported a strong central government. Hamilton, Washington, Marshall. Became first political party (vs. Jefferson's Democratic-Republicans)They opposed the ratification of the Constitution because it gave more power to the federal government and less to the states, and because it did not ensure individual rights. Many wanted to keep the Articles of Confederation. The Antifederalists were instrumental in obtaining passage of the Bill of Rights as a prerequisite to ratification of the Constitution in several states. After the ratification of the Constitution, the Antifederalists regrouped as the Democratic-Republican (or simply Republican) party. farmers and laborers. They wanted strong states, weak national government, direct elections, shorter terms, and rule by the common man. those who favor a weaker national government Others thought the Constitution gave too much power to the central government and feared it did not protect the rights of the citizens. Led by Thomas Jefferson & George Mason.

Who were the leaders and what were the differences betwen the Federalists and Anti-federalists

Federalists: Alex Hamilton, G washington, Ben Frankiln. Most lived near sea not in backcountry. They wer wealthier, more educated, and better organized than Anti Federalists.-majority of America. Believe in alll 3 branches of gov to represent the people James Madison-Federalist Papers AntiFederalists: leaders Samuel Adams, Richard Henry Lee,; followers= states rights devotees, back country dwellers, and one horse farmer,debtors.. Saw the constitution as implementing too controlling of a government and trying to take power away from commoners. Wanted a Bill of Rights to give more individual freedom.Believe only in the legislative branch to affectively represent the people.

taxes

Fees for the support of government required to be paid by people and businesses.

Who does Hamilton consider the few and the many?

Few men have the necessary abilities to be a judge , and few have the necessary ethical qualities, as well. Periodic appointments would discourage those few who are qualified, and would lead to less competent and less principled judges.

Why is the US Constitution more conservative than the articles of confederation?

Formal name of the nation Articles: The United States of America Constitution: (not specified, but referred to in the Preamble as "the United States of America") Legislature Articles: Unicameral, called Congress Constitution: Bicameral, called Congress, divided into the House of Representatives and the Senate Members of Congress Articles: Between two and seven members per state Constitution: Two Senators per state, Representatives apportioned according to population of each state Voting in Congress Articles: One vote per state Constitution: One vote per Representative or Senator Appointment of members Articles: All appointed by state legislatures, in the manner each legislature directed Constitution: Representatives elected by popular vote, Senators appointed by state legislatures Term of legislative office Articles: One year Constitution: Two years for Representatives, six for Senators Term limit for legislative office Articles: No more than three out of every six years Constitution: None Congressional Pay Articles: Paid by states Constitution: Paid by the federal government When Congress is not in session... Articles: A Committee of States had the full powers of Congress Constitution: The President can call for Congress to assemble

Congress

Has the power to ratify treaties and declare war, and the power to make laws.

Identify: Land Ordinance of 1785

Image result for Identify: Land Ordinance of 1785 The Land Ordinance of 1785 was adopted by the United States Congress of the Confederation on May 20, 1785. It set up a standardized system whereby settlers could purchase title to farmland in the undeveloped west.

Disestablished

Late 18th century The Anglican church was no longer supported by United States tax dollars.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Legislation that provided for the orderly transformation of western territories into states

using the map on page 174 where were the anti-federalist strongholds? Why were these areas opposed to the Constitution?

Luther Martin, who left the Constitutional Convention when he felt he could not support the direction it was taking, became a leading Anti-Federalist in Maryland. He argued that the constitution was fundamentally flawed in that it envisaged a compact between the people and the federal government, when the federal government could only be formed by an agreement of separate states that maintained their sovereignty. Anti-Federalists in Pennsylvania were frustrated by the rapid ratification engineered by the Federalist forces in that state, which was the second to do so. Robert Whitehill was prominent in the Anti-Federalist opposition to ratification, basing his views both on procedure and the failure of the new constitution to include a bill of rights. He put forward "Fourteen Points", in a document that was signed by 21 members of the Pennsylvania convention. Of these points, eight can be identified with provisions of the subsequent federal Bill of Rights.

What reason did Madison give as the reason that slavery was not abolished when the new nation was formed?

Madison expresses the belief that prejudice would necessitate removal of emancipated slaves and suggests that the proposal to settle emancipated slaves in Africa "merits encouragement from all who regard slavery as an evil, who wish to see it diminished and abolished by peaceable & just means." In response to a letter from R. R. Gurley, Secretary of the American Colonization Society, Madison writes of his wishes for the society's success.When Madison went to Philadelphia to serve his first term in Congress, he took along Billey, one of his enslaved servants. While in Philadelphia, Billey sought his freedom. In a letter to his father, Madison explained that he was prohibited in Pennsylvania from selling Billey but had arranged for his indenture for seven years, writing that he "cannot think of punishing him by transportation merely for coveting that liberty for which we have paid the price of so much blood."

How did the revolutionary war affect women?

Many women found themselves in the position of having to defend their homes and families from attacks by British and Native American troops. American artist Patience Lovell Wright smuggled secret information to American forces in Philadelphia, concealed in her wax figures. Catherine Van Rensselaer Schuyler, wife of Revolutionary War General Philip Schuyler, burned the wheat fields around Albany, NY, in order to prevent British forces from harvesting them. Her action inspired others similar acts of resistance. Mary Ludwid Hays, was nicknamed "Molly Pitcher" because she carried water to American soldiers during the Battle of Monmouth in 1778. She even operated her husband's cannon when he fell in battle. Hays was made a sargeant by General Washington and, after the war, received a pension and was buried with full military honors. Betty Zane saved a fort that was under siege by Native Americans during one of the final Native American attacks of the Revolutionary War. She carried gunpowder to replenish the depleted supply of the colonial forces. According to an anonymous journal entry, on August 17, 1775 in East Hartford, Connecticut, a "corps of female infantry," twenty women in all, marched "in martial array and excellent order" to a store. They proceeded to attack and plunder the shop, taking two hundred and eighteen pounds of sugar with them. It is not clear whether this incident actually occurred, but it is well-documented that Deborah Sampson dressed as a man and enlist in the Continental forces in 1782. She served with distinction for a year and a half, and earned a monthly disability pension after the war. Margaret Cochran Corbin also fought and was seriously wounded in the war, and received a pension from the state of Pennsylvania.

Constitutional Convention when

May 14, 1787

How did the American revolution impact African Americans?

North Carolina's most famous black soldier was John Chavis, who spent three years in the Fifth Virginia Regiment. After the war, he won fame as a Presbyterian minister and teacher of both black and white students in Raleigh. In 1832 he declared, "Tell them that if I am Black I am free born American & a revolutionary soldier & therefore ought not to be thrown intirely out of the scale of notice." Blacks who fought with the revolutionaries included Jonathan Overton, who died in 1849 at the age of 101. A newspaper described him as "a soldier of the Revolution" who had "served under Washington, and was at the battle of Yorktown, besides other less important engagements." Another was Ned Griffen, who was purchased by William Kitchen to serve as his substitute in the army. But Kitchen refused to give the slave his freedom for this service as he had promised. Griffen petitioned the General Assembly, which granted him his freedom "forever hereafter" and gave him the right to vote. And there was the slave James of Perquimans County who served as a sailor on a Continental ship. He was captured twice by the British, and both times he "Embraced the Earliest Opportunity in Making his Escape to Return to this Country." The county court freed him because he had served on an "American Armed Vessel." Many blacks looked to the British troops for their liberation. Wherever the British marched, slaves followed. When British General Cornwallis invaded the Carolinas in 1780/1781, slaves flocked to him. British officers put blacks to work in the service of the king's army performing many of the same duties they carried out in the American army. During Cornwallis's advance through the Carolinas, he let blacks search for food and goods along the way. Their raids sent alarm through the farms and homesteads of the countryside. Writing from eastern North Carolina in the spring of 1781, Jean Blair reported at least two thousand blacks in different parties had been "sent out by L[ord] Cornwallis to plunder and get provisions. It is said they have no Arms but what they find in the houses they plunder." Farther west in Rowan County, Cornwallis's movements encouraged another slave uprising. Blacks there realized that "War was Coming on," and they began to collect weapons. Their plan was to rise up against the "white people." Slaves would have to decide "which side" they were for—"the Americans or the British." Though the plot was discovered in time, it showed the feelings in the slave community. That decision—which side to support—had no neat and simple answer. When the British evacuated Wilmington in November 1781, William Hooper's slaves acted in different ways. Three of them left with the British. A fourth, Lavinia, "went on board the fleet... and much against her will was forced ashore by some of my friends, and returned to me," Hooper explained. Lavinia's brother, John, however, resisted British bribes. Though offered clothes, money, and freedom, John refused to leave his master. He "stole through British sentries" and traveled seventy miles to rejoin the Hooper family. Cornwallis's surrender at Yorktown in October 1781 found thousands of black refugees who had to be dealt with. On the one hand, the British military (and the patriot forces, as well) had promised freedom for blacks who had helped their cause. On the other hand, there were thousands of loyalist slaveowners. The Americans wanted to prevent a mass exodus of blacks from the United States. One British general wrote "...the slaves are exceeding unwilling to return to hard labour, and severe punishment from their former masters."

How did the revolutionary war hurt the American economy?

Not all the results of the war made a positive impact on the economy of the United States. American merchants were excluded from the British West Indies, and lost their favored position with Britain as a trade partner. In addition, as wartime demand declined, agricultural prices fell and cities faced high unemployment rates. American merchants maintained trade with Mediterranean countries, and opened trade with China in the 1780s. Mediterranean trade, however, was hampered by pirate attacks; and American ships no longer had the protection of the British Navy. Chinese trade, initially lucrative, became less so in the early nineteenth century: prices in the United States fell; the Chinese market became saturated with American goods; and supplies of furs and sandalwood, the primary commodities being traded, ran low.

antifederalists

Opponents of ratification of the Constitution and of a strong central government, generally.

Describe the effects of the Revolutionary War on society, politics, and religion in America.

Overall, politically, Americans experienced larger amounts of change when they forged a new government even with the revisions made. Economically, the common-people still lived in a society where they were lesser people than the elites. However changes did occur involving women and slaves. In these ways, American society experienced change in respect to political and social life, but not economically.

Constitutional Convention where

Philadelphia

what fears did shay's rebellion cause?

Popular uprisings like Shays's rebellion raised the urgent question of whether the democratic governments formed after the American Revolution could survive. Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress had extremely limited powers. It did not have the authority to fund troops to suppress the rebellion, nor was it empowered to regulate commerce and thereby mitigate the economic hardships of rural workers. General George Washington came out of retirement to promote a strong national government that would be capable of dealing effectively with popular discontent.

the disestablished anglican church reformed to become the

Presbyterian church

Patrick Henry

Radical from Virginia; delegate at Continental Congress. "Give me liberty or give me death!"

Forrest MacDonald Consensus School

Refuted Beard's portrayal about delegates' property as propertyless and disenfranchised.

was the constitution revolutionary or counterrevolutionary?

Revolutionary:-seen as a culmination or the Revolution and a crucial step for the AMericas-saved states which had had weak governemnt and foreign disputes and chaos-derived from an emerging consensus that the country needed a stronger govCounter Revolutionary:-seen as a document created by elite conservatives to take political power away from the common people-Constitution didn't account for debtors and small property owners-protected the wealthy land owners(gain their own economic supremacy at the expense of the less fortunate)

Great Compromise

Settled disputes between states with large and small populations; created a bicameral legislature

What caused Shay's Rebellion?

Shays' Rebellion is the name given to a series of protests in 1786 and 1787 by American farmers against state and local enforcement of tax collections and judgments for debt. Although farmers took up arms in states from New Hampshire to South Carolina, the rebellion was most serious in Massachusetts, where bad harvests, economic depression, and high taxes threatened farmers with the loss of their farms. The rebellion took its name from its symbolic leader, Daniel Shays of Massachusetts, a former captain in the Continental army.

What were the results and significance of Shay's Rebellion?

Shays's rebellion led Washington and other Nationalist— including Alexander Hamilton and James Madison—to proclaim the Articles of Confederation inadequate and urge support for the Constitution produced by the Constitutional Convention in 1787. The specter of armed upheavals like that led by Shays strengthened the convention delegates' conviction that the national government needed to be more powerful. Moreover, it changed the opinion of those delegates who had been arguing on behalf of the more limited powers of government under the Articles of Confederation. As a direct result of Shays's Rebellion, the US Constitution granted powers to the states to suppress future violence.

What is the 3/5 compromise? How was slavery dealt with?

Slavery still existed. A black man was 3/5s of a man.

what social changes were triggered by the American Revolution?

Slavery was undoubtedly weakened by revolutionary ideas and the War of Independence, though in many ways it was also fortified in the new society. The stirring rhetoric of documents like the Declaration of Independence led many slaves to seek their freedom, either by escaping or enlisting in the Continental Army or in the various state militias. The numbers of free blacks in America increased almost threefold because of this. The wiser revolutionary leaders recognised the hypocrisy of demanding liberty while keeping people in servitude - however some of the loudest voices, like Jefferson and Washington, kept slaves all their lives. Some individuals though upheld the spirit of the revolution, granting manumission to their slaves. Abolitionist movements, in existence since before the 1770s amongst groups like the Pennsylvania Quakers, increased markedly during and after the revolution. Yet despite these advances in thinking and the liberation of some Africans from slavery, the institution itself remained as strong as ever. This was particularly true in the southern states, where slavery was essential because of labour-intensive methods of farming and the lack of a significant white workforce. This economic imperative led southern interests to defend slavery rigorously, so much so that it was factored into the Constitution via the three-fifths compromise. The Constitution also allowed the slave trade to continue, though only via a twenty-year sunset clause on the practice. Women, though they made up about half the population, seemed to benefit little from the revolution. Thousands of women had assisted the war effort in menial or subservient ways: dutifully following regiments and working in encampments as cooks, nurses and so on. Apocryphal stories tell of individual women like Deborah Samson and Molly Pitcher who actually joined the fight, though this was extremely rare, if it actually happened at all. Despite their contribution to independence, women remained invisible in the new society in terms of citizenship. No woman held office in state or national government; no woman practised the law or enrolled for a college education; aside from a couple of notable exceptions like the chronicler Mercy Otis Warren, few women engaged in the public debates about revolution, ratification or reconstruction. Abigail Adams had famously instructed her husband John to "...remember the ladies" when developing the new political system, however her plea was not a defiant one (she was actually suggesting that as the weaker sex, women were in desperate need of benevolent leadership). Some reformers, like Benjamin Rush, talked about education for women - but it was an education in manners, gentility and the fine arts that he had in mind. Others scoffed at the idea of any education for women. When it was put to the president of Yale that women might be permitted to attend his college, he replied "But who will make our puddings?" In the new republican United States women were consigned to a similar role as they had filled in colonial society: as wives, mothers, household managers; the fairer, gentler, weaker sex. The revolution had an almost entirely negative impact on native Americans. Most tribes had fought alongside the British, pinning their hopes to an English victory which would restrict expansion of the 13 colonies and provide some protection for their own land rights. The tribes of the Iroquois Confederacy participated in devastating raids on colonial settlements in the north-east, prompting Congress and Washington to undertake retaliatory campaigns such as the Sullivan Expeditions, which wiped out native villages and farmland. The increased movement generated by the Revolutionary War brought more natives into contact with more whites - and therefore with 'white diseases'. With no immunity to European diseases many tribal populations were decimated by these diseases, particularly the smallpox which was ravaging the eastern side of the continent during the 1770s. When the British signed the Treaty of Paris in 1783 to formally end the conflict, they also signed over vast regions of tribal lands to the new United States. Americans had never much recognised native claims to land ownership and the treaty simply formalised this perspective: they were now viewed as a conquered race, living illegally on American land. Over the next century waves of settlers would move westward, claiming and occupying native territories, displacing tribal groups and engaging in several 'Indian wars'. Though the national government usually sought to obtain this land legitimately through treaties, settlers and state governments instead preferred to drive off the natives through intimidation and violence. The American Revolution therefore unleashed a wave of expansion and resettlement that would drive most Native Americans from their homeland and into a century of dispossession, disorder and death.

how did the us avoid the excessive violence experienced in the French Revolution?

The "horrid and disgusting scenes" taking place in Paris in 1794 sickened Alexander Hamilton. It was the height of the Terror, the merciless and bloody reign of the guillotine. Hamilton was repelled by the "atrocious depravity" of the French Revolution's leaders, who were beheading their political enemies. They were, he said, "assassins still reeking with the blood of murdered fellow Citizens." But Thomas Jefferson did not give up on the French Revolution. Not even the Terror could quash his exuberant hopes for France. In 1793 he penned his startling "Adam and Eve" letter to his assistant in Paris, remarking that he would prefer to see the earth desolated rather than see the French Revolution fail. "Were there but an Adam and an Eve left in every country, and left free," he wrote, "it would be better than as it now is." The French Revolution was polarizing Americans—and changing the political landscape in the United States by contributing to the rise of political parties. Americans who looked on revolutionaries in France as their brethren joined Jefferson's new Republican Party; those who deplored the violence in France voted with Hamilton and his Federalist Party. George Washington took a middle course, neither admiring nor condemning France. His diagnosis was that the French suffered from an excess of zeal. In a 1790 letter to a French friend, he recalled that, during the American War of Independence, French troops in Rhode Island "burnt their mouths with the hot soup, while mine waited leisurely for it to cool." The affair of the hot soup, he wrote, illustrated "how immoderately you thirsted for the cup of liberty." In 1792 that zeal did not yet seem fatal to him. An abiding friendship Washington never forgot that America and France had once been joined at the hip—and joined through his own deep friendship with the Marquis de Lafayette. Few people inspired in the American commander-in-chief more warmth and affection than the young marquis. When Lafayette came to America in 1777, he was only 19 years old and spoke little English. He was eager to enlist in the American Army and serve the cause of freedom. Within days he received the commission of major general. An intimate friendship between Washington and Lafayette blossomed. For the young man whose father died when he was 2, Washington became a father; for the childless general, the chivalrous marquis became a son. Their relationship had a strategic side, too: The Americans needed military and naval help from France. Thus, in the beginning of 1779, with the outcome of the Revolutionary War still far from certain, Lafayette returned to France to secure more aid for the Americans, seconding Benjamin Franklin's diplomatic efforts in Paris. Lafayette found his country deeply sympathetic to the American cause. Even the king was swept away by the revolutionary vogue, though his advisers warned that it was a grave risk for an absolute monarch to support a colonial uprising and embrace principles of freedom and equality. The struggle of a young people against tyranny—and an opportunity for France to humiliate Great Britain—outweighed prudent counsel. Louis XVI decided to make a major contribution to the American cause. In 1779 he could not imagine that within a decade his generosity would egregiously worsen the economic crisis in France, subvert traditional values, destabilize the monarchy, and put his own life in jeopardy. In March 1780, Lafayette returned to America with assurances that fleets of vessels as well as admirals, generals, sailors, and soldiers would soon follow. Their arrival proved to be the turning point of the war. The military and naval prowess of the French helped make the battle of Yorktown the decisive victory of the war.

How does the institution of slavery look different after the Revolutionary War?

The American Revolution had profound effects on the institution of slavery. Several thousand slaves won their freedom by serving on both sides of the War of Independence. As a result of the Revolution, a surprising number of slaves were manumitted, while thousands of others freed themselves by running away. In Georgia alone, 5000 slaves, a third of the colony's prewar total, escaped. In South Carolina, a quarter of the slaves achieved freedom.

Why were the articles of confederation nicknamed the articles of confusion

The Articles created a loose confederation of sovereign states and a weak central government, leaving most of the power with the state governments. The need for a stronger Federal government soon became apparent and eventually led to the Constitutional Convention in 1787.

how was the govt under the AOC set up?

The Articles of Confederation of the United States of America that existed prior to the current U.S. Constitution was basically an alliance between sovereign states, with very limited powered given to the federal government. Almost all domestic powers, including taxes, police, roads, schools, banking regulations, issuing of business charters (for corporations), etc. were all handled at the state level. The federal government's role was to handle relations with foreign countries, help provide for the common defense, and to mediate issues between the states. The federal government could issue currency and did, but so did every state as well. And the states behaved more like independent countries united in a common cause than provinces of one nation. The current U.S. Constitution kept the concept of state sovereignty where most domestic laws are supposed to be decided at the state level, where decisions are made closer to the people affected, but gave the federal government additional powers and prohibited states from issuing currency unless it was backed by gold. The Articles of Confederation basically was the first attempt to unify the states under one nation, and people living in that time would have experienced it similarly to going to a different county when they went to a new state, even with the Articles of Confederation in place. Different currency, different laws, different taxes, etc.

Why was the AOC considered a landmark in govt?

The Congress was able to successfully resolve disputes over the division of the western lands that had been surrendered by Great Britain after Independence. The Land Ordinance of 1785 (laws passed by the Continental and Confederation Congresses are called ordinances) and the resulting North West Ordinance of 1787 are the most long lasting as they provided for the disposition of public lands and procedures for organizing territorial governments in the lands west of the Appalachian Mountains. The framework established by these Ordinances was to be used later in the history of the country. In addition, the Congress, in establishing the Federal Court of Appeals to resolve prize cases, provided a precedent for the establishment of the later Federal court system.

Describe the Great Compromise

The Connecticut Compromise (also known as the Great Compromise of 1787 or Sherman Compromise) was an agreement that both large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that in part defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have under the United States Constitution. It retained the bicameral legislature as proposed by Roger Sherman, along with proportional representation of the states in the lower house, but required the upper house to be weighted equally between the states. Each state would have two representatives in the upper house.

what was the result of their compromises

The anti-Federalists agreed to support ratification, with the understanding that they would put forth recommendations for amendments should the document go into effect. The Federalists agreed to support the proposed amendments, specifically a bill of rights.

What was the first US constitution?

The articles of confederation

How was the memory of Shay's Rebellion influential during the Constitutional Convention?

The crushing of the rebellion and the harsh terms of reconciliation imposed by the Disqualification Act all worked against Governor Bowdoin politically. In the gubernatorial election held in April 1787, Bowdoin received few votes from the rural parts of the state, and was trounced by John Hancock. The military victory was tempered by tax changes in subsequent years. The legislature elected in 1787 cut taxes and placed a moratorium on debts. It also refocused state spending away from interest payments, resulting in a 30% decline in the value of Massachusetts securities as those payments fell in arrears

Republican motherhood

The idea that women played an important role in teaching their children to be good citizens

What is the difference between the terms democratic and republicanism?

The key difference between a democracy and a republic lies in the limits placed on government by the law, which has implications for minority rights. Both forms of government tend to use a representational system — i.e., citizens vote to elect politicians to represent their interests and form the government. In a republic, a constitution or charter of rights protects certain inalienable rights that cannot be taken away by the government, even if it has been elected by a majority of voters. In a "pure democracy," the majority is not restrained in this way and can impose its will on the minority. Most modern nations are democratic republics with a constitution, which can be amended by a popularly elected government. This comparison therefore contrasts the form of government in most countries today with a theoretical construct of a "pure democracy", mainly to highlight the features of a republic.

how was the western land issue resolved under the AOC?

The primary sticking point concerned disagreements about how to deal with the western lands claimed by several states. The states without such claims argued that the western lands should be owned by the national government. The states with land claims were reluctant to give up their claims. When Virginia finally gave up most of its claims to western lands, the Articles of Confederation were adopted.

explain why congress was designed that way.

The representation system in the Senate benefits small states because all states have equal representation regardless of their population. As of the 2000 census, for example, California's population was roughly 36 million, whereas Wyoming's was roughly 509,000, but each state still has two senators. This causes issues important to small states to get a lot of attention and money. Agriculture is a good example: Most Americans do not work in the agricultural sector, yet the federal government spends huge amounts of money on agriculture every year.

Old Northwest

The territory north of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi governed by the acts of 1785 and 1787

Explain the idea "people don't chop off heads if they can chop down trees"

There was an accelerating spread of economic democracy as land won from the Crown was plenty and was often divided into smaller properties. Economic democracy trumped political democracy- cheap accessible land

what happened to confiscated loyalist holdings?

There were definitely instances of people being beaten up on by gangs who would come to their house and harass them for being on the wrong side. It has to be said that some loyalists certainly were able to just kind of lie low and go about their business and try to not say too much about politics. But if you were living on the front lines of these advancing armies going back and forth across the colonies, it could be really a difficult choice and a difficult situation to be in.

Why was slavery not abolished yet?

They were needed to settle land and grow cotton and tobacco

Constitutional Convention who

Those who did not attend included Richard Henry Lee, Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Samuel Adams and, John Hancock. In all, 55 delegates attended the Constitutional Convention sessions, but only 39 actually signed the Constitution.

why were the federalists eventually able to defeat the antifederalists in every state?

Ultimately, the ratification provisions of Article VII of the Constitution, created by the Federalists themselves, were one of the best allies the Federalists had in their attempt to ratify the Constitution. After the Constitution had been created at the Constitutional Convention, Federalist leaders quickly returned to their states to elect Federalist delegates to the state conventions. The Anti-Federalists were not able to muster enough votes in response, though in several states, they nearly defeated the Federalists. By 1790, all thirteen states had ratified the document, giving the Federalists and their Constitution a great victory. The Anti-Federalist outcry was not without its effects, however. By 1791, in response to Anti-Federalist sentiments, state legislatures voted to add the first ten amendments to the Constitution. Those ten amendments are also called the Bill of Rights, and they have become an important part of the Constitution and its heritage of liberty. Read more: Constitution of the United States - Federalists Versus Anti-federalists - Government, Madison, National, and Papers - JRank Articles http://law.jrank.org/pages/5603/Constitution-United-States-FEDERALISTS-VERSUS-ANTI-FEDERALISTS.html#ixzz4ypzIoAdx

Alexander Hamilton

United States statesman and leader of the Federalists

What primary challenges did Americans face in creating a national government?

When on July 4, 1776, Americans declared independence from the monarchy of Great Britain, they were faced with the formidable task of creating new republican governments. Their immediate focus was not on any central authority but on their individual state governments. Today we are apt to forget that the federal government under which we now live was a decade away in 1776. Indeed, the strong national government that was created in 1787 was beyond anyone's imagination at the time of the Declaration of Independence. Having just thrown off a far-removed and powerful central government, Americans in 1776 were in no mood to even consider the kind of strong central government framed by the Philadelphia Convention in 1787. The Declaration of Independence may have been made by the United States of America, but it actually emphasized the separate sovereignty of each of the states, proclaiming that as "Free and Independent States they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all the other things which independent States may of right do." With the separation from the British Crown in 1776, the only central authority Americans had in mind was their Continental Congress, which had been operating for nearly two years.

Gordon Wood Post Consensus scholarship

Wood says that the American Revolution was a "republican" revolution. By that he means that it had intellectual roots ranging from ancient Greece and Rome to the English Commonwealth, and that it was more communal than capitalistic. "Ideally," he writes, "republicanism obliterated the individual." He explains that republicanism was essentially anti-capitalistic, a final attempt to come to terms with the emergent individualistic society that threatened to destroy once and for all the communion and benevolence that civilized men had always considered to be the ideal of human behavior. Given that belief, we should not be surprised that America's liberals look to Wood to find an image of America that suits them. In his interpretation of the American Revolution, they find support for their belief that what is good about the American past is a certain communitarianism, which they wish to marry to the modern state. As Mark Seidenfeld wrote in the Harvard Law Review: "I view the civic republican conception as providing an essential justification for the modern bureaucratic state.... Moreover, given the current ethic that approves of the private pursuit of self-interest as a means of making social policy, reliance on a more politically isolated administrative state may be necessary to implement something approaching the civic republican ideal." Wood's work has been particularly important to liberal legal theorists. They have embraced key aspects of his argument in Creation of the American Republic as the foundation of a renewed attack on the Constitution's few remaining restraints on government power. Law reviews are packed with articles touting the "revival of civic republicanism" as the new theoretical justification for welfare-statism, and as a substantive alternative to the historical dead-end of modern individualism. Mindful of the defects of Marxism, legal positivism, and Progressive era-style economic regulation, and facing the need to overcome the formidable arguments of constitutional originalism, civic republicanism enables the Left to turn the tables and claim an original intent argument of its own. The Left's enthusiasm for Wood's ideas took off, not coincidentally, in the late 1980s in the aftermath of Attorney General Edwin Meese's elevation of the controversy over original intent.

what are the federalist papers? what is their present day significance?

Written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, the essays originally appeared anonymously in New York newspapers in 1787 and 1788 under the pen name "Publius." The Federalist Papers are considered one of the most important sources for interpreting and understanding the original intent of the Constitution.

Shay's Rebellion

a 1786 revolt in Massachusetts led by farmers in reaction to high taxes

Describe the "large state" Virginia plan.

a proposal by Virginia delegates for a bicameral legislative branch. The plan was drafted by James Madison while he waited for a quorum to assemble at the Constitutional Convention of 1787.

Common Law

a system of jurisprudence based on judicial precedents rather than statutory laws

Articles of Confederation

a written agreement ratified in 1781 by the thirteen original states, a weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War.

where when and by whom was the first antislavery society formed?

an abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison, and Arthur Tappan. Frederick Douglass, an escaped slave, was a key leader of this society who often spoke at its meetings. William Wells Brown was also a freed slave who often spoke at meetings. By 1838, the society had 1,350 local charters with around 250,000 members.

Northwest ordinance of 1787

an act of the Congress of the Confederation of the United States (the Confederation Congress), passed July 13, 1787.

Society of Cincinnati

an exclusive and hereditary order of Continental military officers that aroused strong democratic opposition

the first constitution was written in 1777 but not ratified until 1781. Why?

because congress was divided into federalists and antifederalists

What did the continental congress call for 1774?

delegates from each of the 13 colonies except for Georgia (which was fighting a Native-American uprising and was dependent on the British for military supplies) met in Philadelphia as the First Continental Congress to organize colonial resistance to Parliament's Coercive Acts.

what were the provisions of the Virginia statutes for religious freedom?

drafted in 1777 (however it was not first introduced into the Virginia General Assembly until 1779) by Thomas Jefferson in the city of Fredericksburg, Virginia. On January 16, 1786, the Assembly enacted the statute into the state's law. The statute disestablished the Church of England in Virginia and guaranteed freedom of religion to people of all religious faiths, including Christians of all denominations, Jews, Muslims, and Hindus. The statute was a notable precursor of the Establishment Clause and Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution.

what did the westward shift of state capitols in the states of NH NY VA NC and SC signify?

geographical shifts portended political shifts that discomfited many more conservative Americans

how did the constitution embrace democracy in some ways but limit it in others?

how did the constitution embrace democracy in some ways but limit it in others?

Legislative branch

how was the govt under the AOC set up?

in what ways were free slaves discriminated against?

in what ways were free slaves discriminated against?

Land Ordinance of 1785

law that established a plan for dividing the federally owned lands west of the Appalachian Mountains

virginia statute for religious freedom

made by Thomas Jefferson and Baptists in 1786, victory for freedom of religion

ratification

making something valid by formally ratifying or confirming it

How can the American Revolution be most accurately described?

more of an evolution than an revolution

What hopeful positive sign were evident in creating a national government?

no man would be above the law

amending process

plan to change the Constitution to keep up with changing times in the United States

what were the strengths and weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

power to declare war, power to raise an army, power to trade with foreign nations, power to sign treaties, Land Ordinance of 1785, Northwest Ordinance weak central government, one vote for every state, no separate of executive and judicial branches, no power to regulate trade between states, no power to enforce treaties, Amendment process required all states, no power to tax, Shay's Rebellion

military

relating to the armed forces, such as the army, navy, and the air force

what positive purposes did the AOC serve?

successfully concluded the treaty of paris

federalists

supporters of the stronger central govt. who advocated the ratification of the new constitution

civic virtue

the democratic ideas, practices, and values that are at the heart of citizenship in a free society, notion that democracy depended on unselfish commitment to the public good.

give two examples of social democracy

the nordic countries (Sweden, Finland and Norway) where the unemployment rate is low, the minimum wage is high, the labor rights are strong and states pressure on economy is high. On different examples we can partially count France or Germany where social democrats were felt strongly in the political arena.

What precedents and traditions did state constitutions create?

the state governments did a lot to inform the framers of the US Constitution in creating a three branch government, not the other way around. A good number of states had an executive in the form of a governor, a legislature that often was bicameral (two houses), and a judiciary in the form of a state supreme court. Massachusetts and Virginia both fit this bill. This is notable because their constitutions were instrumental in guiding the "Founding Fathers." (And, of course, many of the same people who drafted state governments were involved in the drafting of the Constitution.)

Constitutional Convention why

to address the problems of the weak central government that existed under the Articles of Confederation.

voting

to format expression of choice in some matter, often expressed by a written ballot