The APUSH Quizlet

Salutary neglect

A period from roughly 1714-1760 in which British colonial policy allowed for the rise of American self-government as royal bureaucrats, pleased by growing trade and import duties, relaxed their supervision of internal colonial affairs.

Household mode of production

A popular economic production system in the early 18th century as the population swelled. In it, families swapped labor and goods. It allowed New Englanders to maximize agricultural output and preserve the freehold ideal.

Monroe Doctrine

A proclamation by President James Monroe (at the behest of John Quincy Adams) that the European powers should keep their dirty mitts off of the Western hemisphere, and in exchange the US would stay out of European concerns.

Glorious Revolution

A quick and nearly bloodless coup in England in which James II was overthrown by William of Orange. The Declaration of Rights was signed, creating a constitutional monarchy that enhanced parliamentary power at the expense of the Crown. The revolution overseas sparked revolutions in America by Protestants, and the new monarchs heeded colonists' complaints and dissolved the Dominion of New England.

Jacobins

A radical French political club that was anti-monarchy during the French Revolution.

Sons of Liberty

A radical organization that was opposed to British domination, and would attack tax collectors and other symbols of British power.

Missouri Compromise

A series of 1820 political arrangements orchestrated by Henry Clay to deal with the issue of slavery and the admission of new states. Under the deal, Maine entered as a free state and Missouri entered as a slave state. Most lands in the Louisiana Purchase except for Missouri were considered free.

House of Burgesses

A system of representative government created by the Virginia Company in 1619. It could make laws and levy taxes, although the governor and the company council in England could veto its acts.

Mercantilism

A system of state-assisted manufacturing and trade in which countries sought to have a favorable trade balance, reducing imports and increases exports in order to stimulate economic growth.

Outwork

A textile industry in which merchants bought wool from the owners of great estates and sent it "out" to landless peasants in small cottages to spin and weave into cloth.

Report on Manufactures

Alexander Hamilton's 1791 plan to acquire revenue to pay for interest on state debts. This included excise taxes, including on whiskey distilled in the United States. This report urged the expansion of American manufacturing, but he didn't support high protective tariffs. Instead, he advocated moderate tariffs to to pay. This plan was incredibly modern and successful.

Federalist No. 10

An essay in the Federalist Papers in which James Madison challenged the view that republican governments only worked in small polities, arguing that a large state would better protect republican liberty. Madison also outlines his views on factions - that they're inevitable and not always negative.

Pietism

An evangelical Christian movement that stressed the individual's personal relationship with God. Reached America as part of the First Great Awakening. Sparked a religious revival within American around 1720. George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards were very prominent preachers within the movement, and gave large and fiery sermons urging people to repent.

Consumer Revolution

An offshoot of the British Industrial Revolution, the use of steam and mechanical power to begin the mass production of textiles, tools, and other durable goods. This led to a flood of British products into the colonies, for which the colonists paid with increased crop exports. Led to many Americans becoming involved with debt to creditors overseas.

New Jersey Plan

The small-state counterpart to the Virginia Plan, this gave the Confederation the power to raise revenue, control commerce, and control the states, but gave the states their own laws and equality.

What did Alexis de Tocqueville mean when he used the term individualism to describe American society in 1835? a. Americans lived in social isolation, without any ties to caste, class, association, or family. b. Americans valued and respected differing views on political topics. c. The American people welcomed all types of immigrants, regardless of ethnicity or religion. d. Most Americans were uninfluenced by political parties and did not vote by party lines.

a. Americans lived in social isolation, without any ties to caste, class, association, or family.

Ronald Reagan's 1980 victory can be attributed to a. Americans' frustrations over the nation's declining prosperity and power. b. the ineptitude of his predecessor, Gerald Ford. c. his adept handling of the hostage crisis during his first term. d. Americans' frustrations over the Iran-Contra affair.

a. Americans' frustrations over the nation's declining prosperity and power.

From 1854 to 1856, which of the following was the fundamental principle all Republicans agreed on? a. An absolute opposition to the expansion of slavery into any new territories b. The eventual abolition of slavery throughout the United States c. The exclusion of Roman Catholic immigrants from entering the United States d. The extension of voting rights to all adult male citizens, regardless of race

a. An absolute opposition to the expansion of slavery into any new territories

Who of the following represented the American notion that through hard work, even a poor immigrant could become tremendously successful? a. Andrew Carnegie b. John D. Rockefeller c. Jay Cooke d. Thomas Edison

a. Andrew Carnegie

Which of the following is correctly matched? a. Adamson Act—eight-hour workday for railroad workers b. Elkins Act—workmen's compensation for federal employees c. Hepburn Act—prohibited discriminatory railway rates that favored powerful customers d. Newlands Reclamation Act—enabled the Interstate Commerce Commission to set shipping rates

a. Adamson Act—eight-hour workday for railroad workers

By the 1960s, what part of Social Security had become the most controversial? a. Aid to Families with Dependent Children b. Compensation for unemployed workers c. Payments to widowed mothers d. Financial assistance for the blind, deaf, and disabled

a. Aid to Families with Dependent Children

Which of the following was true of race relations during World War I? a. Almost 25 percent of the adult male Native American population served in World War I. b. African Americans were often given hazardous military jobs, such as scouts and snipers. c. Native Americans were not allowed into combat during the war in Europe. d. Blacks and whites were kept separate, eliminating racial violence in the army during the war.

a. Almost 25 percent of the adult male Native American population served in World War I.

Which of the following describes patterns of immigration to the United States between 1970 and 2000? a. Almost 28 million immigrants came into the United States. b. The number of Latino immigrants dropped substantially. c. The issue of immigration became less charged politically. d. The federal government set a numerical quota of 2 million immigrants annually.

a. Almost 28 million immigrants came into the United States.

What legislation did Congress and the Obama administration enact to relieve the economic crisis that began in 2008? a. American Recovery and Reinvestment Act b. Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act c. Economic Protection and Property Recovery Act d. Troubled Assets Relief Program

a. American Recovery and Reinvestment Act

Which of the following was an outcome of the American Industrial Revolution in the early nineteenth century? a. American businesses soon dominated in many European markets. b. Increasing numbers of white Americans became self-employed. c. Labor unions became the government-sanctioned voice for the working class. d. Skilled craftsmen found their talents in great demand.

a. American businesses soon dominated in many European markets.

The term Pax Americana refers to a. American domination of the global economy after World War II. b. the Marshall Plan in Europe and U.S. occupation of Japan. c. the Bretton Woods system. d. the U.S.-Soviet nuclear arms race.

a. American domination of the global economy after World War II.

Which American principle played a critical role in advancing technology in the early days of the American Industrial Revolution? a. American ingenuity b. Separation of church and state c. Republican motherhood d. Democracy

a. American ingenuity

Which of the following statements characterizes American settlement in California before the mid-1840s? a. American settlement in California was fairly sparse in this period. b. Most Americans who went to California settled near the San Francisco Bay. c. Most Americans who went to California in the 1840s were prospecting for gold. d. Americans who settled in California often adopted mestizo culture.

a. American settlement in California was fairly sparse in this period.

Which of the following statements describes Charles Darwin's theories as presented in his book, On the Origin of Species? a. Animals and plants adapt to better suit their environment through natural selection. b. Animals and plants can acquire transmissible traits within a single lifetime. c. Plants' and animals' adaptations were inevitably beneficial to the species. d. Human society should function on the basis of competition and survival of the fittest.

a. Animals and plants adapt to better suit their environment through natural selection.

How did the spread of industrialization in the United States during the 1820s and 1830s affect skilled artisans? a. As machines changed the nature of their work, shoemakers, hatters, printers, furniture makers, and weavers faced declining income, job insecurity, and loss of status. b. They tried, but usually failed, to avoid the regimentation of factory work by moving to small towns or by setting up small, specialized shops that catered to a limited market. c. Employers and the courts blocked all their efforts to form craft unions in order to seek higher wages and better working conditions. d. The wave of strikes that broke out in 1836 were put down by armed federal troops on orders from President Jackson.

a. As machines changed the nature of their work, shoemakers, hatters, printers, furniture makers, and weavers faced declining income, job insecurity, and loss of status.

Of the nine thousand overseas Protestant missionaries in 1915, the largest percentage of them served in a. Asia. b. Africa. c. Russia. d. Central America.

a. Asia.

Suburbs for the well-to-do first began to emerge on the outskirts of major American cities in which of these periods? a. Before the Civil War b. During the Reconstruction era c. In the late 1800s d. After 1900

a. Before the Civil War

Which of the following pairs is properly matched? a. Benjamin Banneker—mathematician and surveyor; helped lay out Washington, D.C. b. Horace King—won praise for his portraiture c. Joshua Johnston—wealthy businessman d. Paul Cuffee—accused of slave revolt

a. Benjamin Banneker—mathematician and surveyor; helped lay out Washington, D.C.

Which of the following statements describes the impact of the Jacksonian-era constitutional revolution on the states? a. Between 1830 and 1860, twenty states revised their charters and enhanced democracy. b. States began to pass their own tariff laws and print their own currency. c. The "commonwealth" philosophy of economic development was strengthened. d. The power of state governments to regulate business was enhanced.

a. Between 1830 and 1860, twenty states revised their charters and enhanced democracy.

Southern whites responded to the end of slavery by enacting a. Black Codes. b. the Freedmen's Bureau. c. the Ordinance of Nullification. d. the Civil Rights Act of 1866.

a. Black Codes.

Women's liberation activists modeled their ideas, goals, and tactics after the a. Black Power movement. b. National Organization for Women. c. gay liberation movement. d. New Deal Democrats.

a. Black Power movement.

Which of the following examples embodied the synthesis of African and American culture that existed in the South in the 1850s? a. Black evangelical Christianity b. The success of slave resistance c. Black and white children playing together d. Sexual relations between slave women and their masters

a. Black evangelical Christianity

To what late nineteenth-century phenomenon does the term "private city" refer? a. Businesses' role in the creation of urban environments b. The existence of an underground gay urban subculture c. The notion that urban family life functioned like a small city d. The federal government's lack of influence over urban administration

a. Businesses' role in the creation of urban environments

How did middle-class reformers attempt to overcome disorder and lawlessness among urban wage earners in early nineteenth-century America? a. By supporting political reforms that were designed to help disadvantaged families survive adversity b. By forming regional and national organizations to institutionalize charity and combat crime systematically c. By establishing missions to bring their messages of moral purity and self-discipline to the poor d. By ignoring social problems and concentrated on improving the behavior of their children and household servants

a. By supporting political reforms that were designed to help disadvantaged families survive adversity

Which pair is properly matched? a. CORE—organized freedom rides b. SNCC— Martin Luther King was its leader c. SCLC—united agencies serving black city dwellers d. NAACP—organized student sit-ins

a. CORE—organized freedom rides

Despite stiff Mexican resistance, American forces also secured control of which future state in 1847? a. California b. Oregon c. South Dakota d. Idaho

a. California

Through which of the following actions did Sir Henry Clinton launch his southern campaign in 1778? a. Capturing Savannah, Georgia, and mobilizing hundreds of blacks b. Advancing his troops from Philadelphia toward Virginia to entrap Washington's army c. Issuing the Philipsburg Proclamation, promising freedom to rebel slaves d. Fortifying his position at Philadelphia and daring Washington to attack him

a. Capturing Savannah, Georgia, and mobilizing hundreds of blacks

By 1916, which of the following religious groups had increased immensely in the United States because of immigration? a. Catholics b. Methodists c. Baptists d. Protestants

a. Catholics

The rise of nickelodeons, amusement parks, dance halls, vaudeville, and other "cheap amusements" in the late nineteenth-century cities had which of the following effects? a. Challenging traditional courtship rituals b. Reinforcing Victorian values c. Increasing tax revenues so the government could build more libraries and parks d. Undermining businesses efforts to instill workplace discipline

a. Challenging traditional courtship rituals

Who led the conservative Senecas, who condemned assimilation and demanded a return to ancestral customs? a. Chief Red Jacket b. Tenskwatawa, "The Prophet" c. Tecumseh d. Lalawethika

a. Chief Red Jacket

Through which of the following practices did southerners avoid giving former slaves the right to vote? a. Collecting poll taxes b. Ending right-to-work laws c. Driving African American men out of the state d. Waving the bloody shirt

a. Collecting poll taxes

The Oneida Community, founded in 1839 by John Humphrey Noyes, was known for which of the following practices? a. Complex marriage b. Monogamy c. Celibacy d. Equality of men and women

a. Complex marriage

Why was the South unable to convince England to provide it with more support during the Civil war? a. England needed Union wheat more than the South's cotton. b. The British thought the South were likely to win and withdrew. c. England's agriculture was self-sufficient. d. The English public was indifferent to the war.

a. England needed Union wheat more than the South's cotton.

Which of the following was the critical issue facing political parties in the late 1840s? a. Expansion of slavery b. Fate of Native Americans in the West c. Acquisition of Oregon d. Annexation of Texas

a. Expansion of slavery

Which of the following statements characterizes family life in the late 1800s? a. Family size continued its steady decline because middle-class children in cities were not needed for work. b. The birthrate remained stable because of the different cultural values held by many immigrants. c. Family sizes actually increased as urban prosperity allowed parents to support more children comfortably. d. Farm daughters did more traditionally male work as young male farmers moved to large cities.

a. Family size continued its steady decline because middle-class children in cities were not needed for work.

Herbert Hoover emerged from World War I as one of the nation's most admired men because of his leadership of the a. Food Administration. b. Railway War Board. c. Fuel Administration. d. National War Labor Board.

a. Food Administration.

Who was the first woman cabinet member, who served as Secretary of Labor? a. Frances Perkins b. Mary McLeod Bethune c. Jane Addams d. Marion Anderson

a. Frances Perkins

In what way was the United States more democratic than anywhere else in the world during the first half of the nineteenth century? a. Franchise qualifications b. Spoils system c. Bicameral legislature d. Method of choosing the Senate

a. Franchise qualifications

Which provision of the Geneva Accords was never realized? a. Free elections for a united Vietnam in 1956 b. French withdrawal of troops from the north in Vietnam c. Partitioning of Vietnam d. Establishment of a demarcation line at the seventeenth parallel

a. Free elections for a united Vietnam in 1956

Which concept promoted by the Second Great Awakening reinforced its push for societal reform? a. Free moral agency b. The importance of group prayer meetings c. Nativism d. Evangelism

a. Free moral agency

Which of these factors were the critical determinants of workers' occupational opportunities in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? a. Gender and race b. Age and ethnicity c. Ethnicity and skills d. Skills and race

a. Gender and race

Which of these events occurred at the Battle of Long Island in August 1776? a. General Howe and his British troops forced the Americans to retreat to Manhattan Island. b. General Washington and the Continental army won their first major victory over British forces. c. The Continental troops quickly surrendered and General Washington barely escaped. d. Benedict Arnold surrendered a strategic fort to the British, helping them to win the battle.

a. General Howe and his British troops forced the Americans to retreat to Manhattan Island.

The creator of containment, who enumerated his fears in the Long Telegram in 1946, was a. George Kennan. b. George Marshall. c. Harry Truman. d. James Byrnes.

a. George Kennan.

What was the outcome of President John Quincy Adams' support of the Creeks in their treaty negotiations with the state of Georgia? a. Georgia's governor attacked him as a "public enemy" and "ally of the savages." b. His New England supporters deserted his bid for reelection. c. A large reservation in central Georgia was set aside for the Creeks. d. The Georgia state legislature called for his impeachment.

a. Georgia's governor attacked him as a "public enemy" and "ally of the savages."

Which of the following countries was the first to fall into a depression at the end of the 1920s? a. Germany b. The Soviet Union c. Norway d. Sweden

a. Germany

What did the Railroad Strike of 1877 and the Homestead Strike of 1892 have in common? a. Government troops helped put down both strikes. b. The American Railway Union led both strikes. c. The leaders of both strikes were jailed. d. The American public supported the strikers.

a. Government troops helped put down both strikes.

Which of the following was promoted by Republican governor Robert La Follette (1901-1905) as the Wisconsin Idea? a. Greater government intervention in the economy b. Smaller government with less intervention in the economy c. Expanded voting rights for all men and women d. Government subsidies to encourage the growth of corporations

a. Greater government intervention in the economy

Which of the following concepts championed black racial pride and cultural identity in the 1920s? a. Harlem Renaissance b. Jazz Age c. Lost Generation d. Back to Africa movement

a. Harlem Renaissance

Which of the following actions did President Truman take in support of African American civil rights? a. He appointed a presidential commission on civil rights. b. He threatened to use federal troops to register blacks in the South. c. He called on Congress to eliminate Jim Crow laws in the South. d. He spearheaded a plan he called the New Reconstruction.

a. He appointed a presidential commission on civil rights.

What was President Truman's response to the invasion of South Korea in 1950? a. He asked the UN Security Council to authorize a "police action." b. Truman asked Congress for a declaration of war and they complied. c. He decided to pursue a policy of watchful waiting before committing troops. d. Truman appealed to Congress to send aid to the anticommunist Koreans.

a. He asked the UN Security Council to authorize a "police action."

Which of the following statements is true about William Lloyd Garrison? a. He attacked the U.S. Constitution because it condoned slavery. b. He was motivated by political, not religious, concerns. c. Garrison believed violence was an acceptable means for ending American slavery. d. Garrison called for the institution of gradual abolition in all states.

a. He attacked the U.S. Constitution because it condoned slavery.

Why did Republicans nominate Rutherford B. Hayes for president in 1876? a. He had won a reputation for honesty and appeared to be safe from charges of corruption. b. His state, New York, was crucial to winning the election. c. He promised to end Reconstruction, which had become a Republican liability. d. His relationship with Grant would protect prominent but corrupt Republicans.

a. He had won a reputation for honesty and appeared to be safe from charges of corruption.

Which of the following was the official reason Congress cited for impeaching Andrew Johnson? a. He infringed on the powers of Congress. b. He attempted to undermine Radical Reconstruction. c. Johnson dismissed Secretary of State William Seward. d. He refused to support any of the Civil War amendments.

a. He infringed on the powers of Congress.

Why was the South on the cutting edge of the Market Revolution by 1840? a. It produced and exported over two-thirds of the world's cotton supply. b. Planters were using European immigrants as industrial workers. c. Planters were building factories to process cotton. d. Southern society was dominated by free labor.

a. It produced and exported over two-thirds of the world's cotton supply.

Which of the following assumptions shaped Theodore Roosevelt's strategic thinking about U.S. foreign policy during his presidency? a. It was the duty of the "civilized" countries of the world to police "backward" peoples. b. Major war among the great powers of Europe was no longer possible. c. Germany was the world's greatest empire and Great Britain was on the decline. d. The United States, as the leader of the free world, needed to promote global democracy.

a. It was the duty of the "civilized" countries of the world to police "backward" peoples.

Which of the following describes the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949? a. It was the first American peacetime military alliance since 1783. b. The United States funded the militaries of all of the participating countries. c. NATO explicitly and permanently excluded the Federal Republic of Germany. d. The alliance was formed in order to impose a blockade on Berlin.

a. It was the first American peacetime military alliance since 1783.

Why was the battle of Fort Sumter in April 1861 significant? a. It was the first battle of the Civil War. b. It marked a turning point of the war in the Confederates' favor. c. It was a major victory for the Union army and rallied the soldiers. d. Lincoln called for 200,000 militiamen to enlist after the defeat.

a. It was the first battle of the Civil War.

Which of the following is true regarding the Sheppard-Towner Federal Maternity and Infancy Act of 1921? a. It was the first federally funded, health-care legislation. b. The act excluded working-class women. c. It prohibited midwives and home births. d. The National Woman's Party opposed its passage.

a. It was the first federally funded, health-care legislation.

Why was the enlistment of African Americans in the Union army and their deployment in battle delayed until 1863? a. Most Union generals doubted that they would make good soldiers. b. Abolitionists feared that the white officers would treat the black troops as disposable. c. Lincoln feared that free blacks from the North would be captured and enslaved. d. The Union did not have enough funds to equip and pay destitute black soldiers.

a. Most Union generals doubted that they would make good soldiers.

Which of these statements most accurately describes the experiences of free blacks in the early nineteenth-century United States? a. Most held low-wage jobs as farmworkers, day laborers, or laundresses. b. They constituted a majority of the African American population in the South by 1820. c. Many free blacks would have settled in Africa had they been able to afford the trip. d. Most northern states passed laws banning free blacks from owning or running a business.

a. Most held low-wage jobs as farmworkers, day laborers, or laundresses.

Which of the following caused the severe recession in 1937 and 1938? a. Roosevelt, Congress, and the Federal Reserve cut spending and attempted to balance the budget. b. Roosevelt embraced deficit spending. c. Congress increased funds for the WPA. d. The Federal Reserve made it easier for Americans to borrow money.

a. Roosevelt, Congress, and the Federal Reserve cut spending and attempted to balance the budget.

Two of Nixon's greatest foreign policy successes were a. SALT I and restoring relations with Communist China. b. invading Cambodia and Vietnamization. c. détente and encouraging global human rights. d. the Tet offensive and the China policy.

a. SALT I and restoring relations with Communist China.

Which of these reforms originated with the Grant administration? a. Securing the right to vote for all male U.S. citizens regardless of race b. Granting equal property rights for women c. Enacting compulsory school attendance laws for all states d. Providing for the direct election of U.S. senators

a. Securing the right to vote for all male U.S. citizens regardless of race

Besides the League of Nations, which of the following goals did Woodrow Wilson achieve in the post-World War I peace settlement? a. Self-determination for Central Europe's newly independent nations b. Self-determination for Germany's colonies in Africa c. Freedom of the seas d. International free trade

a. Self-determination for Central Europe's newly independent nations

Which of the following describes Sandra Day O'Connor? a. She was the first woman appointed to the Supreme Court. b. O'Connor was the leader of NOW during the 1980s. c. She was among the first women to be appointed to a presidential cabinet post. d. She was a vocal opponent of Clarence Thomas's nomination to the Supreme Court.

a. She was the first woman appointed to the Supreme Court.

Which of the following was an outcome of the division of labor in early American shoe factories? a. Shoe production increased. b. Shoe production slowed. c. Shoe prices doubled. d. The supply of shoes dwindled.

a. Shoe production increased.

The transformation that occurred as American factories and farms turned out more goods, and merchants and legislators created faster and cheaper ways to get those products to consumers, was known as which of the following? a. The Market Revolution b. The Consumer Revolution c. The Technological Revolution d. The Economic Revolution

a. The Market Revolution

On what basis did the U.S. Supreme Court strike down the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) in the Schechter v. United States decision? a. The NIRA illegally regulated commerce within individual states. b. The program acted as a trust administered and funded by the federal government. c. It violated the age-old moral and legal codes set for businesses. d. It used taxpayer money to benefit one interest group over others.

a. The NIRA illegally regulated commerce within individual states.

Which of the following describes Johnson's War on Poverty? a. The program was Johnson's highest political priority, even more than civil rights advances. b. It permanently reestablished the old New Deal coalition first forged by FDR in the 1930s. c. The program was far more successful than even President Johnson could have expected. d. Unlike the New Deal, the program greatly altered the distribution of wealth in the United States.

a. The program was Johnson's highest political priority, even more than civil rights advances.

What did women like Jane Addams seek to provide to the working-class people they served through settlement houses in early twentieth century cities? a. The resources and political voice they needed to improve their lives b. Lessons on American history to help recent immigrants assimilate c. A stronger sense of "civic enterprise and moral conviction" d. Art classes and other cultural programs to expand their minds

a. The resources and political voice they needed to improve their lives

Which of the following statements characterizes the Scopes "monkey trial" of 1925? a. The trial quickly became a media circus. b. The jury acquitted John Scopes, and modern science claimed victory over religion. c. The trial resulted in a hung jury unable to decide whether Scopes was innocent or guilty. d. The American Civil Liberties Union supported the Tennessee ban on teaching evolution.

a. The trial quickly became a media circus.

Which of the following groups greatly benefitted from the reforms of the New Deal? a. The unemployed b. Tenant farmers c. Domestic workers d. Single mothers

a. The unemployed

Which of the following presented the greatest challenges to the United States after World War I? a. The war brought to light the differences among Americans. b. The war had left the United States deeply in debt. c. Women refused to leave the workforce. d. The economy slowed after the war.

a. The war brought to light the differences among Americans.

Which of the following statements characterizes postwar trends in American trade? a. The war had crippled American shipping, which reduced the export of tobacco and other farm goods. b. In the absence of British trade restrictions, the production of tobacco boomed. c. Domestic industries supplied products unavailable from Britain during the war and flourished after the war's end. d. Economic growth spurred by western land sales stimulated American manufacturing and increased exports.

a. The war had crippled American shipping, which reduced the export of tobacco and other farm goods.

Why was the ship Alabama instrumental to the Confederate war effort? a. The warship captured or sank more than one hundred Union merchant ships. b. It was a Confederate merchant ship that managed to break through the blockade. c. Its armor plating made it almost impervious to cannon fire in battle. d. The warship, built in Boston, was captured by the Confederates and used in many victories.

a. The warship captured or sank more than one hundred Union merchant ships.

Which of the following contributed to America expanding its markets into Latin America and Asia in the 1890s? a. The wide-reaching impact of the Panic of 1893 b. Europe's economic inroads into the Western Hemisphere c. A shortage of agricultural products internationally d. The need to import manufactured items

a. The wide-reaching impact of the Panic of 1893

Which of the following factors explained the rapid growth of western cities such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and New Orleans? a. Their role in transportation networks b. Their location on the fall line c. Proximity to abundant coal supplies d. Proximity to major American banks

a. Their role in transportation networks

Which of the following was true of the "Era of Good Feeling"? a. There was apparent political harmony. b. It saw a rise in nationalism and an end to sectionalism. c. There was an absence of economic debate in this period. d. Americans embraced state loyalties rather than national ones.

a. There was apparent political harmony.

Which of the following is true of free blacks in the South? a. They became the backbone of the South's urban artisan workforce. b. Their numbers decreased between 1800 and 1860. c. Most free African Americans distanced themselves from the masses of impoverished slaves. d. Most of them were forced to emigrate to the North because they were viewed as a threat to slavery.

a. They became the backbone of the South's urban artisan workforce.

Which of the following describes metropolitan newspapers in the period after the Civil War? a. They expanded to include human-interest stories and society and sports sections. b. Newspapers lost urban readership as the influx of poor immigrants led to declining literacy rates. c. Influenced by the increasing efficiency of communication, they covered more national and international news than local events. d. Building a reputation for factual, objective news coverage, newspapers ignored national scandals.

a. They expanded to include human-interest stories and society and sports sections.

Which of the following describes the traveling salesmen of the late nineteenth century? a. They helped build nationwide distribution networks for a multitude of products. b. Many men sought these jobs because they appreciated independence and autonomy. c. Salesmen, like workers, organized to improve their wages and working conditions. d. Nineteenth-century salesmen were little different from their eighteenth-century predecessors.

a. They helped build nationwide distribution networks for a multitude of products.

What prevented planter elites from exercising complete political dominance over the Cotton South in the 1830s and 1840s? a. They lived in a republican society with democratic institutions that elicited input from all white men. b. The Cotton Revolution increased resentment on the part of poor whites toward planters' power and position. c. Plantation management required so much of their time that many planters had to refrain from political service. d. The emergence of a new class of wealthy industrial elites in the South checked their power.

a. They lived in a republican society with democratic institutions that elicited input from all white men.

Which of the following statements describes migrants who left New England during the 1790s? a. They moved in family or community groups. b. This group frequently moved to southern states. c. New Englanders typically relocated to northeastern Ohio. d. They funded their moves through joint-stock companies.

a. They moved in family or community groups.

Which of these statements describes Southern rice planters of the mid-nineteenth century? a. They were at the apex of the plantation aristocracy. b. Rice planters avoided selling slaves or working slaves harshly. c. Rice planters occupied the bottom rung of the plantation aristocracy. d. They lived only in the Upper South.

a. They were at the apex of the plantation aristocracy.

Why did Chinese immigrants come to the United States in the nineteenth century? a. They were motivated by poverty and upheaval in southern China. b. Chinese immigrants came to open laundry businesses in American cities. c. The burgeoning population of China created widespread famine and shortages. d. Chinese men sought jobs as indentured servants in the houses of rich Californians.

a. They were motivated by poverty and upheaval in southern China.

Children born in slave communities in the nineteenth-century South often shared which of these characteristics? a. They were named after family members. b. Children were removed from their families at age three. c. They were raised by their grandmothers. d. Children had few sources of support.

a. They were named after family members.

A nuclear reactor came close to meltdown in 1979 at a. Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania. b. Shoreham, New York. c. Seabrook, New Hampshire. d. Fernald, Ohio.

a. Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania.

The typical American middle-class household in 1900 consisted of husband, wife, and how many additional family members? a. Three children b. Five children c. Several children and extended family members d. Two children

a. Three children

How did John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Corporation come to control 95 percent of the nation's oil refining capacity by the 1880s? a. Through predatory pricing and the creation of the trust b. By implementing the process of vertical integration c. Through expanded sales and production overseas d. By inventing the process that extracted kerosene from crude oil

a. Through predatory pricing and the creation of the trust

Which of the following was the purpose of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution? a. To authorize the president to take any action necessary to prevent further aggression in Vietnam b. To declare that "we are not going to send American boys . . . to do what Asian boys ought to do for themselves" c. To outline the Johnson administration's plans for bombing Hanoi with a nuclear weapon d. To give congressional approval for using the herbicide Agent Orange in the jungles of Vietnam

a. To authorize the president to take any action necessary to prevent further aggression in Vietnam

Why did Congress approve funds for the construction of the National Road in 1806? a. To link midwestern settlers to the seaboard states b. To connect the manufacturing cities in the South c. To connect midwestern settlers' communities with each other d. To provide a route for settlement of territory on the West coast

a. To link midwestern settlers to the seaboard states

What was the purpose of the Hatch Act, passed by Congress and President Grover Cleveland in 1887? a. To provide federal funding for agricultural research and education b. To establish state-regulated farms to sell produce at a cheaper rate c. To provide funds to farmers struggling to pay debts d. To fund large corporate farms, encouraging the growth of the farming industry

a. To provide federal funding for agricultural research and education

Why did President McKinley and the Republicans jump at the chance to hold the Philippine Islands? a. It provided the United States with a major foothold in the western Pacific and access to Asian markets. b. The victory would soothe an American public angered by an unpopular war. c. The move would quiet Democratic opponents who had criticized the war effort as being unproductive. d. It hoped that control of the Philippines would guarantee the territorial integrity of China.

a. It provided the United States with a major foothold in the western Pacific and access to Asian markets.

Why did the U.S. economy suffer from inflation in the mid-1970s? a. It was brought on in part by military spending in Vietnam. b. Unemployment was at its lowest point. c. Consumer demand for goods was high. d. President Richard Nixon did not address the problem.

a. It was brought on in part by military spending in Vietnam.

What was the purpose of the Female Moral Reform Society, which middle-class New York women founded in 1834? a. To provide moral guidance for young, working women who were living away from their families b. To create new opportunities for male and female reformers to work together as equals in the same organization c. To create a network of schools to train young, middle-class women in manners and morals d. To condemn prostitution and punish young women who participated in urban prostitution

a. To provide moral guidance for young, working women who were living away from their families

Which group of American women had continued to organize around feminist issues in the 1950s? a. Trade union women b. Women in higher education c. Dissatisfied housewives d. Civil rights activists

a. Trade union women

In which of the following cities was the prosperous Greenwood district burned down in racial riots in 1921? a. Tulsa, Oklahoma b. Boston, Massachusetts c. Detroit, Michigan d. Charlotte, North Carolina

a. Tulsa, Oklahoma

Which of the following pairs is properly combined? a. Twenty-Fourth Amendment—outlawed the poll tax b. Civil Rights Act 1964—mandated the use of forced busing to integrate southern schools c. Voting Rights Act 1965—banned discrimination in employment and public accommodations d. McLaurin v. Oklahoma—declared federal antilynching legislation to be unconstitutional

a. Twenty-Fourth Amendment—outlawed the poll tax

In March 1965, the effort to pass the Voting Rights Act gained impetus after the a. attack of civil rights marchers in Selma, Alabama, by state troopers. b. violence toward Freedom Riders in the South. c. incarceration of Martin Luther King Jr. after the Birmingham march. d. Montgomery, Alabama, bus boycott.

a. attack of civil rights marchers in Selma, Alabama, by state troopers.

The federal government responded to the problem of discrimination against the Chinese in nineteenth-century California by a. barring Chinese immigration to the United States in 1882. b. passing a civil rights law that protected them from anti-immigrant violence. c. establishing a quota limiting Chinese immigration to 10,000 per year. d. paying white workers higher wages to do agricultural work.

a. barring Chinese immigration to the United States in 1882.

Under the banner of black power, African American activists worked for a. black access to the traditionally white fields of firefighting, police work, and construction. b. black communities' right to secede from the Union to protect their rights and interests. c. black supremacy in every state in the United States. d. the racial integration of neighborhoods, schools, churches, and other public institutions.

a. black access to the traditionally white fields of firefighting, police work, and construction.

In 1934, the Liberty League was organized by a. business leaders and conservative Democrats who opposed New Deal reforms. b. liberals and moderate Republicans who favored the rights of labor. c. civil libertarians who wished to protect freedom of speech. d. radicals who thought that the New Deal needed to be pushed farther to the left.

a. business leaders and conservative Democrats who opposed New Deal reforms.

Under the task system, slaves were required to a. complete a precisely defined job each day. b. perform the same repetitive tasks every day. c. train their children to take over their tasks when they grew up. d. punish their fellow slaves who did not perform adequately.

a. complete a precisely defined job each day.

The majority of white settlers on the Great Plains in the late nineteenth century viewed themselves as a. conquerors over the wilds of nature. b. warriors who had to defeat the natives. c. responsible for preserving the environment for future generations. d. simple subsistence farmers with modest wants and needs.

a. conquerors over the wilds of nature.

In their book American Slavery as It Is, Theodore Dwight Weld and the Grimké sisters a. presented testimony from individual southerners about the evils of slavery. b. refuted William Lloyd Garrison's position on the necessity of African colonization. c. openly criticized individuals who did not agree with their views on slavery. d. appealed to the economic interests of southerners by arguing that slavery was unprofitable.

a. presented testimony from individual southerners about the evils of slavery.

President Eisenhower authorized CIA agents to undermine Mohammad Mossadegh's political power to a. protect Western oil interests. b. apply the domino theory to the Middle East. c. inhibit the growth of radical Islam. d. hinder an alliance between Iranian and Vietnamese communists.

a. protect Western oil interests.

The national political stalemate of the 1880s and early 1890s originated in part because of a. the incredible population growth resulting from immigration. b. northerners' tenacious commitment to Reconstruction. c. labor unions' and trusts' large political donations. d. the passing of the southern Confederate generation.

a. the incredible population growth resulting from immigration.

Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin are both associated with a. the polio vaccine. b. television. c. cultural dissent. d. the civil rights movement.

a. the polio vaccine.

In the 1950s, evangelist Norman Vincent Peale preached a. the therapeutic use of religion. b. fundamentalist Protestantism. c. the use of faith healing instead of traditional medicine. d. Social Gospel.

a. the therapeutic use of religion.

Hoover was hated during the Depression, partially because of the public perception that he a. was insensitive to people's suffering and was a do-nothing president. b. had caused the stock market crash through his fiscal policies. c. refused to give the federal government a role in stabilizing agriculture. d. led the nation deeply into debt.

a. was insensitive to people's suffering and was a do-nothing president.

In general, progressives differed from labor and farm advocates because the progressives a. were mostly middle-class urban reformers. b. were often more radical. c. generally had less success on the national level. d. were part of a much more unified and cohesive movement.

a. were mostly middle-class urban reformers.

On July 4, 1861, in a statement to a special session of Congress, President Lincoln a. declared that the war was a noble crusade that would determine the fate of democracy throughout the world. b. promised a swift defeat of the Confederacy, provided that Congress cooperated with the administration. c. announced that one of the goals of the war was to end slavery in the South. d. warned that the North was prepared to fight a total war against the South.

a. declared that the war was a noble crusade that would determine the fate of democracy throughout the world.

Why did Democratic presidential candidate Lewis Cass propose the idea of squatter sovereignty in 1848? a. He was promoting a policy that would grant free federal land to homesteaders in the west. b. Cass hoped the plan would maintain the unity of the contentious Democratic Party. c. He was seeking a solution to the conflicts between whites and Native Americans in the West. d. Cass believed it would bring free-soilers back into mainstream political parties.

b. Cass hoped the plan would maintain the unity of the contentious Democratic Party.

Which politician's death marked the waning of Radical Reconstruction? a. Abraham Lincoln b. Charles Sumner c. Andrew Johnson d. William Seward

b. Charles Sumner

Which of the following pairs identified with the Radical Republicans? a. President Lincoln and Andrew Johnson b. Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens c. Lyman Trumbell and Nathan Bedford Forrest d. James M. Pike and Hiram Revels

b. Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens

The first skyscraper in the United States was built in 1885 in which city? a. New York b. Chicago c. Boston d. Cleveland

b. Chicago

Which of the following were core institutions for African American society in the mid-nineteenth-century South? a. Marriage and resistance movements b. Church and family c. The American Anti-Slavery Society and Christianity d. Friendships and kinship

b. Church and family

Which of the following became critical community institutions for African Americans throughout the South during Reconstruction? a. Local boards of health b. Churches c. New black colleges d. City parks

b. Churches

What was the first action Roosevelt took to address the nation's economic crisis? a. End Prohibition b. Closed all banks in a banking holiday c. Put people to work in the WPA d. Gave states money for relief

b. Closed all banks in a banking holiday

Harry Truman's historical reputation is based on his work as a(n) a. New Dealer. b. Cold Warrior. c. challenger of the labor movement. d. opponent of the civil rights agenda.

b. Cold Warrior.

Which sport was the most controversial in the late 1800s? a. Professional baseball b. College football c. Women's field hockey d. Basketball

b. College football

Which of the following exemplified the sexual conservatism that characterized the period from 1945 to the mid-1960s? a. Alfred Kinsey's books on sexuality were banned in most major American cities. b. College women had curfews and needed permission to entertain male visitors. c. Only married women had easy, unfettered access to birth control pills. d. The average marriage age increased dramatically during this period.

b. College women had curfews and needed permission to entertain male visitors.

What changes occurred in American trade with the Allies and the Central Powers between 1914 and 1916? a. Trade with the Allies dropped by half, whereas trade with the Central Powers tripled. b. Commerce with the Allies rose nearly fourfold, while it dwindled with the Central Powers. c. Trade with both sides was severely curtailed by naval attacks on the high seas. d. Commerce with both sides rose equally because Americans supplied both with food and arms.

b. Commerce with the Allies rose nearly fourfold, while it dwindled with the Central Powers.

Which of the following American groups benefited the most from China's turn toward capitalism? a. Manufacturers b. Consumers c. Oil producers d. Farmers

b. Consumers

Which of the following describes the economic changes taking place in the United States during the 1950s? a. Sales of electrical appliances began to decline. b. Consumption came to be seen as a social responsibility. c. More money was spent on education than on advertising. d. Consumer use of electricity was cut in half.

b. Consumption came to be seen as a social responsibility.

In 1834, the Working Men's Party persuaded the Pennsylvania legislature to do which of the following? a. Allow collective bargaining by labor unions b. Create a free, tax-supported public school system c. Mandate a ten-hour workday for all factory workers d. Require that workers be paid time-and-a-half for overtime

b. Create a free, tax-supported public school system

In 1835, Alexis de Tocqueville wrote, "It is a constant fact that at the present day the ablest men in the United States are rarely placed at the head of affairs." To what did he attribute this phenomenon? a. Whig party policies b. Democracy c. Industrialization d. More money could be made in business than in politics

b. Democracy

In which of the following ways did American politics change during the mid-1890s? a. Southern blacks regained some access to voting and political rights. b. Democrats became almost the only political party in the South for decades. c. Democrats dominated national politics for the next forty years. d. Populists gained a tremendous influence over northern workers.

b. Democrats became almost the only political party in the South for decades.

Which of the following cases is properly paired with its corresponding decision? a. Fletcher v. Peck—states may not tax federal institutions b. Gibbons v. Ogden—national government controls interstate commerce c. McCullough v. Maryland—sanctity of contract d. Dartmouth College v. Woodward—judicial review

b. Gibbons v. Ogden—national government controls interstate commerce

The critical disagreement that led to the emergence of political parties in the mid-1790s was based on which of the following issues? a. Jay's Treaty b. Hamilton's financial plan c. Interstate trade d. Slavery

b. Hamilton's financial plan

How did Abraham Lincoln fare in the 1864 presidential election? a. Lincoln won by a slim margin, thanks to the votes of Union soldiers. b. He was swept to victory in the wake of Sherman's capture of Atlanta. c. He won despite the fact that three out of every four Union soldiers voted against him. d. Abraham Lincoln lost the popular vote to McClellan, but he won the electoral vote.

b. He was swept to victory in the wake of Sherman's capture of Atlanta.

Which of the following describes Governor Alfred E. Smith, the Democratic presidential candidate in 1928? a. Smith had a speaking voice ideally suited to the new medium of radio. b. He was the first major-party presidential candidate to reflect the aspirations of the urban working class. c. Smith was a product of Chicago's influential Irish political machine. d. He lost the election because he failed to carry the heavily industrialized states in the urban Northeast.

b. He was the first major-party presidential candidate to reflect the aspirations of the urban working class.

Which of the following individuals expressed public support for John Brown's attempt to ignite a slave rebellion in Virginia in 1859? a. Abraham Lincoln b. Henry David Thoreau c. John C. Breckinridge d. William H. Seward

b. Henry David Thoreau

Which of the following individuals went to jail rather than pay taxes in support of the Mexican War and slavery? a. Ralph Waldo Emerson b. Henry David Thoreau c. William Lloyd Garrison d. Sarah Grimké

b. Henry David Thoreau

Which of the following describes the Homestead Act of 1862? a. It provided 160 acres of free land to qualifying white men. b. Homesteaders were required to occupy and improve the land. c. Republican leaders hoped it would bring white settlers to the Pacific coastal regions. d. Land speculators accumulated most of the available homesteads.

b. Homesteaders were required to occupy and improve the land.

What event led southern Democrats to bolt from the Democratic Party in 1948? a. Truman tried to extend labor unions into the southern textile industry. b. Hubert Humphrey put a strong civil rights agenda on the party's platform. c. They followed former vice president Henry Wallace into his new Progressive Party. d. Republican Thomas Dewey offered a platform they found much more attractive.

b. Hubert Humphrey put a strong civil rights agenda on the party's platform.

Which of the following pairs are correctly matched? a. Allen Ginsberg—author of a groundbreaking study on sex in America b. Hugh Hefner—founder of Playboy magazine c. Alfred Kinsley—prominent gay activist in the 1950s d. Del Martin—famous Beat author and poet

b. Hugh Hefner—founder of Playboy magazine

Which of the following statements most characterizes residential patterns in the typical American city around 1900? a. Members of various ethnic groups mingled throughout the city. b. Immigrants from a particular region of a country tended to settle by ethnic group. c. Most immigrants had to settle far from the factories where they worked. d. Most immigrants were required by zoning laws to live in downtown ghettos.

b. Immigrants from a particular region of a country tended to settle by ethnic group.

Which of the following was a goal of President Johnson's environmental reforms? a. Modernizing the Yellowstone and Yosemite national parks b. Improving the nation's air and water c. Banning offshore oil drilling d. Creating an environmental protection agency

b. Improving the nation's air and water

Which of the following statements characterizes blacks' resistance to slavery by the 1820s? a. Most slaves still clung to the hope of returning to Africa. b. In their situation, most blacks had no choice but to build the best possible lives for themselves. c. The frequency of escape to Spanish Florida and the frontier increased. d. Many slaves planned or participated in revolts, knowing that some would be successful.

b. In their situation, most blacks had no choice but to build the best possible lives for themselves.

What was the distinguishing characteristic of President Eisenhower's "New Look" in foreign policy in the 1950s? a. A conventional army three times the size of the Soviet army b. Increased hydrogen bomb production and long-range bombing strength c. The dismantling of Truman's containment policies d. A commitment to raise arms against all nations unfriendly to western capitalism

b. Increased hydrogen bomb production and long-range bombing strength

Which of the following qualities did Henry David Thoreau urge in his readers, as demonstrated by the statement, "If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer"? a. Stubbornness b. Individuality c. Musicality d. Expressiveness

b. Individuality

Which of the following social movements grew tremendously as a result of the New Deal? a. Feminism b. Industrial unionism c. The civil rights movement d. The movement for immigration reform

b. Industrial unionism

Nativist fears were directed mostly at which of the following groups in early and mid-nineteenth-century America? a. Women b. Irish immigrants c. Native Americans d. Free blacks

b. Irish immigrants

Who replaced the Lowell Mill workers when they refused in the 1830s to work until conditions improved? a. Women workers b. Irish immigrants c. German immigrants d. Free blacks

b. Irish immigrants

Which of the following statements accurately characterizes the post-Civil War western cattle boom? a. The boom aided the later development of agriculture by providing a good source of fertilizer. b. It attracted both investors seeking large profits and romantics drawn by the allure of the West. c. It required the extensive introduction of new feed crops. d. The ranchers demonstrated unusual foresight in protecting the environment.

b. It attracted both investors seeking large profits and romantics drawn by the allure of the West.

Which of the following describes The Book of Mormon, published in 1830? a. It was a historical account of the Mormons' westward migration to Utah. b. It claimed that Jesus Christ visited an ancient American civilization soon after his resurrection. c. The book offered a detailed explanation and justification of the Mormons' social philosophy. d. The book was written anonymously by anti-Mormons to discredit Mormon beliefs.

b. It claimed that Jesus Christ visited an ancient American civilization soon after his resurrection.

Why was Margaret Sanger's newspaper column "What Every Girl Should Know" significant? a. The column educated girls and women about the dangers of prostitution. b. It contributed to launching a national birth control movement. c. Sanger linked the practice of "treating" with sexually transmitted diseases. d. It publicized the notion that women as well as men could attend college.

b. It contributed to launching a national birth control movement.

Which of the following statements describes the American invasion of Mexico in 1846? a. American forces quickly conquered most of central and northern Mexico. b. The Americans captured Matamoros, Monterrey, Tampico, and most of northeastern Mexico. c. Mexican troops routed the Americans at the Battle of Monterrey and forced their retreat. d. Mexico held the line against American land forces, but U.S. naval forces had quick success.

b. The Americans captured Matamoros, Monterrey, Tampico, and most of northeastern Mexico.

Which of the following is true of religion in the city at the turn of the twentieth century? a. Protestantism was easily accepted by city dwellers. b. The Catholic Church incorporated ethnic differences in urban areas. c. Immigrant Catholics abandoned ethnic customs for the sake of religious unity. d. Protestant churches eschewed evangelism.

b. The Catholic Church incorporated ethnic differences in urban areas.

The U.S. federal government participated in the expansion of slavery during the early to mid-1800s through which of the following? a. The American Colonization Society b. The Indian Removal Act c. The international slave trade d. The inland system

b. The Indian Removal Act

Which of the following developments has transformed business and the economy since the mid-1990s? a. Television b. The Internet c. Fax machines d. Immigration

b. The Internet

Which of the following events was an outcome of Rosa Parks's 1955 arrest? a. Plessy v. Ferguson b. The Montgomery bus boycott c. Shelley v. Kraemer d. Eisenhower's intervention in Little Rock, Arkansas

b. The Montgomery bus boycott

Which of the following Puritan ideas became a middle-class conviction with a secular twist during industrialization in the early 1800s? a. Predestination b. The Protestant work ethic c. Covenant thinking d. Creation of a society based on faith and ideals

b. The Protestant work ethic

After the 1980 election, which of the following parties gained control of the U.S. Senate for the first time since 1954? a. The Democrats b. The Republicans c. The Reagan coalition d. The Religious Right

b. The Republicans

Which of the following was the critical catalyst for antebellum reform movements? a. National government initiatives b. The Second Great Awakening c. State government initiatives d. Industrialization

b. The Second Great Awakening

Which of the following laws required the Treasury department to accept only gold and silver in payment for purchases of federal land? a. The Independent Treasury Act of 1840 b. The Specie Circular c. The National Road Bill d. The Commercial Credit Act

b. The Specie Circular

As a result of Turner's Rebellion, the Virginia legislature did which of the following in the 1830s? a. It refused to even consider a bill providing for gradual emancipation and colonization. b. It debated but rejected a bill providing for gradual emancipation and colonization. c. It adopted a resolution supporting the colonization of all of Virginia's free blacks. d. It called on slave owners to treat their slaves more humanely in order to prevent future slave rebellions.

b. It debated but rejected a bill providing for gradual emancipation and colonization.

Which of the following describes the Fourierist movement in America? a. Fourierists inspired Susan B. Anthony and helped launch the women's rights movement. b. It demonstrated the difficulty of creating enduring utopian communities. c. Mormonism was founded on the principles of Fourierism. d. It created a lasting and uniquely American style of furniture.

b. It demonstrated the difficulty of creating enduring utopian communities.

Which of the following was a long-term consequence of the Korean War? a. The war ended the American military-industrial complex. b. It established a precedent of avoiding atomic weapons in future Cold War conflicts. c. The war convinced Americans of the futility of fighting Asian wars. d. It established the law that the president was the commander-in-chief.

b. It established a precedent of avoiding atomic weapons in future Cold War conflicts.

Which of the following statements describes the Slidell mission to Mexico in December 1845? a. It was a success, resulting in Mexico's acknowledgment of the U.S. annexation of Texas. b. It failed because Mexico had suspended diplomatic relations with the United States and refused to even see Slidell. c. The mission prompted Mexico to offer to sell New Mexico and California for $30 million. d. The mission failed because Slidell was assassinated in Veracruz before he could reach the Mexican capital.

b. It failed because Mexico had suspended diplomatic relations with the United States and refused to even see Slidell.

Which of the following statements describes the agricultural technique known as dry farming? a. Dry farming was developed by Mormons in the area near the Great Salt Lake. b. It involved deep planting and quick harrowing after rainfalls. c. Its chief benefit was that it did not require new machinery. d. Dry farming was feasible only on small farms of three hundred acres or less.

b. It involved deep planting and quick harrowing after rainfalls.

The South Carolina Exposition and Protest, written by John C. Calhoun, bore a similarity to the argument made by which of the following people? a. Thomas Paine in Common Sense b. Jefferson and Madison in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions c. John Marshall in Marbury v. Madison d. George Washington in his farewell address

b. Jefferson and Madison in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

The practice of racial segregation in the American South in the twentieth century was commonly known a. neoslavery. b. Jim Crow. c. the color line. d. Uncle Tom.

b. Jim Crow.

What was the outcome of the Korean War? a. The United States radically reduced its involvement in Asian affairs. b. Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel. c. An intense antiwar movement developed in the United States. d. Civilian control of the American armed forces seriously eroded.

b. Korea remained divided at the 38th parallel.

Which of the following methods was a highly uncommon form of slave resistance in the slave South? a. Feigning illness b. Large-scale uprisings c. Running away d. Individual acts of violence

b. Large-scale uprisings

At the end of the twentieth century, the largest minority group in the United States was a. Native Americans. b. Latinos. c. Asians. d. African Americans.

b. Latinos.

Which of the following statements describes women and their relationship to work and family life in the postwar decades? a. Prosperity allowed even working-class women to devote themselves solely to domesticity. b. Most "women's jobs" were in teaching, nursing, or the service sector. c. Most women who felt the desire for a career sought therapy in search of a cure. d. Few married, middle-class women worked outside the home until the 1970s.

b. Most "women's jobs" were in teaching, nursing, or the service sector.

Which of the following characterizes patterns of immigration into the United States during the 1840s and 1850s? a. Most immigrants settled in the South to take advantage of jobs in industry and agriculture. b. Most of the Irish who arrived in the United States were poverty-stricken peasants. c. The largest group of immigrants arriving came from eastern and southern Europe. d. The poorest immigrants arriving in the United States came from Wales and Scotland.

b. Most of the Irish who arrived in the United States were poverty-stricken peasants.

Which statement describes the sharecropping system that emerged to replace slavery in the South after the Civil War? a. It created an equal partnership between tenant farmer and owner. b. Most sharecroppers believed it was preferable to a wage labor system. c. Sharecroppers were often worse off than slaves had been. d. Through sharecropping, freed slaves were able to advance very well economically.

b. Most sharecroppers believed it was preferable to a wage labor system.

Which of the following statements describes the proceedings against Sacco and Vanzetti? a. Their acquittal reflected the waning of the Red Scare hysteria. b. Scholars still debate their guilt, but most agree that they did not receive a fair trial. c. Despite the high emotions aroused by their case, Sacco and Vanzetti received a fair trial. d. Their quick trial and execution in 1921 exemplified antiradical hysteria.

b. Scholars still debate their guilt, but most agree that they did not receive a fair trial.

Which of the following statements describes women's experience in the West in the late nineteenth century? a. The Homestead Act reflected the attitudes of the day by excluding women as homesteaders. b. Single women made up between 5 and 20 percent of homesteaders in North Dakota. c. Most women living in the West rejected the eastern ideal of domesticity. d. Women made up only a small percentage of the American population in the West.

b. Single women made up between 5 and 20 percent of homesteaders in North Dakota.

The settlement houses that emerged in early twentieth-century cities established which new occupational field? a. Midwifery b. Social Work c. Early Childhood Education d. Political bureaucrat

b. Social Work

Which of the following took place in response to the Jefferson administration's purchase of Louisiana? a. Southern Federalists conspired with Aaron Burr and General James Wilkinson to capture the region and establish it as a separate nation. b. Some New England Federalists devised a plan to secede from the Union and establish a northern confederacy. c. Most Federalists became Republicans. d. Many Native Americans poured into the region.

b. Some New England Federalists devised a plan to secede from the Union and establish a northern confederacy.

Early opposition to Ngo Dinh Diem in South Vietnam came in part from a. South Vietnamese Catholics. b. South Vietnamese Buddhists. c. President Eisenhower. d. President Johnson.

b. South Vietnamese Buddhists.

Which of the following phenomena served as an engine of postwar economic growth? a. Radio and print media advertising b. Spending on national security c. Television d. The civil rights and feminist movements

b. Spending on national security

Which of the following developments accounted for the dramatic increase in the number of women working outside the home in the 1970s? a. Feminism b. Stagflation c. The birth control pill d. Advertising that fueled consumption

b. Stagflation

The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, which were set forth in 1798, supported which of the following positions? a. Repealing the neutrality laws of the 1790s b. States' right to judge the legitimacy of national laws c. The defeat of Hamilton's debt payment program d. The right of secession for states dissatisfied with the Union

b. States' right to judge the legitimacy of national laws

Which of the following technological advances played an important role in opening up the Great Plains to farming? a. Advanced irrigation techniques b. Steel plows and other farm machinery c. Corporate development of drought-resistant grains d. Scientific development of synthetic pesticides

b. Steel plows and other farm machinery

During the 1840s, American women's rights activists focused on which of the following goals? a. Challenging the conventional division of labor within the family b. Strengthening the legal rights of married women c. Making it easier for married women to file for divorce d. Educating women about birth control and abortion

b. Strengthening the legal rights of married women

Which of the following describes Lincoln's military strategy at the beginning of the Civil War? a. Attack cautiously to minimize casualties on both sides b. Strike immediately against the Confederate capitol in Richmond, Virginia c. Adopt General Scott's plan of naval blockades and economic sanctions d. Use federal troops only for the purpose of defending Washington, D.C.

b. Strike immediately against the Confederate capitol in Richmond, Virginia

Which of the following elements defined the Democrats under Andrew Jackson? a. Consideration for Native Americans b. Support for average Americans c. Treatment of the national bank d. Views on patronage

b. Support for average Americans

33. Through which of the following sources did the U.S. Treasury raise most of its revenue during the first half of the 1800s? a. Personal income taxes b. Tariffs on imported goods c. Corporate taxes d. Excise taxes

b. Tariffs on imported goods

Which major scandal in Harding's administration was named after the national oil reserves it involved? a. Crédit Mobilier b. Teapot Dome c. Sinclair Oil d. North Shore Oil

b. Teapot Dome

In the early 1800s, free blacks in the North were encouraged to "elevate" themselves through which of the following activities? a. Legal reform b. Temperance c. Political activism d. Forming friendships with whites

b. Temperance

To which of the following causes did Isabella Graham and Joanna Bethune contribute in the early nineteenth century? a. Assisting widows and orphans b. Temperance c. Moral reform d. Woman's rights

b. Temperance

Which of the following describes life in the United States during the Cold War? a. Fearful of powerful government, the public insisted on decreasing the power of the president. b. Tension over communism abroad fostered a period of domestic repression and fear at home. c. Intent on protecting itself from communism, the United States banned covert operations abroad. d. Fearing creeping socialism, Congress cut back on Social Security and unemployment insurance.

b. Tension over communism abroad fostered a period of domestic repression and fear at home.

Which of the following statements most accurately characterizes U.S. relations with France during the late 1790s? a. Americans' gratitude for French aid in the American Revolution led to cordial relations. b. The United States cut off trade with France and authorized Americans to seize French ships. c. The expulsion of the French agents known as X, Y, and Z calmed American anti-French sentiments. d. Continuing hostility toward England led Americans to initiate secret trade relationships with the French.

b. The United States cut off trade with France and authorized Americans to seize

How did the United States acquire the land it needed to build the Panama Canal? a. It agreed to buy the isthmus from Columbia. b. The United States lent covert assistance to free Panama from Colombia. c. Roosevelt bribed Columbian officials so that they would agree. d. John Hay negotiated a peaceful transfer treaty with Columbia.

b. The United States lent covert assistance to free Panama from Colombia.

Which group of nations signed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 1993? a. Jamaica, Haiti, and the United States b. The United States, Mexico, and Canada c. The United States, Cuba, and Panama d. Mexico, the United States, and Haiti

b. The United States, Mexico, and Canada

What was the outcome of the Supreme Court's decision in the 1911 Standard Oil case? a. The Standard Oil trust remained in place for several more decades. b. The monopoly was broken up into several competing companies. c. The longstanding "rule of reason" was declared unconstitutional. d. The Sherman Antitrust Act was declared unconstitutional.

b. The monopoly was broken up into several competing companies.

Which of the following is true of the Reagan presidency? a. The gap between rich and poor narrowed. b. The national debt tripled. c. Reagan's policies reduced homelessness. d. Federal aid to poor families increased.

b. The national debt tripled.

Why was the election of 1876 significant? a. The election was proof that most voters wanted to continue military Reconstruction in the South. b. The outcome was determined by an electoral commission established by Congress. c. It was disrupted by the third-party candidacy of Horace Greeley. d. It served as proof that southern Republican leaders were incompetent.

b. The outcome was determined by an electoral commission established by Congress.

Which of the following statements describes the Chinese immigrants to the United States in the nineteenth century? a. They came in greatest numbers prior to 1850. b. They faced more severe discrimination than European immigrants. c. Chinese immigrants were mostly women escaping sexual slavery. d. Most were unemployed and depended on government assistance to survive.

b. They faced more severe discrimination than European immigrants.

Which of these factors made enslaved African Americans reluctant to attempt to escape to the North? a. Slaves internalized their inferiority and felt incapable of successful flight. b. They hesitated to leave their families and communities behind. c. Slaves' embrace of the Golden Rule led them to treat their masters well. d. They knew that the civil war and abolitionism would come sooner rather than later.

b. They hesitated to leave their families and communities behind.

Why were many congressional leaders unwilling to consider breaking up plantations and distributing plots for independent farms to freed slaves? a. The leaders did not think slaves were capable of farming their own land. b. They hoped to restore cotton cultivation and the export of American cotton. c. Most congressional representatives wanted to see the Industrial Revolution transform the South. d. Freed slaves had expressed their desire to work in occupations other than farming.

b. They hoped to restore cotton cultivation and the export of American cotton.

How did the large department stores of the nineteenth century attract middle-class women patrons? a. The stores posted burly security guards at all the doors. b. They offered tearooms and attentive service. c. The stores banned men from entering without their mothers or wives. d. They proclaimed that children and women were their primary audience.

b. They offered tearooms and attentive service.

Which of the following statements describes the experiences of the new immigrants who entered the United States between 1880 and 1920? a. These groups found adjustment to the new country easier than earlier groups had. b. They often planned on working and saving money for a few years before returning home. c. They quickly assimilated into American culture and gave up their customs and languages. d. The new immigrants were welcomed much more graciously than were the Irish in 1840.

b. They often planned on working and saving money for a few years before returning home.

Which of the following statements describes the American literary figures of the 1920s, such as Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald? a. These white authors deeply resented the rise of the Harlem Renaissance. b. They rejected American materialism, complacency, and anti-intellectualism. c. They were strong boosters of America's victory in World War I and in the country's prosperity. d. These authors promoted a "rags to riches" vision of American individualism.

b. They rejected American materialism, complacency, and anti-intellectualism.

How did the British respond after their loss at the Battle of Saratoga in 1777? a. The British doubled the size of its army in the colonies. b. They tried to broker a negotiated settlement with the Americans. c. Britain attempted to bolster its forces by a military alliance with Spain. d. The British retreated to ships in New York Harbor to consider their options.

b. They tried to broker a negotiated settlement with the Americans.

The Comstock Act took effect in 1873 and a. legalized the use of contraceptive devices made of vulcanized rubber. b. prohibited the circulation of any information about sex and birth control. c. criminalized any activity that resulted in the creation of pornographic material. d. reversed the earlier law that banned obscene materials from the U.S. mail.

b. prohibited the circulation of any information about sex and birth control.

The Immigration Act of 1965 a. raised the quotas allocated to immigrant groups previously viewed as undesirable. b. replaced the national quotas system of the 1920s with nondiscriminatory numerical limits. c. allowed unrestricted immigration for everyone except Mexicans and Central Americans. d. allowed unrestricted immigration from all regions of the world.

b. replaced the national quotas system of the 1920s with nondiscriminatory numerical limits.

The Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 a. intensified efforts to persuade Native Americans to assimilate into white society. b. reversed the Dawes Severalty Act and promoted tribal self-government. c. significantly improved the economic status of Native Americans. d. dismantled reservations and forced Native Americans to assimilate.

b. reversed the Dawes Severalty Act and promoted tribal self-government

Welfare capitalism emerged in the 1920s in part to a. win government pensions for the elderly. b. stop unionization. c. ensure workers' health. d. improve workers' productivity.

b. stop unionization.

By the 1970s, schools in northern cities were more racially segregated than schools in the South because of a. busing. b. suburbanization. c. evangelical Christianity. d. northern liberalism.

b. suburbanization.

The federal government's Civil War debt was paid off primarily through a. income taxes. b. tariff revenues. c. corporate taxes. d. inflation.

b. tariff revenues.

John C. Calhoun challenged the northern Whig economic ideology by arguing a. that northern factory owners and southern slave owners had nothing in common. b. that advanced civilizations always had antagonism between workers and capitalists. c. that American society was essentially a classless one. d. for federal supremacy over the states and a strong tariff.

b. that advanced civilizations always had antagonism between workers and capitalists.

The largest mass execution in American history took place as a result of a. Custer's last stand. b. the Dakota uprising. c. the Battle of Bozeman Trail. d. an Indian uprising against the Dawes Severalty Act.

b. the Dakota uprising.

The organization created by the nations of Western Europe in 1992 was a. NATO. b. the European Union. c. the Triple Alliance. d. the Warsaw Pact.

b. the European Union.

The 1845 annexation of Texas provoked a. Polk's electoral victory. b. the Mexican War. c. President Van Buren's resignation. d. rebellion in the former Lone Star Republic.

b. the Mexican War.

Reconstruction ended in 1877 because a. African American government leaders in the South were incompetent. b. the North lost interest in the cause. c. the Democratic Party lost its political base in the South. d. the northern government had achieved all it had planned.

b. the North lost interest in the cause.

As a result of the war with Spain in 1898, the United States gained a. Guam, Hawaii, and Bermuda. b. the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam. c. Puerto Rico, Hawaii, and Panama. d. the Philippines, Cuba, and the Virgin Islands.

b. the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam.

New laws that restricted African Americans' and northern immigrants' access to the vote helped to ensure the passage of a. the creation of a federal income tax. b. the direct election of U.S. senators. c. women's suffrage. d. free coinage of silver.

b. the direct election of U.S. senators.

David Reisman's The Lonely Crowd and William Whyte's The Organization Man recognized the dilemma of a. the entrepreneurial class. b. the managerial class. c. Washington politicians. d. relations between labor and management.

b. the managerial class.

My Lai became a national issue in the United States in 1969 and was a. the site of an important battle in the Vietnam War. b. the site of the massacre of nearly 500 villagers by American soldiers. c. the ancient capital of Vietnam and a center of Buddhist antiwar protest. d. a town captured during the Tet offensive.

b. the site of the massacre of nearly 500 villagers by American soldiers.

The culture wars of the 1920s were due in part to a. a backlash against big business as many poorer Americans struggled economically. b. the tremendous growth of cities from immigration and rural migration. c. political battles between Democrats and Republicans throughout the decade. d. the change in foreign policy from isolation to internationalism.

b. the tremendous growth of cities from immigration and rural migration.

Many African American sharecroppers became trapped in a vicious cycle of debt after the Civil War mainly because a. southern banks charged blacks much higher interest rates than they charged whites. b. they could not pay the high prices and interest that whites charged as the price of cotton declined in the 1870s. c. state laws required blacks to pay for purchases by establishing credit lines that they could pay off only once annually. d. federal banking laws included "usury" regulations that in fact allowed southern banks to cheat freedmen.

b. they could not pay the high prices and interest that whites charged as the price of cotton declined in the 1870s.

Supply-side economics, as practiced by the Reagan administration, rested on a. balancing the federal budget as the highest priority. b. using tax cuts to stimulate investment, which would eventually result in higher tax revenues. c. stimulating the national economy by increasing federal spending. d. increasing the money supply with lower interest rates, which would improve the economy.

b. using tax cuts to stimulate investment, which would eventually result in higher tax revenues.

Which of the following characterizes the plantation labor system of the southern cotton industry? a. Native Americans formed an important subgroup of southern plantation laborers. b. Immigrants formed an important subgroup of southern plantation laborers. c. African American slaves worked from sunup to sundown all year long. d. African American slaves were unable to escape the labor system due to planter violence.

c. African American slaves worked from sunup to sundown all year long.

Which of the following was true of minorities during the New Deal? a. New Deal programs treated women and men equally. b. Discrimination was not allowed in New Deal programs. c. African Americans outside the South shifted their voting to the Democrats. d. Mexican Americans increasingly clung to their heritage and refused to Americanize.

c. African Americans outside the South shifted their voting to the Democrats.

Which of the following characterizes racial segregation in the United States during the 1950s? a. Most African American ghettoes were in the cities of the Deep South. b. African Americans were equally disenfranchised in both the North and the South. c. African Americans were frequent targets of police harassment in many northern cities. d. Legal discrimination was practiced by state governments but not federal government agencies.

c. African Americans were frequent targets of police harassment in many northern cities.

How did the Kennedy administration respond to the Freedom Rides in 1961? a. Afraid to take a stand during the first year of his presidency, Kennedy did nothing. b. Kennedy's administration sent in FBI agents to protect voting-rights activists, but most agents sided with local white racists or did nothing. c. After hesitating, Kennedy gave support to the freedom riders by sending federal marshals to protect them. d. President Kennedy appeared on national television to denounce racism and propose a civil rights bill.

c. After hesitating, Kennedy gave support to the freedom riders by sending federal marshals to protect them.

Which of the following statements is true about the post-World War II U.S. economy? a. The power of organized labor reached an all-time low in the mid-1950s. b. The economy was so strong and prosperous there was no worry of recession or unemployment. c. American prosperity was beyond the reach of many poor and nonwhite Americans. d. U.S. banks and corporations made great profits despite major competition from European businesses.

c. American prosperity was beyond the reach of many poor and nonwhite Americans.

Which of the following precipitated a crisis in American-Iranian relations in 1979? a. A communist revolution in Iran b. President Carter's criticism of the Iranian secret police c. American support for the deposed shah of Iran d. Iranian terrorist activity in the United States

c. American support for the deposed shah of Iran

The space race began after a. the Soviet Union exploded its first nuclear device. b. President Eisenhower signed the Outer Space Exploration Act. c. Americans learned that the Soviet Union had launched the first space satellite. d. John F. Kennedy called for the United States to put a man on the moon by the end of the 1960s.

c. Americans learned that the Soviet Union had launched the first space satellite.

After being placed in charge of all Union armies in 1864, General Grant and Abraham Lincoln crafted which of the following new military strategies? a. The targeting of the Confederacy's industrial centers b. The destruction of the Confederacy's infrastructure c. An attack of every major Confederate army simultaneously d. An avoidance of Union casualties to maintain northerners' support for the war

c. An attack of every major Confederate army simultaneously

Approval by Congress and ratification by the states of the Bill of Rights had which of the following outcomes? a. The establishment of a clear formula for balancing state and federal power b. A guarantee of all men's right to vote for their political leaders c. An easing of Americans' fears of an oppressive national government d. The Constitution became the nation's legal and political foundation

c. An easing of Americans' fears of an oppressive national government

Which of the following served as a catalyst for the 1794 domestic insurgency known as the Whiskey Rebellion? a. Farm foreclosures b. High interest rates c. An excise tax d. The Panic of 1793

c. An excise tax

On whom did President Jackson rely for political advice? a. Several key western senators, including Henry Clay b. His official cabinet officers c. An informal group called the Kitchen Cabinet d. Chief Justice John Marshall

c. An informal group called the Kitchen Cabinet

Who founded the Liberty Party in 1840? a. William Lloyd Garrison, after he broke with most of the other abolitionist leaders b. Theodore Dwight Weld, who sought to unify the antislavery movement c. Antislavery leaders who had broken with Garrison d. Proslavery advocates in both the North and the South

c. Antislavery leaders who had broken with Garrison

The City Beautiful movement is associated with which of the following activities? a. Efforts to clean up the mud rivers created by spring rains in many cities b. Attempts to clean up the tremendous air pollution that hung in the air of many cities c. Attempts to build more and better urban park spaces, including playgrounds and gardens d. Efforts by municipal commissioners to preserve green space in rapidly expanding industrial cities

c. Attempts to build more and better urban park spaces, including playgrounds and gardens

Which of the following was one of Calvin Coolidge's political virtues at the time he became president after Harding's death in 1923? a. A reputation for nonpartisanship b. Reticence, which ensured the confidentiality of his administration c. Austere morality, which contrasted with Harding's cronyism d. Imaginative foresight and problem-solving abilities

c. Austere morality, which contrasted with Harding's cronyism

Which of the following events was a major foreign policy blunder during the Kennedy administration? a. Cuban missile crisis b. Building of the Berlin Wall c. Bay of Pigs d. Alliance for Progress

c. Bay of Pigs

The great resurgence of evangelical religion in 1950s America was most evident in the dramatic rise in popularity of a. Fulton J. Sheen. b. Norman Vincent Peale. c. Billy Graham. d. Billy Sunday.

c. Billy Graham.

Who was Eugene "Bull" Connor, who made national news in 1963? a. Governor of Alabama b. Mayor of Birmingham c. Birmingham's commissioner of public safety d. An Alabama senator

c. Birmingham's commissioner of public safety

How did the black-led civil rights movement redefine the meaning of liberalism? a. Civil rights promoted the establishment of a welfare state. b. It advocated a focus on general social welfare rather than identities. c. Blacks demanded state protection from discrimination for individuals. d. It stressed consensus and continuity as the main avenue to gain racial justice.

c. Blacks demanded state protection from discrimination for individuals.

Realism and modernism had which of the following characteristics in common? a. They embraced feminism and women artists. b. Both were religiously and spiritually expressive. c. Both forms emphasized virility and masculinity. d. They were closely allied with reform movements.

c. Both forms emphasized virility and masculinity.

Which of the following countries was the first to convert to the gold standard? a. Germany b. France c. Britain d. United States

c. Britain

Which of the following describes the tenements that were typical of many urban areas in the early twentieth century? a. Government-subsidized housing for the poor b. Modern and sleek no-frills apartments that housed poor families c. Buildings that housed many families in cramped, airless apartments d. Light-manufacturing factories prevalent in many urban warehouse districts

c. Buildings that housed many families in cramped, airless apartments

How did the early twentieth century campaign against urban prostitution affect women working as prostitutes at that time? a. New laws made it easier for prostitutes to find more respectable work. b. New obstacles to interstate transport limited most prostitutes' mobility. c. By closing brothels, new laws worsened many prostitutes' working conditions. d. The campaign reduced the number of men seeking prostitutes' services in cities.

c. By closing brothels, new laws worsened many prostitutes' working conditions.

How did the federal government aid the growth of American industry in the first half of the nineteenth century? a. By giving tax breaks to large businesses b. By building canals c. By passing protective tariffs d. By prohibiting labor unions

c. By passing protective tariffs

Between 1820 and 1840, the economic conditions for casual day laborers in American cities changed in which of the following ways? a. Conditions improved because they were in high demand and gained greater geographical mobility. b. Their economic conditions held steady, neither improving nor worsening. c. Casual day laborers bore the brunt of unemployment during business depressions. d. They improved slightly but only because of high levels of middle-class charity.

c. Casual day laborers bore the brunt of unemployment during business depressions

What late-nineteenth-century development made it possible for rural Americans to participate in the national consumer culture? a. Store chains b. Automobiles c. Catalogs d. Billboards

c. Catalogs

During the Reagan administration, the CIA funded an anticommunist movement in a. Cuba. b. Eastern Europe. c. Central America. d. Southeast Asia.

c. Central America.

Which of the following nations is not a member of the Group of Eight (G8)? a. The United States b. Great Britain c. China d. France

c. China

What was the outcome of the Bill Clinton's impeachment and Senate trials in 1998? a. The Democrats suffered heavy losses in the 1998 elections. b. Clinton's proposals for health-care reform languished in Congress. c. Clinton was unable to oppose the Republicans' conservative agenda effectively. d. Most of the country's remaining Democrats joined the Republican Party.

c. Clinton was unable to oppose the Republicans' conservative agenda effectively.

How did the conservatives of the Cold War era differ from the American conservatives of the early twentieth century? a. Cold War conservatives embraced big government. b. Cold War conservatives favored corporate regulation. c. Cold War conservatives reversed their earlier isolationism. d. Cold War conservatives supported civil rights.

c. Cold War conservatives reversed their earlier isolationism.

Which of the following pairs is properly matched? a. Closed shop—force applied on a comparable industry to bring pressure on the primary target b. Yellow-dog contract—workers in one industry organized into a single organization, regardless of skill c. Collective bargaining—union negotiates with the employer for all the employees d. Trade union—all jobs reserved for union members

c. Collective bargaining—union negotiates with the employer for all the employees

Christian activists in the late 1970s and early 1980s made which of the following issues a high priority? a. Providing comprehensive sex education in public schools b. Careful attention to maintaining the separation of church and state c. Combatting the proliferation of pornography in American society d. Providing social supports for women who needed to work outside the home

c. Combatting the proliferation of pornography in American society

Which of the following was President Cleveland's greatest public relations failure during his presidency? a. Sentencing Jacob Coxey to death b. Supporting the strikers in the Pullman strike c. Conducting secret negotiations with J. P. Morgan to replenish American gold d. Going off the gold standard

c. Conducting secret negotiations with J. P. Morgan to replenish American gold

Which of the following occurred at the Democratic Party convention in 1924? a. Democrats chose a vice presidential candidate to attract rural southern voters. b. After 103 ballots, it nominated William G. McAdoo for the presidency. c. Conflicts showed that the party was deeply split between rural and urban interests. d. The delegates could not agree on the nomination of a presidential candidate.

c. Conflicts showed that the party was deeply split between rural and urban interests.

Which of the following occurred as a reaction to the massive wave of strikes that shook the United States in 1946? a. Congress abolished the Office of Price Administration. b. Truman passed the Employment Act of 1946. c. Congress passed the Taft-Hartley Act over Truman's veto. d. The U.S. government abandoned its Keynesian economic policies.

c. Congress passed the Taft-Hartley Act over Truman's veto.

Which factor led to planters' need to smuggle slaves into the country rather than import them legally? a. A Supreme Court ruling b. State legislation c. Congressional legislation d. Missouri's application for statehood

c. Congressional legislation

Which of the following occurred after the Chinese Communists defeated the Nationalists in 1949? a. The United States recognized the new government of China. b. Truman and his aides supported China's admission to the UN. c. Conservative critics accused the State Department of losing China. d. Americans refused to recognize the exile Nationalist government established in Taiwan.

c. Conservative critics accused the State Department of losing China.

Which of the following statements characterizes the state of the Republican Party in Congress at the beginning of the Taft administration? a. Republicans in Congress united solidly behind Taft's presidency. b. It was deeply divided between Roosevelt's admirers and Taft's followers. c. Conservatives opposed further reforms while progressives sought more radical change. d. It had lost its taste for progressive reform and was determined limit Taft's power as well.

c. Conservatives opposed further reforms while progressives sought more radical change.

Which of the following describes the conflict over abortion rights in the United States during the 1990s? a. The controversy gradually died down. b. The Supreme Court finally settled the question in 1983. c. Controversies over abortion became more politicized. d. The Clinton administration criminalized pro-life protests in 1994.

c. Controversies over abortion became more politicized.

Which of the following was enacted by Democrats in order to disable Francis Townsend's support? a. Job creation programs b. The Good Neighbor Policy c. Creation of the Social Security Administration d. Implementation of Keynesian economic policies

c. Creation of the Social Security Administration

During the 1850s, proslavery American expansionists attempted to acquire which of the following regions? a. Haiti b. Panama c. Cuba d. The Bahamas

c. Cuba

Which of the following factors accounted for the demographic growth of the Sunbelt in the 1970s and 1980s? a. Global warming b. Northeastern elitism c. Deindustrialization d. The West's conservatism

c. Deindustrialization

In June 1943, thirty-four people died during a major race riot in a. Washington, D.C. b. Cleveland. c. Detroit. d. Oakland.

c. Detroit.

Which of the following occurred during the Reagan and Clinton presidencies? a. Growing trade deficits b. Increases in the federal deficit c. Economic prosperity d. Problems caused by the Cold War

c. Economic prosperity

Mid-nineteenth-century publications such as Godey's Lady's Book and Catharine Beecher's Treatise on Domestic Economy did which of the following? a. Advocated women's right to vote and hold elected offices b. Promoted the notion that higher education would make women better mothers c. Emphasized the social importance of homemaking and domesticity d. Promoted less restrictive feminine clothing to protect women's health

c. Emphasized the social importance of homemaking and domesticity

Which of the following occurred at the Potsdam Conference in 1945? a. Stalin demanded that the United States share the secrets of the atomic bomb. b. The Allies failed to reach agreement over the postwar occupation of Germany. c. Inexperienced in world affairs, Truman used "tough" methods with the Soviets. d. Truman conceded the Soviet Union's right to impose a procommunist government on Poland.

c. Inexperienced in world affairs, Truman used "tough" methods with the Soviets.

What effect did the Cold War have on the civil rights movement? a. Since the movement was domestic in nature, the Cold War had almost no effect on it. b. Black activists were recruited to help ferret out communists. c. It both constrained and led to support for reforms. d. It led to Rosa Parks's protest.

c. It both constrained and led to support for reforms.

What was the outcome of Operation Rolling Thunder in 1965? a. It broke the war open for the United States and its South Vietnamese allies. b. The operation severely limited the Vietcong's ability to wage war. c. It intensified North Vietnamese nationalism and hardened their will to fight. d. The plan allowed the United States to reduce the number of troops in Vietnam gradually.

c. It intensified North Vietnamese nationalism and hardened their will to fight.

Which of the following statements describes the Voting Rights Act of 1965? a. It allowed literacy tests as long as they were not used to discriminate on the basis of race. b. The law was broad and comprehensive but lacked effective enforcement provisions. c. It outlawed discriminatory voter registration measures and was highly effective in the South. d. The law was so effective that Congress allowed it to lapse in 1978.

c. It outlawed discriminatory voter registration measures and was highly effective in the South.

Why was the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 significant? a. The land ordinance recognized the newly organized states of Kentucky and Tennessee as members of the Confederation. b. The ordinance mandated the forced removal of Native Americans from the Confederation's new western lands. c. It prohibited slavery in the territory and earmarked funds from land sales for public schools. d. It created the Bank of North America and charged it with overseeing the sales of western lands.

c. It prohibited slavery in the territory and earmarked funds from land sales for public schools.

Why was the American victory at the Battle of New Orleans in 1815 significant? a. The battle revealed that most American soldiers did not accept the peace treaty. b. It showed that American guerilla fighters could still defeat the British troops. c. It restored national pride and made Andrew Jackson an American hero. d. The battle persuaded British diplomats finally to sign the peace treaty.

c. It restored national pride and made Andrew Jackson an American hero.

Which is true of the AIDS crisis of the 1980s and 1990s? a. The federal government responded immediately to the AIDS crisis. b. The disease affected only gay men and women. c. More Americans died of AIDS than were killed in the Korean and Vietnam Wars combined. d. Approximately 95 percent of people infected with HIV live in the Western Hemisphere.

c. More Americans died of AIDS than were killed in the Korean and Vietnam Wars combined.

Around the turn of the century, African Americans moving to cities in the North experienced which of the following? a. Substantially less racism than did African Americans in the South b. More opportunities to become skilled workers than they had two decades earlier c. More discrimination than even the most downtrodden European immigrants d. Plentiful job opportunities and access to integrated housing.

c. More discrimination than even the most downtrodden European immigrants

In the first half of the nineteenth century, American manufacturers' main advantage over the British mills was that they had access to which of the following? a. Cheaper shipping b. Lower interest rates c. More natural resources d. A ready supply of cheap labor

c. More natural resources

Why has the labor movement always been relatively weak in American politics? a. Historically, labor unions have not been interested in engaging in the political process. b. Poor leadership has often hindered the political effectiveness of the labor movement. c. Most industrial workers live in urban areas and cities, which are underrepresented in Congress. d. Industrial workers put other concerns ahead of labor issues, making it difficult for labor to present a cohesive platform.

c. Most industrial workers live in urban areas and cities, which are underrepresented in Congress.

Which of the following describes the Continental army during the Revolutionary War? a. Although it grew slowly, the force numbered 75,000 men at its peak. b. It consisted mainly of yeomen farmers and well-to-do young Patriots. c. Most of its recruits were poor native-born youths and older foreign-born men. d. Its morale and discipline exceeded the British army's because it was fighting for a patriotic cause.

c. Most of its recruits were poor native-born youths and older foreign-born men.

Which of the following describes the emerging profession of social work at the turn of the nineteenth century? a. Social workers were motivated by their strong religious beliefs. b. Until the mid-twentieth century, most American social workers were male. c. Most social workers at this time viewed themselves as advocates of social justice. d. Social work was one profession women could pursue without a college degree.

c. Most social workers at this time viewed themselves as advocates of social justice.

Which New Deal program offered tremendous encouragement and support to the labor union movement? a. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation b. Securities and Exchange Commission c. National Industrial Recovery Act, especially Section 7(a) d. Tennessee Valley Authority's hiring practices

c. National Industrial Recovery Act, especially Section 7(a)

In the summer of 1975, which city was loaned money by the federal government and granted a three-year moratorium on municipal debt in order to stave off bankruptcy? a. Los Angeles b. Chicago c. New York City d. Detroit

c. New York City

The Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire of 1911 led to which of the following outcomes? a. A final break between progressive reformers and New York City's Tammany Hall political machine b. The New York State Factory Commission to blame worker negligence for producing unsafe working conditions c. New York State's passage of the most advanced labor code in the country at that time d. The jailing of the company's owner for arson after seeking to collect on his insurance

c. New York State's passage of the most advanced labor code in the country at that time

Which of the following was a consequence of widespread settlement on the Great Plains after the Civil War? a. Improved Indian relationships b. A decline in railroad building c. New rights and opportunities for many women d. The explosive growth of the mining industry

c. New rights and opportunities for many women

Which of the following Progressive reforms amended the Sherman Act to prevent trusts from curbing competition? a. Federal Reserve Act b. Clayton Antitrust Act c. Newlands Reclamation Act d. Pendleton Act

c. Newlands Reclamation Act

Which of the following phrases describes the federal judiciary at the time Thomas Jefferson became president in 1801? a. Understaffed and lacking direction b. Sympathetic to the Republican Party c. Packed with hostile Federalists d. Dominated by impartial judges

c. Packed with hostile Federalists

Which of these late-nineteenth-century U.S. Supreme Court rulings settled the question of African Americans' access to regular first-class seats on American railroad cars until the 1950s? a. Wabash v. Illinois b. Montana Railway Co. v. Warren c. Plessy v. Ferguson d. Allen v. Hanks

c. Plessy v. Ferguson

Which of these factors explained the surplus of slaves in the Chesapeake region in the early nineteenth century? a. Chesapeake planters' hesitancy to work their slaves too hard b. The profitability of the international slave trade c. Population growth through natural reproduction d. The rapid contraction of the region's tobacco market

c. Population growth through natural reproduction

In Federalist No. 10, James Madison maintained that the constitutional government would accomplish which of the following ends? a. Eliminate the need for political parties b. Protect the rights of individual states against abuses by the central government c. Prevent any one faction from becoming dominant d. Bring focus and order to American foreign policy

c. Prevent any one faction from becoming dominant

How did baseball become America's most popular game? a. The game had been popular with Americans soldiers since the Revolutionary War. b. Baseball teams often allowed women to play. c. Professional teams were started in dozens of cities as part of the National League. d. It was the only distinctively American game before the 1860s.

c. Professional teams were started in dozens of cities as part of the National League.

How did the Confederacy, with its agricultural economy, acquire the products and equipment it needed to supply its army? a. The Confederacy made black-market arrangements with northern manufacturers. b. The confederates industrialized at a rapid pace in order to produce goods domestically. c. Profits from cotton exports provided funds to purchase imported products. d. It relied on soldiers' families to supply them with the equipment they needed.

c. Profits from cotton exports provided funds to purchase imported products.

Which of the following California propositions are correctly matched? a. Prop 63—made English the official language of California b. Prop 187—banned bilingual education in California public schools c. Prop 209—outlawed affirmative action in state employment and public education d. Prop 227—barred illegal aliens from attending public schools or public health clinics

c. Prop 209—outlawed affirmative action in state employment and public education

Which of the following statements describes the anti-black race riots that occurred in cities in the early twentieth century? a. Black on white crimes were the primary trigger of race riots. b. Race riots occurred almost exclusively in the South. c. Race riots foreshadowed a worsening of urban racial tensions. d. The violent events often caused much damage but few, if any, deaths.

c. Race riots foreshadowed a worsening of urban racial tensions.

By the 1830s, coal and metal manufacturers increasingly used which of the following to run machinery? a. Water wheels b. Windmills c. Steam engines d. Hand power

c. Steam engines

What accounted for the relocation of manufacturing operations into urban areas after the Civil War? a. Railroad expansion b. Tax incentives c. Steam power d. Electricity

c. Steam power

Which of the following U.S. industries was most badly hurt by deindustrialization in the 1970s? a. Automobile b. Textile c. Steel d. Furniture

c. Steel

In 1966, the slogan "black power" was first used by a. Malcolm X. b. Elijah Muhammad. c. Stokely Carmichael. d. Huey Newton and Bobby Seale.

c. Stokely Carmichael.

Which of the following describes vertically integrated corporations? a. These corporations concentrated on one function in the production process. b. They made it difficult for a few corporations to monopolize an industry. c. Such corporations controlled all aspects of their operations' businesses. d. These corporations operated using predatory pricing.

c. Such corporations controlled all aspects of their operations' businesses.

Which of these describes the experiences of the young women who worked in the New England textile mills in the 1820s and 1830s? a. Free from family supervision, these women experimented with drinking and dating. b. They were able to save their wages for later use or to help out their families. c. Mill girls lived regimented lives with scarcely any personal freedom or independence. d. They often ended up as prostitutes because of the demoralization and irregularity of mill work.

b. They were able to save their wages for later use or to help out their families.

Which of the following characterizes many of the newly built suburban communities in the 1950s? a. Suburbs required that resident couples be married. b. They were generally homogeneous in their population. c. Suburban houses and lots were consistently expansive. d. Covenants required that new residents be parents or expectant parents.

b. They were generally homogeneous in their population.

Which of the following statements describes the class of propertyless whites living in the South in the mid-nineteenth century? a. Propertyless whites directly benefited from the institution of slavery. b. They worked hard physical jobs as day laborers and enjoyed little respect from other whites. c. Planters courted their loyalty by providing gifts and small favors to their families. d. Propertyless whites were free but lived in conditions worse than that of many slaves.

b. They worked hard physical jobs as day laborers and enjoyed little respect from other whites.

William Randolph Hearst's and Joseph Pulitzer's sensationalist style of reporting was known as which of the following? a. Scandal sheet copy b. Yellow journalism c. Paparazzi coverage d. Human interest writing

b. Yellow journalism

The Moral Majority favored a. the Equal Rights Amendment. b. a ban on abortion. c. welfare payments for single mothers. d. court-mandated busing.

b. a ban on abortion.

To persuade Massachusetts, Virginia, and New York to ratify the Constitution, leading Federalists promised that a. George Washington would become the first president. b. a bill of rights would be added to the Constitution. c. New York City would be the national capital. d. New York and Virginia would regain their former western claims.

b. a bill of rights would be added to the Constitution.

Richard Nixon's 1968 campaign for the presidency emphasized a. his longtime political commitment to fighting domestic communism. b. a claim to represent the "quiet voice" of "forgotten Americans." c. his southern background and frustrations with the black civil rights movement. d. a strong commitment to continuing Lyndon Johnson's Great Society programs.

b. a claim to represent the "quiet voice" of "forgotten Americans."

Richard Nixon's landslide victory in the election of 1972 signaled a. the end of the New Deal programs. b. a major political realignment in the United States. c. the defeat of the civil rights movement. d. a shift away from the policies of the Cold War.

b. a major political realignment in the United States.

Senator Huey Long from Louisiana became a major political threat to Roosevelt when he called for a. more government funding to provide jobs for the unemployed. b. a national Share Our Wealth movement to redistribute income fairly. c. Roosevelt's impeachment on the basis that the New Deal was communistic. d. a revival of the Populist Party and its demands.

b. a national Share Our Wealth movement to redistribute income fairly.

By the early 1900s, many business leaders encouraged their male workers to participate in sports to a. exhaust workers' competitive instincts. b. adjust to the demands of the industrial clock. c. counter the influences of domesticity. d. maintain their contacts with working-class culture.

b. adjust to the demands of the industrial clock.

President Martin Van Buren responded to the Panic of 1837 by a. revoking Andrew Jackson's Specie Circular of 1836. b. adopting a hands-off, limited-government stance. c. instituting an extensive public works program. d. depositing government gold and silver from private banks.

b. adopting a hands-off, limited-government stance.

The profits from the secret sale of arms to Iran in the 1980s were used to a. finance President Reagan's reelection campaign. b. aid the Contras, an opposition group in Nicaragua. c. free all hostages held by pro-Iranian forces in Lebanon. d. bolster Kuwait's defenses against Iraq.

b. aid the Contras, an opposition group in Nicaragua.

In the 1872 presidential election, the still disorganized Democratic Party a. demanded civil rights for African Americans. b. allied with the reform-minded Liberal Republicans. c. supported Samuel Tilden for president. d. exposed the Whiskey Ring scandals.

b. allied with the reform-minded Liberal Republicans.

The National Association of Colored Women was effective in its efforts to improve the life of African Americans because it a. gave lectures throughout the country. b. focused its attention on community issues such as public health. c. rejected the traditional role of women in domesticity. d. enabled African Americans to be educated in white schools.

b. focused its attention on community issues such as public health.

The American victory at San Juan Hill in Cuba can be credited mostly to a. the surrender of the Spanish troops after merely token resistance. b. four African American U.S. regiments that bore the brunt of the fighting. c. Theodore Roosevelt's Rough Riders, whose cavalry charge overwhelmed the Spanish defenders. d. Cuban guerrilla fighters who diverted the Spanish while the American attack was developing.

b. four African American U.S. regiments that bore the brunt of the fighting.

The 1969 Stonewall riot in New York City was a spontaneous protest led by a. the homeless. b. gay people. c. Catholic immigrants. d. women liberationists.

b. gay people.

Black neighborhoods in the downtown areas of northern cities were known as a. reservations. b. ghettos. c. barrios. d. suburbia.

b. ghettos.

The Daughters of Bilitis was a women's organization founded in 1955 that sought a. new alternatives for women who got pregnant out of wedlock. b. greater visibility for and acceptance of lesbians in the United States. c. greater autonomy and influence for the sororities on U.S. campuses. d. recognition of the contributions American women made to politics.

b. greater visibility for and acceptance of lesbians in the United States.

Vice President Spiro Agnew was forced out of office in 1973 because a. his central involvement in the Watergate cover-up was exposed. b. he was indicted for accepting kickbacks while governor of Maryland. c. he was arrested on a morals charge in Baltimore. d. Democrats and Republicans recognized his unsuitability for the presidency.

b. he was indicted for accepting kickbacks while governor of Maryland.

President Johnson shocked the American public on March 31, 1968, by announcing that a. he was sending 206,000 additional troops to Vietnam. b. he would not seek reelection. c. he had significantly increased the bombing of North Vietnam. d. there was no substitute for victory in Vietnam.

b. he would not seek reelection.

In the nineteenth-century South, free blacks lived primarily a. in rural Mississippi. b. in the coastal cities and the Upper South. c. in Tennessee. d. near the Texas border.

b. in the coastal cities and the Upper South.

The Supreme Court's 1908 decision in Muller v. Oregon upheld a law a. forcing employers to provide day care for workers' children. b. limiting the workday for women to ten hours. c. prohibiting child labor. d. establishing a minimum-wage law for women.

b. limiting the workday for women to ten hours.

The post-Watergate political reforms passed by Congress a. encouraged bipartisanship. b. made government more transparent. c. made government more efficient. d. decreased the power of special interests.

b. made government more transparent.

The rise of the Ku Klux Klan and the National Origins Act represented a resurgence of a. religious revival. b. nativism. c. jingoism. d. fundamentalism.

b. nativism.

Mob violence against abolitionist efforts in the 1830s and 1840s was a. confined to border and southern cities such as Baltimore, St. Louis, and Nashville. b. often directed against "respectable" black organizations such as churches and against orphanages. c. directed only at free black communities and the homes of prominent abolitionists. d. responsible for the deaths of hundreds of abolitionists and free blacks during this period.

b. often directed against "respectable" black organizations such as churches and against orphanages.

Iran released the American hostages and ended the long hostage crisis a. when President Carter agreed to lift economic sanctions against Iran. b. on the day Carter left office after the 1980 presidential election. c. when President Carter threatened to send commandos to rescue the hostages. d. when president-elect Reagan publicly threatened military action against the Iranian regime.

b. on the day Carter left office after the 1980 presidential election.

Iowans created the American Protective Organization in 1887 to a. protect Midwestern women from urban sex trafficking. b. oppose the influence of Catholics in the United States. c. prevent African Americans from moving into their state. d. protect black Iowans from the revived Ku Klux Klan.

b. oppose the influence of Catholics in the United States.

President Truman relieved General MacArthur of his Korean command because MacArthur a. refused to launch a surprise amphibious invasion behind North Korean lines. b. ordered his troops to cross the 38th parallel and proceed to the Chinese border. c. publicly called the conflict "the wrong war, at the wrong place . . . with the wrong enemy." d. sent American bombers on an unauthorized raid on mainland China.

b. ordered his troops to cross the 38th parallel and proceed to the Chinese border.

The War Industries Board was responsible for a. recruiting women to take jobs in industry. b. ordering factories to convert to wartime production. c. negotiating military contracts based on below-market rates. d. working with labor unions to ensure their concessions during wartime.

b. ordering factories to convert to wartime production.

To avert further banking panics, during which accountholders raced to withdraw funds, the New Deal a. created the Home Owners Loan Corporation in 1933. b. passed the Glass-Steagall Act in 1933. c. declared a bank holiday in 1933. d. created the Securities and Exchange Commission in 1934.

b. passed the Glass-Steagall Act in 1933.

The Beat generation of the 1950s rejected a. spontaneity. b. political activism. c. sexual adventurism. d. drug use.

b. political activism.

Michael Harrington's 1962 book The Other America exposed a. the problem of American race relations. b. poverty in America. c. two inherently unequal societies in America, one white and one black. d. the poor way in which illegal immigrants were treated by their employers.

b. poverty in America.

The Emergency Banking Act of 1933 a. created a national banking system of savings and loan associations. b. put U.S. banks under temporary federal control. c. permitted banks with sufficient cash reserves to reopen. d. forced all banks to join the Federal Reserve System.

c. permitted banks with sufficient cash reserves to reopen.

In the aftermath of the nullification crisis, President Jackson responded to southern concerns about the tariff by a. insisting that high protective tariffs were in the national interest. b. attempting unsuccessfully to have Congress repeal the Tariff of 1832. c. persuading Congress to pass a new tariff that gradually reduced duties. d. insisting that he had won the conflict and disregarding the issue.

c. persuading Congress to pass a new tariff that gradually reduced duties.

Roosevelt heeded John Maynard Keynes's advice and a. balanced the budget. b. created the Good Neighbor Policy. c. practiced deficit spending. d. improved the Federal Reserve.

c. practiced deficit spending.

Approved by Congress in January 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment a. balanced the power between the North and the South in the Senate. b. protected citizens through habeas corpus. c. prohibited slavery throughout the United States. d. granted citizenship to slaves freed by the Emancipation Proclamation.

c. prohibited slavery throughout the United States.

The Dawes Severalty Act of 1887 was intended to a. exclude Japanese immigration into California. b. place Indians on reservations in Arizona and New Mexico. c. promote Indian assimilation by dividing their lands. d. encourage ethnic diversity within large industries.

c. promote Indian assimilation by dividing their lands.

Between 1910 and 1917, all the industrial states enacted laws that a. banned child labor in factories. b. gave full voting rights to women. c. provided insurance for on-the-job accidents. d. limited foreign immigration.

c. provided insurance for on-the-job accidents.

Following the Sioux victory at Little Big Horn, the U.S. government a. negotiated a treaty in which it made concessions to the Sioux. b. withdrew from the area and left the Sioux alone. c. pursued the various bands of Sioux until they surrendered. d. demonstrated a new respect for the Sioux and other tribes.

c. pursued the various bands of Sioux until they surrendered.

The election of 2000 was historically significant because a. it was the first time a third-party candidate swayed the results. b. it had the highest voter turnout since 1968. c. the Supreme Court intervened and decided the outcome. d. it was the first time the Solid South voted Republican.

c. the Supreme Court intervened and decided the outcome.

In the late nineteenth century, George Washington Plunkitt was a. a major political boss who operated in the city of Chicago. b. a humorous character created by a newspaper columnist to satirize ward politics. c. the Tammany ward boss who courted all ethnic groups to win their support. d. the first important African American politician elected in the city of Baltimore.

c. the Tammany ward boss who courted all ethnic groups to win their support.

The Kerner Commission Report, released in 1968, analyzed a. Mexican immigration to the United States since the end of the Mexican-American War. b. the impact of the Vietnam War on the civil rights movement in the United States. c. the context and causes of racial violence in American cities in the 1960s. d. Martin Luther King Jr.'s assassination in Tennessee in April of that year.

c. the context and causes of racial violence in American cities in the 1960s.

Young adults' revolt against authority and middle-class respectability in the 1960s was exemplified by a. the New Left. b. the Port Huron Statement. c. the counterculture. d. Young Americans for Freedom.

c. the counterculture.

The Supreme Court decision to overturn Granger laws in Wabash v. Illinois (1886) led to a. passage of the Gold Standard Act. b. passage of the McKinley Tariff. c. the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission. d. the implementation of the Specie Resumption Act.

c. the creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission.

U.S. wartime beliefs about Germany were exemplified by a. school districts' strengthening German language programs. b. the imprisonment of tens of thousands of Germans in internment camps. c. the distribution of posters by the U.S. government warning citizens of German spies. d. celebration of German culture by renaming sauerkraut "Liberty cabbage."

c. the distribution of posters by the U.S. government warning citizens of German spies.

After the Civil War, Republican economic policies led to a. huge budget deficits. b. significant tax increases. c. the dominance of large corporations. d. sustained inflation.

c. the dominance of large corporations.

White reformers, such as those who founded the Indian Rights Association, advocated for a. the preservation of Indian culture. b. a reservation system as a means of saving Indian lives. c. the idea that Indians had the innate capacity to become equal with whites. d. a continuation of tribal authority.

c. the idea that Indians had the innate capacity to become equal with whites.

In the 1960s, black nationalism gained adherents because of a. blacks' concern about the quick pace of social change. b. its emphasis on the American values of freedom and justice for all. c. the movement's advocacy of militant protest rather than nonviolence. d. whites' acceptance of the teachings of Martin Luther King Jr.

c. the movement's advocacy of militant protest rather than nonviolence.

Rachel Carson is associated with a. the advocacy of consumer safety issues. b. feminist activism for an equal rights amendment. c. the rebirth of environmental activism. d. ending the proliferation of nuclear energy plants.

c. the rebirth of environmental activism.

The Supreme Court's decision in Roe v. Wade was based on a. misuse of federal funds. b. reverse discrimination. c. the right to privacy. d. separation of church and state.

c. the right to privacy.

Muslim fundamentalists began to target Americans in the 1990s because a. they had always hated the United States. b. Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran directed the attacks. c. they objected to the American presence in Saudi Arabia. d. Americans threatened civilians in Iraq and Afghanistan.

c. they objected to the American presence in Saudi Arabia.

In 1845, Texans claimed that their boundary extended a. as far north as Oregon. b. to the Nueces River on the south and west. c. to the Rio Grande on the south and west. d. as far west as the Pacific Ocean.

c. to the Rio Grande on the south and west.

Expecting freedom from slavery near the end of the Civil War, most African Americans were eager to a. find the means to move to the North and seek employment. b. elect African American politicians in order to secure their political rights. c. vote and secure land for economic independence. d. form charities to help former slaves establish independence from their masters.

c. vote and secure land for economic independence.

In his attack on Atlanta in the summer of 1864, Sherman's Union forces a. fought until they reached a stalemate with Confederates later that year. b. retreated to fight Confederate forces in Alabama and Tennessee. c. waged a campaign that began in July and succeeded in early September. d. brutally executed more than 700 white women and children.

c. waged a campaign that began in July and succeeded in early September.

In an 1858 senate campaign speech, Abraham Lincoln a. defended the Dred Scott decision as the only practical solution to the problems engendered by slavery. b. assured the public that the Union could remain divided as free and slave states with little to no consequence. c. warned that the nation could not endure as "a house divided against itself," that is, half slave and half free. d. predicted that the free states would defeat the slave states if a civil war broke out.

c. warned that the nation could not endure as "a house divided against itself," that is, half slave and half free.

California's Proposition 13 harmed a. gay men and lesbians. b. wealthy home owners. c. working-class families. d. political liberals.

c. working-class families.

How did the United States respond to the OPEC oil embargo in the early 1970s? a. Americans started to buy small, fuel-efficient automobiles manufactured in Detroit. b. Congress cut off funding for the construction of the remainder of the interstate highway system. c. American automobile manufacturers began producing expensive, all-electric cars. d. Congress passed a law limiting highway speeds to 55 miles per hour.

d. Congress passed a law limiting highway speeds to 55 miles per hour.

Which issue caused a split in the Democratic Party during the election of 1864? a. George B. McClellan's candidacy b. Freedom for blacks c. Lincoln's policy toward dissenters d. Continuing the war

d. Continuing the war

Which of the following statements describes the Freedmen's Bureau, which originated in 1865? a. Founded by ex-Confederate states, the organization helped rebuild the South. b. Created by private citizens, the agency provided aid to former slaves. c. It was originally proposed in Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan, which Congress defeated. d. Created by Congress, it helped ex-slaves adjust to freedom and secure their basic civil rights.

d. Created by Congress, it helped ex-slaves adjust to freedom and secure their basic civil rights.

By the 1830s, most laborers in the urban Northeast lived in which type of residences? a. Barracks provided by factory owners b. Private slum shanties c. Church-sponsored charity houses d. Crowded boardinghouses and tiny apartments

d. Crowded boardinghouses and tiny apartments

Why did it take the Continental Congress several years to ratify the Articles of Confederation? a. Fighting the war was a higher priority than creating a new national government. b. Many Patriots feared that any national government, no matter how weak, would eventually abuse its power. c. There was disagreement over how many votes each state should have in the new Congress. d. Disputes over western land claims led some states to block ratification.

d. Disputes over western land claims led some states to block ratification.

Which of the following factors contributed to the incredible number of militant strikes that occurred during 1919? a. Employers sought to reinstitute the ten-hour workday. b. American companies fired wartime workers and hired returning soldiers. c. Public support for labor unions made strikes more acceptable. d. Employers tried to root out labor unions after the war.

d. Employers tried to root out labor unions after the war.

Which of the following statements describes Virginia's secession after the outbreak of the war? a. One of Virginia's military heroes, Robert E. Lee, led the movement for secession. b. The ordinance of secession passed at the convention by only one vote. c. Due to its strong patriotic history, Virginia was the last southern state to join the Confederacy. d. Many Virginia whites voted against secession but lost to those in favor of secession 88 to 55.

d. Many Virginia whites voted against secession but lost to those in favor of secession 88 to 55.

How did James Gadsden distinguish himself during Franklin Pierce's presidency? a. He tried to buy much of northwestern Mexico and Baja California from the Mexican government. b. Gadsden negotiated the purchase the Hawaiian Islands from their native queen Liliuokalani. c. He made arrangements to buy Cuba from Spain, but the deal fell through after it leaked to the anti-expansionist press. d. He bought a small amount of land from Mexico to facilitate a southern transcontinental railroad.

d. He bought a small amount of land from Mexico to facilitate a southern transcontinental railroad.

Which of these developments took place during Bill Clinton's two terms in office? a. National health-care legislation passed. b. Clinton's policies moved to the left. c. He narrowly escaped impeachment. d. He committed American forces to the Balkans.

d. He committed American forces to the Balkans.

Which of the following statements characterizes President Theodore Roosevelt's approach to the nation's natural resources? a. He was a preservationist who opposed the exploitation of natural resources. b. An ardent outdoorsman, he became a convert to conservation after he left office. c. He called for the repeal of the Forest Reserve Act of 1891. d. He was a conservationist who tried to balance commercial and public interests.

d. He was a conservationist who tried to balance commercial and public interests.

Why was Margaret Sanger indicted for her newspaper column "What Every Girl Should Know" in the 1910s? a. The column discussed white slavery and prostitution openly. b. It suggested that New York's homosexual community was not immoral. c. Sanger advocated mixed-race marriages. d. Her discussion of birth control violated obscenity laws.

d. Her discussion of birth control violated obscenity laws.

After Roosevelt won the presidency in his own right in 1904, he did which of the following? a. Began a campaign to nationalize most large corporations b. Instituted efforts to change the size and composition of the Supreme Court c. Created a new program to transform the country's approach to corporate law d. Implemented his Square Deal by stepping up his attacks on American trusts

d. Implemented his Square Deal by stepping up his attacks on American trusts

Which of the following was a lasting outcome of Johnson's Great Society programs? a. Ending entrenched poverty in America b. Decreasing racial segregation in the largest cities c. Reducing the outsourcing of manufacturing jobs to other countries d. Improving access to health care for the poor and elderly Americans

d. Improving access to health care for the poor and elderly Americans

What prevented Theodore Roosevelt from achieving the Republican presidential nomination in 1912? a. Taft had superior fundraising ability and, by outspending Roosevelt, he prevailed. b. Taft proved to be more popular with grassroots Republican voters in most of the state primaries. c. Taft controlled the party caucuses, whose leaders chose the candidate at the national convention. d. Pro-Taft party officials bribed enough convention delegates to deny Roosevelt the nomination.

c. Taft controlled the party caucuses, whose leaders chose the candidate at the national convention.

Which of the following statements characterizes President Taft's foreign policy in Asia? a. Unlike Roosevelt, Taft believed that the United States had no place in Asia. b. He supported Japan's right to fund and supervise railroad construction in China. c. Taft reversed Roosevelt's approaches to both China and Japan. d. He disregarded Asia, believing that Europe and the United States should be dominant.

c. Taft reversed Roosevelt's approaches to both China and Japan.

Which invention transformed urban and suburban communications in the United States after 1876? a. Elevator b. Walkie-talkie c. Telephone d. Telegraph

c. Telephone

Which of the following border states quickly joined the Confederacy in 1861? a. Maryland b. Kentucky c. Tennessee d. Missouri

c. Tennessee

In which of the following athletic activities were elite women in their twenties likely to participate? a. Football b. Baseball c. Tennis d. Lacrosse

c. Tennis

How did the Supreme Court led by Warren Burger compare to that led by Earl Warren? a. The Warren Court gave more importance to property rights than to civil rights. b. Burger's strict constructionism reversed the Warren Court's agenda. c. The Burger Court refused to scale back the Warren Court's liberal precedents. d. The Warren Court was more conservative than the Burger Court.

c. The Burger Court refused to scale back the Warren Court's liberal precedents.

Which of the following events took place in Kansas during the summer of 1856? a. Abolitionist vigilantes attacked the proslavery town of Lawrence. b. John Brown led abolitionists in an assault on a federal arsenal at Topeka. c. A proslavery mob captured John Brown and other abolitionists and hanged them at Lawrence. d. John Brown and his followers murdered and mutilated five proslavery settlers at Pottawatomie.

d. John Brown and his followers murdered and mutilated five proslavery settlers at Pottawatomie.

Which inventor is properly matched with the item he invented? a. Cyrus McCormick—the Clermont b. Samuel Colt—interchangeable parts c. Eli Whitney—the reaper d. John Deere—the steel plow

d. John Deere—the steel plow

Which of the following describes the 1964 U.S. presidential election? a. The Republicans nominated Nelson Rockefeller. b. Robert Kennedy, JFK's brother, was Johnson's running mate. c. After only a brief time in office, Johnson won by a narrow margin. d. Johnson's landslide victory gave him a mandate to fulfill his political program.

d. Johnson's landslide victory gave him a mandate to fulfill his political program.

In 1985, over two hundred American marines were killed in an explosion in a. Jordan. b. Israel. c. Pakistan. d. Lebanon.

d. Lebanon.

Which of the following muckrakers is correctly matched with his or her reform area? a. Ida Tarbell—the plight of the poor b. Jacob Riis—the meatpacking industry c. David Graham Phillips—an exposé of Standard Oil d. Lincoln Steffens—the corruption of America's urban governments

d. Lincoln Steffens—the corruption of America's urban governments

Which of the following statements describes the significance of the Battle of Antietam? a. More Confederate troops died in this battle than in the rest of the entire war. b. It was the first definitive Union victory in the eastern theater of the war. c. McClellan's battle plans fell into Confederate hands before the battle took place. d. Lincoln removed McClellan from command after the battle for his timidity.

d. Lincoln removed McClellan from command after the battle for his timidity.

In the aftermath of Lincoln's election to the presidency in 1860, southerners feared that following? a. the federal government would send the military to invade the South. b. Republicans would force industrialization on the South. c. racial mixture between white men and black women would occur. d. Lincoln would break his promise and interfere with slavery where it existed.

d. Lincoln would break his promise and interfere with slavery where it existed.

How did the United States curb dissent against World War I on the home front? a. The Committee on Public Information educated Americans about the war's necessity for their safety. b. The "One Hundred Percent Americans" campaign provided cash incentives for immigrants to obtain U.S. citizenship. c. The Committee on Public Information produced government propaganda to support the war. d. The American Protective League sponsored short prowar speeches at movie theaters and other public venues.

c. The Committee on Public Information produced government propaganda to support the war.

The Alabama Constitution of 1819 did which of the following? a. Gave all taxpaying white men the right to vote b. Eliminated the use of the secret ballot c. Apportioned state legislative seats on the basis of a county's wealth d. Made county supervisors and sheriffs elected positions

d. Made county supervisors and sheriffs elected positions

Why was it necessary to add the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution following the Civil War? a. The Constitution outlawed the federal government's interference with state laws. b. The Bill of Rights gave state laws precedence over federal laws. c. The Constitution had condoned slavery and allowed states to set voting requirements. d. It wasn't necessary; they were passed merely for emphasis and propaganda.

c. The Constitution had condoned slavery and allowed states to set voting requirements.

Which of the following was a popular television program of the 1950s that depicted American working-class lives? a. Father Knows Best b. I Love Lucy c. The Honeymooners d. Bonanza

c. The Honeymooners

What did the Twelfth Amendment to the Constitution specify should be done in an election like the election of 1824, in which no presidential candidate received a majority of the electoral votes? a. The Supreme Court intervenes to determine the winner. b. The candidate with the most electoral votes wins. c. The House of Representatives decides the outcome. d. Congress appoints a special bipartisan commission.

c. The House of Representatives decides the outcome.

Which of the following statements describes events surrounding the election of 1824? a. John Quincy Adams became president even though Andrew Jackson had more popular votes. b. It was the first time a presidential election was decided by the House of Representatives. c. The Republican candidate William Crawford died from a stroke in the midst of the campaign. d. The disputed outcome led to extended rioting in several large southern cities.

c. The Republican candidate William Crawford died from a stroke in the midst of the campaign.

Which of the following is true regarding the 1991 Persian Gulf War? a. Women comprised about 10 percent of American troops but were not sent to combat zones. b. It was hindered by continuing influence of the Vietnam syndrome. c. The United States acted with the approval of the UN Security Council. d. President Bush's popularity plummeted as a result of the war.

c. The United States acted with the approval of the UN Security Council.

Which of the following statements characterized U.S. foreign policy during the 1920s? a. The United States was strongly isolationist, retreating from involvement in world affairs. b. The newly powerful United States overwhelmed other countries in the League of Nations. c. The United States actively sought to facilitate American economic expansion abroad. d. The nation ended its use of military intervention in Latin America to protect U.S. investments.

c. The United States actively sought to facilitate American economic expansion abroad.

Which of the following occurred during the Cuban missile crisis? a. President Kennedy worked quietly through diplomatic channels to resolve the problem. b. Khrushchev used television to alert the world to the crisis. c. The United States and the Soviet Union came closer to nuclear war than at any other time. d. Khrushchev ordered a quarantine of American shipping headed for Cuba.

c. The United States and the Soviet Union came closer to nuclear war than at any other time.

Which of the following statements characterizes the energy needs and resources that the United States faced in the late 1960s and early 1970s? a. The United States continued to produce enough petroleum to meet all its needs, but the price was rising sharply. b. The United States was rapidly substituting nuclear and hydroelectric power for most of its energy needs except gasoline. c. The United States, once the world's leading producer of oil, had become heavily dependent on imported oil. d. American output of petroleum had declined dramatically, forcing the United States to buy almost all of its oil from Africa.

c. The United States, once the world's leading producer of oil, had become heavily dependent on imported oil.

Which of the following caused the death of Johnson's War on Poverty? a. Southern conservatives b. Black activism c. The Vietnam War d. The American Medical Association

c. The Vietnam War

Which of the following is true of Lyndon Johnson's administration? a. Despite his efforts, his controversial health-care plan did not pass through Congress. b. His wife Lady Bird influenced him as much as Eleanor Roosevelt had influenced FDR. c. The Vietnam War undermined his commitment to the War on Poverty and his presidency. d. His appointments showed his commitment to the importance of gender and ethnic diversity.

c. The Vietnam War undermined his commitment to the War on Poverty and his presidency.

Working Men's Parties of the late 1820s and 1830s called for which of the following reforms? a. The abolition of the factory system b. Nationalization of factories and their management by workers c. The abolition of debtors' prisons d. The abolition of slavery

c. The abolition of debtors' prisons

Which of the following factors made the critical contribution to the Federalist Party's downfall? a. Their failure to pay off the national debt b. Washington's principle of neutrality c. The adoption of many of their policies by Republicans d. The establishment of a national bank

c. The adoption of many of their policies by Republicans

Which of the following phenomena served as a major engine for consumption in the United States during the 1950s? a. Urban revitalization b. Rural electrification c. The baby boom d. The space race

c. The baby boom

Which of the following was the predominant tendency in business during the twenty years following World War II? a. The proliferation of highly competitive, small firms b. A trend toward monopolies c. The consolidation of economic power into big corporate firms d. A concerted government effort to prevent monopolistic consolidation

c. The consolidation of economic power into big corporate firms

The construction of the Erie Canal had which of the following negative consequences? a. It hurt the prosperity of central and western New York because travelers could easily bypass those areas. b. The cost of travel on the canal was so high that in many cases the trip was unprofitable. c. The construction of the canal and its heavy use altered the ecology of the entire region. d. Although it was a great engineering project, the income generated by the canal never paid for its construction.

c. The construction of the canal and its heavy use altered the ecology of the entire region.

Which of these factors created a major economic obstacle for small, family farmers aiming to improve their lot in the mid-nineteenth-century South? a. Competition from immigrant labor b. Export taxes on their products c. The cotton revolution d. Poor distribution networks

c. The cotton revolution

Which of the following statements characterizes the domestic slave trade in the nineteenth century? a. The market for domestic slaves declined during the early 1800s. b. The domestic slave trade was outlawed by Congress in 1807. c. The domestic market brought wealth to American traders. d. It included thousands of Native Americans held as slaves.

c. The domestic market brought wealth to American traders.

Which of these factors contributed to the development of an increasingly homogenous African American culture in the rural South in the nineteenth century? a. Marriage patterns b. Kinship relations c. The domestic slave trade d. The development of the Gullah dialect

c. The domestic slave trade

Which of the following explains the inability of the Populists to become a major national political party alongside the Republicans and the Democrats in the late 1890s? a. Their refusal to reach out to African American voters b. Their embrace of women's suffrage c. The economic depression of the 1890s d. Their disdain for organized labor

c. The economic depression of the 1890s

Which of these events spurred Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act in April 1866? a. The emergence of the Ku Klux Klan b. Johnson's threat to impose Reconstruction through military force c. The eruption of antiblack violence in various parts of the South d. A precipitous decline in Johnson's political support

c. The eruption of antiblack violence in various parts of the South

Which of the following statements characterizes the cotton planter class in Alabama, Mississippi, and Texas in the mid-nineteenth century? a. Planters lived in elegant mansions. b. Planters embraced the cultured gentility of the Chesapeake region. c. The goal of the planter class was to make money. d. Planters refused to do physical labor on plantations.

c. The goal of the planter class was to make money.

Why did the federal deficit grow dramatically in the late 1960s? a. Presidents Johnson and Nixon had introduced tax cuts for American workers. b. Rising interest rates on the national debt became increasingly burdensome. c. The government had spent huge sums on the Great Society programs and the Vietnam War. d. The drop in foreign imports caused a loss in tariff revenues.

c. The government had spent huge sums on the Great Society programs and the Vietnam War.

How did the rejuvenated Ku Klux Klan of the 1920s differ from its Reconstruction-era form? a. It abandoned violence in favor of economic boycotts. b. The new Klan found most of its support in the rural South. c. The group targeted Catholics and Jews as well as blacks. d. It was a patriotic group, not a racist one.

c. The group targeted Catholics and Jews as well as blacks.

Which of the following factors posed a major problem for the colonies during the American Revolution? a. The absence of allies b. Slave insurrections c. The high price and scarcity of goods d. A depressed economy

c. The high price and scarcity of goods

Charles Grandison Finney found success as a young revivalist preacher in the 1820s by emphasizing which of the following issues in his sermons? a. Workers' need for higher wages b. Poor children's need for better schools c. The importance of personal conversion d. Religious justifications for slavery

c. The importance of personal conversion

Why was the Civil Rights Act of 1875 significant? a. The act required the desegregation of both churches and schools throughout the South. b. It failed to address the issue of women's suffrage and add the word sex to the Constitution. c. The legislation was the last congressional effort to address civil rights until the 1960s. d. It failed to achieve ratification and broke Charles Sumner's heart and health.

c. The legislation was the last congressional effort to address civil rights until the 1960s.

Which of the following American philosophies influenced Herbert Hoover's initial response to the economic downturn in the early 1930s? a. Government should provide an economic safety net for the poorest of Americans. b. Businesses have a responsibility to take care of the needs of their loyal workers. c. The market is self-regulating and government should not intervene during a downturn. d. The legislative branch, not the executive branch, should take responsibility for the economy.

c. The market is self-regulating and government should not intervene during a downturn.

Which of the following statements characterizes the American party system by the early 1840s? a. As the 1840 election demonstrated, the Whigs clearly held the edge in party discipline and mass loyalty. b. The two parties offered nearly the same social and economic platform but employed differing campaign styles to attract voters. c. The practice of Americans voting for a particular party along ethnic and religious lines began to emerge. d. The Democrats had a major advantage in their wealth and the cohesiveness of their leadership and support.

c. The practice of Americans voting for a particular party along ethnic and religious lines began to emerge.

What accounted for the dramatic decline of the American labor movement in the 1970s and 1980s? a. The decreasing popularity of radical movements b. Renewed domestic anticommunism c. The process of deindustrialization d. The economic prosperity of the period

c. The process of deindustrialization

Why did the rate of college attendance quadruple between the 1880s and the 1920s? a. State universities began to adopt classical curricula. b. Private colleges began to emphasize practical pursuits. c. The public university system expanded. d. Increasing numbers of women attended college.

c. The public university system expanded.

Which American ideal caused many Americans to blame themselves for their plight? a. Democracy b. Republicanism c. The self-made man d. Protestant work ethic

c. The self-made man

Which of the following was true of Republicans in the 1980s? a. They supported quotas to ensure equal employment opportunities. b. They opposed government inaction in social welfare issues. c. Their core was upper-middle-class white Protestants. d. To save money, they wanted to cut defense spending.

c. Their core was upper-middle-class white Protestants.

How did the federal government respond when jobless men marched on Washington in 1894? a. President Cleveland listened to them sympathetically. b. Congress passed a measure to provide temporary relief to the unemployed. c. Their leader Jacob Coxey was arrested and their demands were not met. d. The president appointed a commission to study their grievances.

c. Their leader Jacob Coxey was arrested and their demands were not met.

Why were Delaware, New Jersey, Georgia, and Connecticut among the first to ratify the United States Constitution? a. They hoped to gain protection through an association with larger states. b. These states were eager to see the document's Bill of Rights take effect. c. These states wanted a strong government to counter the power of the larger states. d. They understood the document's provision for income taxes.

c. These states wanted a strong government to counter the power of the larger states.

Why did President Johnson veto the Freedmen's Bureau law and Civil Rights Act in 1866? a. Johnson did not get along with the Radical Republicans. b. He sought revenge against the Radical Republicans for opposing his Reconstruction plan. c. These two pieces of legislation posed too great a challenge to his deeply racist views. d. He believed they violated the core tenets of the Republican Party.

c. These two pieces of legislation posed too great a challenge to his deeply racist views.

Which of the following describes the 1864 Shenandoah Valley campaign? a. Union troops were ordered not to attack Confederate troops so near Washington, D.C., during an election year. b. Both sides suffered their highest casualty rates of the entire war. c. Union troops led a scorched-earth campaign to punish farmers who had aided the South. d. The Confederate troops triumphed by using guerrilla tactics.

c. Union troops led a scorched-earth campaign to punish farmers who had aided the South.

To what phenomenon did the book title The Shame of the Cities specifically refer? a. Racial violence in urban slums b. Conspicuous consumption among the rich c. Urban political corruption d. Prostitution in big cities

c. Urban political corruption

Which of the following factors made a critical contribution to the outcome of the Battle of Yorktown in 1781? a. The long-awaited arrival of Admiral Rochambeau's fleet in the Chesapeake Bay b. Americans' discovery, capture, and execution of the traitor Benedict Arnold. c. Washington's feigned attack on Manhattan while French troops set on Virginia d. The arrival of General Nathanael Greene's Patriot troops from South Carolina

c. Washington's feigned attack on Manhattan while French troops set on Virginia

Thomas Jefferson's vision for the future of the United States included which of the following ideas? a. Industrialized urban centers at the forefront of the Industrial Revolution b. Expansion of the institution of slavery to the West c. Western territories populated by independent yeomen farm families d. A rejection of scientific farming in favor of agricultural traditionalism

c. Western territories populated by independent yeomen farm families

Popular sovereignty solved which of the following issues temporarily? a. The dispute over state versus federal control over voter qualifications b. Whether states had the right to secede from the Union c. Whether Congress had the authority to legislate slavery in the territories d. Whether states had to abide by federal laws that conflicted with state laws

c. Whether Congress had the authority to legislate slavery in the territories

Which of the following phenomena led the U.S. government to dismantle the Indian reservation system it had previously established? a. Indian resistance b. The Office of Indian Affairs c. White land hunger d. Indian schools

c. White land hunger

Which of the following job categories grew explosively in the United States in the 1950s and came to symbolize the era? a. Independent entrepreneurs b. Blue-collar workers c. White-collar managers d. Unskilled laborers

c. White-collar managers

Americans who migrated to the Oregon Territory in the 1840s settled in which of these regions? a. Puget Sound b. Columbia River Valley c. Willamette Valley d. The city of Independence

c. Willamette Valley

How did Lee Iacocca turn Chrysler Corporation around in 1978? a. With scientific management b. By defeating the United Auto Workers union c. With a $1.5 billion loan from the federal government d. By pushing through deregulation

c. With a $1.5 billion loan from the federal government

What made young women vulnerable in the new system of dating and "treating" that emerged in early twentieth-century cities? a. Their low marriage prospects b. Sexualized dancing and music c. Women's low wages d. A high percentage of bachelors

c. Women's low wages

Which president presided over the largest expansion of federal powers between the Civil War and the Great Depression? a. William Taft b. Theodore Roosevelt c. Woodrow Wilson d. William McKinley

c. Woodrow Wilson

How did working-class women gain access to the fine department stores in the United States in the late nineteenth century? a. Working-class domestics accompanied their female employers into the stores. b. They could enter the stores only if they dressed and acted like middle-class women. c. Working-class women gained access as clerks, cashiers, and store messengers. d. Vagrancy laws made it impossible for non-elite people to enter the stores.

c. Working-class women gained access as clerks, cashiers, and store messengers.

Which of the following battles marked the end of the American Revolution in 1781? a. Saratoga b. New York c. Yorktown d. Quebec

c. Yorktown

In their 1892 Omaha Platform, Populists called for a. women's suffrage. b. public ownership of factories. c. a federal income tax. d. a tighter monetary policy.

c. a federal income tax.

The broadly based postwar labor-management accord brought a. declining market share for American industry. b. a permanent peace between labor and management. c. a general acceptance of collective bargaining. d. movement of businesses overseas, where labor was inexpensive.

c. a general acceptance of collective bargaining.

When Patrick Buchanan referred to "a culture war" in the 1980s, he was talking about a. a struggle over the public funding of the arts and humanities. b. the confrontation between American Christianity and Middle Eastern Islam. c. a national struggle between rights liberalism and Christian family morality. d. the long-standing debate over the difference between high- and lowbrow culture.

c. a national struggle between rights liberalism and Christian family morality.

In the early 1900s, the Industrial Workers of the World were committed to achieving a. government regulation of trusts. b. wage and hour concessions for workers. c. a new society run by and for workers. d. support for the American Federation of Labor.

c. a new society run by and for workers.

Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of glasnost and perestroika resulted in a. the sudden introduction of capitalism and democracy to the Soviet Union. b. the strengthening of the Soviet Union's domination of Eastern Europe. c. a new willingness to tolerate significant changes in Soviet society. d. the Soviet Union's withdrawal from the nuclear arms race.

c. a new willingness to tolerate significant changes in Soviet society.

Granting suffrage to African American males caused a. joyful celebrations throughout the North. b. hundreds of women's protests in the Northeast. c. a split in the women's movement. d. antiblack rioting in New York City.

c. a split in the women's movement.

Throughout the 1920s, the sector of the American economy in the worst shape was a. coal. b. railroads. c. agriculture. d. manufacturing.

c. agriculture.

In the Munich Analogy, Americans justified containment by applying the lessons learned from a. the division of Germany. b. the founding of the United Nations. c. appeasing Hitler. d. the Nazi-Soviet Pact.

c. appeasing Hitler.

In Abrams v. United States, the Supreme Court ruled that a. civilians cannot be tried in military courts if a civilian court is available. b. restrictions on habeas corpus during wartime are legal. c. authorities may prosecute speech when it represents a clear and present danger. d. civilians may not attempt to negotiate with foreign nations.

c. authorities may prosecute speech when it represents a clear and present danger.

In the 1980s and 1990s, conservatives blamed the decline of "family values" on the a. presence of women in the U.S. Congress. b. movement of the baby boom generation into adulthood. c. banning of religious instruction from public schools. d. failures of the Reagan administration.

c. banning of religious instruction from public schools.

Roosevelt's Democratic coalition included a. business and organized labor. b. black and white voters in the South. c. black northerners and white southerners. d. the National Association of Manufacturers and American communists.

c. black northerners and white southerners.

The U.S. Supreme Court's decision in the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education case triggered a judicial revolution in which the Court began to focus on suits related to a. corporations' rights. b. property. c. civil liberties. d. states' rights.

c. civil liberties.

In the late nineteenth century, Social Darwinists, such as William Graham Sumner, believed that a. businesses should be regulated. b. "inferior" people should be discouraged from reproducing. c. millionaires were the fittest Americans. d. government should guide social processes.

c. millionaires were the fittest Americans.

In the 1860s and 1870s, Nevada's Comstock Lode, Colorado's Rocky Mountains, and South Dakota's Black Hills were all known for a. sheep raising. b. cattle grazing. c. mining. d. frontier farming.

c. mining.

The ideal family, as presented in the media of the 1950s, with a stay-at-home mom and a father as the breadwinner, was a. an accurate representation of American life. b. true only for urban family life. c. not representative of diverse American culture. d. undermined by government tax policies.

c. not representative of diverse American culture.

The Heterodoxy Club, founded in Greenwich Village in 1912, was open to any woman who pledged a. her belief in the centrality of heterosexuality. b. support for domesticity and separate spheres. c. not to be orthodox in her opinions. d. work assiduously for women's rights.

c. not to be orthodox in her opinions.

The Civil War has been described as the first total war in modern times. A total war is defined as a. one fought by people of the same country; no other nations are involved. b. a war that involves land, sea, and air forces. c. one in which all the resources, including civilians, are mobilized for war. d. a war that requires that every available man participate in the fighting.

c. one in which all the resources, including civilians, are mobilized for war.

In a landmark decision regarding the Northern Securities Company, the U.S. Supreme Court a. declared the Sherman Antitrust Act unconstitutional. b. declared unconstitutional the establishment of the Bureau of Corporations. c. ordered the Northern Securities Company railroad trust dissolved. d. ruled that the Justice Department did not have the legal authority to sue to break up trusts.

c. ordered the Northern Securities Company railroad trust dissolved.

The Clinton administration addressed the emergence of the Al Qaeda terrorist network in Afghanistan by a. ignoring it. b. deploying ground troops in the region. c. ordering air strikes on its bases. d. ordering the CIA to find and assassinate Osama Bin Laden.

c. ordering air strikes on its bases.

Which of the following describes the outcome of the first Battle of Bull Run on July 21, 1861? a. Confederate troops captured many sightseers who had come from Washington to view the battle. b. Union troops under General McDowell swept the Confederates, led by General Beauregard, from the field. c. Both armies fell into total confusion, and the fighting ended in chaos with many casualties. d. Union troops panicked during a Confederate counterattack and retreated to Washington.

d. Union troops panicked during a Confederate counterattack and retreated to Washington.

The second Confiscation Act, passed in July 1862, declared that a. all the slaves in the Confederacy were officially the property of the United States. b. the Union army had permission to confiscate any Confederate property, including slaves. c. slaves who joined the Union army as soldiers would earn their emancipation. d. any slave who came to Union lines, through either flight or capture, would be forever free.

d. any slave who came to Union lines, through either flight or capture, would be forever free.

The Civil Rights Act of 1866 a. guaranteed suffrage for all adult freedmen. b. required freedmen, like immigrants, to wait five years for U.S. citizenship. c. declared freedmen to be citizens and gave them full access to the courts. d. asserted that all former slaves would receive equal protection under the law.

d. asserted that all former slaves would receive equal protection under the law.

President Roosevelt differed from President Hoover because of a. his commitment to maintaining the nation's basic institutions. b. his belief in the basic morality of a balanced budget. c. a belief in the value of hard work, cooperation, and sacrifice. d. his personal charisma and willingness to experiment.

d. his personal charisma and willingness to experiment.

Between 1880 and 1920, higher education for women was a. banned in most of the South. b. unheard of in most parts of the country. c. almost universal among the middle class. d. mostly at single-sex institutions in the Northeast and South.

d. mostly at single-sex institutions in the Northeast and South.

Between 1929 and 1932, U.S. gross domestic production fell by a. one-quarter. b. one-third. c. two-thirds. d. one-half.

d. one-half.

In the 1824 U.S. Supreme Court case Gibbons v. Ogden, the Marshall Court's decision a. reaffirmed the concept of state control over interstate commerce. b. reaffirmed the concept of county or city control over interstate commerce. c. permitted local or state monopolies if they benefited the common good. d. overturned New York law that granted a monopoly on steamboat travel into New York City.

d. overturned New York law that granted a monopoly on steamboat travel into New York City.

President Bill Clinton was officially impeached in 1998 for a. adultery. b. sexual misconduct. c. real estate fraud. d. perjury and obstruction of justice.

d. perjury and obstruction of justice.

The northern states responded to the 1850 Fugitive Slave Act by sponsoring a. a proposal to extend the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific. b. an economic boycott of the South. c. a clamor for popular sovereignty. d. personal-liberty laws.

d. personal-liberty laws.

To finance the war during its first two years, the new American state governments relied primarily on a. raising taxes to unprecedented levels. b. forced requisitions from the wealthy. c. selling public landholdings. d. printing large quantities of paper money.

d. printing large quantities of paper money.

The term restrictive covenants refers to a. the promise of GI mortgages to veterans. b. Federal Housing Authority contracts. c. the CIO campaign for higher wages. d. prohibitions on black residents in some communities.

d. prohibitions on black residents in some communities.

President Bill Clinton's strategy for getting elected in 1992 was to a. appeal to the Democratic Party's liberal base. b. reject his party's platform entirely and create one that appealed to the opposing party's base. c. make no promises he could not keep. d. promote centrist "New Democrat" policies that reflected some elements of conservatism.

d. promote centrist "New Democrat" policies that reflected some elements of conservatism.

The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) a. required new, higher income taxes on wealthy businesspeople. b. increased farm production to aid the hungry. c. froze the prices of farm products. d. provided federal subsidies to farmers who cut farm production.

d. provided federal subsidies to farmers who cut farm production.

The Federal Housing Authority and American banks excluded African American home buyers from white suburbs through a process known a. line drawing. b. race baiting. c. gerrymandering. d. redlining.

d. redlining.

In Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock (1903), the Supreme Court a. extended citizenship rights to Indians. b. granted all male Indians the right to vote. c. upheld the constitutionality of the Dawes Severalty Act. d. ruled that Congress could ignore all existing Indian treaties.

d. ruled that Congress could ignore all existing Indian treaties.

The domestic slave trade affected the African American family unit before 1865 by a. destroying the sense of family. b. separating adults but not children from their families. c. destroying 75 percent of black marriages. d. separating family members through sale and trade.

d. separating family members through sale and trade.

Ratified in 1933, the Twentieth Amendment a. ended Prohibition. b. allowed for the direct election of senators. c. created Social Security. d. set subsequent inaugurations for January 20.

d. set subsequent inaugurations for January 20.

Protestant churches that espoused the Social Gospel a. extended the principles of the Gospel of Wealth to religion. b. warned that society outside the church was contrary to God's plan. c. urged congregations to focus on each other's personal salvation as "Social Christians." d. taught that Christians should fight for social justice and the public welfare.

d. taught that Christians should fight for social justice and the public welfare.

Evangelical Protestantism failed to embrace a. an intimate, personal salvation. b. Christ as the central message of the Bible. c. the Bible as literal scripture. d. the "Social Gospel."

d. the "Social Gospel."

The United States had become the leading steel producer in the world by 1900 because of a. incorporation. b. government subsidies. c. the transportation revolution. d. the Bessemer process.

d. the Bessemer process.

When the United Nations first convened on April 25, 1945, it consisted of a. a single assembly. b. a small board of delegates from the United States and the Soviet Union. c. separate assemblies for Eastern and Western Europe. d. the General Assembly and Security Council.

d. the General Assembly and Security Council.

The women's liberation movement emerged out of a. the union movement. b. suburban women's groups. c. the Democratic Party. d. the New Left.

d. the New Left.

In 1962, John F. Kennedy secured funding for a nonmilitary initiative to advance the Cold War agenda known as a. the United Nations Children's Fund. b. Students for a Democratic Society. c. the Marshall Plan. d. the Peace Corps.

d. the Peace Corps.

Record sales boomed in the United States during the 1950s because of a. the timeless appeal of Frank Sinatra and Bing Crosby. b. a resurgence in the popularity of swing and big band music. c. the golden age of Broadway musicals, including Camelot and South Pacific. d. the emergence of rock 'n' roll as a popular new musical genre.

d. the emergence of rock 'n' roll as a popular new musical genre.

The concept that the price of a product should reflect the work required to make it is known as a. socialism. b. capitalism. c. the outwork system. d. the labor theory of value.

d. the labor theory of value.

Immigration policy in the 1950s led to a. a quota for Latin American countries. b. a preferential quota for unskilled labor. c. a resumption of unrestricted European immigration. d. the legal resumption of Asian immigration.

d. the legal resumption of Asian immigration.

For southern black sharecroppers, the New Deal's AAA often meant that a. they received more land to farm. b. more were able to farm. c. they received significant federal support. d. they were pushed off their land.

d. they were pushed off their land.

In the U.S. Supreme Court case of Worcester v. Georgia (1832), John Marshall and the Court majority issued a decision that a. upheld Georgia's rights to Cherokee lands. b. sanctioned the stationing of federal troops on tribal lands. c. declared the 1830 Indian Removal Act unconstitutional. d. upheld Indian nations' political authority in their communities.

d. upheld Indian nations' political authority in their communities.

NAFTA created in 1993 because it a. was intended to facilitate improved international working conditions. b. aimed to satisfy Canadian workers' need for cheaper products. c. was meant to eliminate competition. d. was signed to offset the economic clout of the European Union.

d. was signed to offset the economic clout of the European Union.

During the mid-1890s, many middle-class and prosperous Americans reformers neglected a. the economic depression of the 1890s. b. labor uprisings such as the Pennsylvania coal strike. c. the political strength of the farmer-labor political movement. d. women's suffrage.

d. women's suffrage.

Which of the following statements characterized Pennsylvania's democratic constitution of 1776? a. Patriots greatly admired it, but they also expressed reluctance to adopt all of its features. b. It reflected the ideas John Adams articulated in his book, Thoughts on Government. c. Its radicalism went unnoticed by leading Patriots in other states, whose attention was focused on local concerns. d. Many leading Patriots found its radically democratic elements quite alarming.

d. Many leading Patriots found its radically democratic elements quite alarming.

Why did a labor crisis develop in the Cotton South in the first few decades of the 1800s? a. Americans sent thousands of slaves to Africa, creating a shortage of slave labor. b. Disease killed tens of thousands of slaves every year in the Deep South. c. Patriot planters had gradually emancipated their slaves after the Revolutionary War. d. Planters heading west needed many new slaves to clear, plant, and harvest the land.

d. Planters heading west needed many new slaves to clear, plant, and harvest the land.

Who benefitted most from the General Mining Act of 1872, which allowed individuals who discovered minerals on federally owned land to work the claim and keep the proceeds? a. Homesteaders b. Small independent mining prospectors c. Mexican miners d. Powerful investors

d. Powerful investors

To what did the Tammany ward boss George Washington Plunkitt refer when he talked about "honest graft"? a. Paying taxes on briberies b. Bribing politicians for good purposes c. Confessing past bribes d. Profiting from insider status

d. Profiting from insider status

In 1880s, the Women's Christian Temperance Movement (WCTU) controversially threw its support behind the a. Republican Party. b. Democratic Party. c. Greenback Labor Party. d. Prohibition Party.

d. Prohibition Party.

To win votes for his financial plan, Hamilton made which of the following concessions? a. Raising the price of western lands sold by the government to settlers b. Agreeing to support Jefferson in the 1796 presidential election c. Supporting a high tariff on foreign cotton d. Proposing that the nation's new capitol be built in the Upper South

d. Proposing that the nation's new capitol be built in the Upper South

The Young Lords Organization fought primarily for the civil rights of a. African Americans. b. Mexican Americans. c. gays and lesbians. d. Puerto Ricans.

d. Puerto Ricans.

Why did Indians view reformers as just another white interest group? a. Indians did not really believe that white reformers cared about them. b. They suspected that white reform organizations were deceitful. c. Indians did not understand the goals and the efforts of the white reform groups. d. Reform groups sent mixed messages and made promises that were not kept.

d. Reform groups sent mixed messages and made promises that were not kept.

Why did Thomas Jefferson call his election to the presidency the "Revolution of 1800"? a. He removed Federalists and installed all new government officials. b. There was no true majority, so the Supreme Court determined his victory. c. He subsequently filled the Supreme Court with Republican judges. d. The government changed peacefully despite bitter partisan conflict and foreign crisis.

d. The government changed peacefully despite bitter partisan conflict and foreign crisis.

Which constitutional provision demonstrated the framers' lack of trust in the "people"? a. The Supremacy Clause b. The election provisions for the House of Representatives c. The existence of a Supreme Court d. The method of electing the president

d. The method of electing the president

The Gibson Girl of the 1890s personified which of the following female images? a. Prostitutes in urban brothels who were patronized by middle-class men b. Young working-class women who worked as servants for the middle-class c. College-educated career women who preferred to remain single d. The middle-class "new woman"--public spirited and athletic

d. The middle-class "new woman"--public spirited and athletic

Which of the following statements accurately describes the state of American military preparedness in 1898? a. McKinley's preparations made troop deployment efficient. b. The army of 200,000 troops was well trained and ready for combat. c. Volunteer cavalry units proved to be the most effective fighting forces. d. The navy was better prepared than the ground forces.

d. The navy was better prepared than the ground forces.

Which of the following describes Jefferson's approach to the opportunity to purchase Louisiana in 1802? a. In keeping with his strict constructionist view of the Constitution, Jefferson jumped on the opportunity. b. Jefferson delayed so that he could obtain a constitutional amendment allowing presidential land purchases. c. Unsure of the extent of his presidential powers, Jefferson procrastinated until Congress forced him to act. d. The opportunity led Jefferson to revise his view of the presidential powers granted by the Constitution.

d. The opportunity led Jefferson to revise his view of the presidential powers granted by the Constitution.

Which of the following was a consequence of the large increase of paper currency in circulation in the states during the Revolutionary War years? a. Paper currency made it easier for American families to buy goods. b. It caused many Loyalists to switch their allegiance to the Patriot cause. c. The printing of additional bills allowed most Americans to become very wealthy. d. The paper bills quickly fell in value, becoming nearly worthless.

d. The paper bills quickly fell in value, becoming nearly worthless.

Why was the New York legislation dealing with safety in factories and wages-and-hour laws for women and children was enacted? a. Anthracite Coal Strike b. Danbury Hatters Boycott c. Niagara Movement d. Triangle Shirtwaist fire

d. Triangle Shirtwaist fire

Roger Williams

A Puritan minister from Salem who opposed the Massachusetts decision to form an official religion and praised the Pilgrims' idea of separation of church and state. He advocated toleration, and received a charter from Parliament allowing him to form the religiously free Rhode Island.

Virginia Plan

A Scheme for a powerful national government devised by James Madison. The plan rejected state sovereignty in favor of national authority and called for a national government established by the people. Many complained that the government shouldn't be able to veto state laws, and small states feared being crushed.

Metacom (King Philip)

A Wampanoag leader who, in 1675, forged an alliance with other tribes and attacked white settlements throughout New England, due to the poor treatment by the English.

Continental Congress

A body conceived by Patriot leaders in 1774 in response to the Coercive acts. Twelve mainland colonies sent representatives. The delegates demanded the repeal of the Coercive Acts and threatened to stop importation of British goods. In response, Britain sent more troops to North America and imposed a naval blockade on American trade with foreign nations.

Report on the Public Credit

Alexander Hamilton's 1790 proposal to Congress in which he asked Congress to redeem at face value the $55 million in Confederation securities held by foreign and domestic investors. His reasoning was that the US needed good credit to secure Dutch and British loans. However, his plan would give huge profits to speculators, causing controversy. Another part was the proposal that the national government assume the war debts of the states. These plans passed.

Joint-stock corporation

A commercial agreement that allows investors to pool their resources.

South Atlantic System

A commercial and agricultural order that produced sugar, tobacco, rice, and other tropical and subtropical products for an international market. The necessity of cheap labor in the Caribbean led to the importation of millions of slaves into the region.

French and Indian War

A conflict between Britain and France over claims in the Ohio River Valley. Britain defeated France all across the world, and gained a large amount of territory, including Spanish Florida, French Canada, and all French land east of the Mississippi. The war severely drained Britain's coffers.

Enlightenment

A cultural movement originating in Europe that emphasized the power of human reason to understand and shape the world. Led to Locke's theory of natural rights - life, liberty, and property.

Redemptioner system

A flexible form of indentured servitude that allowed families to negotiate their own terms up arrival. Pioneered by German immigrants from the Rhine Valley.

American Colonization Society

A group founded in 1817 that sought to free slaves and then resettle them somewhere else, such as Africa, in order to help the economy and avoid the chaos of a ton of free slaves. Interestingly enough, most free blacks strongly opposed such schemes as they viewed themselves as Americans.

Regulators

A group of landowning vigilantes that formed in South Carolina following 1763 violence between settlers and Cherokees. They demanded that the eastern-controlled government provide western districts with more courts, fairer taxation, and greater representation in the assembly. Fearing slave revolts, the assembly did everything except lower taxes.

Stamp Act Congress

A group protesting the loss of American "rights and liberties", especially the right to trial by jury. A boycott of British goods was organized, in addition to a petition to the king.

Battle of Tippecanoe

A key battle in the war between Indians in the Indiana Territory who renounced the Americans and their influence and the forces of Governor William Henry Harrison. Harrison's troops destroyed the holy village and traded great casualties at this battle. Britain's assistance of the Indians was one of the factors leading to the War of 1812.

Era of Good Feelings

A time period from the end of the War of 1812 to the end of Monroe's presidency in 1825. This time period was marked by a sense of American pride and some cooperation between political parties.

Natural rights

Life, liberty, and property. John Locke outlined these rights, and many Patriots drew on this as justification for the cause, as their rights had been violated by Britain.

Mixed government

John Adams' theory on the best form of government for a republic that split power between branches, with a bicameral legislature. This was the moderate track for constitutions, and proved to be the most popular.

Jay's Treaty

John Jay's agreement with Britain in which he agreed to Britain's right to stop neutral American ships. The treaty also required the US government to compensate British merchants for pre-Revolutionary War debts owed by US citizens. In return, the British would leave the Northwest, and would allow Americans to submit claims for illegal goods seizures.

Dominion of New England

King James II's 1686 merger of Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts Bay, and several other New England colonies to form one large merger. Sir Edmund Andros was appointed to oversee it, but he proved unpopular with colonists and was overthrown and shipped back to England.

Killer crops

Sugar and rice. These took incredibly strenuous labor to cultivate, and thus the slaves on plantations that grew these crops had the worst conditions. They were typically grown in the Caribbean.

Chattel slavery

The ownership of human beings as property

Columbian Exchange

The pattern of biological transformation as diseases, crops, animals, and people moved across the Atlantic. Foods of the Western Hemisphere - especially maize, potatoes, manioc, sweet potatoes and tomatoes - significantly increase agricultural yields and population growth in other continents. The Old World also contributed wheat, barley, rye and rice. In terms of fauna, Native Americans mainly contributed dogs and llamas, but Europeans brought cattle, swine, horses, oxen, and chickens.

Popular sovreignty

The principle that that ultimate power lies in the hands of the electorate. This was the goal of the rebellious colonists.

Middle Passage

The route from Africa to the Americas, during which about 14% of slaves died. Conditions were awful.

English common law

The centuries-old body of legal rules and procedures that protected the lives and property of the monarch's subjects. Patriot writers drew on this as a source of justification to provide the ideological roots for resistance.

Neomercantilism

The economic system embraced by republican state legislatures where the state governments assisted in economic developments. This worked, and the average per capita income of Americans increased about 1% a year starting in 1800.

Articles of Confederation

The first form of a national Constitution. They provided for a loose union in which each state was more or less independent. Though the Confederation had significant powers on paper, it had neither a chief executive nor judiciary, and couldn't tax states or people, nor could it enforce treaties.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution, safeguarding fundamental rights, including freedom of speech and religion, trial by jury, and protection of property. These eased the fears of the Antifederalists and addressed the issue of federalism.

Predestination

The idea that God saved only a few chosen people. Church members often lived in great anxiety, worried that God had not placed them among the "elect".

Stono Rebellion

The largest slave uprising in the mainland colonies. It took place during 1739. A South Carolina militia was able to stop the rebels, and in responses, South Carolinians cut slave imports and tightened plantation discipline.

John Winthrop

The leader of the 1630 Puritan exodus into Massachusetts. He was a well-educated country squire who became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Charles Townshend

The leader of the British Board of Trade in 1767, he took an incredibly unsympathetic view of America.

Valley Forge

The location of Washington's army's Winter of 1777 camp. Conditions were harsh, and many died or deserted, but thanks to Baron von Steuben, a Prussian general, the troops drilled and practiced, and emerged as a much more efficient fighting force in the spring of 1778.

Antifederalists

The opponents of the Federalists and the Constitution. They feared that states would lose power, and they feared that the government would be ruled by wealthy men. They demanded the inclusion of a Bill of Rights, and had figures such as Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry. Later, this developed into the Democratic-Republican Party.

Vice-admiralty courts

Tribunals governing the high seas and run by British-appointed judges. Previously to George Grenville, merchants accused of Navigation Acts violations were tried tried by local common-law courts, where friendly juries often acquitted offenders. The Sugar Act closed this loophole.

XYZ Affair

When the French foreign minister Talleyrand solicited a loan and a bribe from American diplomats in order to stop seizures of American merchant ships, John Adams changed that Talleyrand's agents, dubbed X, Y, and Z, had insulted America's honor. In response, Congress cut off trade with France in 1798 and authorized American privateering.

Which of the following statements about Emerson is correct? a. He was a Unitarian minister who eventually rejected organized religion. b. His view of individualism promoted hard work and indulgent consumption. c. He resigned his pulpit due to his fear of public speaking. d. Emerson's influence was briefly intense, but it did not stand the test of time.

a. He was a Unitarian minister who eventually rejected organized religion.

Which of the following War on Poverty programs provided free nursery schools to prepare disadvantaged preschoolers for kindergarten? a. Head Start b. Community Action Program c. Upward Bound d. Job Corps

a. Head Start

Which of the following factors explains George Washington's success as an American military leader? a. His ability to maintain the support and morale of Continental Congress, state governments, and the Continental army. b. His strong personality, which enabled him to keep persistent pressure on the Continental Congress to supply the army. c. The advanced military training he gained during his years fighting with the British Navy in the North Atlantic. d. His willingness to overlook the actions of discontented soldiers, which endeared him to his troops.

a. His ability to maintain the support and morale of Continental Congress, state governments, and the Continental army.

On which of the following issues would the conservative Cato Institute and Heritage Foundation have registered fierce opposition in the 1980s? a. Increasing corporate regulation b. Federal funding for stem cell research c. Abortion restrictions d. A gay marriage ban

a. Increasing corporate regulation

Which of the following statements characterizes consumer spending during the 1920s? a. Installment buying boosted consumerism. b. Higher incomes discouraged borrowing. c. Americans emphasized thrift. d. Credit cards fueled spending.

a. Installment buying boosted consumerism.

Who was the presidential candidate who ran as a Washington outsider and promised to clean up government? a. Jimmy Carter b. Richard Nixon c. Gerald Ford d. Hubert Humphrey

a. Jimmy Carter

Which of the following became a symbol of the postwar housing boom in the United States? a. Levittown b. Urban renewal c. The Sunbelt d. The slogan "half down and ten years to pay"

a. Levittown

Which of the following cases is an example of the Supreme Court invalidating state regulatory laws? a. Lochner v. New York b. Williams v. Mississippi c. Plessy v. Ferguson d. Mueller v. Oregon

a. Lochner v. New York

The most critical contribution American mechanics made to the Industrial Revolution was the development of which of the following? a. Machine tools b. The steam engine c. Cotton-spinning machines d. The flying shuttle loom

a. Machine tools

Who did President Reagan christen as the "heroes for the eighties"? a. Self-made entrepreneurs b. The U.S. hockey team that defeated Russia in the Olympics c. Actors who put on AIDS benefits d. The U.S. military for defeating communism

a. Self-made entrepreneurs

Which of the following was the first federal law ever passed to regulate trusts? a. Sherman Antitrust Act b. Pendleton Act c. Interstate Commerce Act d. Clayton Antitrust Act

a. Sherman Antitrust Act

Which of the following stipulations was included in the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819? a. Spain ceded Florida to the United States. b. Britain agreed to limit its naval forces in the Great Lakes. c. The 49th parallel became the border between Canada and the United States. d. Britain reimbursed American shippers for wartime damages.

a. Spain ceded Florida to the United States.

Where did almost 90 percent of African Americans live in 1900? a. The South b. The western states c. Mississippi and Alabama d. Northern cities

a. The South

Which of the following describes the ruling by the Roger B. Taney Supreme Court in Mayor of New York v. Miln? a. The Taney Court ruled that New York State could inspect the health of arriving immigrants. b. The Court reduced the regulatory role of the New York State government. c. The justices allowed a bank owned by the state of Kentucky to issue currency. d. The Court did not expand the economic powers granted to states in the Constitution of 1787.

a. The Taney Court ruled that New York State could inspect the health of arriving immigrants.

David Graham Phillips established his credentials as a muckraker when he wrote a scathing analysis on which subject? a. The U.S. Senate b. Tammany Hall c. Standard Oil Company d. Child labor

a. The U.S. Senate

Which of the following made the growth of skyscrapers possible? a. The development of steel girders, plate glass, and elevators b. Government subsidies to contractors who would build them c. Architects competing for the Form Follows Function award d. The newly built system of canals that connected cities to sources for building materials

a. The development of steel girders, plate glass, and elevators

Which of the following hurt President George H. W. Bush's reelection efforts in 1992? a. The economy had been weak during his term. b. The media revealed that he had been a draft dodger. c. He was a card-carrying member of the ACLU. d. He claimed to be a Texas resident even though he lived in Maine.

a. The economy had been weak during his term.

Alexander Hamilton's 1789 financial plan for the United States included which of the following items? a. The federal government's assumption of state war debts b. The elimination of the U.S. national debt c. A progressive system of personal income taxes d. The eradication of paper currency

a. The federal government's assumption of state war debts

The growing pan-Africanism movement that began to emerge among blacks during the 1920s was spurred in part by a. black men's military service during World War I. b. nativist whites' efforts to deport blacks. c. the anticolonial movements that had transformed Africa. d. the dismal American economy of the 1920s.

a. black men's military service during World War I.

Which of the following authors rejected romanticism and Victorian sentimentality in their works? a. Andrew Carnegie b. Stephen Crane c. George Bellows d. Harriet Beecher Stowe

b. Stephen Crane

In the election of 1840, Whigs boosted their electoral hopes by appealing to which of the following groups? a. Irish immigrants b. Women c. Wealthy Northern businessmen d. Freemasons

b. Women

Reaganomics increased the share of wealth held by a. corporations and wealthy Americans. b. the working poor and welfare recipients. c. the Religious Right and the working poor. d. the Religious Right and other religious groups.

a. corporations and wealthy Americans.

The Pendleton Act of 1883 a. created the Civil Service Commission, which filled some government jobs by examination. b. provided temporary benefits for families left without their breadwinner. c. gave financial assistance to elderly Americans living in poverty. d. created pensions for the families of disabled workers.

a. created the Civil Service Commission, which filled some government jobs by examination.

In the years from 1973 to 1975, the oil-exporting nations of OPEC a. declared an oil embargo against the United States. b. cut oil prices to encourage demand. c. failed to agree on production quotas and prices. d. kicked the United States out of OPEC.

a. declared an oil embargo against the United States.

Reformers believed that the best way to save the Indians was through a. education. b. reservations. c. colonization. d. accommodation.

a. education.

Jefferson's administration demonstrated its disagreement with Hamilton's philosophy by a. ending the excise tax. b. reducing the protective tariff. c. abolishing the national bank. d. implementing the Embargo Act.

a. ending the excise tax.

During World War I, federal agencies expanded the national government's role by a. establishing an eight-hour day for war workers with generous overtime pay. b. planting victory gardens in the yards of suburban residents. c. issuing ration cards to every American family in order to conserve food. d. banning immigration from Germany and Russia.

a. establishing an eight-hour day for war workers with generous overtime pay.

Nearly every American city struggled to pay its bills in the 1970s because of a. the continuing process of suburbanization. b. a decline in federal funding after the end of Johnson's Great Society. c. the federal government's moratorium on municipal debt. d. skyrocketing property tax rates due to inflation.

a. the continuing process of suburbanization.

What was the name of black activists' strategy for defeating American racism during World War II? a. The Fifth Freedom b. Double V Campaign c. The Brotherhood Charter d. Erase the Color Line

b. Double V Campaign

Why were late-nineteenth-century farms on the Great Plains much larger than eastern farms? a. Homesteaders were usually able to purchase more than the minimum allotment of land. b. Dry-farming techniques required about three hundred acres to support a family. c. European immigrant farmers were accustomed to caring for large farms. d. The land was so fertile that farmers could grow more with less work.

b. Dry-farming techniques required about three hundred acres to support a family.

The flapper, an icon of American culture, represented a. the emancipated woman of the 1920s. b. the lifestyle of most women in the United States. c. an effort by women to emulate Mary Pickford. d. a return to traditional, prewar values.

a. the emancipated woman of the 1920s.

James K. Polk's declaration that American blood had been shed "upon American soil" was his call for a. war with Mexico. b. revolution in California. c. war for Oregon. d. an end to the fighting in Kansas.

a. war with Mexico.

Which of these figures led Bill Clinton's health-care task force, which proposed national health-care reforms in 1993? a. Vice President Gore b. Hillary Clinton, the First Lady c. Massachusetts Senator Ted Kennedy d. Illinois Senator Barack Obama

b. Hillary Clinton, the First Lady

Which element of Barry Goldwater's campaign platform did American voters find particularly alienating in the election of 1964? a. His explicitly racist opposition to civil rights b. His approach to foreign policy c. His plan to alter the structure of the Supreme Court d. Goldwater's emphasis on small government

b. His approach to foreign policy

Which of the following was the cause of President Nixon's downfall? a. His decision to order the Watergate break-in b. His obstruction of justice in the Watergate matter c. Nixon's failure to please conservatives d. The media's unwillingness to portray him fairly

b. His obstruction of justice in the Watergate matter

When Eisenhower said, "We must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought," he was referring to the a. Sino-Soviet alliance. b. military-industrial complex. c. Axis powers. d. Warsaw Pact.

b. military-industrial complex.

To bring big coal companies to the negotiating table during the 1902 coal strike, President Theodore Roosevelt threatened to a. arrest and jail the companies' workers and owners. b. nationalize the coal companies. c. promote the use of natural gas nationwide. d. institute a federal minimum wage.

b. nationalize the coal companies.

Globalization advanced in the 1990s due to corporations' quest for new markets and their a. need for raw materials. b. search for cheaper sources of labor. c. effort to borrow money at lower interest rates. d. desire to improve the quality of life in the developing world.

b. search for cheaper sources of labor.

What killed thousands of poor immigrants in St. Louis and New York City in the summer of 1849? a. Malnutrition b. Anti-immigrant riots c. Cholera d. Fire

c. Cholera

The movement toward secession in the winter of 1860-1861 proceeded the most rapidly in the a. Upper South. b. Middle South. c. Deep South. d. border states.

c. Deep South.

Which of the following describes the death rate of American soldiers in Vietnam by 1968? a. Almost one hundred Americans died per month. b. It had begun to decline due to a change in American tactics. c. The American death rate had reached several hundred per week. d. After a decrease, it began to grow again due to suicide.

c. The American death rate had reached several hundred per week.

Which of the following developments spurred the Panic of 1837? a. Cotton prices dropped to an all-time low. b. The stock market crashed, causing widespread bankruptcy. c. The Bank of England curtailed British investment in the United States. d. State governments throughout the country defaulted on their debts.

c. The Bank of England curtailed British investment in the United States.

Who were Harold Ickes and Bernard Baruch? a. Photographers who chronicled the faces of the Depression b. Union activists who lobbied Congress for reform c. Two of Franklin Roosevelt's chief Brains Trust advisors d. New Deal congressional representatives who worked diligently with Roosevelt

c. Two of Franklin Roosevelt's chief Brains Trust advisors

Andrew Jackson and his supporters won the election in 1828 in part by a. repudiating the growing authority of political powers. b. promising to expand and extend Clay's American System. c. calling themselves Democrats to portray a more egalitarian image. d. branding his opponent as "Old Hickory" to emphasize his old-fashioned political style.

c. calling themselves Democrats to portray a more egalitarian image.

John Marshall's decisions upheld the principle of a. states' rights. b. limited government. c. the supremacy of national laws over state laws. d. social welfare.

c. the supremacy of national laws over state laws.

Which of the following elements was part of the Bretton Woods system? a. A monetary supply with the British notes as a benchmark b. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) c. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) d. A limiting of American capital

d. A limiting of American capital

Sequoyah developed which of the following to assimilate members of the Cherokee tribe into American life? a. A new charter of government modeled directly on the U.S. Constitution b. A political party that appealed to Native Americans of all tribes c. A bank that issued notes to encourage economic development for the Cherokee tribe d. A perfected system of writing for the Cherokee language

d. A perfected system of writing for the Cherokee language

Why did the Republican Party nominate Abraham Lincoln for the presidency in 1860? a. He was the most experienced and respected Republican politician. b. He had already defeated Stephen A. Douglas in the senatorial election in 1858. c. He appealed to both northern and southern voters. d. His egalitarian image would attract votes among farmers and workers.

d. His egalitarian image would attract votes among farmers and workers.

The most celebrated jazz soloist of the 1920s was the trumpeter a. Duke Ellington. b. Zora Neale Hurston. c. Bix Beiderbecke. d. Louis Armstrong.

d. Louis Armstrong.

Who masterminded the 1972 break-in at the Democratic National Headquarters in the Watergate complex? a. Vice President Gerald Ford b. Two reporters at the Washington Post c. President Nixon and Secretary of State William P. Rogers d. Members of the Committee to Re-elect the President

d. Members of the Committee to Re-elect the President

Gentility

A refined but elaborate lifestyle. Many Southern planters began to emulate the aristocratic lifestyle of the British elite around 1700.

Encomienda

A reward awarded to conquistadors from the Spanish monarch, allowing them to claim tribute in labor and goods from Indian communities.

Old Lights

Conservative ministers who condemned the passion within revivalist meetings and the fire of Great Awakening sermons.

Navigation Acts

1651 laws requiring goods to be carried to English ports on English ships. Revisions in 1660 and 1663 required colonists to export sugar and tobacco only to England and to import European goods only through England. To pay the customs officials, the Revenue Act of 1673 taxes exports of sugar and tobacco.

Herrenvolk Republic

A "master race" republic, in which individual liberty and legal equality were restricted to whites. This was set in place by southern leaders to preserve their privileged social position.

Bacon's Rebellion

A 1675 revolt led by Nathaniel Bacon and a group of poor, white farmers against the perceived corruption and poor Indian policy of Virginia's governor, William Berkeley. The ragtag army forced the governor to hold legislative elections, and curbed his powers. The reforms came too late, and the poor farmers and servants resented years of exploitation by wealthy planters.

Second Continental Congress

A 1775 meeting in Philadelphia by Patriot leaders with the purpose of creating an army for the impending revolution against Britain.

Saratoga

A 1777 Revolutionary War battle in which the Patriots defeated General Burgoyne's army. Burgoyne was too focused on living in luxury, and the rebels were able to slow them down and surround them, forcing their surrender. This battle was a turning point in the war, as it was able to secure French aid due to a perception of American strength.

Whiskey Rebellion

A 1794 revolt against tax collectors and whisky taxes by Western Pennsylvania farmers. The unrest was caused by Hamilton's tax, and was dispersed by a militia formed by Washington.

Stamp Act of 1765

A new levy that required a tax stamp on all printed items. It was put into place to pay for the number of British troops in America.

Marbury v. Madison

An 1803 Supreme Court as part of the Marshall Court that established the critical principle of judicial review, or the court's ability to review congressional legislation and interpret the Constitution.

Fletcher v. Peck

An 1810 Supreme Court ruling in which Chief Justice Marshall greatly expanded the scope of the contract clause of the Constitution. When a new Georgia legislature revoked a former land contract, investors complained, and Marshall ruled that the legislative grant was a contract that couldn't be revoked. This protected property rights, and promoted the development of a natural capitalist economy.

McCulloch v. Maryland

An 1819 Supreme Court ruling that reaffirmed the superiority of national over state laws. When Congress created the Second Bank of the US in 1816, it allowed the bank to set up state branches that would compete with state-chartered banks. In response, Maryland imposed a tax on notes issued by the Baltimore branch of the Second Bank. When the Bank refused to pay, Maryland sued and lost, on the grounds that the bank was constitutional and Maryland wasn't allowed to tax it.

Republican motherhood

An idea first outlined in Dr. Benjamin Rush's 1787 book, it called for young women to ensure their husbands' perseverance in the paths of rectitude and called for loyal republican mothers who would instruct their sons in the principles of liberty and government.

Albany Plan for Union

An idea proposed by Ben Franklin in 1754 for "one general government to be formed in American, including all the said colonies". It would have created a continental assembly to manage trade, Indian policy, and defense. Ultimately did not receive serious consideration.

War of 1812

An indecisive war between the US and Britain over British meddling in the Northwest and British violation of commercial rights. The British invaded and burned the White House to the ground, but in the end, the 1815 Treaty of Ghent ended the war with prewar borders and no concessions. Andrew Jackson's decisive victory in the Battle of New Orleans pushed him into the national spotlight as a hero.

Currency Act of 1764

Banned the American colonies from using paper money as legal tender. It ensured that merchants would no longer be paid in money printed in the colonies.

Philipsburg Proclamation

Britain's 1779 decree that any slave who deserted a rebel master would receive protection, freedom, and land from Great Britain. This led 30,000 slaves to take refuge by the British, and it used colonists fears of a slave uprising against them. The Continental Army had a no-black policy until 1777.

Tribute colonies

Colonies created in Mexico and Peru, which initially relied on the wealth and labor of indigenous peoples.

Neo-Europes

Colonies where colonists sought to replicate, or at least approximate, economies and social structures that they knew at home.

Plantation colonies

Colonies where sugar and other tropical and subtropical crops could be produced with bound labor.

Freeholds

Farms of 30 to 50 acres owned and farmed by families or male partners. While these were the original plantations in North America and the Caribbean, they were soon consolidated into large plantations.

Declaratory Act of 1766

Following Grenville's resignation, the Stamp Act was repealed, and the Sugar Act rate was reduced, by this act explicitly reaffirmed Parliament's "full power and authority to make laws and statutes". This was an attempt to pacify colonists over the Stamp Act, while still retaining control.

Committees of correspondence

Groups that allowed Patriots to communicate with leaders in other colonies when new threats to liberty occurred.

Land banks

Institutions that lent paper money to farmers who pledged their land as collateral for the loans. The money wasn't always worth that much, and English creditors complained, leading to the 1751 Currency Act by Parliament, prohibiting land banks and the use of publicly issued paper money.

Embargo Act of 1807

Jefferson's policy of peaceful coercion to stop Britain from impressing American sailors, this prohibited American ships from leaving their home ports until Britain and France stopped restricting US trade. This embargo was a blunder that severely harmed US trade and gross national product.

Squatters

Migrants who settled illegally on land, hoping they would eventually be able to acquire it on legal terms. As birthrate and immigration increased rapidly, many were forced into squatting.

Restoration colonies

New settlements formed in 1660 after the restoration of the English Crown. Included Maryland, Carolina, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. All of them were proprietorships-their owners, who were given the land by the Crown, could do essentially whatever they wanted with the colonies, as long as their laws conformed broadly to those of England.

Townshend Act of 1767

New tax legislation that imposed duties on colonial imports, the profits of which would mostly be used to pay imperial officials.

Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776

One of the most radical state constitutions created, this created a unicameral legislature with complete power and no governor to veto. It alarmed patriots as too radical.

Bank of the United States

Part of Hamilton's 1790 economic plans, this would be jointly owned by private stockholders and the national government. Hamilton argued that the bank would provide stability to the specie-starved American economy by making loans to merchants, handling government funds, and issuing money. James Madison joined with Thomas Jefferson to oppose this bank, as it was supposedly unconstitutional.

Coercive (Intolerable) Acts

Passed in response to the Boston Tea Party, these laws forced Massachusetts to pay for the tea. It also closed Boston harbor and annulled the state's charter, prohibiting town meetings.

New Lights

Pietists during the Great Awakening that revivalism. They were often criticized for uprooting church traditions, such as their allowance of women speaking in church.

Proclamation of Neutrality

President Washington's 1793 decree that the US would be neutral in the French and European wars. This allowed US citizens to trade with all belligerents. This exponentially raised US commercial profits, as merchants profited from the exports from French Islands that Britain had blockaded.

Quakers

Religious Puritan subsect that condemned extravagance. Many lived in Pennsylvania, as formed by William Penn, who was one of them. They were persecuted in England as they refused to pay taxes to support the Anglican Church or to serve in the military. The Quakers in Pennsylvania established religious freedom and allowed all property owning men to vote and hold office.

Pilgrims

Religious separatists - Puritans who had left the Church of England. When King James I threatened to drive Puritans "out of the land", some decided to resettle around Massachusetts.

Treaty of Paris

The 1783 treaty that officially ended the Revolutionary War.

French Revolution

The French revolution against the monarchy to abolish feudalism. Many Americans welcomed it due to its ideas of liberty and equality. The wealthy, however, condemned the revolutionary leader Robespierre out of fear of social revolution at home.

Competency

The ability and dream of New English migrants to be able to keep their household solvent and independent and to pass that ability on to the next generation.

Manumission

The act of an owner freeing their slaves. The Virginia legislature passed a 1782 allowing manumission, and 10,000 slaves won their freedom.

Tribalization

The adaptation of stateless peoples to the demands imposed on them by neighboring states.

Covenant Chain

The alliance between the Iroquois and New York. This became a model for relations between the British Empire and other Native American groups.

Battle of Yorktown

The battle that concluded the Revolutionary War in 1781. Washington feigned an assault on NYC, but secretly marched French General Rochambeau's army from Rhode Island to Virginia, while the French took Chesapeake Bay. Both armies surrounded General Cornwallis, and he was forced to surrender.

Anne Hutchinson

The wife of a merchant and mother of seven who held a weekly prayer meeting for women and accused various Boston clergymen of placing undue emphasis on good behavior. She advocated for a "covenant of grace", not one of works. In addition for that, she was persecute by the Massachusetts magistrate for her sex, so she followed Roger Williams to Rhode Island.

In 1950, African Americans accounted for what percentage of the U.S. population? a. 10 percent b. 40 percent c. 50 percent d. 65 percent

a. 10 percent

In the case of Bakke v. University of California (1978), which of the following issues was under review? a. Affirmative action b. Abortion rights c. Environmental pollution d. Corruption in Congress

a. Affirmative action

During the 1950s, military spending amounted to what percentage of U.S. gross national product? a. 1 percent b. 10 percent c. 50 percent d. 80 percent

b. 10 percent

How many people died as a result of the September 11, 2001, Al Qaeda attacks? a. 230 b. 2,900 c. 6,300 d. 10,000

b. 2,900

What was the number of illegal immigrants in the United States in 2000, according to the U.S. Census Bureau? a. 2 million b. 7 million c. 15 million d. 25 million

b. 7 million

Which of the following is true of the Sand Creek Massacre? a. It was the last event in the Indian Wars. b. A Cheyenne camp under federal protection was brutally attacked by a state militia. c. John Chivington believed it was necessary because the Cheyenne were so hostile. d. It killed most Cheyenne men, leaving women and children without support.

b. A Cheyenne camp under federal protection was brutally attacked by a state militia.

England had a clear advantage at the outset of the Revolutionary War, but Americans had which of the following factors operating in their favor? a. A much larger population b. A more motivated military c. Newer weaponry d. Experienced and well-trained recruits

b. A more motivated military

The Republican-dominated U.S. Congress took advantage of southerners' absence to institute which of the following reforms during the Civil War? a. A prohibition on the sale and manufacture of alcoholic beverages b. A neomercantilist program of government assisted economic development c. The chartering for the Third Bank of the United States d. A prohibition on slavery in all the states of the Union

b. A neomercantilist program of government assisted economic development

When Woodrow Wilson became president in 1913, he a. promised to continue using American economic leverage in foreign policy. b. vowed that the United States would not seek further territorial gains by conquest. c. approved a loan by an international consortium to China for modernizing its infrastructure. d. argued that practicality should take precedence over morality in dealings with Latin America.

b. vowed that the United States would not seek further territorial gains by conquest.

As American industry expanded in the late nineteenth century, its energy source shifted from a. electricity to steam. b. water to coal. c. coal to iron. d. steam to water.

b. water to coal.

Theodore Roosevelt's big-stick policy was demonstrated a. through his actions with the Rough Riders in Cuba. b. with the strength and effectiveness of the U.S. Navy. c. with his actions in the anthracite coal strike. d. when he mediated the Russo-Japanese War.

b. with the strength and effectiveness of the U.S. Navy.

In the 1936 presidential election, Franklin D. Roosevelt a. lost. b. won by a landslide. c. won by a small margin. d. was unopposed.

b. won by a landslide.

Which of these factors prompted many plantation masters to reduce reliance on violence and adopt positive incentives to motivate slaves in the 1830s and 1840s? a. Christian values b. Domestic ideology c. Abolitionist scrutiny d. Frequent mass uprisings

c. Abolitionist scrutiny

Nuclear reactors account for what percentage of all U.S. power generation today? a. 1 percent b. 5 percent c. 20 percent d. 50 percent

c. 20 percent

By 2000, approximately what percentage of California's population was foreign-born? a. 2 percent b. 10 percent c. 25 percent d. 40 percent

c. 25 percent

Which of the following resulted from industrialization in the decades after the Civil War? a. A shortage of agricultural products b. Slowing immigration c. A higher standard of living d. Rapid price inflation

c. A higher standard of living

The Free Speech Movement at Berkeley began in response to a. the University of California's emphasis on teaching the humanities from a leftist point of view. b. the efforts of the Students for a Democratic Society to organize among the university's students. c. the university ban on political activities by students on university property. d. police efforts to empty a vacant lot that had been turned into a "people's park."

c. the university ban on political activities by students on university property.

In Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court ruled against segregated schools on the grounds that a. they violated the principle of separation of powers. b. segregation gave the United States an unfavorable image abroad. c. they denied black children "equal protection of the laws." d. segregated schools represented a misallocation of taxpayers' resources.

c. they denied black children "equal protection of the laws."

A major weakness of the 1920s economy was the a. lack of credit. b. soaring cost of farm products. c. unequal distribution of wealth. d. lack of cooperation between business and government.

c. unequal distribution of wealth.

Who was Joseph Pulitzer and what made him significant? a. An investigative reporter who exposed the unhealthy conditions of the meatpacking industry b. A circus showman who claimed that "He who is without a newspaper is cut off from his species" c. The artist whose comic strip, "The Yellow Kid," gave its name to yellow journalism d. A St. Louis newspaper publisher who built his sales base with sensational investigations

d. A St. Louis newspaper publisher who built his sales base with sensational investigations

In the early 1800s, British textile manufacturers had which of the following advantages over their American competitors? a. Inexpensive energy provided by rivers and streams b. Government subsidies to support manufacturing c. A domestic supply of raw cotton d. A large pool of cheap labor

d. A large pool of cheap labor

Midway through George W. Bush's second term in office, the national debt was a. $100 billion. b. $500 billion. c. $1 trillion. d. $8 trillion.

d. $8 trillion.

Which level of government generally saw the most corruption in the late 1800s? a. Rural b. Federal c. State d. Urban

d. Urban

The Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) recommended that black Americans a. resort to violence if necessary to achieve racial justice. b. work more aggressively through the court system to end segregation. c. pressure Congress to set aside a state for a black separatist society. d. return to Africa to obtain the justice unavailable to them in the United States.

d. return to Africa to obtain the justice unavailable to them in the United States.

Between 1940 and 1960, church membership in the United States a. declined sharply to 10 percent. b. declined significantly to 25 percent. c. remained steady at around 50 percent. d. rose to 70 percent.

d. rose to 70 percent.

Shay's Rebellion

A 1786 revolt against taxes imposed by an unresponsive government. In Massachusetts, the government was mostly run by a mercantile elite that owned the bulk of the state's war bonds, so they decided to tax huge amounts in order to pay off war debts. The farmers couldn't afford this, so they revolted, and failed. This showed that many middling Patriot families felt that American oppressors had replaced British tyrants.

Haitian Revolution

A 1793 slave uprising led by Toussaint L'Ouverture and slaves in Haiti. The slaves overthrew the elite white planters and many refugees fled the island to America. This intensified the fears of a slave revolt in the US among planters, and scared whites that a slave republic was in such close proximity to the mainland.

Treaty of Greenville

A 1795 Treaty between American negotiators and Indians in the Ohio region. The Americans acknowledged Indian ownership of the land, and in return for some money, the Western Confederacy ceded most of Ohio. This sparked a wave of white migration to the west, priming the stage for future Indian conflicts.

Adams-Onis Treaty

A 1819 agreement brokered by John Quincy Adams as secretary of state under James Monroe that persuaded Spain to cede the Florida territory to the US in exchange for acceptance of Spain's claim on Texas, and the western border of Louisiana.

George Grenville

A British administrator who began to end salutary neglect. He passed the Currency Act of 1764 and the Sugar Act of 1764, both intended to increase Britain's profits at the expense of the colonies.

Royal Proclamation of 1763

A British law which confirmed Indian control of the trans-Appalachian west and declared it off-limits to colonial settlement. Many colonists ignored it.

General Gage

A British military commander of Massachusetts. Gage focused on putting down insurrection, especially around Boston, and ordered the attack at Lexington and Concord.

Lord Baltimore

A Catholic who was appointed Governor of Maryland in 1632. Originally disdainful of non-Catholics, due to domestic unrest, he was forced to pass the Toleration Act in 1649, allowing all Christians to follow their beliefs.

Judiciary Act of 1789

A Law establishing a federal district court in each state and three circuit courts to hear appeals from the districts, with the Supreme Court on top.

Indentured servitude

A labor system in which workers were bound to working for free for a master for four or five years, and then were freed at the conclusion of the time period.

Headright system

A land management system in colonial Virginia that guaranteed 50 acres of land to anyone who paid the passage of a new immigrant to the colony. Mainly taken advantage of by large planters looking for land and more labor.

Quartering Act of 1765

A law requiring colonial governments to provide barracks and food for British troops.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

A law that created the territories that would become the states of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. It also prohibited slavery and earmarked funds from land sales for the support of schools.

Tea Act of May 1773

A law that provided financial relief for the East India Company. The company was deeply in debt; it also had a huge surplus of tea as a results of high import duties, which led Britons and colonists alike to drink smuggled Dutch tea instead. The act provided the company a government loan, and canceled the import duties on tea imported into America.

Sugar Act of 1764

A law to replace the widely ignored Molasses Act of 1733. The policy barely allowed American merchants to make profits, but many ignored it and began smuggling anyways.

Nonimportation movement

A movement that began after the Massachusetts Assembly's condemnation of the Townshend Act. It sought to greatly reduced the number of imported goods that a household used, in addition to spinning large amounts of homemade cloth to avoid paying Britain.

Federalists

A nationalist group that arose in the late 1780s in support of the Constitution. They called for a federal union of states and a decentralized system, but they also wanted a strong national government. Later, they developed into a political party in opposition to the Democratic-Republicans, where figures such as Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay argued for a pro-Britain, industrial nation. They opposed the War of 1812, and ultimately dissolved after the war's conclusion.

Sentimentalism

A new cultural attitude that popped up in the early 1800s as part of the Romantic movement, and quickly spread through all classes of American society. The movement rejected the Enlightenment's emphasis on rational thought, and celebrated the importance of "feeling" - a physical, sensuous appreciation of God, nature, and fellow humans.

Common Sense

A pamphlet distributed by Thomas Paine. It was a rousing call for independence and a republican form of government. It was widely popular and it swayed many into the belief that a break from Britain was necessary.

Naturalization , Alien, and Sedition Acts

A set of 1798 laws that lengthened the residency requirement for US citizenship from five to fourteen years, allowed the deportation of foreigners, and prohibited the publication of insults or malicious attacks on the president or members of Congress. All of these were intended to silence critics of the government, many of whom were Democratic-Republicans at the time. This sparked a constitutional debate led by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson.

Demographic transition

A sharp decline in birthrate after 1800, explained by the migration of young men to the trans-Appalachian west, the limitation of family size by white, urban, middle-class couples, and the delay of marriage.

War of Jenkin's Ear

A short war between Spain and Britain over Spain's anger at smuggled British manufactures in New Spain, in addition to British land expansion into Georgia. It quickly became part of the larger European conflict, the war of Austrian Succession(1740-1748). The final treaty made it clear to colonial leaders that England would act in its own interest, not in theirs.

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

An 1819 Supreme Court ruling where Marshall once again reaffirmed that a former charter creating Dartmouth College was a contract that couldn't be violated by the state of New Hampshire, who attempted to make it a public school.

Gibbons v. Ogden

An 1824 Supreme Court that struck down a New York law granting a monopoly to Aaron Ogden for steamboat passenger service across the Hudson River. Asserting that the Constitution gave the federal government the power to regulate interstate commerce, the chief justice sided with Thomas Gibbons, who held a federal license to run steamboats between the two states.

Battle of Long Island

An August 1776 Revolutionary War battle in which General William Howe defeated the patriots and forced their retreat to Manhattan Island. There, Howe outflanked Washington's troops and forced their retreat to New Jersey. That night, Washington famously crossed the Delaware River and captured the sleeping Hessians. Howe didn't want to completely destroy the Americans; he just wanted to show off, and that was a major tactical error.

Virtual representation

An argument used to prevent the colonies from having Parliamentary representatives, as some members of Parliament were transatlantic merchants or West Indian sugar planters.

Panic of 1819

An economic crisis caused by sketchy policies by the state branches of the Second Bank of the US. In addition, the end of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe led to a surplus and subsequent dramatic drop in price of world agricultural products. As farmers couldn't pay their debts, many stores and banks went bankrupt.

Currency tax

An effect of the Continental Congress's currency and inflation problems. Many soldiers and farmers were paid in paper money, but the longer they held it, the less it was worth.

Gabriel Prosser

An enslaved Virginian artisan who planned to lead a slave uprising. He was caught and was hanged, along with 30 of his followers.

Second Hundred Years' War

An era from the War of the League of Augsburg (1689) until the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo (1815). During that time, England fought in seven major wars. This period of unrest led to recurrent wars spilling over to the colonies, forcing governments to arm themselves and ally with Native American groups.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Laws passed in 1798 by the states of Virginia and Kentucky that voided that Alien and Sedition Acts and set forth a states' rights interpretation of the Constitution, asserting that the states had the right to judge the legitimacy of national laws.

Commonwealth System

Part of the neomercantilist ideology, this funneled state aid to private business such as transportation companies whose projects would improve the general public welfare.

Companionate marriages

Part of the sentimentalism movement, these were marriages contracted from motives of affection, rather than of interest financially or practically.

Louisiana Purchase

Thomas Jefferson's 1803 purchase of the entire Louisiana territory from Napoleon Bonaparte. This forced Jefferson to reconsider his strict interpretation of the Constitution. He pragmatically accepted a loose interpretation of the Constitution and used its treaty-making power to complete the deal.

Which region of the Union was known for its support of the declaration of war on England in 1812? a. New England states b. Western and southern states c. Maritime states d. Middle Atlantic states

b. Western and southern states

The Knights of Labor advocated which of the following reforms in their 1878 platform? a. The right to bear arms b. Workplace safety laws c. The family wage d. Workers' revolution

b. Workplace safety laws

The urban revivalism of Billy Sunday represented a. the fundamentalism movement. b. the continuing appeal of Calvinist theology in American culture. c. a strong example of the Social Gospel. d. a Catholic challenge to Protestantism.

a. the fundamentalism movement.

The Great Compromise led to which of the following outcomes? a. A bicameral legislature with a House of Representatives and a Senate. b. The separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. c. A division of powers between the states and the national government. d. Interstate and foreign trade controlled by the national government.

a. A bicameral legislature with a House of Representatives and a Senate.

Which of the following statements characterizes changes in the lives of middle-class American children in the last decades of the nineteenth century? a. A high school education became more common. b. Most moved directly from childhood into adult urban life. c. Parents placed increasing emphasis on discipline. d. Children became economic assets on whom the family relied for income.

a. A high school education became more common.

Which of the following additions to the Republican platform reflected the influence of the Religious Right in 1980? a. A mandatory death penalty for certain crimes b. Making assault weapons more difficult to attain c. Support for the Equal Rights Amendment d. Protection for the rights of all religions in public schools

a. A mandatory death penalty for certain crimes

As president, John Quincy Adams supported which of the following policies? a. A national bank to promote a uniform currency and to control credit. b. Strict limits on the powers of the federal government. c. A suspension on "internal improvements" by the federal government. d. The implementation of lower tariffs on imported products.

a. A national bank to promote a uniform currency and to control credit.

What was the 1999 Battle of Seattle? a. A protest at the World Trade Organization meeting against the negative effects of globalization b. The race riot between white and Asian street gangs that left over twenty people dead c. The commemoration of the great general strike in Seattle one hundred and twenty years earlier d. A protest against police brutality and mistreatment that led to several days of rioting

a. A protest at the World Trade Organization meeting against the negative effects of globalization

In the late 1840s and the 1850s, Emersonians did which of the following? a. Abandoned their quest to create new social institutions b. Rejected cash donations from wealthy followers, calling such donations "tainted funds" c. Created dozens of utopian settlements throughout New England and the Midwest d. Suggested that most workers were incapable of higher learning

a. Abandoned their quest to create new social institutions

Which pair of presidents pursued very similar economic policies? a. Ronald Reagan—George W. Bush b. Bill Clinton—Jimmy Carter c. Jimmy Carter—Barack Obama d. Bill Clinton—Ronald Reagan

a. Ronald Reagan—George W. Bush

Why was the 1963 March on Washington significant in the history of the civil rights movement? a. Conflicts between moderate and militant activists signaled an emerging rift in the larger civil rights movement. b. The march started peacefully but devolved into violence after local police beat protesters who refused to disperse. c. The emotional march helped swing the balance of power in Congress and made it easier to pass civil rights legislation. d. The march, which consisted of approximately 250,000 black protesters and few whites, illustrated the movement's lack of broad-based white support.

a. Conflicts between moderate and militant activists signaled an emerging rift in the larger civil rights movement.

Which of these did elite Americans embrace after the Industrial Revolution in order to set themselves apart from other groups of Americans? a. Conspicuous displays of their wealth through clothing and housing b. The duty to enforce moral and mental discipline in American communities c. Philanthropic causes d. Unitarianism

a. Conspicuous displays of their wealth through clothing and housing

New corporate managers pioneered which system to track expenses and revenues in the late nineteenth century? a. Cost accounting b. Balanced spending c. Line-by-line bookkeeping d. The management revolution

a. Cost accounting

Which of the following statements characterizes the pressure felt by middle-class American women during the 1950s? a. Cultural messages indicated that domesticity should be women's highest priority. b. Prominent experts claimed that "well-adjusted" women could handle jobs and motherhood. c. The media stressed the importance of women's financial contributions to their families. d. Television preachers stressed that unhappy housewives should repent for their "materialistic sins."

a. Cultural messages indicated that domesticity should be women's highest priority.

In 1988, President George H. W. Bush selected which of the following individuals to be his vice presidential candidate? a. Dan Quayle b. Willie Horton c. Sandra Day O'Connor d. David Souter

a. Dan Quayle

In 1832, a South Carolina state convention committed which of the following actions? a. Declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void within the state b. Ordered the state militia to arrest customs officials and to impound their collections c. Declared that the state had decided to secede from the Union d. Threatened to impeach Jackson for his unconstitutional actions

a. Declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void within the state

By 1860, the majority of African Americans lived and worked as slaves in which of the following regions? a. Deep South b. Upper South c. Midwest d. Northeast

a. Deep South

Which of the following policies would the Dixiecrats have opposed? a. Desegregating the armed forces b. Government efforts to spur economic growth c. Deficit spending to aid education d. A federally mandated increase in the minimum wage

a. Desegregating the armed forces

Which of the following statements describes the status of Mexican immigrants and Mexican Americans in the Southwest in the 1940s? a. Discrimination against people of Mexican descent had much in common with that of African Americans in the South. b. People of Mexican descent faced discrimination in employment, but they did not endure political repression. c. Mexican immigrants and Mexican Americans had many more resources that African Americans to fight discrimination during the 1940s. d. Due to their more recent arrival in the United States, people of Mexican descent endured more severe discrimination than African Americans.

a. Discrimination against people of Mexican descent had much in common with that of African Americans in the South.

Which statement was true of George Washington's 1793 Proclamation of Neutrality? a. Earnings from shipping rose spectacularly as a result of it. b. Jefferson and Hamilton disagreed over the need to issue the proclamation. c. It resulted in France barring American shippers from the West Indies sugar trade. d. It prevented American merchants from trading with any European country at war.

a. Earnings from shipping rose spectacularly as a result of it.

The overwhelming majority of immigrants to the United States between 1970 and 2000 came from a. East Asia and Latin America. b. Canada and Great Britain. c. Europe and Africa. d. Africa and Canada.

a. East Asia and Latin America.

Which of the following statements characterizes the events surrounding the Suez crisis? a. Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal and later built the Aswan Dam with Soviet assistance. b. The United States supported the attack on Egypt carried out by Israel, Great Britain, and France after the Egyptian government nationalized the Suez Canal. c. Soviet influence in the Third World declined because it became apparent that the Soviet Union could not defend its allies. d. With the West's attention focused on the Suez Canal, the Soviet Union took advantage of the situation to seize control of Afghanistan.

a. Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal and later built the Aswan Dam with Soviet assistance.

Which of the following statements characterizes President Eisenhower's view of segregation and civil rights in the 1950s? a. Eisenhower thought the Brown decision was a mistake but reluctantly enforced it because it was the law of the land. b. He was a firm believer in states' rights and refused to get involved in any matters regarding segregation while in office. c. Eisenhower vetoed the first civil rights legislation passed by Congress, charging that it was "extremist." d. He strongly supported desegregation and civil rights legislation because he believed that the time for racial justice had come.

a. Eisenhower thought the Brown decision was a mistake but reluctantly enforced it because it was the law of the land.

Which of these inventions made residents feel safer in urban areas in the late nineteenth century? a. Electric light b. Subway c. Radio d. Telegraph

a. Electric light

Which of the following is paired correctly? a. Elementary and Secondary Education Act— federal funds for teacher training b. National Endowment for the Humanities—college scholarships c. Higher Education Act—end the quota system d. Medical Care Act—federally funded medical insurance for artists and scholars

a. Elementary and Secondary Education Act— federal funds for teacher training

Which of the following terms did American writer Gertrude Stein use to describe Americans who had experienced World War I firsthand? a. The Lost Generation b. The Greatest Generation c. Baby Boomers d. The Silent Generation

a. The Lost Generation

In his 1829 pamphlet, An Appeal . . . to the Colored Citizens of the World, David Walker did which of the following? a. He justified slave rebellion and warned white Americans that violence and retribution would come if justice were delayed. b. He appealed to the religious consciences of slaveholders to recognize slavery as being morally wrong. c. He approved of colonization programs to establish an African republic for freed American slaves. d. He urged slaves not to rebel but to seek comfort in their relationships and religious activities instead.

a. He justified slave rebellion and warned white Americans that violence and retribution would come if justice were delayed.

Which of the following statements characterizes the innovations in housing construction pioneered by William Levitt after World War II? a. His company pioneered the application of mass-production techniques to home construction. b. In 1947, Levitt's basic four-room house was affordably priced at about $25,000. c. Levitt's use of fine craftsmanship appealed to the sensibilities of the new middle managers. d. From the beginning in 1947, his company was willing to sell homes directly to blacks.

a. His company pioneered the application of mass-production techniques to home construction.

Which of the following was a lasting legacy of Ronald Reagan? a. His conservative judicial appointments b. The failed invasion of Cuba c. His curtailment of defense spending d. His expansion of federal welfare programs

a. His conservative judicial appointments

Which of the following was one of the factors leading to Ronald Reagan's Republican victory in 1980? a. His positive attitude and decisive demeanor b. His ability to appeal to liberal Democrats c. Reagan's commitment to transparent government d. Regan's promise to increase spending on social welfare programs

a. His positive attitude and decisive demeanor

Which of the following factors made it possible for Barry Goldwater to capture the Republican Party nomination for president in 1964? a. His publication of two books, widely read and praised by conservatives b. Richard Nixon's temporary break from politics c. His telegenic presence and public speaking charisma d. Strong support from moderate Republicans in the Northeast

a. His publication of two books, widely read and praised by conservatives

Which of the following helped the United States turn the tide and win World War I? a. Huge numbers of troops and supplies b. Technological innovations c. Battlefield tactics and strategy d. Psychological warfare

a. Huge numbers of troops and supplies

What did the term petticoat rule mean when it was used by antisuffragists in the early twentieth century? a. If granted the right to vote, women might cancel husband's votes. b. Women would become hungry for political office if given the right to vote. c. Women were often controlling in running households. d. Women should always put their womanliness before any other ambitions.

a. If granted the right to vote, women might cancel husband's votes.

Which of the following statements characterizes President Lyndon Johnson? a. In many ways, especially his personal history and political style, Lyndon Johnson was John F. Kennedy's opposite. b. Johnson was born into great wealth and had always believed he would one day become president. c. A hard-edged Texan, Johnson was a late and reluctant supporter of the civil rights movement. d. He was a young, dynamic politician who had a great ability to give inspirational speeches.

a. In many ways, especially his personal history and political style, Lyndon Johnson was John F. Kennedy's opposite.

Which of the following issues did evangelicals disregard as they fought against the influences of what they believed to be an immoral society? a. Individual rights b. The nuclear family c. Strict gender roles d. Motherhood

a. Individual rights

Which of the following sectors of American society saw the greatest amount of improvement in the 1920s? a. Industrial output b. Working conditions c. Race relations d. The distribution of income

a. Industrial output

Which of the following attributes of American society did the planter aristocracy in the South value highly in the mid-nineteenth century? a. Inequality b. Egalitarian society c. Professional politicians d. Universal suffrage

a. Inequality

Which of the following statements describes Radical Reconstruction? a. It aimed to reform the South and increase federal power. b. It demonstrated that even Radical Republicans would sacrifice the rights of freed slaves. c. The program gave each freed slave forty acres of land and a mule. d. There was no way the South could have avoided the institution of Radical Reconstruction.

a. It aimed to reform the South and increase federal power.

The Naturalization, Alien, and Sedition Acts had which of the following outcomes in the United States in the 1790s? a. It became illegal to publish insults or malicious attacks against Congress or the president. b. The John Adams administration jailed over a thousand pro-Republican newspaper editors. c. The residency requirement for American citizenship was shortened from fourteen years to five years. d. Democratic ideals embodied in the Declaration of Independence were strengthened dramatically.

a. It became illegal to publish insults or malicious attacks against Congress or the president.

Which of the following describes the new industrial system that developed in early nineteenth-century America? a. It brought workers together under one roof in a factory. b. The new system quickly replaced the rural outwork system. c. It eliminated any possibility that unions could organize to defend workers' interests. d. The system was bitterly opposed by the many critics of industrial pollution.

a. It brought workers together under one roof in a factory.

What accounted for the decline of Britain's influence and power in the years immediately following World War II? a. It had tremendous budget deficits and a collapsing domestic economy. b. British society was seriously divided over the nation's international role. c. The country expended too much effort on the containment of communism in Europe. d. The United States no longer trusted British leadership in world affairs.

a. It had tremendous budget deficits and a collapsing domestic economy.

Why was Hamilton's financial plan so controversial? a. It lined the pockets of wealthy investors and speculators. b. It required Congress to recompense those who originally owned Confederation securities. c. The plan neglected the growing importance of manufacturing internationally. d. Its proposed national bank was blatantly unconstitutional.

a. It lined the pockets of wealthy investors and speculators.

Which of the following describes the purpose of Henry David Thoreau's book Walden? a. It was written to document Walden's spiritual search for meaning beyond the artificiality of "civilized" life. b. It was intended to serve as a guidebook for others who wanted to learn how to survive alone in the woods. c. The book sought to advise farmers on practical matters that would increase the profitability of small farms. d. It warned of the dangers that could arise from too many efforts to promote and create social reform.

a. It was written to document Walden's spiritual search for meaning beyond the artificiality of "civilized" life.

Which of the following statements characterizes the Second Bank of the United States in the 1830s? a. Its cautious monetary policy pleased bankers, creditors, and East Coast entrepreneurs, who funded economic development. b. Most Americans welcomed the Second Bank's policy of forcing unsound western banks to close. c. Eastern entrepreneurs and bankers opposed the Second Bank because it strove to limit their plans for national economic development. d. Jackson's opponents in Congress knew he opposed the Second Bank and attempted to stall a vote on its charter until he left office.

a. Its cautious monetary policy pleased bankers, creditors, and East Coast entrepreneurs, who funded economic development.

President Ronald Reagan's chief advisor during his first term in office was a. James A. Baker III. b. George Will. c. Caspar Wienberger. d. William Buckley.

a. James A. Baker III.

Which of the following Americans spoke out vigorously against annexation of the Philippines in the late 1890s? a. Jane Addams b. William Howard Taft c. Theodore Roosevelt d. William Jennings Bryan

a. Jane Addams

During the 1970s and 1980s, which of the following nations became the second largest economy in the world? a. Japan b. United States c. Great Britain d. China

a. Japan

Which of the following characterizes the 1968 Tet offensive? a. Many Americans changed their opinions of the war after the Tet offensive. b. It was a psychological victory for the United States. c. Saigon, the capitol of South Vietnam, briefly fell during the offensive. d. The American media refused to display the gruesome images from the Tet offensive.

a. Many Americans changed their opinions of the war after the Tet offensive.

Which of the following best characterizes the Native American response to whites' assimilation efforts in the Midwest in the late eighteenth century? a. Many Native Americans repudiated white missionaries and forced Christian converts to participate in native rituals. b. Most Indian women accepted white farming practices because they could produce a greater yield more easily. c. Nearly all Native Americans joined religions such as that of Handsome Lake, which blended Christian and native beliefs and rituals. d. Nearly all Native Americans accommodated to these campaigns to avoid future warfare with whites.

a. Many Native Americans repudiated white missionaries and forced Christian converts to participate in native rituals.

Which of the following statements characterizes the planter elite of the Upper South in the early and mid-1800s? a. Many elite planters considered themselves benevolent masters. b. Tidewater planters frequently questioned the morality of the domestic slave trade. c. Planters' embrace of republicanism weakened plantation aristocracy. d. Rice planters, in particular, valued Jeffersonian republican simplicity.

a. Many elite planters considered themselves benevolent masters.

Which of the following describes the South after the conclusion of the Civil War in 1865? a. Many of the South's factories, railroads, and cities lay in ruins. b. Many slaves had fled, but slavery still remained as an institution. c. The South remained largely unaffected by the battles that had taken place. d. The South lost only 26,000 soldiers in the war, compared to the 300,000 lost by the North.

a. Many of the South's factories, railroads, and cities lay in ruins.

Which of the following statements describes workers' approach to alcohol consumption in the 1820s? a. Many workers used alcohol as an escape from the routine of work but also drank in their workplaces. b. Most workers adhered to the traditional schedule of 11 A.M. and 4 P.M. "refreshers" but otherwise avoided drinking on the job. c. Most laborers did their heavy drinking alone at home because the authorities in many cities succeeded in closing down saloons. d. Most laboring men were required to abstain from alcohol when they joined craft unions.

a. Many workers used alcohol as an escape from the routine of work but also drank in their workplaces.

Which of the following statements describes the place of emancipation in the Union's war aims in 1861 and 1862? a. Moderate Republican leaders began to redefine the war as a struggle, not only against Confederate armies, but also against the institution of slavery. b. Most abolitionists welcomed the South's secession because it removed the stain of slavery from the Union. c. Most abolitionists rejected the idea of emancipation in wartime, fearing that a backlash would place slaves in even greater danger. d. Radical Republicans argued that slaves would starve if they were emancipated in wartime and that freedom would have to wait.

a. Moderate Republican leaders began to redefine the war as a struggle, not only against Confederate armies, but also against the institution of slavery.

Which of the following describes the consumer culture that emerged in the late-nineteenth and early twentieth-century United States? a. Modern and innovative b. Politically progressive c. Feminist and egalitarian d. Separate but equal

a. Modern and innovative

Which of the following statements characterizes the employment of women in the American labor force during the late nineteenth century? a. More than 75 percent of all stenographers and typists were female. b. By the 1920s, the two-career marriage was the middle-class norm. c. Young women were not encouraged to enter the workforce until they married. d. In 1890, almost half of all married white women worked outside the home.

a. More than 75 percent of all stenographers and typists were female.

Which of the following contributed to the harassment and persecution of Mormons at Nauvoo in the early 1840s? a. Mormons' power as a voting bloc in local elections b. Mormons' plan to make plural marriage legal in Illinois c. Their declaration of war against the Illinois militia d. Their widespread ownership of slaves

a. Mormons' power as a voting bloc in local elections

Which of the following was true of New Englanders' westward migration during the 1790s and 1800s? a. Much of the land in the areas where the settlers arrived had already fallen into the hands of politically well-connected speculators. b. New Englanders typically bought land in upstate New York from wealthy Dutch owners who were partitioning their vast estates. c. So many immigrants were eager to sell their new farms and move even farther west that the price of land dropped steadily. d. Farmers who had fled declining prospects in the East often found themselves at the top of a new economic hierarchy in the West.

a. Much of the land in the areas where the settlers arrived had already fallen into the hands of politically well-connected speculators.

The emergency immigration restrictions in 1921 were made more restrictive with the a. National Origins Act. b. American Civil Liberties Union. c. Dillingham Commission. d. Jones Act.

a. National Origins Act.

Which Indian tribe was pursued 1,100 miles and forced to surrender just south of the Canadian border in 1877? a. Nez Perce b. Cheyenne c. Sioux d. Dakota

a. Nez Perce

During the 1920s, the U.S. military intervened in or occupied a. Nicaragua. b. Bolivia. c. El Salvador. d. Cuba.

a. Nicaragua.

Why did Senator Henry Cabot Lodge's bill to create a bipartisan federal election board fail to pass in the Senate in 1890? a. Northern liberals were afraid that it provided for too much democracy. b. Urban bosses objected to its assumptions about immigrants. c. Northern manufacturers feared it would empower urban workers. d. President Benjamin Harrison threatened to veto the legislation.

a. Northern liberals were afraid that it provided for too much democracy.

What was the Confederacy seeking to achieve with the war in 1861? a. Permanent independence and "to be let alone" b. Reestablishment of the Union with ironclad guarantees for slavery c. The annexation of all the border states and of the Southwest as far as the Pacific d. Expansion into the Caribbean, Central America, and northern Mexico

a. Permanent independence and "to be let alone"

Which of the following was detrimental to expanding women's rights in the 1970s and 1980s? a. Phyllis Schlafly's STOP ERA b. The House of Representatives c. The National Women's Political Caucus d. Title IX

a. Phyllis Schlafly's STOP ERA

Which of the following scenarios unfolded at the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863? a. Picket's charge at the heart of the Union line was a costly blunder that forced a Confederate retreat. b. Confederate troops flooded in from the west and, within a day, vastly outnumbered Union troops. c. Lee's army initially drove the Union troops from the battlefield but could not pursue Meade's army without reinforcements. d. Confederate forces refused to engage the Union army directly, resulting in a stalemate that ultimately led both sides to withdraw.

a. Picket's charge at the heart of the Union line was a costly blunder that forced a Confederate retreat.

What distinguished farming on the plains in the 1880s from frontier farming in America fifty or one hundred years earlier? a. Plains farmers raised cash crops that sold on the global market. b. Plains farmers used immigrant laborers rather than slaves. c. Farms on the plains focused on livestock rather than crops. d. Farmers on the plains received federal crop subsidies.

a. Plains farmers raised cash crops that sold on the global market.

Which of these actions gave the United States the right to intervene in Cuba if its independence was threatened? a. Platt Amendment b. Teller Amendment c. Hay-Pauncefote Treaty d. Root-Takahira Agreement

a. Platt Amendment

What was the result of the first wildlife protection bill passed by Congress in 1874? a. President Grant vetoed the bill because he knew that killing the bison would cripple Indian resistance. b. Even though President Grant signed the bill, it was widely ignored by hunters and western settlers. c. Its passage helped save the bison, which were dwindling rapidly and faced almost certain extinction. d. Bison and other protected species, although still hunted and threatened, began to thrive in America's new national parks.

a. President Grant vetoed the bill because he knew that killing the bison would cripple Indian resistance.

Why did the United States decline to annex Texas in 1837? a. President Van Buren feared that annexation would spark an American civil war over the issue of slavery. b. Texans refused to legalize slavery, which was the only condition on which southern politicians would accept Texan statehood. c. President Van Buren could not convince the Whig-dominated Senate to accept the treaty. d. The U.S. Congress refused annexation because it did not want to assume Texas' large Mexican population.

a. President Van Buren feared that annexation would spark an American civil war over the issue of slavery.

The American Lyceum movement of the 1830s engaged in which of the following efforts? a. Promoting the spread of knowledge through public lectures b. Advocating social nonconformity and civil disobedience c. Ending the era of utopian communal experiments d. Encouraging mob violence like the violence that killed Joseph Smith

a. Promoting the spread of knowledge through public lectures

Which of the following were the three key elements of Clay's American system? a. Protective tariff, subsidized internal improvements, and the national bank b. Subsidized internal improvements, the national bank, and patronage c. Slavery, patronage, and subsidized internal improvements d. Protective tariff, patronage, and subsidized internal improvements

a. Protective tariff, subsidized internal improvements, and the national bank

The Great Strike of 1877 involved workers in which industry? a. Railroads b. Coal c. Steel d. Copper

a. Railroads

Which of the following posed a major stumbling block to Bill Clinton's political agenda? a. Republican gains in the 1994 midterm elections b. The president's centrist approach c. An increasingly troubled economy d. The Supreme Court

a. Republican gains in the 1994 midterm elections

Which of the following describes Ronald Reagan's showing in the 1984 election? a. Ronald Reagan won a landslide victory. b. He only narrowly defeated the Democratic candidate Walter Mondale. c. He received little support from voters between the ages of eighteen and twenty-one. d. Reagan helped the Republican Party to capture the House of Representatives.

a. Ronald Reagan won a landslide victory.

Which statement characterizes the typical relationship between slaves and their masters in the 1850s? a. Slaves were investments and therefore were generally provided with clothes, shelter, and enough food to keep them healthy. b. White women felt so guilty about their husbands' transgressions with female slaves that they treated those slave women with extra kindness. c. Accounts of sexual contact between masters and their slaves were greatly exaggerated and rarely occurred. d. Tobacco planters in Virginia usually treated their slaves more harshly than Mississippi cotton planters.

a. Slaves were investments and therefore were generally provided with clothes, shelter, and enough food to keep them healthy.

Which of the following statements characterizes urban political reform efforts in the late 1800s and early 1900s? a. Some reform mayors modeled their reform efforts on cutting-edge European efforts in cities such as Glasgow and Dusseldorf. b. Many large American cities adopted the professional city manager system in an attempt to run more like a business. c. Urban reform politicians rejected municipally owned utilities in favor of private sector ownership. d. The efforts of urban reform politicians could not compete with those sponsored by the political machines they targeted.

a. Some reform mayors modeled their reform efforts on cutting-edge European efforts in cities such as Glasgow and Dusseldorf.

Why did Thomas Jefferson decide to attempt to purchase New Orleans in 1801? a. Spain refused to allow American farmers to ship their products through the port, in violation of the Pinckney Treaty. b. He feared that racial violence in Haiti would spread to the American continent via French New Orleans. c. Great Britain wanted to use the port as a military staging point for its conquest of French and Spanish islands in the Caribbean. d. Napoleon Bonaparte had announced a plan to establish a French empire in North America.

a. Spain refused to allow American farmers to ship their products through the port, in violation of the Pinckney Treaty.

From the U.S. perspective, the Cold War was precipitated by a. Stalin's refusal to allow self-determination for the countries of Eastern Europe. b. the Soviet Union's explosion of an atomic bomb and later a hydrogen bomb. c. the Soviet Union's participation in the creation of the Warsaw Pact. d. Stalin's refusal to allow Eastern European countries to participate in the Marshall Plan.

a. Stalin's refusal to allow self-determination for the countries of Eastern Europe.

The 1832 Ordinance of Nullification was based on which of the following beliefs? a. States had the right to determine which congressional laws they would enforce. b. The people are the ultimate source of power for the national government. c. States can neither bring suit against nor tax a federal institution. d. Only the president has the right to rule an act of Congress invalid.

a. States had the right to determine which congressional laws they would enforce.

Furious with the national Democratic Party's endorsement of civil rights goals in its 1948 platform, southern Democrats set up a new party called the a. States' Rights Democratic Party. b. White Democratic Party. c. New Confederate Party. d. Double D Party.

a. States' Rights Democratic Party.

The prophet Tenskwatawa was historically significant for which of the following activities? a. Tenskwatawa urged Indian peoples to work together and to shun the ways of Americans. b. Tenskwatawa led a coalition of Indians to resettle in Canada under British protection. c. He urged Native Americans to assimilate and adopt the superior technology of westerners. d. He signed a peace treaty with Indiana's governor to allow his people to live on a large reservation.

a. Tenskwatawa urged Indian peoples to work together and to shun the ways of Americans.

Which of the following events was the Federalists' response to the Republicans' criticism of their policies in the 1790s? a. The Alien and Sedition Acts b. The XYZ Affair c. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions d. War with France

a. The Alien and Sedition Acts

Which of the following is an important conservative organizational think tank that gave institutional support to the New Right? a. The American Enterprise Institute b. The Center for American Progress c. The Progressive Policy Institute d. The Century Foundation

a. The American Enterprise Institute

Which of the following statements describes the American Party, or Know-Nothings, that emerged in the North in the 1850s? a. The American Party originated in anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic societies of the 1840s. b. Its nickname referred to opponents' jibes that it "knew nothing" about solving the political crises of the 1850s. c. Despite gaining much attention, the Know-Nothings failed to win control of any state government or any seats in Congress. d. Only southern voters who were equally fearful of both immigrants and the "slave power" joined the party in large numbers.

a. The American Party originated in anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic societies of the 1840s.

Which of the following statements describes British military strategy during the first two years of the Revolutionary War? a. The British were content to demonstrate their superior power and tactics in the hopes of convincing the rebels to surrender. b. The British harassed the Continental army ruthlessly, but with great luck, Washington and his troops repeatedly escaped. c. With the Atlantic standing between them and their country, the British relied on the Loyalists for supplies. d. The British used guerrilla tactics instead of conventional warfare, attempting to outmaneuver the rebels and force their surrender.

a. The British were content to demonstrate their superior power and tactics in the hopes of convincing the rebels to surrender.

Why did the British surrender to the Americans in the Battle of Yorktown in 1781? a. The British were outnumbered and cut off from reinforcement or retreat by sea. b. The army was depleted after sending reinforcement troops to General Benedict Arnold. c. General Cornwallis had already suffered a number of defeats as his army moved through Virginia. d. The British planned to continue the war on the American mainland as soon as they had additional supplies.

a. The British were outnumbered and cut off from reinforcement or retreat by sea.

According to the Constitution, which branch of government is responsible for readmitting states that have seceded from the Union? a. The Constitution does not address this question. b. The executive branch c. The judicial branch d. The legislative branch

a. The Constitution does not address this question.

Which 1962 event prompted a slight thaw in U.S.-Soviet relations? a. The Cuban missile crisis b. The construction of the Berlin Wall c. Kennedy's inauguration of the Peace Corps d. A successful democratic revolution in Hungary

a. The Cuban missile crisis

How did the U.S. government change immigration restrictions during the 1920s? a. The National Origins Act set immigration quotas at 2 percent of each nationality as measured by the 1890 census. b. The 1929 Immigration Act relaxed quotas for Europeans but tightened those for Latin Americans. c. The 1921 Emergency Immigration Bill set quotas at 10 percent of each nationality as measured by the 1900 census. d. To meet the need for cheap labor, the 1929 Immigration Act reversed the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act.

a. The National Origins Act set immigration quotas at 2 percent of each nationality as measured by the 1890 census.

Which of the following scenarios occurred during the 1856 presidential election? a. The Republicans emerged as a formidable replacement for the Whigs and came close to winning the election. b. The Republicans drew strong support from the West and the Midwest but little support from the Northeast or the South. c. Millard Fillmore, running on the American (or Know-Nothing) Party ticket, divided the antislavery and nativist vote in all parts of the country. d. Democrats forged a strong coalition with former southern Whigs based on popular sovereignty.

a. The Republicans emerged as a formidable replacement for the Whigs and came close to winning the election.

Which of these statements describes events that took place during the 1864 presidential campaign? a. The Republicans temporarily changed their name to the National Union Party in order to attract the border states and Democratic votes. b. Republicans urged Union generals to avoid major battles and large numbers of casualties until after the voting to maintain public support for the war. c. Democrats rushed through the admission of Nevada to the Union, believing that its electoral votes might tip the election in their favor. d. Republicans split into two factions, with Radicals determined to abolish slavery and National Unionists willing to abandon emancipation if the South would lay down its arms.

a. The Republicans temporarily changed their name to the National Union Party in order to attract the border states and Democratic votes.

The public movement for women's rights developed out of which of the following sources in the 1840s? a. The Second Great Awakening b. Mormonism c. The American Revolution d. The Oneida Community

a. The Second Great Awakening

What did William Jennings Bryan mean when he stated, "You shall not crucify mankind on a cross of gold" in his famous 1896 speech? a. The United States should abandon the gold standard to stimulate industry. b. The upper classes had become wealthy by the suffering of the working class. c. Conditions in the western gold mines had become too dangerous for workers. d. The upper class should pay income taxes to support relief programs for the poor.

a. The United States should abandon the gold standard to stimulate industry.

Which of the following statements describes the role of automobiles in the American economy of the 1920s? a. The auto industry played a major role in stimulating prosperity. b. The car industry bankrupted the railroads during the 1920s. c. Cars' affordability meant that most Americans could buy them. d. Cheap gasoline spurred Americans to migrate to the West.

a. The auto industry played a major role in stimulating prosperity.

Why did Roosevelt drop a provision for national health insurance from the Social Security Act in 1935? a. The bill's compulsory pension and unemployment were already controversial. b. He did not support national health care. c. He proposed an additional bill to expand health care to all people. d. He did not want to give satisfaction to his opponents, who supported national health insurance.

a. The bill's compulsory pension and unemployment were already controversial.

What factor served as the basis for the United States' determination of whether it would support or oppose a country and its government during the 1950s? a. The country's stance on communism b. Its geographic location c. Its level of democratic participation d. A country's adherence to UN human rights standards

a. The country's stance on communism

Which of the following rendered the international monetary supply inflexible in the Great Depression during the 1930s? a. The gold standard b. The trade deficit c. The outflow of capital d. Rising prices

a. The gold standard

Why has it been so difficult for conservative politicians to shrink the size and scope of the federal government? a. The government is entrenched in the social, economic, and defense welfare of Americans. b. Conservative politicians are not good at appealing to their base. c. Congressional Democrats block all conservative attempts at shrinking the government's size. d. There has been no support for such a move from presidential candidates.

a. The government is entrenched in the social, economic, and defense welfare of Americans.

Which of the following describes Title IX? a. The legislation benefited women athletes. b. It was proposed by Phyllis Schlafly to limit equal pay legislation. c. The law came about as a result of Griswold v. Connecticut. d. It called for the government to buy the homes of Love Canal residents.

a. The legislation benefited women athletes.

Why was the strike by steelworkers at Homestead, Pennsylvania, significant? a. The lockout represented Carnegie's effort to break the plant's union. b. The strike was the culmination of a long history of poor labor relations at Homestead. c. The steelworkers were led by immigrant German Marxists. d. It ended when the strike leaders were held in contempt of court and jailed.

a. The lockout represented Carnegie's effort to break the plant's union.

Which of the following statements was true of the Harlem Renaissance? a. The most visible part of the Harlem Renaissance to most whites was jazz music. b. Most of its participants had no significant appeal outside the black community. c. For generations, critics dismissed the participants' work as race-based and old-fashioned. d. Most participants were not Americans by birth, but hailed from Trinidad and Jamaica.

a. The most visible part of the Harlem Renaissance to most whites was jazz music.

Why were the land ordinances of the 1780s considered a great accomplishment of the Confederation Congress? a. The ordinances provided for orderly settlement and created a fair process for those areas to eventually become fully equal states. b. The laws funded the building of roads and canals to encourage white settlement throughout the old Northwest. c. They prevented the formation of larger western states that might one day dominate smaller eastern states. d. Ordinances limited foreign immigration to the West, ensuring that those areas retained a traditional American culture.

a. The ordinances provided for orderly settlement and created a fair process for those areas to eventually become fully equal states.

Which of the following statements describes the resettlement of former slaves in the South? a. Under Johnson's amnesty plan, ex-Confederates were allowed to recover their land, and freedmen were forced to work for them or leave. b. The Freedmen's Bureau permanently resettled 10,000 African American families on "Sherman lands." c. Bands of ex-Confederate soldiers and plantation owners drove African Americans from the confiscated land that they were occupying. d. Every former slave was given forty acres and a mule in compensation for their years of forced labor.

a. Under Johnson's amnesty plan, ex-Confederates were allowed to recover their land, and freedmen were forced to work for them or leave.

A secret organization that functioned as the grassroots wing of Radical Republicanism in the South was called the a. Union League. b. Populist Party. c. Republican Brotherhood. d. Carpetbaggers Club.

a. Union League.

Which of the following describes the 1955 murder of Emmett Till in Mississippi? a. Unlike most murders of black men in the South, Till's gained national attention. b. No one could ever prove who was responsible for Till's torture and death. c. No blacks were willing to testify in the trial out of fear that they might also be murdered. d. Civil rights activism had no bearing on the murder or the nation's response to it.

a. Unlike most murders of black men in the South, Till's gained national attention.

Why did many northern wage earners not support abolition in the mid-eighteenth century? a. Wageworkers feared that freed blacks would work for lower wages and compete for jobs. b. The northerners supported slavery only because of the belief of black inferiority. c. They were interested in maintaining the English Protestant society of the North. d. They did not want the Baptists beliefs held by many slaves to spread to the North.

a. Wageworkers feared that freed blacks would work for lower wages and compete for jobs.

Abraham Lincoln belonged to which political party during his four terms in the Illinois state legislature? a. Whigs b. Democrats c. Free-Soil d. Republican

a. Whigs

Which Reconstruction-era politician created the blueprint for American economic expansion and later imperialism? a. William Seward b. Ulysses Grant c. Thaddeus Stevens d. Edwin Stanton

a. William Seward

What was the outcome of the 1912 presidential election? a. Wilson won with a minority of the popular vote because Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote. b. Wilson won a bare majority of the popular vote but an overwhelming majority of the electoral vote. c. Socialist Party candidate Debs captured 20 percent of the popular vote and carried several western states. d. Roosevelt's popular appeal faded by election day, enabling Wilson to beat Taft with a solid majority.

a. Wilson won with a minority of the popular vote because Taft and Roosevelt split the Republican vote.

Which group established the first rape crisis centers in the early 1970s? a. Women's liberationists b. Labor feminists c. Conservative women led by Phyllis Schlafly d. The Catholic Church

a. Women's liberationists

Which of the following developments was a lasting legacy of America's participation in World War I? a. Women's suffrage b. The Sixteenth Amendment c. Lessening of racial tensions between black and white Americans d. The suspension of antitrust laws

a. Women's suffrage

Which of the following was an outcome of the rural outwork system of manufacturing in the 1820s and 1830s? a. Workers' wages decreased. b. Workers' autonomy increased. c. Employers lost control over their workplaces. d. Women were shut out of the manufacturing process.

a. Workers' wages decreased.

Two hundred Sioux, organized by AIM to dramatize their cause, engaged in several gun battles with the FBI for over two months in 1973 at a. Wounded Knee. b. Alcatraz. c. the Bureau of Indian Affairs headquarters. d. Little Big Horn.

a. Wounded Knee.

In 1872, which of the following was established by Congress as the first national park? a. Yellowstone b. Yosemite c. The Black Hills d. The Grand Canyon

a. Yellowstone

The popular 1844 phrase "Fifty-four forty or fight!" served as a. a push for American control of the entire Oregon territory. b. the battle cry for the Mexican War. c. the charge of people involved in the gold rush. d. a political slogan for Martin Van Buren.

a. a push for American control of the entire Oregon territory.

The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 a. admitted immediate family members of legal residents into the United States. b. instituted quotas that favored Europeans over all other ethnic groups. c. favored Russian and Central European immigrants seeking to escape communism. d. required that prospective immigrants hire lawyers to negotiate with the United States.

a. admitted immediate family members of legal residents into the United States.

The Crittenden Compromise of 1861 included a proposal to a. amend the Constitution to protect slavery where it already existed. b. repeal the Kansas-Nebraska Act and eliminate the practice of popular sovereignty. c. prohibit slavery in any future territories acquired by the United States. d. make Jefferson Davis and Abraham Lincoln co-presidents of the United States.

a. amend the Constitution to protect slavery where it already existed.

After the explosion of the battleship Maine, a U.S. naval board of inquiry blamed the sinking on a. an underwater mine. b. Cuban patriots who were hoping to provoke U.S. intervention. c. a preemptive strike by the Spanish against U.S. intervention. d. an unfortunate accident.

a. an underwater mine.

After considering his options for the disposition of the Philippines, President McKinley a. annexed the entire Philippines on the basis that the Filipinos could not govern themselves. b. offered Filipinos independence after five years, but they refused his terms. c. offered to return the islands to Spain, which said that it was no longer interested. d. approached Germany about a joint protectorate arrangement, which it refused.

a. annexed the entire Philippines on the basis that the Filipinos could not govern themselves.

Who is considered the first real politician, partly because he created the first statewide political machine? a. Alexander Hamilton b. John Quincy Adams c. Martin Van Buren d. Andrew Jackson

c. Martin Van Buren

France gave serious consideration to an alliance with the rebel colonies primarily because it regarded the war as an opportunity to a. exact revenge on Britain for defeat in the French and Indian War and the loss of Canada. b. defend Catholics in Maryland and Quebec against the potentially hostile Protestant Patriots. c. annex Maine and regain the province Quebec that it had lost during the Great War for Empire. d. persuade the Americans to accept King Louis XVI's younger brother as their new constitutional monarch.

a. exact revenge on Britain for defeat in the French and Indian War and the loss of Canada.

During the early years of the Civil War, the term contraband came into use to describe a. freedom-seeking slaves who fled from Confederate masters to Union armies. b. slaves who were pressed into service. c. northern free blacks who volunteered to serve in the Union army. d. slaves drafted by the Confederate government for noncombatant duty.

a. freedom-seeking slaves who fled from Confederate masters to Union armies.

The Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934 a. granted independence to the Philippines. b. granted citizenship to all legal Filipino residents in the United States prior to 1934. c. limited immigration from the Philippines to fifty thousand per year. d. rescinded the Chinese Exclusion Act.

a. granted independence to the Philippines.

By the time Congress recessed in June 1933, it had a. halted the downward spiral of the economy. b. founded agencies that were models of efficiency. c. established policies that were supported by all. d. broke the grip of the depression.

a. halted the downward spiral of the economy.

Between 1876 and 1892, Americans could be described as a. highly partisan and politically active. b. apathetic about politics. c. independent-minded voters. d. reluctant to join parties.

a. highly partisan and politically active.

The Women's Christian Temperance Movement (WCTU) was the first national movement to a. identify and fight against domestic violence. b. demand a constitutional amendment to ban alcohol. c. be led by a woman. d. call for woman suffrage.

a. identify and fight against domestic violence.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton's speech to Congress in 1892 on the "solitude of self" referred to the a. importance of women's autonomy in modern society. b. growing practice of meditation and relaxation. c. loneliness many experienced when they moved to large urban cities. d. Christian practice of extended prayer and fasting to grow closer to God.

a. importance of women's autonomy in modern society.

Between 1973 and 1992, the productivity of American workers a. increased by 1 percent a year. b. increased by 3 percent a year. c. decreased by 5 percent a year. d. plummeted by 10 percent a year.

a. increased by 1 percent a year.

Patriot women contributed to the war effort in the 1770s by a. increasing production of homespun cloth. b. joining the women's regiment. c. working as government officials. d. working in army offices to free men to fight.

a. increasing production of homespun cloth.

John F. Kennedy's policy toward South Vietnam included a. increasing the number of American troops on the ground to 16,000 by 1963. b. secretly bombing the jungle trails of the Vietminh in Cambodia and Laos. c. encouraging the South Vietnamese government to adopt the "strategic hamlet" strategy. d. supporting a coup to oust Ngo Dinh Diem and install a pro-American government.

a. increasing the number of American troops on the ground to 16,000 by 1963.

The United States adopted the gold standard in the 1870s for its currency because a. it hoped to encourage European investment in the United States. b. geologists predicted huge gold strikes out west. c. gold was a more durable form of currency than greenbacks. d. it sought economic development through a larger money supply.

a. it hoped to encourage European investment in the United States.

The Enrollment Act of 1863 a. led to riots in New York City. b. created a draft system that was more fair in the South than in the North. c. allowed southerners to avoid the draft if they owned twenty or more slaves. d. allowed blacks to volunteer in the Union army.

a. led to riots in New York City.

As a result of the Dawes Severalty Act, Indian tribes a. lost almost two-thirds of their land. b. remained united against the federal government. c. adjusted to an agricultural lifestyle. d. migrated farther west.

a. lost almost two-thirds of their land.

In the Reconstruction South, the Ku Klux Klan was a. often indistinguishable from the Democratic Party. b. organized in Texas in 1868 and spread quickly throughout the South. c. never the object of federal legislation to suppress it. d. careful to avoid arousing congressional ire.

a. often indistinguishable from the Democratic Party.

Between 1935 and 1943, the Works Progress Administration (WPA) a. paid civilians to build bridges, public buildings, parks, and airports. b. reached 90 percent of the unemployed, easing their suffering. c. supplied federal grants to hundreds of relief programs run by the states. d. spent more than $100 billion on extravagant luxuries for political insiders.

a. paid civilians to build bridges, public buildings, parks, and airports.

An unexpected result of building the interstate highway system was that it a. precipitated the decay of American urban areas. b. revealed and exaggerated regional differences. c. hurt the petroleum industry as Americans traveled less by air and rail. d. created a problem in the real estate industry.

a. precipitated the decay of American urban areas.

In 1975, Bill Gates and Paul Allen founded a. Apple Corporation. b. IBM. c. Microsoft. d. Hewlett Packard.

c. Microsoft.

During the 1840s and 1850s, Roman Catholic churches in the United States were known for a. providing community services and a sense of group identity for most Irish and many German immigrants. b. loosening many of their ties to the Church in Rome in hopes of gaining more American converts. c. emphasizing their spiritual functions while neglecting secular matters such as politics and economics. d. closing their doors to immigrants in order to protect themselves against nativist violence and bad publicity.

a. providing community services and a sense of group identity for most Irish and many German immigrants.

The Republican state Reconstruction governments in the South made significant and long-lasting achievements in a. public education. b. African American civil rights. c. labor organizing. d. black leadership development.

a. public education.

In 1801, Jefferson responded to the Barbary States; threats against American shipping by a. refusing tribute payments, retaliating against renewed Barbary attacks, then working out a diplomatic solution involving much lower tribute payments. b. announcing that it was too expensive to maintain the navy that the Federalists had built to deal with this threat and that it would be cheaper to pay a higher tribute. c. ordering a naval bombardment and the landing of U.S. Marines, who destroyed the Barbary States' capacity to harass American shipping. d. "showing the flag" through a token bombardment of the Barbary States but, in the end, continuing to pay the same tribute.

a. refusing tribute payments, retaliating against renewed Barbary attacks, then working out a diplomatic solution involving much lower tribute payments.

State Granger laws were designed primarily to a. regulate big business. b. regulate prices. c. decrease wholesale commodity prices. d. require banks to be more generous in granting loans.

a. regulate big business.

The outcome of the implementation of scientific management was a. resistance from workers. b. resistance from managers. c. decreasing production efficiency. d. that workers found unions less appealing.

a. resistance from workers.

"It looks to me like slavery to have a man stand over you with a stop watch." This statement by an iron molder refers to a. scientific management. b. industrial unionism. c. yellow-dog contracts. d. working conditions for breaker boys.

a. scientific management.

The Emancipation Proclamation stated that a. slaves in the rebel states would be freed. b. slaves in the border states would be freed. c. all slaves in the United States would be freed. d. all fugitive slaves and all slaves captured by the Union army were free.

a. slaves in the rebel states would be freed.

New immigration patterns in the early twentieth century reflected growing emigration from a. southern and Eastern Europe. b. north and central Europe. c. the British Isles. d. eastern Africa.

a. southern and Eastern Europe.

Founded in 1867, the National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry a. sponsored events to improve the social life of farm families. b. built railroad networks to lower farmers' transportation costs. c. worked with state and national banks to reduce inflation. d. agitated for laws to exclude immigrants from the Homestead Act.

a. sponsored events to improve the social life of farm families.

After his inauguration in March 1861, Lincoln a. stated that secession was illegal and declared that he would enforce federal law. b. declared his belief that slavery was evil and that he would oversee its elimination from the United States. c. reaffirmed his support for the Crittenden Compromise as the only practical approach to slavery. d. promised to stop collecting taxes and providing benefits in states that had seceded from the Union.

a. stated that secession was illegal and declared that he would enforce federal law.

During and after the Civil War, the Republican Congress implemented its economic vision for the United States by a. subsidizing the transcontinental railroad. b. weakening the national banking system. c. lowering tariffs on foreign goods. d. enacting a national minimum wage.

a. subsidizing the transcontinental railroad.

In the Insular Cases (1901), the Supreme Court ruled that a. the Constitution did not automatically extend citizenship to people in newly acquired territories. b. inhabitants of newly acquired territories automatically became U.S. citizens. c. McKinley had exceeded his presidential powers in the Philippine settlement. d. the United States must establish an independent Philippine republic within ten years.

a. the Constitution did not automatically extend citizenship to people in newly acquired territories.

The defining event of President George W. Bush's administration was a. the Iraq War. b. Hurricane Katrina. c. nuclear proliferation. d. global warming.

a. the Iraq War.

The battle in the Senate over the Treaty of Versailles centered around Article X, which was a. the League of Nations' right to use collective military action. b. a plan for German reparation payments to France. c. a proposal to create new nations in Europe and the Middle East. d. a plan to create a standing international army.

a. the League of Nations' right to use collective military action.

During the late 1940s and early 1950s, the United States and the USSR came closest to war over a. the Soviet blockade of West Berlin. b. Soviet arm shipments to North Korea during the Korean War. c. Soviet refusal to allow Eastern European countries to participate in the Marshall Plan. d. Soviet aid to communist movements in Greece and Turkey.

a. the Soviet blockade of West Berlin.

Senator Joseph McCarthy's investigation committee lost all credibility when it attacked a. the U.S. Army. b. the State Department. c. Hollywood. d. the FBI.

a. the U.S. Army.

Issued in 1898, the Teller Amendment declared that a. the United States had no intention of annexing Cuba. b. the United States would support Puerto Rican independence. c. Americans would support Filipino independence. d. the United States would grant Cuba statehood immediately if it so wished.

a. the United States had no intention of annexing Cuba.

The National Security Council's report known as NSC-68 proposed that a. the United States must significantly increase its defense spending. b. good relations with the Soviet Union were imperative. c. critics had exaggerated the strength of the Soviet military. d. a dangerous arms race would follow the development of the hydrogen bomb.

a. the United States must significantly increase its defense spending.

Which of the following presidents most easily won election to the White House and was seen as a powerful presence in the Oval Office? a. Rutherford B. Hayes b. William McKinley c. Grover Cleveland d. Benjamin Harrison

b. William McKinley

How did President Carter respond to the energy crisis of the 1970s? a. Carter called for tighter federal controls on oil and natural gas prices. b. Carter advocated for energy conservation efforts as "the moral equivalent of war." c. He imposed rationing on gasoline and heating fuel, and he placed tariffs on imported petroleum. d. He liberalized environmental laws and increased reliance on coal and nuclear power.

b. Carter advocated for energy conservation efforts as "the moral equivalent of war."

What was the Southern Manifesto, issued in 1956? a. A pledge by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) to work for full school integration as required by the U.S. Supreme Court's Brown decision b. A statement by 101 congressmen denouncing the U.S. Supreme Court's Brown decision as "a clear abuse of judicial power" c. The declaration issued by the Arkansas governor when he called on the National Guard to block a court-ordered desegregation of Little Rock's Central High School d. The call issued by the Ku Klux Klan for violent white resistance to desegregation after the U.S. Supreme Court's Brown decision

b. A statement by 101 congressmen denouncing the U.S. Supreme Court's Brown decision as "a clear abuse of judicial power"

What did Shays's Rebellion, which took place in Massachusetts in the winter of 1786-1787, demonstrate to American political leaders? a. The institution of slavery posed a threat to the American republic. b. A stronger national government was needed to solve the nation's monetary problems. c. Patriots in Massachusetts had always been more radical than those in the other states. d. Unless they gained the right to vote, propertyless men would destroy the American republic.

b. A stronger national government was needed to solve the nation's monetary problems.

Which of the following developments was an outgrowth of the rights revolution of the 1960s and 1970s? a. A belief in smaller government b. A widening belief in the federal government's responsibilities c. A wave of immigration greater than ever before d. A generation of people with entitlement issues

b. A widening belief in the federal government's responsibilities

What happened in Christiana, Pennsylvania, in 1851? a. Abolitionist Theodore Parker defied the Fugitive Slave Act by helping two slaves escape to freedom. b. About twenty African Americans fought a gun battle with slave catchers, killing two; a jury subsequently acquitted one defendant, and the government dropped charges against the rest. c. Rioters marched into a courthouse, forced their way into the courtroom, and freed a fugitive slave facing trial. d. Frederick Douglass declared that "the only way to make a Fugitive Slave Law a dead letter is to make a half dozen or more dead kidnappers."

b. About twenty African Americans fought a gun battle with slave catchers, killing two; a jury subsequently acquitted one defendant, and the government dropped charges against the rest.

Which of the following industries drove the creation of American consumer culture in the 1920s? a. Fashion b. Advertising c. Film d. Railroads

b. Advertising

The term Great Migration refers to a. women moving to the cities to take the jobs vacated by men going off to war. b. African Americans moving from the South to the North during the war. c. the American Expeditionary Force traveling en masse to Europe to fight. d. Mexican Americans leaving farm labor for industrial jobs in southwestern cities.

b. African Americans moving from the South to the North during the war.

Which of the following statements characterizes the role played by African Americans in the Civil War? a. Blacks were only allowed to take noncombat positions in the Union army. b. African Americans served in segregated regiments and fought courageously. c. By 1865, many slaves had fought for the Confederacy in return for a promise of freedom. d. Black men refused to fight in the "white man's war," even after the Emancipation Proclamation.

b. African Americans served in segregated regiments and fought courageously.

Abolitionist leaders used which of the following in their crusade to end slavery in the middle of the 1800s? a. Lecture tours demanding the end of the international slave trade b. Aid to fugitive slaves c. Continuous demonstrations against slavery outside the White House d. Financial support for free blacks willing to foment rebellion in the South

b. Aid to fugitive slaves

George W. Bush's Democratic adversary in the 2000 election was a. Bill Clinton. b. Al Gore. c. Hillary Clinton. d. John Kerry.

b. Al Gore.

Which of the following issues was directly associated with McCarthyism? a. Campaign finance reform b. Allegations of communism c. The Fair Deal d. Modern Republicanism

b. Allegations of communism

Which of the following statements describes Hawaii in the 1890s? a. Americans had ignored Hawaii for decades but became interested in it in the 1890s. b. American sugar planters overthrew Hawaii's Queen Liliuokalani and applied for U.S. annexation. c. U.S. military planners desperately wanted to annex Hawaii to gain access to Pearl Harbor. d. President Grover Cleveland annexed it after Americans overthrew its queen.

b. American sugar planters overthrew Hawaii's Queen Liliuokalani and applied for U.S. annexation.

Which of the following statements describes post-World War II America? a. City life flourished at the expense of the suburbs. b. Americans enjoyed the highest standard of living in the world. c. Suburbs welcomed blacks and Latinos. d. Consensus replaced youthful rebelliousness.

b. Americans enjoyed the highest standard of living in the world.

Why was it necessary for railroads and land speculators to promote settlement of the Great Plains in the late nineteenth century? a. The U.S. government had not publicized the Homestead Act. b. Americans thought of the area as the Great American Desert. c. Without economic incentives, few people could afford homesteads. d. The region was heavily forested and hard to cultivate

b. Americans thought of the area as the Great American Desert.

Around 1900, if an ordinary American city dweller, whether immigrant or native-born, needed a favor done by a person with authority, he or she would have most likely turned to whom? a. A newspaper columnist b. An alderman or ward boss c. An ombudsman d. A member of Congress

b. An alderman or ward boss

Which of the following parts of Truman's domestic agenda actually earned congressional approval in 1949? a. National health insurance b. An extension of the Social Security program c. Agricultural reforms d. Guaranteed employment for all Americans

b. An extension of the Social Security program

Who of the following was the greatest benefactor of public libraries in nineteenth-century America, who in 1881 announced that he would build a library in any city that was prepared to maintain it? a. J. P. Morgan b. Andrew Carnegie c. John D. Rockefeller d. George W. Vanderbilt

b. Andrew Carnegie

Who was the English immigrant who secretly brought the design of the most advanced British machinery for spinning cotton to America in 1789? a. Francis Cabot Lowell b. Samuel Slater c. Paul Moody d. Eli Whitney

b. Samuel Slater

Which of the following statements characterizes Theodore Roosevelt's attitude toward the muckrakers? a. Admiring them, Roosevelt urged the muckrakers on by exclaiming, "Bully!" b. Appalled, he dismissed them as muckrakers who overemphasized America's negative aspects. c. Inspired, he declared that their stories "gripped my heart until I felt I must tell of them, or burst, or turn anarchist." d. Impressed, Roosevelt commended the muckrakers for being good followers of his own progressive principles.

b. Appalled, he dismissed them as muckrakers who overemphasized America's negative aspects.

Which of these statements describes the planter aristocrats who lived in the cotton-growing regions of the South in the mid-nineteenth century? a. Cotton planters consciously rejected the luxurious lifestyles adopted by the rice-growing aristocracy. b. Aristocratic planters took the lead in defending slavery as a benevolent social system. c. Planter aristocrats in the Cotton Belt emphasized the hypocrisy of their Chesapeake counterparts. d. Cotton-planting aristocrats increasingly avoided interference in the lives of their slaves.

b. Aristocratic planters took the lead in defending slavery as a benevolent social system.

Which of the following statements characterizes race relations in the aftermath of World War I? a. The Great Migration of blacks out of the South was quickly reversed after the war. b. At least 120 blacks were killed in racial violence in the United States by 1919. c. African Americans continued to follow the advice of Booker T. Washington. d. Racial confrontations did not involve black soldiers, who were lauded in the South.

b. At least 120 blacks were killed in racial violence in the United States by 1919.

World War I began as a direct result of the assassination, by a Serbian revolutionary, of the heir to the throne of a. Germany. b. Austria-Hungary. c. Russia. d. Turkey.

b. Austria-Hungary.

The person who contributed most directly to the rise of conservatism in American politics after World War II was a. George H. W. Bush. b. Barry Goldwater. c. Nelson Rockefeller. d. Gerald Ford.

b. Barry Goldwater.

Which of the following sports was invented by YMCA instructors in the 1890s? a. Football b. Basketball c. Baseball d. Lacrosse

b. Basketball

Which president advocated measures to protect black voting rights in the South after the end of Reconstruction? a. James Garfield b. Benjamin Harrison c. Grover Cleveland d. William McKinley

b. Benjamin Harrison

Which of these factors was the critical stimulus for the growth of domestic American markets in the first half of the nineteenth century? a. An increase in the number of large factories b. Better transportation networks c. The national bank's loan policy d. The national government's economic subsidies

b. Better transportation networks

Which of the following economic statistics represented the U.S. economy in the post-World War II period? a. The poverty rate had declined to one in twenty American families by 1960. b. Between 1947 and 1975, the productivity of America's workers more than doubled. c. Between 1946 and 1969, the real income for ordinary Americans rose by 40 percent. d. Over 85 percent of American families owned a television set by 1950.

b. Between 1947 and 1975, the productivity of America's workers more than doubled.

Which of the following phenomena emerged as an important new influence on urban entertainment in the early twentieth century? a. Middle-class reformers' priorities b. Black music c. Opera houses d. Saloons

b. Black music

Which of the following groups called themselves the Exodusters in 1879? a. Scandinavian settlers in Minnesota b. Blacks who migrated to Kansas c. Mexicans who immigrated to the United States d. Chinese who were forced to leave California

b. Blacks who migrated to Kansas

Which of the following characterizes government economic and political decisions during the Civil War? a. The North left most decisions in the hands of the voters. b. Both governments utilized their national power to make decisions. c. Lincoln ruled with a keen eye on constitutional correctness. d. The South left all major decisions in the hands of the state governments.

b. Both governments utilized their national power to make decisions.

How did the federal and state governments encourage railroad building in the nineteenth century? a. They operated the American Railroad Corporation. b. Both granted public lands to private companies. c. They secured privately owned land through eminent domain. d. They bailed out failing railroad companies with federal funds.

b. Both granted public lands to private companies.

Which of the following Supreme Court cases was hailed by most conservatives? a. Roe v. Wade (1973) b. Bowers v. Hardwick (1987) c. Furman v. Georgia (1972) d. Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

b. Bowers v. Hardwick (1987)

Which of the following events demonstrated the newfound international power of the United States in the immediate aftermath of the Civil War? a. Annexation of Panama and the Philippines b. Britain's damage payments to the United States c. Monroe Doctrine d. Annexation of Hawaii

b. Britain's damage payments to the United States

The development of print advertising illustrates the significance of which late-nineteenth-century phenomenon? a. The importance of proper labeling on food packages b. Businesses creating demand for brand names c. Government intervention to ensure pure food and drugs d. Consumers' desire for information about the products they consumed

b. Businesses creating demand for brand names

How did the Union raise money to pay for most of its Civil War costs? a. By raising taxes on the wealthy and businesses b. By issuing interest-paying treasury bonds c. By increasing tariffs on imports d. By levying excise taxes on goods such as tobacco and alcohol

b. By issuing interest-paying treasury bonds

Which of the following is true about the Vietnam War? a. The Eisenhower Doctrine led the United States into the conflict. b. By the late 1960s, many Americans believed it was unwinnable. c. Vietnam's situation was simple: democracy or communism. d. More men died in Vietnam than in both world wars.

b. By the late 1960s, many Americans believed it was unwinnable.

Which of the following politicians won tremendous political support during the strikes of 1919, when he claimed, "There is no right to strike against the public safety by anybody, anywhere, anytime"? a. Woodrow Wilson b. Calvin Coolidge c. Warren Harding d. Herbert Hoover

b. Calvin Coolidge

Which of the following developments occurred during the 1852 presidential campaign? a. Whigs renominated Millard Fillmore because of his vigorous enforcement of the Fugitive Slave Act and support of popular sovereignty. b. Democrats nominated Franklin Pierce as a compromise candidate because he was a congenial man with southern sympathies. c. Northern and southern Whigs resolved their differences over the Compromise of 1850 and supported their nominee, Winfield Scott. d. The American Party nominated former president and ardent expansionist John Tyler for the presidency.

b. Democrats nominated Franklin Pierce as a compromise candidate because he was a congenial man with southern sympathies.

How did the Great Depression affect women's participation in the workforce in the early 1930s? a. Prohibitions on hiring women led to falling rates of women's employment. b. Despite bans on women's employment, their workforce participation increased. c. White women were unemployed at a much greater rate than black women. d. Traditional women's jobs went to men, driving women out of the workforce.

b. Despite bans on women's employment, their workforce participation increased.

Which of the following was the major cause of death for Civil War soldiers? a. Wounds received in battle b. Disease and infection c. Sniper attacks d. Renegade attacks from Indians

b. Disease and infection

Who was the lesser-known cofounder of the United Farm Workers, who was a brilliant organizer? a. Elizo de la Garza b. Dolores Huerta c. Edward Roybal d. Henry González

b. Dolores Huerta

Which of the following statements characterizes the economics of working-class family life in late-nineteenth-century America? a. Except for the lowest-paid factory workers, most male heads of household were able to support their families through their own labor. b. Due to their dire economic circumstances, working-class families frequently sent their children out to work in mills, factories, or mines. c. Women's household work was crucial in maintaining the family, and this work was commonly done by older daughters because wives were employed outside the home. d. As children grew older, their material needs increased, which strained family budgets and made supporting the children's adolescent years hardest on families.

b. Due to their dire economic circumstances, working-class families frequently sent their children out to work in mills, factories, or mines.

Which justice led the U.S. Supreme Court as it shifted toward advocacy of civil rights and civil liberties after 1954? a. Warren Burger b. Earl Warren c. Thurgood Marshall d. Roger Taney

b. Earl Warren

Horace Mann and Catharine Beecher were both actively involved in which of the following movements in the 1840s? a. Prison reform b. Educational reform c. Temperance d. Abolition

b. Educational reform

Although women made few gains in the eighteenth century, they did achieve a degree of progress in 1790 when they won which of the following? a. Suffrage in New York State b. Equal access to public education in Massachusetts c. The right of entry into college in Virginia d. The right to hold office in Rhode Island

b. Equal access to public education in Massachusetts

Which of the following factors contributed to the rising tensions in Europe in the early 1900s that eventually resulted in World War I? a. The demilitarization of France and England b. European competition for African and Asian colonies c. American domination of the Western Hemisphere d. The growing strength and power of the Ottoman Empire

b. European competition for African and Asian colonies

Southern Republican state Reconstruction governments pursued which of the following goals? a. Ending the sharecropping system b. Expanding the legal rights of married women. c. Giving ex-slaves a mule and forty acres of land d. Strengthening cotton agriculture

b. Expanding the legal rights of married women.

Which segment of the American population drove the creation and success of the People's Party in the early 1890s? a. Urban workers b. Farmers c. Middle-class managers d. Immigrants

b. Farmers

Which of the following issues did most middle-class, grassroots progressives ignore in the early 1900s? a. Cleaning up government and breaking the power of corrupt political machines b. Fighting for the civil and political rights of blacks and new immigrants c. Promoting the welfare of working-class women and children d. Protecting public health and safety and cracking down on the vice industry

b. Fighting for the civil and political rights of blacks and new immigrants

Which of the following states presented contested election returns that generated an intense political controversy in the 2000 presidential race? a. Alabama b. Florida c. Georgia d. Texas

b. Florida

Why did British and American diplomats take nearly two years to conclude a peace treaty after the British surrendered at Yorktown? a. American negotiators sought delays so that state governments could coordinate their demands. b. France and Spain stalled, hoping for some major naval victory or territorial conquest before the official peace. c. Members of Parliament could not reach agreement on the concessions that they were willing to make. d. The lengthy periods necessary for transatlantic travel and communications required a long process.

b. France and Spain stalled, hoping for some major naval victory or territorial conquest before the official peace.

Which event turned the tide of the war after Britain's series of victories in the South in the late 1770s? a. The American troops' seizure of Augusta, Georgia, in 1779 b. French troops' arrival in Newport, Rhode Island, in 1780 c. King Louis XVI's decision to embrace republican ideas d. British troops' accidental killing of a group of slaves seeking refuge

b. French troops' arrival in Newport, Rhode Island, in 1780

The presidential candidate most explicitly identified with the issue of segregation in 1968 was a. Richard Nixon. b. George Wallace. c. Hubert Humphrey. d. Lyndon Johnson.

b. George Wallace.

Which of the following groups would have been unlikely to support prohibition in the late nineteenth century? a. Urban, elite women b. German immigrants c. Rural farmers d. Baptists and Methodists

b. German immigrants

Why did the American Medical Association oppose Truman's proposal for national health insurance in 1949? a. They considered it a corporate sellout. b. They denounced it as socialized medicine. c. The organization claimed it was insufficient. d. The group feared for the future of Medicare.

b. They denounced it as socialized medicine.

Which of the following statements characterizes the emergence of César Chavez as a national figure during the 1960s? a. He had his base among Mexican and Mexican American migrant agricultural workers in South Texas. b. He and the United Farm Workers union won national attention by organizing a grape pickers' strike in 1965. c. Although his grape boycott was soundly defeated, Chavez forged an alliance with the AFL-CIO and won endorsement from Robert F. Kennedy. d. The United Farm Workers union that he organized was never recognized by grape growers.

b. He and the United Farm Workers union won national attention by organizing a grape pickers' strike in 1965.

Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote about which of the following in his essays and lectures? a. He rejected traditional Biblical teachings and promoted atheism. b. He argued that people should reject old conventions and discover their original relation with nature. c. He defended traditional Calvinist theology, which had been challenged by the Second Great Awakening. d. He suggested that science and technology would lead humankind into a new era of enlightenment.

b. He argued that people should reject old conventions and discover their original relation with nature.

How did Andrew Jackson respond to South Carolina's claimed right of nullification in 1832? a. Jackson asked Congress to raise the tariff rates even higher if South Carolina did not stop its threats. b. He asked Congress for a Force Bill authorizing him to use the military to suppress any act of nullification. c. He pulled federal troops and navy ships out of forts and ports in South Carolina where they might have provoked an attack by the South Carolina militia. d. Jackson asked Congress to prepare a bill to expel South Carolina from the Union if it did not stop its threats.

b. He asked Congress for a Force Bill authorizing him to use the military to suppress any act of nullification.

American antifederalist Patrick Henry opposed the ratification of the Constitution for which of the following reasons? a. Henry objected to provisions that protected the interests of slaveholders. b. He feared high taxes, a large bureaucracy, and a standing army. c. As an American from Virginia, he objected to provisions that ran counter to the interests of slaveholders. d. He was concerned that it would deprive the central government of necessary powers.

b. He feared high taxes, a large bureaucracy, and a standing army.

Why did radical abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison criticize the free-soil movement bitterly in the late 1840s? a. He wanted to cause a showdown with the South that would destroy slavery by force. b. He found its emphasis on freehold farming racist and insufficiently radical. c. He distrusted the Free-Soil Party's presidential nominee, Martin Van Buren. d. The Free-Soil Party would not publicly declare support for women's rights.

b. He found its emphasis on freehold farming racist and insufficiently radical.

Why did Robert E. Lee invade Maryland in August and September 1862? a. His orders to Jackson had fallen into Union hands, and he needed to improvise a new strategy to confuse the enemy. b. He hoped that a victory over Union forces would humiliate Lincoln's government. c. Lee was driven northward by McClellan, who had finally taken the offensive. d. Lee planned to seize Baltimore and then strike at Washington, D.C., from the north.

b. He hoped that a victory over Union forces would humiliate Lincoln's government.

How did President Obama's judicial appointments affect the composition of the U.S. Supreme Court? a. He changed the composition of the Court by appointing the first black and Muslim justices. b. He increased both the number of women justices and the Court's ethnic diversity. c. His appointments to the court increased the number of black justices from one to three. d. His appointments reversed the conservative dominance established under George W. Bush.

b. He increased both the number of women justices and the Court's ethnic diversity.

Which of the following statements summarizes Booker T. Washington's approach to racial change in the United States? a. Washington advocated education for African Americans to end poverty and segregation. b. He promoted industrial education for blacks as a strategy for lessening white prejudice. c. Washington promoted black boarding schools to assimilate students into white culture. d. He advocated political organizing to challenge the structures and attitudes of racism.

b. He promoted industrial education for blacks as a strategy for lessening white prejudice.

Why did Andrew Jackson veto the bill to recharter the Second Bank of the United States in 1832? a. His opponents in Congress, most of whom supported the Second Bank, had tried to embarrass him politically. b. He thought it interfered with the rights of states and the liberties of the people. c. French aristocrats had invested heavily in the bank and he objected to their influence. d. One of his major congressional opponents, Daniel Webster, directed the Boston branch of the bank.

b. He thought it interfered with the rights of states and the liberties of the people.

Which of the following statements describes President Buchanan's handling of the Kansas issue? a. Buchanan supported the efforts of Senator Douglas to resolve the controversy fairly. b. He tried but failed to have Kansas admitted as a slave state and fractured the Democratic Party. c. He supported the actions of the New England Emigrant Aid Society and John Brown. d. Unlike Pierce, Buchanan denounced the Lecompton constitution as being fraudulent.

b. He tried but failed to have Kansas admitted as a slave state and fractured the Democratic Party.

What was Woodrow Wilson's primary reason for wanting to keep the United States neutral at the outbreak of World War I? a. Wilson admired and hoped to emulate German culture and the German university system. b. He wanted to arbitrate among the combatants and to influence the settlement of the war. c. The president could not commit to fighting on behalf of a Catholic country such as France. d. He was a pacifist who believed that the United States should never go to war.

b. He wanted to arbitrate among the combatants and to influence the settlement of the war.

In 1854, why did Senator Stephen A. Douglas introduce a bill to extinguish Native American rights in the Great Plains and organize the northern segment of the Louisiana Purchase into a large territory called Nebraska? a. He wanted to negate the Missouri Compromise and open the area to slaveholders. b. He wanted to build a transcontinental railroad from Chicago to Northern California. c. He wanted to win support for his presidential candidacy among northern Democrats. d. He wanted to disprove the allegation that the Great Plains area was a desert and thus unsuitable for settlement.

b. He wanted to build a transcontinental railroad from Chicago to Northern California.

Which of the following statements describes the achievements of the 1972 National Black Political Convention? a. The group created a new third party to represent black interests called the National Black Political Caucus. b. It issued a political agenda calling for national health insurance and elimination of the death penalty. c. The group carefully managed the radical political protests that emerged outside its headquarters, heading off police violence. d. It spearheaded an effort to encourage black exodus from the Democratic Party to the Republican Party in the southern states.

b. It issued a political agenda calling for national health insurance and elimination of the death penalty.

Why was the decision in the case Marbury v. Madison (1803) of great importance in American history? a. It marked the onset of a period of frequent declarations by the Supreme Court that laws enacted by the Republican-dominated Congress were unconstitutional. b. It marked the first occasion on which the Supreme Court declared that it had the power to rule national laws unconstitutional. c. President Jefferson used the public backlash against this decision to purge the federal judiciary of Federalists and to attempt to impeach Chief Justice Marshall. d. In refusing to uphold Marbury's right to his commission, Chief Justice Marshall established an implicit political alliance with President Jefferson.

b. It marked the first occasion on which the Supreme Court declared that it had the power to rule national laws unconstitutional.

Which of the following statements describes the origins of the Internet? a. Vice President Al Gore invented the Internet in the early 1990s. b. It originated from the need to preserve and manipulate military data. c. The Internet began to provide a cheaper alternative to the U.S. Postal Service. d. Organized crime groups began the Internet to simplify their communications.

b. It originated from the need to preserve and manipulate military data.

Which of the following describes Jay's Treaty of 1795? a. The treaty upheld Americans' right to ship French goods on American ships. b. It required the British to withdraw their troops from forts in the Northwest Territory. c. It required British merchants to fully compensate Americans who had prewar claims. d. The treaty established the pro-French direction of American foreign policy.

b. It required the British to withdraw their troops from forts in the Northwest Territory.

Which of the following statements describes the historical significance of Harriet Beecher Stowe's 1852 novel Uncle Tom's Cabin? a. It portrayed slaves as good-natured but unintelligent and unable to care for themselves. b. It sparked an unprecedented discussion about race and slavery in the United States and abroad. c. The book did not sell well until after the Civil War had begun, but it eventually made Stowe a rich woman. d. The novel was made into an emotionally charged stage play that was banned throughout the North and South.

b. It sparked an unprecedented discussion about race and slavery in the United States and abroad.

How was the Wade-Davis Bill of 1864 different from Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan? a. This proposal created an amnesty plan that was more lenient than Lincoln's earlier plan. b. It stipulated that new southern governments could be formed only by those who had not fought against the North in the Civil War. c. It required loyalty oaths from 90 percent of a southern state's adult white men before that state could hold a constitutional convention. d. This more generous plan specified that former slaveholders would receive compensation for their property losses.

b. It stipulated that new southern governments could be formed only by those who had not fought against the North in the Civil War.

Which of the following describes the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) in the late nineteenth century? a. The organization confined itself exclusively to work on the liquor question. b. It supported woman suffrage as a tool that could challenge the liquor interest. c. The group used temperance as a front for its real feminist agenda and platform. d. Led by Susan B. Anthony, the group protested outside saloons with babies in arm.

b. It supported woman suffrage as a tool that could challenge the liquor interest.

Which of the following describes the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)? a. The law was first proposed by the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1970. b. It was ratified by thirty-four states by the end of 1974, but its progress stalled. c. President Nixon, an ardent opponent of feminism, vetoed it in 1973. d. The issue divided moderate from radical feminists, causing the decline of the movement.

b. It was ratified by thirty-four states by the end of 1974, but its progress stalled.

Which of the following statements describes the American Waltham plan, which was later known as the Lowell system? a. The plan created the world's first comprehensive textile factory. b. Its creators recruited farm girls and women to work in factories. c. Waltham factory owners received one of 1,000 patents offered for new inventions. d. Despite their efforts, the Waltham factory owners could not compete with their English rivals.

b. Its creators recruited farm girls and women to work in factories.

Which of the following made the Oregon Territory so appealing to Americans in the mid-1800s? a. Its proximity to California b. Its mild climate and rich soil c. The absence of Native Americans in the area d. The transcontinental railroad terminus there

b. Its mild climate and rich soil

How did President Andrew Jackson change the federal system of office holding? a. He created a civil service system that awarded federal positions on the basis of merit. b. Jackson introduced the principle of rotation in office to discourage long tenure. c. He established a formula for bipartisan staffing of federal offices and the cabinet. d. Jackson wrested the power of appointment from state legislatures and Congress.

b. Jackson introduced the principle of rotation in office to discourage long tenure.

Which of the following describes 1920s jazz? a. It was popular among black southerners but failed to gain acceptance among white northerners. b. Jazz represented a synthesis of African American music forms such as ragtime and the blues. c. It expressed, among other things, black Americans' desire to assimilate with the white population. d. Jazz was rarely recorded or performed publicly because of discriminatory laws against African Americans.

b. Jazz represented a synthesis of African American music forms such as ragtime and the blues.

Which of the following was the first woman in Congress and voted against going into World War I? a. Carrie Chapman Catt b. Jeannette Rankin c. Florence Kelly d. Frances Perkins

b. Jeannette Rankin

How did the finances of the Continental Congress compare to those of the states during the first two years of the Revolutionary War? a. While states suffered from the lack of funds, the Continental Congress achieved financial solvency through tax collection. b. Like the states, the Continental Congress lacked income and issued paper money in an effort to sustain itself. c. The states collected sufficient revenue through tax collection, but the Continental Congress lacked the authority to tax. d. Because they benefited from both land and excise taxes, neither the states nor the Continental Congress experienced financial burdens at this time.

b. Like the states, the Continental Congress lacked income and issued paper money in an effort to sustain itself.

Which of the following describes the urban political machines of the late nineteenth century? a. They mediated between municipal governments and state and federal governments. b. Machines acted as social service agencies, providing assistance in times of trouble. c. Political machines were an obstacle to the creation of urban infrastructure. d. They protected American city-dwellers from powerful economic interests.

b. Machines acted as social service agencies, providing assistance in times of trouble.

Efforts by women reformers to regulate sexual behavior resulted in laws in Massachusetts and New York that did which of the following? a. Banned the manufacture, distribution, and sale of birth control devices b. Made seduction of women a crime c. Banned the common practice of abortion d. Made solicitation of prostitutes a crime

b. Made seduction of women a crime

Which of the following statements characterizes the American reaction to the French Revolution? a. Only American politicians welcomed the French Revolution and the creation of a more democratic republic in 1792. b. Many Americans praised the egalitarianism of the French republicans and began to address one another as "citizen." c. The majority of Americans ignored it, thankful that they were separated from European turmoil by the Atlantic Ocean. d. Strongly religious Americans praised the new French government because of its embrace of traditional Christianity.

b. Many Americans praised the egalitarianism of the French republicans and began to address one another as "citizen."

Which of the following statements describes Americans' views about entering into World War I in 1915 and 1916? a. Millions of German Americans were ashamed of their homeland. b. Many Irish Americans viewed England as the enemy because of its occupation of Ireland. c. Industrialists such as Henry Ford lobbied Wilson to get involved so they could manufacture arms. d. Eugene V. Debs and other Socialists wanted to enter the war to aid Russia.

b. Many Irish Americans viewed England as the enemy because of its occupation of Ireland.

During Reconstruction, why was southern Democrats' dismissal of black politicians as ignorant field hands misguided? a. While all had been slaves, some had been house servants. b. Many had been free artisans or tradesmen. c. The majority of politicians were free blacks from the North. d. Those elected to public office had served in the Union army.

b. Many had been free artisans or tradesmen.

Which of these statements describes the newly rising American middle class around 1900? a. They preferred to live in luxurious high-rise apartments in the city. b. Many preferred to live in the suburbs because of the safety and space it afforded them. c. They imitated the rich by constructing scaled-down villas in the country. d. They remained near the ethnic neighborhoods where they had grown up.

b. Many preferred to live in the suburbs because of the safety and space it afforded them.

To forestall economic difficulties, which could foster the rise of communism throughout Europe, the United States gave nearly $13 billion to a European recovery program called the a. Berlin Airlift. b. Marshall Plan. c. Truman Doctrine. d. NATO Alliance.

b. Marshall Plan.

In which of the following ways was Chief Justice Roger Taney different from his predecessor, John Marshall? a. Marshall was a Democrat while Taney was a Whig. b. Marshall was nationally oriented while Taney favored states' rights. c. Taney was a more avid believer in the sanctity of contracts. d. Unlike Marshall, Taney had a nationalistic interpretation of the commerce clause.

b. Marshall was nationally oriented while Taney favored states' rights.

Why was McKinley's campaign in the 1896 presidential election superior to Bryan's? a. McKinley traveled extensively to be seen and heard by the public and Bryan did not. b. McKinley raised and spent a great deal of money donated by corporations. c. McKinley gave more speeches throughout the nation. d. Bryan spoke rationally, while McKinley spoke passionately and appealed to voters' emotions.

b. McKinley raised and spent a great deal of money donated by corporations.

How did William McKinley's response to the 1897 rebellion in Cuba differ from that of his predecessor, Grover Cleveland? a. McKinley considered the Caribbean less important to U.S. interests than Cleveland had. b. McKinley took a tougher stance against the Spanish than Cleveland had taken. c. Whereas Cleveland had been shocked by stories of Spanish atrocities, McKinley was not. d. McKinley was not held back by the pacifist views that had determined Cleveland's approach.

b. McKinley took a tougher stance against the Spanish than Cleveland had taken.

In the 1988 presidential election, George H. W. Bush defeated a. Walter Mondale. b. Michael Dukakis. c. Lloyd Bentsen. d. Al Gore.

b. Michael Dukakis.

American foreign policy changed dramatically as a result of President Reagan's rapport with a. Ayatollah Khomeini. b. Mikhail Gorbachev. c. Saddam Hussein. d. Margaret Thatcher.

b. Mikhail Gorbachev.

Which of the following factors contributed to the rise of anti-immigrant sentiment in American cities in the mid-nineteenth century? a. Male promiscuity b. Minstrel shows c. Prostitution d. The Democratic Party

b. Minstrel shows

Which prominent politician fanned fears of domestic radicalism after a bomb exploded outside his home in 1919? a. Calvin Coolidge b. Mitchell Palmer c. Henry Cabot Lodge d. Warren G. Harding

b. Mitchell Palmer

For which of the following reasons did the Salt Lake Mormons succeed and thrive in the nineteenth century even as other social experiments failed? a. The Mormon Church successfully monopolized Utah's vast natural mineral wealth. b. Mormon society had strong, hierarchical leadership. c. The group rejected evangelicalism in favor of natural reproduction. d. Mormon leaders embraced violent tactics to keep followers in line.

b. Mormon society had strong, hierarchical leadership.

Which of the following statements characterizes the women's suffrage movement after the Civil War? a. Many feminists who had been abolitionists were disappointed that the Fifteenth Amendment made no reference to gender and permitted states to continue to deny suffrage to women. b. Most suffragists agreed that they should concentrate on securing voting rights for African American men as a means to press for the same rights for all women. c. Most feminists opposed the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment because it did not give equal protection to women. d. Disappointed with the Republican Party's failure to win voting rights for women, most suffragists aligned with the Democratic Party after 1869.

b. Most suffragists agreed that they should concentrate on securing voting rights for African American men as a means to press for the same rights for all women.

Mary White Ovington and W. E. B. Du Bois were both founders of the a. YMCA. b. NAACP. c. New York Consumers' League. d. Progressive Party.

b. NAACP.

In the 1950s, most Puerto Rican immigrants settled in a. Chicago. b. New York City. c. Miami. d. Kansas City.

b. New York City.

For which of the following reasons did New York's state government fund the building of the Erie Canal in 1817? a. The state was required to provide publicly funded jobs to the state's unemployed workers. b. New Yorkers sought to link the Hudson River with the Great Lakes. c. New York City needed to increase its supply of fresh drinking water. d. The governor wanted to display the states' wealth to the rest of the world.

b. New Yorkers sought to link the Hudson River with the Great Lakes.

The War Powers Act, the Freedom of Information Act, the Fair Campaign Practices Act, and the Federal Intelligence Surveillance Act were passed as a result of a. the Vietnam War. b. Nixon's imperial presidency. c. the CIA's increasing influence on national politics. d. the Watergate scandal.

b. Nixon's imperial presidency.

In the 1970s, the phenomenon of deindustrialization in the United States was most visible in the a. intermountain western states. b. Northeast and the Midwest. c. Southeast. d. Southwest.

b. Northeast and the Midwest.

Which of the following statements characterizes the American political system directly after the American Revolution? a. It was highly democratic and open to almost all white males. b. Notables managed local elections through their personal connections. c. Political parties were well established and regulated in most states. d. Pressure to make politics more democratic spread westward from New England.

b. Notables managed local elections through their personal connections.

Why was clerical and office work appealing to white working-class women in the late nineteenth century? a. Factory work was too difficult to obtain because it paid higher wages. b. Office work was cleaner and better paid than domestic service or factory work. c. Women were often promoted to better-paying positions in the company. d. There was a decrease in demand for domestic servants.

b. Office work was cleaner and better paid than domestic service or factory work.

Which of the following states were eventually created out of the Northwest Territory? a. Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, and South Carolina b. Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Indiana c. New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware d. Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee

b. Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, and Indiana

Smallholding planters in the nineteenth-century South owned about how many slaves, on average? a. None b. One to five c. Eight to ten d. Fifteen to twenty

b. One to five

Which of the following figures was a major proponent of commercial domesticity in the nineteenth century? a. Horatio Alger b. P. T. Barnum c. Rutherford B. Hayes d. Thomas Edison

b. P. T. Barnum

Which of the following policies was implemented as part of the Compromise of 1850? a. Admittance of California as a slave state b. Passage of a new Fugitive Slave Act c. Popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska d. Abolition of slavery in Washington, D.C.

b. Passage of a new Fugitive Slave Act

The power of elected officials to grant government jobs to party members in return for their loyalty is known as which of the following systems? a. Nepotism b. Patronage c. Caucusing d. The Whig System

b. Patronage

Which of the following was an evangelical movement that believed the Second Coming of Christ had already occurred and people could attain complete freedom from sin? a. Mormonism b. Perfectionism c. Fourierism d. Transcendentalism

b. Perfectionism

How did the Franklin Pierce administration approach the settlement and organization of the Kansas Territory in 1854 and 1855? a. It favored the settlers sponsored by the New England Emigrant Aid Society. b. Pierce officially favored the legitimacy of the proslavery legislature in Lecompton. c. It invalidated an election in which proslavery Missourians had crossed into Kansas to vote. d. The administration chose to ignore the issue and played no role.

b. Pierce officially favored the legitimacy of the proslavery legislature in Lecompton.

Which of the following issues formed the basis for the major political and economic challenges that faced postrevolutionary state governments in the 1780s? a. Conflicts between property owners and those who had nothing b. Plentiful but worthless paper currency and big debts c. Wealthy citizens' demands for low taxes and the repudiation of state debts d. Poor citizens' demands for government assistance in finding jobs

b. Plentiful but worthless paper currency and big debts

Which of the following statements describes changes in the lives of Mexican Americans during World War I? a. The Mexican American population diminished because many Mexican Americans returned to their homeland. b. Political instability in Mexico and the lure of wartime jobs caused many Mexicans to relocate to the United States. c. More than one million Mexicans seeking wartime employment entered the United States between 1917 and 1920. d. The majority of Mexican American immigrants coming to the United States between 1917 and 1920 did migrant work in rural areas.

b. Political instability in Mexico and the lure of wartime jobs caused many Mexicans to relocate to the United States.

What aspect of early nineteenth-century American government had the founders condemned as contrary to republican ideals? a. The committee system in Congress b. Political parties c. The two-term presidency d. The Supreme Court's judicial review

b. Political parties

Which action did President Polk take in 1845 as part of his California strategy? a. He arranged a secret treaty with Britain to divide California in return for British naval support against Mexico. b. Polk sent orders to the U.S. Navy in the Pacific to seize San Francisco Bay and other California ports in the event of war with Mexico. c. President Polk sent troops under Zachary Taylor into Northern California as armed "explorers." d. He informed the U.S. consul in Monterey that the United States would not welcome California's declaration of independence.

b. Polk sent orders to the U.S. Navy in the Pacific to seize San Francisco Bay and other California ports in the event of war with Mexico.

Why did so many Confederate soldiers flee their units by 1865? a. The soldiers felt that the war had already been won by the Confederate army. b. Poor white soldiers resented fighting for the benefit of wealthy slave owners. c. Many soldiers were sympathetic to abolitionism and enlisted in the Union army. d. White soldiers refused to fight alongside blacks, who had served since the beginning of the war.

b. Poor white soldiers resented fighting for the benefit of wealthy slave owners.

What was the lasting legacy of the Progressive movement in America? a. It successfully challenged the institutionalized systems of racism and discrimination in the South. b. Progressives drew the blueprint for the powerful American state suited to an industrial era. c. The movement solved the problems of industrial America by expanding voting rights. d. Progressives eliminated the constitutional conflicts between the states and national government.

b. Progressives drew the blueprint for the powerful American state suited to an industrial era.

What did the Wilmot Proviso, introduced in Congress in 1846, propose to do? a. Permit slavery in any new state or territory where the voters wished to allow it b. Prohibit slavery in any territory the United States acquired from Mexico c. Protect existing slavery in the South and legislate its end by 1900 d. Prohibit slavery in any new territory acquired by the United States

b. Prohibit slavery in any territory the United States acquired from Mexico

Republicans used which of the following arguments to justify high tariffs? a. Low prices of imported goods are beneficial for consumers. b. Protection against European-style industrial poverty is necessary. c. Benefits for low-wage workers in England and Germany are needed. d. American debts must be reduced.

b. Protection against European-style industrial poverty is necessary.

Roman Catholic immigration into the United States in the 1840s had which of the following effects? a. The influx of thousands of large Catholic families burdened public schools. b. Protestants' rejection of their new Catholic coworkers undercut trade unionism. c. Known for their sober ways, Irish and German immigrants fully supported the temperance movement. d. Catholics' moral values and model behavior altered Protestants' negative stereotypes.

b. Protestants' rejection of their new Catholic coworkers undercut trade unionism.

Which of the following statements characterizes the congressional impeachment of Andrew Johnson? a. Johnson was the only president ever to be impeached and removed from office in American history. b. Radical Republicans failed to remove Johnson from office, but they damaged his power and authority. c. Moderate Republicans joined with the Radicals to impeach Johnson, but the Supreme Court overturned his impeachment on appeal. d. In return for Johnson's promise not to oppose the Radical Republicans' plans, the Senate acquitted him.

b. Radical Republicans failed to remove Johnson from office, but they damaged his power and authority.

Which of the following replaced canals as the primary form of transportation in the United States in the nineteenth century? a. An improved network of national roads b. Railroads c. Steamboats d. The Pony Express

b. Railroads

Most of the new state constitutions written between 1830 and 1860 did which of the following? a. Gave all men the right to vote b. Reapportioned state legislatures on the basis of population c. Required the appointment of most public officials such as sheriffs and judges d. Allowed the states to grant special charters to corporations

b. Reapportioned state legislatures on the basis of population

Which of the following technological innovations made it possible for Gustavus F. Swift to undercut the prices of local butchers? a. Automatic coupler b. Refrigerated car c. Friction gear d. Air brake

b. Refrigerated car

What was the outcome of the midterm election in 1858? a. Lincoln was elected to the Senate by the Illinois state legislature. b. Republicans won control of the U.S. House of Representatives. c. Douglas's Freeport Doctrine won favor from both proslavery and antislavery supporters. d. Republican candidates won control of both the U.S. House and the U.S. Senate.

b. Republicans won control of the U.S. House of Representatives.

Politicians from modest backgrounds tended to support which of the following reforms in the 1810s? a. Tax increases for the rich b. Restrictions on imprisonment for debt c. Mandatory military service for young men d. Limited suffrage for women

b. Restrictions on imprisonment for debt

What was the outcome of the 1968 presidential election? a. George Wallace won 42.7 percent of the popular vote. b. Richard Nixon won the presidency by a narrow margin of the popular vote. c. The election was decided in the House of Representatives. d. Richard Nixon carried all but two states and won in an electoral landslide.

b. Richard Nixon won the presidency by a narrow margin of the popular vote.

Which of the following factors contributed to the failure of the Indian peace policy in the late nineteenth century? a. The extermination of the bison b. Rivalries among different Christian missionary groups. c. The federal government's unwillingness to allocate funds d. Indians' desire to assimilate into white society

b. Rivalries among different Christian missionary groups.

Which of the following was Roosevelt's initial response to the Supreme Court's declaration that the NRA, the AAA, and other New Deal legislation were unconstitutional? a. He asked Congress to impeach several justices. b. Roosevelt attempted to pack the Court with his own nominees. c. He attempted to change those parts of the legislation the Court found objectionable. d. He ignored it and moved on, making sure subsequent laws were worded more carefully.

b. Roosevelt attempted to pack the Court with his own nominees.

In 1867, the United States bought Alaska from a. France. b. Russia. c. China. d. Britain.

b. Russia.

Which of the following statements characterizes the presidential campaign of 1840? a. Whig organizers pinned their hopes on clear explanations of the American System and on the voters' desire for national moral purification. b. The Whigs' campaign was a carnival of speeches, parades, and mass meetings to demonstrate the man-of-the-people qualities of their presidential candidate. c. The Democrats outdid the Whigs by presenting Martin Van Buren as the true man of the people, in the tradition of Andrew Jackson. d. Big businesses and labor unions contributed large sums of money to the candidates for the first time in American history.

b. The Whigs' campaign was a carnival of speeches, parades, and mass meetings to demonstrate the man-of-the-people qualities of their presidential candidate.

Which New Deal agency was the most accommodating to women? a. The Civilian Conservation Corps b. The Works Progress Administration c. The Civil Works Administration d. The National Recovery Administration

b. The Works Progress Administration

Which of the following describes the Christmas bombings of 1972? a. They won important concessions for the United States. b. The attacks were the most intense of the Vietnam War. c. The strategy finally brought peace with honor. d. They were designed to force North Vietnam to capitulate.

b. The attacks were the most intense of the Vietnam War.

Which of the following developments made open ranching feasible on the Great Plains between the 1860s and the 1880s? a. The cultivation of new feed crops b. The availability of free land c. The introduction of barbed-wire fencing d. The Homestead Act of 1862

b. The availability of free land

Which of the following made a critical contribution to the emergence of the sexual revolution of the 1960s? a. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 b. The birth control pill c. The expansion of higher education d. The Vietnam War

b. The birth control pill

Which group of African Americans played a critical role in prompting the emergence of a national civil rights movement after World War II? a. Southern sharecroppers b. The black middle class c. The black elite in the South d. Blacks in integrated institutions

b. The black middle class

How did the appearance of canals and steamboats in the United States affect the flow of goods and information during the 1830s? a. By 1840, farmers could to ship ten times as much flour as they could in 1835. b. The canals and steamboats cut in half most travel and communication time. c. Newspapers, mail, and business communications traveled five times faster than a decade earlier. d. Canals and steamboats had little effect on the nation's economic development.

b. The canals and steamboats cut in half most travel and communication time.

The 1857 Dred Scott decision had which of the following consequences? a. It deprived the Republicans of their political platform by prohibiting slavery in any new territories. b. The decision persuaded many Republicans that the Supreme Court and President Buchanan were part of the "slave power" conspiracy. c. Chief Justice Roger Taney's influential majority opinion effectively smoothed over sectional tensions for two years. d. The decision's nullification of the Northwest Ordinance persuaded Stephen A. Douglas to disavow the popular sovereignty doctrine.

b. The decision persuaded many Republicans that the Supreme Court and President Buchanan were part of the "slave power" conspiracy.

Which of the following was an impetus for the post-World War II baby boom? a. The Roman Catholic Church's successful stand against birth control b. The declining average age of marriage for women and men c. Government incentives, chiefly tax credits to families d. Increased welfare payments to mothers with dependent children

b. The declining average age of marriage for women and men

During the 1890s, what caused voters to start turning away from urban political machines and start embracing urban political reformers? a. A decrease in the number of immigrants b. The economic depression c. A series of political assassinations d. The rampant spread of urban organized crime

b. The economic depression

Which of the following factors precipitated the urban crisis of the 1950s and 1960s? a. Local efforts to desegregate urban neighborhoods b. The flight of white urban residents to the suburbs c. Gentrification efforts led by young professional whites d. The influx of new Asian immigrants into American cities

b. The flight of white urban residents to the suburbs

Which of the following describes the Nation of Islam in the early 1960s? a. The movement fused Christianity and Islamic beliefs. b. The group had a strong emphasis on personal self-improvement. c. Due to its radical positions, the group never had more than 500 members. d. Malcolm X was the leader of the Nation of Islam in the United States.

b. The group had a strong emphasis on personal self-improvement.

Why was the Haymarket incident of 1886 significant? a. It led to an eight-hour day for McCormick workers. b. The incident led to the downfall of the Knights of Labor. c. It created greater public respect for unions. d. It demonstrated the professionalization of Chicago's police force.

b. The incident led to the downfall of the Knights of Labor.

Which of the following statements characterizes the presidential election of 1948? a. Truman owed his victory to the large African American voter turnout in the South. b. The left and right wing of the Democratic Party split off and nominated separate candidates. c. Thomas Dewey's defeat stemmed from the nomination of Strom Thurmond as his running mate. d. The Republican Congress effectively tarnished Truman's reputation, leading to his defeat.

b. The left and right wing of the Democratic Party split off and nominated separate candidates.

Which of the following statements describes the historical significance of the Battle of Wounded Knee? a. The Plains Indians continued a grim guerrilla struggle against white domination, mounting many small attacks. b. The massacre of the Lakotas there stands as an indictment of U.S. Indian policy and western expansionism. c. Indians remained a large minority in South Dakota and Oklahoma, averaging 25 percent of the population. d. It illustrated the U.S. government's faulty approach to Native Americans and led it to abandon the Dawes Plan immediately.

b. The massacre of the Lakotas there stands as an indictment of U.S. Indian policy and western expansionism.

Which of the following individuals would have been unlikely to gravitate toward the Republicans in the late 1790s? a. South Carolina rice plantation owner b. Wealthy New York banker c. New England subsistence farmer d. Scots-Irish settler in Tennessee

b. Wealthy New York banker

What was the gag rule passed by the House of Representatives in 1836? a. It suspended the writ of habeas corpus for any abolitionist speaker arrested for violating antiabolitionist laws. b. The policy automatically tabled and prevented discussion of any antislavery petitions received by the House. c. It prevented southern politicians from giving proslavery speeches on the floor of the House. d. The rule made it a federal crime to distribute abolitionist tracts in any state where slavery was legal.

b. The policy automatically tabled and prevented discussion of any antislavery petitions received by the House.

What was the significance of the New Deal? a. It saved the nation's institutions from extinction. b. The programs expanded the federal government's presence both in the economy and in people's lives. c. The policies made the United States the largest creditor nation in the world. d. It ended the Jazz Age.

b. The programs expanded the federal government's presence both in the economy and in people's lives.

Which of these developments spurred the birth of the modern environmentalist movement? a. Theodore Roosevelt's presidency b. The publication of Silent Spring in 1962 c. The first celebration of Earth Day in 1970 d. Public outcry against illegal waste dumps in Toledo, Ohio

b. The publication of Silent Spring in 1962

The cotton boom that began in the 1810s set which of the following results in motion? a. A wave of European immigration to the South b. The redistribution of the African American population c. The beginnings of a manumission movement in the South d. An increase in the legal importation of slaves

b. The redistribution of the African American population

Which of these inventions spurred the growth of agriculture in the Midwest in the 1840s? a. The cotton gin b. The steel plow c. Corn feeding for livestock d. The steamboat

b. The steel plow

Which of these factors contributed to the tremendous increase in commercialized sex in the new cities of the mid-nineteenth century? a. Mainstream churches' timidity about addressing sexual issues explicitly b. The subsistence wages and exploitative conditions of women's jobs c. An influx of immigrants from southern and eastern European counties d. Cities' refusal to pass legislation banning prostitution and pornography

b. The subsistence wages and exploitative conditions of women's jobs

Which of the following was the message of Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography, published in full in 1818? a. His personal belief that men from the lower classes could not raise themselves from poverty b. The suggestion that an industrious man could become wealthy c. His belief that only the display of wealth through clothing and housing mattered d. The lesson that men's hard work was a waste of effort and accomplished nothing

b. The suggestion that an industrious man could become wealthy

Why was the domestic slave trade crucial to the southern economy? a. The trade provided Native American slaves to the southern economy. b. The trade provided tens of thousands of new workers to build plantations. c. It provided a new source of income for Virginians who had abandoned tobacco cultivation. d. The trade encouraged thousands of free blacks to move to the Lower South.

b. The trade provided tens of thousands of new workers to build plantations.

Which of the following statements characterizes American business during the 1920s? a. Family-run businesses, rather than oligopolies or monopolies, became the norm. b. The two hundred largest corporations controlled almost half of the national nonbanking wealth. c. The number of mergers dwindled to almost nothing as businesses stopped consolidating. d. American businesses concentrated their marketing efforts exclusively in the United States.

b. The two hundred largest corporations controlled almost half of the national nonbanking wealth.

Which of the following statements was true of the American South in 1860? a. Most slaves lived in the Upper South. b. The vast majority of southern white families did not own any slaves. c. Most slaves did not have stable families. d. Most whites in the South who did not own slaves were opposed to slavery.

b. The vast majority of southern white families did not own any slaves.

Why was the Battle of Saratoga historically significant? a. It lulled the British into a false sense of security. b. The victory ensured the French would join in an alliance with the Americans. c. The British captured more than 5,000 American troops. d. The loss showed the need for better training for the Patriot troops.

b. The victory ensured the French would join in an alliance with the Americans.

Which of the following statements describes the relationship between the economies of the North and the South in the mid-nineteenth century? a. Both the South and the North had equally strong economies in 1860. b. The wealth of the industrializing Northeast was increasing more quickly than that of the South. c. Southerners' wealth in slaves made the South's economy ten times stronger than the North's. d. The economy of the North was stronger and more prosperous than that of the South.

b. The wealth of the industrializing Northeast was increasing more quickly than that of the South.

What was the primary complaint against trolleys in American cities in the late 1800s? a. The expensive ticket prices b. Their frequent accidents c. Their high construction costs d. They served only elite neighborhoods

b. Their frequent accidents

The Shakers' name came from which of the following? a. The name of their founder b. Their particular form of worship c. The town in which they originated d. Their efforts to transform society

b. Their particular form of worship

How did homophile activists challenge the prejudicial attitudes of most Americans toward gay men and lesbians in the 1950s? a. They organized gay pride celebrations in New York, San Francisco, and Chicago. b. They avoided gay bars and nightclubs and dressed in modest, conservative clothing. c. They "came out" to all of their friends, neighbors, and family. d. They worked through mainstream organizations such as colleges and churches.

b. They avoided gay bars and nightclubs and dressed in modest, conservative clothing.

Which of the following was one of the ways that wageworkers strove to resist their bosses' efforts to control their nonwork lives in the early to mid-nineteenth century? a. With their wives, they organized protests against bosses' rules. b. They built a robust workers' culture that preserved their autonomy outside work. c. Workers came to work late, left early, and dragged out their lunch and coffee breaks. d. They defined themselves as artisans who deserved the same treatment as their employers.

b. They built a robust workers' culture that preserved their autonomy outside work.

Which of the following arguments did Andrew Carnegie make in his famous 1889 essay "Wealth" (later called "The Gospel of Wealth")? a. Industrialization only led to a decrease in the standard of living, especially for the working classes. b. Though industrialization increased the gap between rich and poor, everyone's standard of living rose. c. Industrialization would bring economic decline in the United States as it did in England, a mature industrial power. d. Industrialization had allowed the poor to raise themselves to nearly same level as the wealthy.

b. Though industrialization increased the gap between rich and poor, everyone's standard of living rose.

Which of the following statements characterizes events at Valley Forge in the winter of 1777-1778? a. The Continental army was ill-equipped, but the British troops in nearby Philadelphia also struggled to find adequate food and shelter during the harsh winter. b. Through the training of Baron von Steuben, the Continental army emerged as a much tougher and better-disciplined force. c. Of the 30,000 troops encamped at Valley Forge, one-third deserted and another third died of malnutrition or disease before the winter was over. d. The sufferings of the Continental army were largely a myth, disseminated to win greater sympathy for the Patriot cause.

b. Through the training of Baron von Steuben, the Continental army emerged as a much tougher and better-disciplined force.

Herbert Hoover asked Americans to do which of the following in response to the economic downtown in 1929? a. Live a moral and righteous life. b. Tighten their belts and work hard. c. Fear nothing but fear itself. d. Ask not what their country could do for them, but what they could do for their country.

b. Tighten their belts and work hard.

Which of the following was a reason the U.S. government elected to define small preserves of "uninhabited wilderness" in the 1860s and 1870s? a. To promote more business for the faltering railroad industry b. To contribute to the conquest of Native Americans in the West c. To ensure its permanent right to exploit the regions' natural resources d. To promote the development of privately owned hotels within national parks

b. To contribute to the conquest of Native Americans in the West

Which of the following was a reason for fanning the fire of racial prejudice in the South? a. To give white yeomen a step up in the region's class-stratified society b. To prevent a Populist coalition between poor whites and African Americans c. That former slaves, still angry with their masters, refused to intermingle in society d. To ensure that the South would not develop along the same lines as the North

b. To prevent a Populist coalition between poor whites and African Americans

What was the goal of the Ku Klux Klan under the leadership of former Confederate general Nathan Bedford Forrest in 1866? a. To fight against the advancement of all blacks in the South b. To use any means to damage the Republican government of Tennessee c. To renew the Confederate cause and fight for independence from the Union d. To persuade the Republic government in Tennessee to repeal some Reconstruction legislation

b. To use any means to damage the Republican government of Tennessee

Indians ceded much of Ohio and acknowledged American political sovereignty in which of the following treaties? a. Treaty of Paris b. Treaty of Greenville c. Jay Treaty d. Treaty of Ghent

b. Treaty of Greenville

By 1900, which of the following was the primary means of urban mass transit in the United States? a. Subway b. Trolley car c. Elevated railroad d. Cable car

b. Trolley car

What occurred during the Bad Axe Massacre of 1832? a. Seminole Indians in Florida ambushed the U.S. Army unit Jackson sent to remove them. b. U.S. troops pursued Black Hawk's followers into Wisconsin and killed 850 of his warriors. c. U.S. troops surrounded and massacred an entire Cherokee village in Georgia. d. The Choctaw chief Bad Axe fought a pitched battle against white settlers in Mississippi.

b. U.S. troops pursued Black Hawk's followers into Wisconsin and killed 850 of his warriors.

Which of the following phenomena spurred changes in Americans' understanding of masculinity in the late nineteenth century? a. Baseball b. Urban life and work c. The "new woman" d. Exclusive male city clubs

b. Urban life and work

Which pair of battles marked the turning point in the Civil War? a. First and Second Bull Run b. Vicksburg and Gettysburg c. Fredericksburg and the Battle of the Wilderness d. Chancellorsville and the Battle of Spotsylvania Courthouse

b. Vicksburg and Gettysburg

The opponents of Diem's regime in South Vietnam created a new revolutionary movement in 1961 that was known as the a. Ho Chi Minh Brigade. b. Vietcong. c. Vietminh. d. Revolutionary Communist Party.

b. Vietcong.

What was the outcome of the U.S. withdrawal from Vietnam in 1973 and 1974? a. All of Southeast Asia fell to communism. b. Vietnam became communist but remained an independent nation. c. The USSR felt confident in making Vietnam a satellite government. d. China took control over the new communist Vietnam.

b. Vietnam became communist but remained an independent nation.

What happened to the typical American worker's real wages between 1973 and the early 1990s? a. Real wages increased by 5 percent. b. Wages declined by 10 percent. c. Wages declined by 25 percent. d. Wages stayed the same.

b. Wages declined by 10 percent.

During the late 1800s, an adult male immigrant from which of the following locations would most likely be a skilled worker? a. Poland b. Wales c. Italy d. Greece

b. Wales

Which of the following is properly paired? a. Henry David Thoreau—Uncle Tom's Cabin b. Walt Whitman—Leaves of Grass c. Nathaniel Hawthorne—The American Scholar d. Herman Melville—The Scarlet Letter

b. Walt Whitman—Leaves of Grass

What was significant about George Washington's leading of his troops across the Delaware River on Christmas night in 1776? a. It was the first time Washington had shown decisive leadership and it saved his job. b. Washington's action surprised the enemy and gave the Americans their first real victory. c. His failed effort to cross the frozen river resulted in the deaths of 200 American troops. d. The event allowed the Continental Army to retake New Jersey and most of Long Island.

b. Washington's action surprised the enemy and gave the Americans their first real victory.

America's main economic competitors in the world market in the 1980s were a. France and Australia. b. West Germany and Japan. c. Canada and England. d. China and Mexico.

b. West Germany and Japan.

In his famous "Letter from Birmingham Jail," Martin Luther King Jr. a. pleaded for supporters to donate money so that he and the hundreds of other protesters who were arrested could put up bail. b. appealed to Christian and democratic beliefs, and argued that Americans had to make a moral choice about segregation. c. warned that blacks would lose patience with nonviolent protest if their demands were not met. d. proclaimed "I have a dream" for a racially integrated American society.

b. appealed to Christian and democratic beliefs, and argued that Americans had to make a moral choice about segregation.

The Affluent Society (1958) was one of the most influential books about the U.S. economy in the twentieth century because it a. promoted the ideal of the self-made man. b. argued that the poor had been neglected by economists and politicians. c. closely studied the lifestyle of the wealthy. d. declared "one-third of the nation" to be poorly paid, poorly educated, and poorly housed.

b. argued that the poor had been neglected by economists and politicians.

Gustavus Swift boosted productivity in his Chicago slaughterhouses in the 1860s by using a. horizontal integration. b. assembly lines. c. the closed shop. d. the foreman system.

b. assembly lines.

While William Jennings Bryan promoted free silver; McKinley a. called for lower tariffs and an income tax. b. backed away from moral issues and courted new immigrants. c. supported women's suffrage and the protection of voting rights for all Americans. d. supported the passage of national unemployment insurance.

b. backed away from moral issues and courted new immigrants.

During the 1932 presidential campaign, Franklin Roosevelt promised a. the firing of all radicals in government. b. bold, persistent experimentation. c. "a chicken in every pot." d. a government takeover of the banks.

b. bold, persistent experimentation.

When it debuted in 1991, the World Wide Web was a a. telephone network connecting nearly all countries. b. collection of servers that allowed users access to millions of files. c. social networking site to bring people in contact with one another. d. gaming system that could be played by participants all over the world.

b. collection of servers that allowed users access to millions of files.

In the 1990s, conservatives expressed their belief that multiculturalism would a. strengthen the nation by making it more diverse. b. confer preferential treatment on minority groups. c. make it easier for immigrants to acculturate to American society. d. decrease tensions between blacks and Asians in the inner city.

b. confer preferential treatment on minority groups.

In the case of Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), the Supreme Court struck down an 1879 state law prohibiting the purchase and use of a. firearms. b. contraception. c. alcohol. d. pornography.

b. contraception.

Before the Civil War, most manufacturing operations sprang up in a. northeastern cities. b. countryside locations. c. seaports. d. railroad hubs.

b. countryside locations.

In his third-party presidential campaign in 1968, George Wallace a. concentrated only on rallying white southerners who were opposed to the civil rights movement. b. defined several hot-button issues that Republicans would exploit in future elections. c. proclaimed that "there is no substitute for victory" and promised to win the war in Vietnam. d. assumed a "plague on both your houses" stance by criticizing both pro- and antiwar protests.

b. defined several hot-button issues that Republicans would exploit in future elections.

Economic competition from West Germany and Japan led to a. stagflation. b. deindustrialization. c. the demise of the Bretton Woods system. d. the energy crisis.

b. deindustrialization.

President Kennedy decided to ask for civil rights legislation after the a. Montgomery bus boycott. b. demonstrations in Birmingham. c. Greensboro sit-ins. d. Freedom Rides.

b. demonstrations in Birmingham.

Bill Clinton signed the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (1996) in response to public concern about a. poverty. b. dependence on welfare. c. immigration. d. health costs.

b. dependence on welfare.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 addressed a. busing for school integration. b. discrimination in many areas of American society. c. racial integration of the armed forces. d. equal pay for equal work.

b. discrimination in many areas of American society.

The 1963 report of the President's Commission on the Status of Women a. criticized President Kennedy for having appointed so few women to leadership positions. b. documented discrimination against women in the workplace and in education. c. appealed for women's reproductive freedom, including freedom to choose an abortion. d. introduced the words feminism and sexism to the nation's vocabulary.

b. documented discrimination against women in the workplace and in education.

In his appearance before Congress to ask for a declaration of war in 1917, Woodrow Wilson a. asked the European Allies for material compensation for the sacrifices Americans would make. b. emphasized that American involvement would make the world "safe for democracy." c. made it clear that the United States would expect colonial territory in return for its participation. d. promised that American troops would be deployed to Europe only for a finite period of time.

b. emphasized that American involvement would make the world "safe for democracy."

The four college students killed by National Guardsmen at Kent State University been protesting a. urban unrest and riots by African Americans. b. expansion of the Vietnam War into Cambodia. c. Vietnamization. d. the draft.

b. expansion of the Vietnam War into Cambodia.

As a result of the Embargo Act of 1807, the American economy a. suffered little damage because American merchants ordered their ships to trade only between neutral ports. b. fell into a slump and the American gross national product dropped by 5 percent. c. suffered little damage because northeastern merchants smuggled their goods out through Canada. d. suffered considerably less damage than did the economies of both France and Britain.

b. fell into a slump and the American gross national product dropped by 5 percent.

Which of the following was the largest Protestant denomination, which grew 23 percent between 1970 and 1985? a. Assemblies of God b. Methodist c. Southern Baptist d. Pentecostal

c. Southern Baptist

Which of the following was the central theme of Carter's foreign policy throughout his administration? a. Use of covert military action to overthrow communist regimes b. Economic aid to noncommunist countries c. A commitment to human rights d. American control over the sources of imported petroleum

c. A commitment to human rights

The British strategy in its military campaign in the South in 1778 relied on which of the following factors? a. A plan to use Loyalists to fight backcountry Patriots b. Their refusal to exploit racial divisions, fearing that such a strategy might backfire c. A plan to use Loyalists to administer the territories they expected to capture d. Quick and easy victory in Virginia, which they viewed as the most important southern colony

c. A plan to use Loyalists to administer the territories they expected to capture

Which of the following statements explains the Patriots' successful revolution against Great Britain? a. British officers were inexperienced with combat and committed an incredible series of blunders. b. Guerrilla fighters in the Patriot militias wore down British troops, even though the Continental army rarely won a battle. c. About one-third of the population strongly supported the war and was willing to finance the fighting through inflation. d. The number of Loyalists and Indians who supported the British was never large enough to provide critical support.

c. About one-third of the population strongly supported the war and was willing to finance the fighting through inflation.

In the landmark case of Charles River Bridge Co. v. Warren Bridge Co. (1837), Chief Justice Roger B. Taney and the U.S. Supreme Court did which of the following? a. Reaffirmed John Marshall's interpretation of the contract clause in the U.S. Constitution b. Upheld the protected legal position of existing state-chartered monopolies c. Encouraged competitive enterprise, opening the way for legislatures to charter railroad companies d. Ruled that the city of New York could use its "police power" to inspect new immigrants' health

c. Encouraged competitive enterprise, opening the way for legislatures to charter railroad companies

Which of these concepts followed directly from the philosophy of Social Darwinism? a. Modernism b. Domesticity c. Eugenics laws d. The Social Gospel

c. Eugenics laws

Why were the presidents in office during the period from 1877 to 1895 generally undistinguished and ineffectual? a. The primary system of nominating presidents chose the candidates by their salability rather than their qualifications. b. Extraordinary times create extraordinary leaders and this period was not an extraordinary time. c. Extremely close elections limited their ability to maneuver and take tough political stands. d. Exhausted by the Civil War and Reconstruction, politicians allowed the people and themselves to relax.

c. Extremely close elections limited their ability to maneuver and take tough political stands.

How did American consumers respond to the economic situation in the early 1930s? a. Many increased their spending in hopes of stimulating the faltering economy. b. The drop in prices stimulated a major buying spree for middle-class spenders. c. Facing the possibility of hard times and unemployment, most Americans cut back. d. Falling production rates meant that few goods were available for Americans to purchase.

c. Facing the possibility of hard times and unemployment, most Americans cut back.

Why did so few African American men hold factory jobs in the United States in 1890? a. There were almost no factories in the South, where the majority of African Americans lived at that time. b. White-dominated labor unions generally refused to allow blacks to join and seek industrial employment. c. Factory owners found that they could satisfy most of their labor needs with immigrant workers, so they rejected most black applicants. d. Black workers intensely disliked factory work and preferred agricultural or casual urban labor.

c. Factory owners found that they could satisfy most of their labor needs with immigrant workers, so they rejected most black applicants.

Which of the following was an outcome of the postwar election of 1818? a. The Federalists exploited voters' discontent with the economic downturn and the War of 1812, making strong gains in the House and regaining control of the Senate. b. Federalist Governor Morris of New York astonished the country by announcing himself an enthusiastic Republican and winning election to the Senate. c. Federalists were soundly beaten, with the Republicans winning margins of approximately five to one in both the Senate and House of Representatives. d. Federalists and Republicans officially disbanded their parties, announcing that "the time for partisan politics had ended."

c. Federalists were soundly beaten, with the Republicans winning margins of approximately five to one in both the Senate and House of Representatives.

What accounted for the tremendous rise in the profits of the American financial industry, from less than 10 percent of total business profits in the 1950s to more than 40 percent in the 1990s? a. China's demand for capital b. The growing housing market c. Financial deregulation d. Computers and communications technology

c. Financial deregulation

In the cotton-growing regions of the South, which of the following was true of the gang-labor system of work? a. It allowed slaves to work individually and at their own pace. b. The labor system was primarily used on plantations with twenty or fewer slaves. c. Gang-labor depended upon the work of white overseers and black drivers. d. The system controlled slave laborers without the use of violent discipline or punishment.

c. Gang-labor depended upon the work of white overseers and black drivers.

Which of the following describes German immigrants who settled in the United States during the 1840s and 1850s? a. Fewer Germans immigrated to the United States than did Irish and British migrants. b. Nearly all Germans were poor and settled in cities because they could not afford more travel. c. Germans were the second largest immigrant group and many settled in the midwestern states. d. The Germans led urban riots against the Irish and black populations of cities.

c. Germans were the second largest immigrant group and many settled in the midwestern states.

Which of the following statements characterizes the Republican victory in the 1928 election? a. Hoover carried all the heavily industrialized states and large cities. b. Hoover attracted the votes of many immigrant Catholic women. c. Given America's prosperity, it was unlikely that any Democrat could have defeated Herbert Hoover. d. Hoover, a political unknown in comparison to Smith, picked up votes by attacking Smith's reputation as a progressive.

c. Given America's prosperity, it was unlikely that any Democrat could have defeated Herbert Hoover.

The largest New Deal project in the West was the construction of the a. Hoover Dam. b. Blue Ridge Parkway. c. Grand Coulee Dam. d. canals of San Antonio.

c. Grand Coulee Dam.

The Truman Doctrine was implemented in response to communist threats in a. Egypt and Israel. b. Palestine and Jordan. c. Greece and Turkey. d. East Germany and Poland.

c. Greece and Turkey.

Farmers on the Great Plains in the late nineteenth century often faced which of the following natural challenges that could easily destroy crops? a. Hurricanes b. Dust storms c. Hailstorms d. Earthquakes

c. Hailstorms

Who was the famous, openly gay supervisor from San Francisco who was assassinated after helping win passage of a gay rights ordinance? a. George Moscone b. Johnny Paycheck c. Harvey Milk d. Anita Bryant

c. Harvey Milk

Why did President Lincoln decide to suspend habeas corpus during the Civil War? a. He needed to assure Americans that civil liberties would be protected. b. He was aiming to demoralize the South. c. He believed it would stop disloyal activities, such as protests against the draft. d. He hoped to encourage voluntary enlistment in the Union army for the duration of the war.

c. He believed it would stop disloyal activities, such as protests against the draft.

How did Abraham Lincoln respond to the Wade Davis Bill in 1864? a. He vetoed it, but his veto was overridden by Congress, which insisted that Confederates be punished. b. Lincoln reluctantly agreed to accept it, but the Senate failed to pass it and it never came before him. c. He did not sign it and he opened talks with key congressional representatives to find a compromise solution. d. Lincoln publicly refused to sign it and announced in a major speech that he sought a lenient approach to Reconstruction.

c. He did not sign it and he opened talks with key congressional representatives to find a compromise solution.

What was Franklin Roosevelt's attitude toward the federal government's provision of welfare payments to the unemployed? a. He welcomed it as an opportunity to help those in need and to ensure their votes for the Democratic Party. b. He was indifferent to the means by which those who needed it received help, whether by cash subsidies or by work relief. c. He had strong reservations about it, preferring to provide federally funded jobs over cash subsidies. d. He opposed it vigorously and saw to it that New Deal programs never involved direct cash subsidies.

c. He had strong reservations about it, preferring to provide federally funded jobs over cash subsidies.

Why was Toussaint L'Ouverture a significant figure in the 1790s? a. L'Ouverture became the first president of the new French Republic. b. The leader negotiated with John Jay to create the terms of the Jay Treaty. c. He led black Haitians in their fight to seize control of Saint-Domingue. d. L'Ouverture solicited a loan and bribe from American diplomats in France.

c. He led black Haitians in their fight to seize control of Saint-Domingue.

How did Thomas Jefferson respond to the development of American manufacturing by the 1820s? a. Jefferson took a theoretical interest in industrial machinery but was indifferent to its practical application. b. He continued to warn against the danger of encouraging industrialization at the expense of wholesome rural life. c. He praised industrialization and expressed pride in American progress in manufacturing. d. Jefferson enthusiastically supported industrialization from the time of his presidency until his death.

c. He praised industrialization and expressed pride in American progress in manufacturing.

Which of the following describe John Tyler and his presidency? a. He had become famous as a hero during the War of 1812. b. Tyler was a longtime supporter of the American system. c. He so angered Whigs that he was kicked out of the party while president. d. Tyler's presidency faithfully upheld Harrison's priorities.

c. He so angered Whigs that he was kicked out of the party while president.

Why did Thomas Jefferson dispatch the Lewis and Clark expedition in 1804? a. Jefferson hoped to establish an effective American claim to the Louisiana Territory. b. The president needed to lay the groundwork for establishing Indian schools in the region. c. He wanted a report on the physical features and the plant and animal life of the Louisiana Territory. d. He asked them to identify areas into which the Ohio and New York Indian tribes could be relocated.

c. He wanted a report on the physical features and the plant and animal life of the Louisiana Territory.

Why did the United States refuse to support Ho Chi Minh, the leader of North Vietnam, during the late 1950s? a. He treated the North Vietnamese cruelly. b. He sympathized with the Japanese occupiers. c. He was a communist. d. He had taken control by force.

c. He was a communist.

Why did President Ford pardon Nixon a month after Ford took office in 1973? a. Nixon had been punished enough by having to resign the presidency. b. Putting Nixon on trial would reveal information damaging to national security. c. He wished to spare the country the agony of rehashing Watergate. d. Nixon was depressed and suicidal.

c. He wished to spare the country the agony of rehashing Watergate.

Which of the following constituted a critical problem for the Confederacy during the Civil War? a. A lack of experienced military leaders b. The lack of trained soldiers c. High levels of inflation d. Its citizens' lack of conviction

c. High levels of inflation

Which of the following describes Alan Freed, who made his mark on American culture in the 1950s? a. It was the real name of the early rock star Buddy Holly. b. He introduced Elvis Presley to the American public on his popular television program in 1956. c. His Cleveland radio show introduced white America to black music. d. Freed discovered Elvis Presley's talent and gave him his first major recording contract.

c. His Cleveland radio show introduced white America to black music.

Which business strategy did John D. Rockefeller pioneer in the late nineteenth century? a. Vertical integration b. The corporation c. Horizontal integration d. Middle management

c. Horizontal integration

Before his appointment to the vice presidency, Gerald Ford--who became president on Richard Nixon's resignation and was the nation's first non-elected vice president--had been a. governor of Michigan. b. Secretary of Defense. c. House minority leader. d. a Supreme Court justice.

c. House minority leader.

Which of the following factors was critical in the ballooning populations of cities like New York in the mid-nineteenth century? a. The rapid increase in life expectancy b. America's relatively high birthrate c. Immigration d. The growth of urban culture

c. Immigration

Which of the following statements accurately characterizes U.S. immigration laws between World War II and the mid-1960s? a. The Chinese Exclusion Act was renewed in 1943 for twenty more years. b. The Displaced Persons Act, passed in 1948, ended all restrictive quotas that the United States had enforced since the 1920s. c. In 1952, the McCarran-Walter Act ended the exclusion of immigrants from China, Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asia. d. Mexican immigration was not permitted in the United States between 1945, when the World War II-era Bracero Program ended, and 1964.

c. In 1952, the McCarran-Walter Act ended the exclusion of immigrants from China, Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asia.

The Trail of Tears was the direct consequence of which of the following government actions? a. The Louisiana Purchase b. Worcester v. Georgia c. Indian Removal Act of 1830 d. The Bad Axe Massacre

c. Indian Removal Act of 1830

Which of the following describes Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan, which he announced in December 1863? a. The plan offered general amnesty to all Confederate citizens who agreed to comply with federal laws. b. Lincoln created the plan to appeal to southern Democrats, many of whom had served with Lincoln in Congress. c. It specified that a state could return to the Union when 10 percent of its voters took an oath of loyalty to the Union. d. The plan declared that a state could reorganize its government when 50 percent of its voters took an oath of loyalty to the Union.

c. It specified that a state could return to the Union when 10 percent of its voters took an oath of loyalty to the Union.

Which of the following describes the 1968 Democratic Party National Convention? a. Martin Luther King was the meeting's keynote speaker. b. Robert Kennedy was assassinated there after receiving the nomination. c. It took place in Chicago alongside major antiwar protests. d. The party nominated Eugene McCarthy over Hubert Humphrey.

c. It took place in Chicago alongside major antiwar protests.

Which of the following statements describes the state of racial segregation in the United States at the dawn of the postwar civil rights movement? a. Segregation existed in public institutions where racial conflict was likely. b. It was a problem that separated the South from the integrated North. c. It was a nationwide problem. d. It placed an equal hardship on whites and blacks.

c. It was a nationwide problem.

Which of the following statements describes Jackson's veto of the bill rechartering the Second Bank of the United States in 1832? a. The action was unpopular and surprised most Americans, who thought the issue had been resolved. b. Andrew Jackson vetoed the bill for his own reasons and without offering any reason or explanation to the public. c. It was a popular move, blending constitutional arguments, an appeal to patriotism, and class rhetoric. d. Jackson staked his presidency on the veto, declaring that he would resign if Congress passed the bill over his veto.

c. It was a popular move, blending constitutional arguments, an appeal to patriotism, and class rhetoric.

Which of the following describes the purpose of the U.S. Sanitary Commission? a. The group was the first federal military medical evacuation system with emergency transportation and mobile field hospitals. b. The office was established to enforce minimum standards of cleanliness in army camps and to supervise the burial of war dead. c. It was a voluntary organization in the North that provided medical services, distributed supplies and medicines, and recruited physicians and nurses. d. Northern evangelicals created the committee to supervise the morals of Union soldiers and to combat gambling, drinking, and consorting with prostitutes.

c. It was a voluntary organization in the North that provided medical services, distributed supplies and medicines, and recruited physicians and nurses.

Which of the following describes the group known as the Young Americans for Freedom (YAF)? a. The YAF held hundreds of marches and strikes on college campuses. b. The group actively protested against the Vietnam War. c. It was the largest student group in the nation in the 1960s. d. The YAF idolized and imitated the black power movement.

c. It was the largest student group in the nation in the 1960s.

What feature of the Lakota Sioux society protected it from the epidemics that decimated other Native American groups in the nineteenth century? a. A knowledge of herbal medicines b. A protein-rich diet of buffalo meat c. Its small groups and nomadic lifestyle d. Ritual bathing practices

c. Its small groups and nomadic lifestyle

Who stepped in to aid the federal government when the U.S. Treasury's gold supplies dwindled badly in 1895? a. Theodore Roosevelt b. Steel magnate Andrew Carnegie c. J. P. Morgan and a syndicate of bankers d. The British monarchy

c. J. P. Morgan and a syndicate of bankers

Correctly match the candidate in the 1824 presidential election with his description. a. Adams—choice of the Republican caucus in Congress b. Calhoun—Secretary of the Treasury in the Monroe administration c. Jackson—popular War of 1812 hero d. Crawford—Speaker of the House of Representatives

c. Jackson—popular War of 1812 hero

Which man who sought the presidency in 1844 is matched with the correct description? a. James Birney—proslavery Whig president who unsuccessfully tried to win the Democratic Party's nomination b. Henry Clay—former Democratic president who unsuccessfully tried to win his party's nomination c. James Polk—expansionist, dark-horse candidate of the Democratic Party who won the election d. John Tyler—Whig candidate who eventually supported the annexation of Texas and narrowly lost the election

c. James Polk—expansionist, dark-horse candidate of the Democratic Party who won the election

Which of the following statements characterizes federal land price policies in the Northwest Territory during 1790-1820? a. The Federalist administrations dropped the minimum price per acre in order to encourage speculators to purchase larger tracts of land. b. Jeffersonian Republicans raised the price to $2 per acre and the minimum purchase requirement to 320 acres. c. Jeffersonian Republicans passed laws that made it easier for farm families to buy land. d. Jeffersonian Republicans doubled the price per acre to discourage speculators from buying up most of the federal land.

c. Jeffersonian Republicans passed laws that made it easier for farm families to buy land.

Which of the following statements characterizes federal land price policies in the Northwest Territory during 1790-1820? a. The Federalist administrations dropped the minimum price per acre in order to encourage speculators to purchase larger tracts of land. b. Jeffersonian Republicans raised the price to $2 per acre and the minimum purchase requirement to 320 acres. c. Jeffersonian Republicans passed laws that made it easier for farm families to buy land. d. Jeffersonian Republicans doubled the price per acre to discourage speculators from buying up most of the federal land.

c. Jeffersonian Republicans passed laws that made it easier for farm families to buy land.

The Moral Majority was founded by which of the following evangelical Christians? a. Pat Robertson b. James Dobson c. Jerry Falwell d. Billy Graham

c. Jerry Falwell

Many African American slaves who converted to Christianity compared themselves to which of the following groups? a. Native Americans b. Mormons c. Jews d. The Irish

c. Jews

What did Ralph Waldo Emerson believe would promote an individual's mystical union with God and achievement of self-realization? a. Hard physical labor b. Intensive, solitary study c. Spending time alone in nature d. Sexual intimacy

c. Spending time alone in nature

Which of the following was the final outcome of the congressional campaigns and elections of 1866? a. Conservative Republicans and Democrats united to form the National Union Party and won 105 seats in the House. b. Johnson's personal campaigning from Washington to St. Louis and Chicago won back supporters to the Republican Party. c. Johnson suffered a humiliating defeat as Republicans gained a three-to-one margin in Congress. d. Voters expressed their disapproval of the Freedmen's Bureau law and the Fourteenth Amendment.

c. Johnson suffered a humiliating defeat as Republicans gained a three-to-one margin in Congress.

The creation of the Republican Party, the Pottawatomie massacre, and the negation of the Missouri Compromise were all consequences of the a. Dred Scott decision. b. decisions of Roger Taney. c. Kansas-Nebraska Act. d. Ostend Manifesto.

c. Kansas-Nebraska Act.

Which of the following statements describes the presidential election of 1960? a. Kennedy won a decisive victory over Richard Nixon. b. The New Deal Democratic coalition failed because southern whites voted Republican. c. Kennedy won by a very slim margin of just a few thousand votes. d. Richard Nixon's popularity was due to his impressive performance on television.

c. Kennedy won by a very slim margin of just a few thousand votes.

Which of the following contributed to the powerful mystique that followed the presidency of John F. Kennedy? a. Kennedy's propensity for adultery b. His wartime injuries c. Kennedy's 1963 assassination d. His bold push for civil rights

c. Kennedy's 1963 assassination

Which magazine was the first to take advantage of advertising revenue to build mass readership, with over one million subscribers? a. The Atlantic Monthly b. Time Magazine c. Ladies' Home Journal d. The Saturday Evening Post

c. Ladies' Home Journal

By the 1830s, which of the following was the dominant Indian tribe on the central and northern Plains? a. Apaches b. Arapahos c. Lakota d. Kiowas

c. Lakota

How did the battles that book place in Virginia from June 25 to July 1, 1862, unfold? a. Jackson routed Union troops in the Shenandoah Valley, allowing Lee to deflect a Union army under McClellan from its objective, which was the capture of Richmond. b. Jackson outmaneuvered Union troops under McClellan as they were approaching Richmond, allowing him to rout Banks's federal army protecting Washington. c. Lee ferociously attacked Union troops under McClellan as they were approaching Richmond. d. Union troops under McClellan defeated Lee's Confederate army, but at a high cost in lives.

c. Lee ferociously attacked Union troops under McClellan as they were approaching Richmond.

Which of the following statements characterizes urban leisure in post-Civil War America? a. Few urban Americans had any extra money to spend on leisure activities. b. Families and churches were still the settings of most leisure activities. c. Leisure became a commercial commodity enjoyed outside the home. d. Most urban Americans worked such long hours that they had little time for leisure activities.

c. Leisure became a commercial commodity enjoyed outside the home.

Who of the following people is correctly matched to his position on the extension of slavery during the debate over the admission of California into the Union in 1850? a. John C. Calhoun—supported an extension of the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific Ocean b. James Buchanan and other northern Democrats—argued that Congress had no authority to regulate slavery in the territories c. Lewis Cass—supported popular sovereignty to address the slavery issue d. Stephen Douglas—restrict Southern slavery within its original boundaries

c. Lewis Cass—supported popular sovereignty to address the slavery issue

Why did New Deal legislation pass scrutiny by the Supreme Court more easily in Roosevelt's second term? a. President Roosevelt succeeded in temporarily enlarging the Court to fifteen justices. b. Conservatives on the Court altered their views of the Constitution. c. Liberals replaced several elderly conservative justices who retired. d. Congress and the states passed some important amendments to the Constitution.

c. Liberals replaced several elderly conservative justices who retired.

Which of the following areas is correctly matched with its primary crop? a. Chesapeake—rice b. Carolina low country—hemp c. Louisiana—sugar d. Kentucky and Tennessee—cotton

c. Louisiana—sugar

Which of the following were skilled workers with a relatively high degree of autonomy in the 1870s? a. Domestic servants b. Labor gangs c. Machinists d. Assembly-line workers

c. Machinists

The philosophy of nonviolent direct action was first espoused by a. Martin Luther King Jr. b. the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). c. Mahatma Gandhi. d. the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).

c. Mahatma Gandhi.

Which of the following was one of the reasons that the United States encouraged Chinese immigration after the Civil War? a. The United States needed to populate lands in the American West. b. It was intended as a gesture of American egalitarianism. c. Many Chinese were useful railroad workers and farm laborers in the West. d. The United States needed additional laborers to mine gold deposits in the West.

c. Many Chinese were useful railroad workers and farm laborers in the West.

What was the outcome of the stock market crash of October 1929? a. The federal government paid billions of dollars to bank customers who lost their deposits. b. Only high-rolling Wall Street investors actually lost money during the months that followed the crash. c. Many middle-class Americans without stock investments lost their life savings when banks failed. d. Unemployment fell as more and more people entered the workforce to earn extra money.

c. Many middle-class Americans without stock investments lost their life savings when banks failed.

What was a political consequence of the national Democratic Party's embrace of civil rights in the 1960s? a. The New Deal coalition that had first elected FDR in 1932 was strengthened. b. The two-party system was weakened, which led to the growth of powerful independent and third parties. c. Many southern whites left the Democratic Party to join the Republican Party in the 1970s and 1980s. d. Race was no longer the dominant issue in presidential elections by the 1970s.

c. Many southern whites left the Democratic Party to join the Republican Party in the 1970s and 1980s.

Malcolm X and the Black Muslims pursued a philosophy that differed dramatically from that of a. Stokely Carmichael. b. Bobby Seale. c. Martin Luther King Jr. d. Huey Newton.

c. Martin Luther King Jr.

Which of the following statements describes the movement toward emancipation within the Republican Party in 1862? a. Lincoln led the Radical Republicans, who wanted to speed up the process of emancipation by abolishing slavery throughout the South. b. Mounting Union casualties diminished popular support for emancipation, forcing Lincoln to slow his schedule for freeing slaves. c. Radical Republicans in Congress pushed moderates toward embracing their agenda of total abolition. d. Republicans were afraid that if they did not strongly support emancipation, northern Democrats would use their hesitancy against them in the upcoming elections.

c. Radical Republicans in Congress pushed moderates toward embracing their agenda of total abolition.

Which of the following organizations did President Hoover create in 1931 to stimulate the economy through federal loans to major businesses in 1931 and 1932? a. Works Progress Administration b. The Economic Recovery Association c. Reconstruction Finance Corporation d. National Industrial Recovery Act

c. Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Ex-Confederates who sought to return political and economic control of the South to white southerners after the Civil War were known as a. nullifiers. b. carpetbaggers. c. Redeemers. d. secessionists.

c. Redeemers.

In the late nineteenth century, many native-born, prosperous American Jews embraced a. Orthodox Judaism. b. nativism. c. Reform Judaism. d. atheism.

c. Reform Judaism.

Which of the following resulted from the Union victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg in 1863? a. President Lincoln restored George McClellan as head of the Union army. b. The unburied bodies of dead Confederate soldiers caused a typhoid epidemic that killed hundreds of civilians. c. Republicans swept the 1863 elections in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and New York d. The Confederate armies began to draft slaves into military service.

c. Republicans swept the 1863 elections in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and New York

What was the outcome of the 1868 election? a. Democrats swept the South, promising that southern states could reorganize their own governments. b. Republicans lost their two-thirds majority in the Senate due to the readmission of rebel states. c. Republicans won the presidency and retained their two-thirds majority in both houses. d. Democrats gained a Senate majority but were unable to capture the presidency or the House.

c. Republicans won the presidency and retained their two-thirds majority in both houses.

The vice president who served under George W. Bush during both terms in office was a. Tom Delay. b. Newt Gingrich. c. Richard Cheney. d. Donald Rumsfeld.

c. Richard Cheney.

Which of the following is the correct chronological order of the literary movements in the United States during the late 1800s and early 1900s? a. Naturalism, romanticism, realism, modernism b. Modernism, realism, romanticism, naturalism c. Romanticism, realism, naturalism, modernism d. Realism, romanticism, modernism, naturalism

c. Romanticism, realism, naturalism, modernism

Why was Abigail Adams a notable figure in the Revolutionary era? a. She publicly denounced most Patriot leaders as tyrants because they held power over women. b. Adams was married to the Patriot John Adams and helped him with his work. c. She criticized Patriots like her husband John and insisted on equal legal rights for married women. d. She became the only woman to take part in the deliberations of the Continental Congress.

c. She criticized Patriots like her husband John and insisted on equal legal rights for married women.

Which of the following was Elizabeth Cady Stanton's response to the denial of women's suffrage while freedmen and immigrant men were being enfranchised? a. She urged women to be patient and remain loyal to the Republican Party. b. She felt that men were better suited to vote than women and supported the Republic Party. c. She made a racist attack on the uneducated black men who could vote while educated white women could not. d. She understood the value of granting the right to vote to all men but still remained a supporter of women's suffrage.

c. She made a racist attack on the uneducated black men who could vote while educated white women could not.

Which of the following is correctly matched? a. Lacey Act—celebrated the austere beauty of the California desert b. Audubon Society—oversaw many of the nation's national parks c. Sierra Club—founded by John Muir to preserve the environment d. U.S. Forest Service—advocated broader protection for wild birds

c. Sierra Club—founded by John Muir to preserve the environment

Which Sioux leader led the forces that annihilated Colonel George A. Custer and his men on June 25, 1876? a. Geronimo b. Chief Joseph c. Sitting Bull d. Red Cloud

c. Sitting Bull

The three-fifths compromise dealt with which of the following issues? a. Interstate trade b. Presidential terms c. Slavery d. Voting qualifications

c. Slavery

The notion of slavery as a "necessary evil" and a "positive good" was supported by which idea? a. In a slave-owning society, every free man is an aristocrat. b. Slavery gave whites the psychological satisfaction of knowing they ranked above blacks. c. Slavery allowed a civilized lifestyle for whites and cared for genetically inferior blacks. d. Whites educated and Christianized slaves in return for their love, labor, and loyalty.

c. Slavery allowed a civilized lifestyle for whites and cared for genetically inferior blacks.

Which of the following was true for middle-class families in the late nineteenth century? a. Legal abortion and birth control aided in the move toward smaller families. b. Remaining unmarried by age twenty was very infrequent and widely stigmatized. c. Smaller family sizes allowed parents to focus their resources and increase their social mobility. d. Husbands and wives both worked in the home, thereby strengthening family ties.

c. Smaller family sizes allowed parents to focus their resources and increase their social mobility.

Which tariff, passed in 1930, raised rates to an all-time high, further deepening the worldwide depression? a. Mellon-Hoover b. Kellogg-Briand c. Smoot-Hawley d. National Recovery

c. Smoot-Hawley

Why did the newly organized Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) come under attack in the 1920s? a. The group supported feminist goals. b. It articulated an explicitly anticapitalist message. c. Socialist women were among its members. d. The WILPF proposed social justice measures.

c. Socialist women were among its members.

By the early 1840s, Garrison and his supporters in the American Anti-Slavery Society had transformed their agenda in which of the following ways? a. They softened their rhetoric in an effort to end pro-slavery activists' violent attacks on lecturers. b. The group joined the Tappan brothers and Theodore Weld to form the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society. c. They advocated a broad-based reform program, embracing women's rights as well as the rights of American blacks. d. The group decided that working for abolitionism within existing institutions was more effective than creating new ones.

c. They advocated a broad-based reform program, embracing women's rights as well as the rights of American blacks.

How did middle-class wives and mothers seek to justify their work outside the home in the 1950s? a. They insisted that housekeepers and nannies could perform their domestic duties just as effectively. b. Middle-class women argued that it was unfair for their husbands to bear all the financial responsibilities. c. They explained their work in family-oriented terms and maintained their domestic responsibilities. d. Working women insisted that they could not be fully human unless they had a chance to earn money.

c. They explained their work in family-oriented terms and maintained their domestic responsibilities.

What spurred many big cities' pursuit of state-of-the-art sewage and drainage systems at the end of the nineteenth century? a. Cities smelled so bad they were nearly uninhabitable. b. The federal government offered tax incentives. c. They sought to improve public health. d. Urban land became too valuable to use for privies.

c. They sought to improve public health.

Which of the following describes the residents of the Brook Farm community of the 1840s? a. Brook Farm's residents pioneered the use of advanced farming techniques. b. They practiced nineteenth-century versions of free love and communism. c. They wanted to combine farming with study and a lively intellectual life. d. Brook Farm's residents consisted mostly of families and single women.

c. They wanted to combine farming with study and a lively intellectual life.

Why did several eastern states expand suffrage in the 1810s? a. They sought to prevent riots. b. They needed to increase their representation in Congress. c. They wanted to discourage westward migration. d. They aimed to give women a greater influence.

c. They wanted to discourage westward migration.

Which of the following facts regarding Sacco and Vanzetti clearly biased the jury against them? a. They were Italian immigrants. b. Both had criminal histories. c. They were communists. d. Both were illegal immigrants.

c. They were communists.

Who became the first African American justice on the Supreme Court in the late 1960s? a. James Farmer b. Charles Hamilton Houston c. Thurgood Marshall d. William Hastie

c. Thurgood Marshall

What was the purpose of Indian boarding schools in the late nineteenth century? a. To teach Native American children the ways of their ancient peoples b. Only to provide the children with an education in English, mathematics, and other disciplines c. To assimilate Native American children more easily into white culture d. To teach the children how to speak their native languages more fluently

c. To assimilate Native American children more easily into white culture

Why was the United Daughters of the Confederacy founded in 1894? a. To fight for the liberties of all people in the United States, regardless of race or gender b. To study the historical factors that lead to the Civil War in the South c. To promote the "Lost Cause" of the South in the Civil War d. To change the beliefs and customs of the South

c. To promote the "Lost Cause" of the South in the Civil War

Why did Galveston, Texas adopt a commission system in 1900, that later became a nationwide model for efficient government? a. To end the rampant homelessness and hunger b. To encourage industrial development in the city c. To rebuild after a hurricane killed roughly 6,000 people d. To curb the influence of corporate interests in the government

c. To rebuild after a hurricane killed roughly 6,000 people

Why did the National Child Labor Committee, founded in 1907, hire photographer Lewis Hine? a. To document the living conditions of child laborers in poor neighborhoods b. To take photographs that would portray child labor in a flattering light c. To record the brutal conditions in mines and mills where children worked d. To assist in its campaign supporting child labor

c. To record the brutal conditions in mines and mills where children worked

What was the purpose of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), which Roosevelt Congress empowered in 1934? a. To oversee the process of taking the United States off the gold standard b. To provide oversight for the Federal Reserve System c. To regulate and rationalize the U.S. stock market d. To protect radicals and immigrants from unfair investigation and deportation

c. To regulate and rationalize the U.S. stock market

Which of the following was the primary function of the Second Bank of the United States? a. To make a profit for the federal government through judicious loans to the country's most promising entrepreneurs b. To keep the economy in equilibrium by raising or lowering interest rates in response to changes in the capitalist business cycle c. To stabilize the nation's money supply by forcing state banks to convert their paper money periodically into gold and silver coin d. To serve as a clearinghouse for foreign investments and currency in order to raise the country's international economic standing

c. To stabilize the nation's money supply by forcing state banks to convert their paper money periodically into gold and silver coin

Which of the following was a result of the Turner Rebellion of the 1830s? a. The rebels won their freedom. b. A national convention of African American activists met in Philadelphia. c. Tougher slave codes and restrictions were implemented. d. Rioting erupted in northern cities.

c. Tougher slave codes and restrictions were implemented.

What percentage of the U.S. labor force was unemployed by 1933? a. Five percent b. Ten percent c. Twenty-five percent d. Fifty percent

c. Twenty-five percent

The well-known movie actor Ronald Reagan gained political experience after World War II in a. the California Communist Party. b. California's Un-American Activities Commission. c. the Screen Actors Guild. d. Young Americans for Freedom.

c. the Screen Actors Guild.

Under President Johnson's restoration plan, high-ranking Confederate leaders and wealthy southerners a. were generally imprisoned for a period of time ranging from one month to three years. b. could avoid punishment by taking a special oath of allegiance to the Union and the president. c. could serve as delegates to conventions that were called to consider ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment. d. could request and expect to receive presidential pardons that exempted them from punishment.

c. could serve as delegates to conventions that were called to consider ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment.

Americans who lined up behind the free-soil cause in the late 1840s a. argued that Texas should be returned to Mexico to halt the spread of slavery. b. demanded that Texas be the final slave state admitted to the Union. c. declared that slavery threatened American republicanism by undermining family farms. d. called for the immediate abolition of the sinful institution of slavery.

c. declared that slavery threatened American republicanism by undermining family farms.

Organized in 1905, the Niagara Movement embraced a. environmental protection, including clean water. b. a ten-hour workday for public utilities workers. c. equal opportunity for African Americans. d. federal payments to impoverished women and children.

c. equal opportunity for African Americans.

The phrase "The largest, longest-run agricultural and environmental miscalculation in American history" refers to a. the plantation system. b. cotton's reign as king in the South. c. farming the Great Plains. d. the cattle kingdom.

c. farming the Great Plains.

Florence Kelley became a famous advocate for a. housewives and professional working women. b. prostitutes and orphans. c. female and child laborers. d. migrant farm workers.

c. female and child laborers.

Conservative Protestants and Catholics joined together as part of the Religious Right and condemned a. American poverty. b. deregulation of transportation. c. feminism. d. welfare reform.

c. feminism.

During the Cold War, the world was divided between the rival communist and capitalist blocs but, by 1990, it was clear that the post-Cold War world would be a. dominated by the United States. b. unified and peaceful. c. focused around multiple centers of power. d. divided between Christians and Muslims.

c. focused around multiple centers of power.

In 1891, the Texas Alliance proposed cooperative enterprise to a. provide a safe place for farmers' savings. b. reduce the influence of government in agriculture. c. give farmers access to cheap credit. d. fight inflation.

c. give farmers access to cheap credit.

As a result of Roosevelt's embrace of the economic policies of John Maynard Keynes and the need for social welfare legislation, the term liberalism came to be associated with a. weak government and an unregulated free market. b. strong government and state ownership of industry. c. government intervention to guarantee citizens' basic welfare. d. strong businesses that provide services to ensure workers' welfare.

c. government intervention to guarantee citizens' basic welfare.

In 1941, President Roosevelt issued an executive order banning racial discrimination in defense industries primarily because a. he was a strong supporter of civil rights. b. a Supreme Court decision obliged him to do so. c. he wanted to avoid a black protest march in Washington, D.C. d. it was consistent with the Atlantic Charter.

c. he wanted to avoid a black protest march in Washington, D.C.

Harding campaigned on the platform of returning to "normalcy," which meant ` a. continuing the Progressive Era reforms. b. putting Republicans back in office. c. he would be a common man in government rather than an intellectual. d. a strong probusiness stance and conservative cultural values.

c. he would be a common man in government rather than an intellectual.

The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) a. provided labor for the Tennessee Valley Authority's (TVA's) projects. b. displaced as many as two hundred thousand black tenant farmers from their land. c. hired 250,000 young men to perform reforestation and conservation work. d. enlisted equal numbers of young men and young women for its projects.

c. hired 250,000 young men to perform reforestation and conservation work.

In 1947, the Truman administration reacted to the growing anticommunist fervor in the country by a. denouncing it as a Republican-inspired witch hunt against liberals and New Dealers. b. ordering the FBI to conduct major investigations of all congressional Republicans. c. issuing an executive order to investigate all federal employees' loyalty. d. doing nothing, trusting that the issue was a Republican ploy that would soon go away.

c. issuing an executive order to investigate all federal employees' loyalty.

The Confederacy financed the Civil War primarily by a. selling bonds to wealthy planters. b. imposing a modest property tax and an export tax on cotton. c. issuing paper currency that was not backed by gold or silver. d. borrowing heavily from Britain.

c. issuing paper currency that was not backed by gold or silver.

The Supreme Court's ruling in the 2003 case Lawrence v. Texas was a landmark decision because it a. effectively ended the practice of affirmative action throughout the nation. b. overturned its 1973 ruling in the Roe v. Wade case. c. limited states' power to prohibit private homosexual activity between consenting adults. d. made it impossible for the states to enact legislation that limited gun sales.

c. limited states' power to prohibit private homosexual activity between consenting adults.

John Wesley Powell, in his Report on the Lands of the Arid Regions of the United States (1878), famously stated that a. 160-acre homesteads would serve as the best way to settle and cultivate the Great Plains. b. individual farmers, not the federal government, should be responsible for their own water needs. c. massive cooperation under government control was the only way farming would succeed on the Great Plains. d. the Mormon experiment in Utah was doomed to fail because the land in that territory was totally dry.

c. massive cooperation under government control was the only way farming would succeed on the Great Plains.

Which of the following was a nineteenth-century example of a trade union? a. The Greenback-Labor Party b. The Grange c. The Farmer's Alliance d. The American Federation of Labor

d. The American Federation of Labor

From 1969 to 1972, Richard Nixon's strategy to end the Vietnam War was to a. threaten war with China and North Korea in hopes they would cut off military aid to North Vietnam. b. wait until the 1972 election so he could make peace without being punished at the polls for the subsequent communist takeover of South Vietnam. c. reduce American troop involvement and turn over most of the ground fighting to the South Vietnamese army. d. work with the Soviet Union to settle the war on terms that would leave communists in power but not give the advantage to China.

c. reduce American troop involvement and turn over most of the ground fighting to the South Vietnamese army.

As the United States industrialized, the outdoors lost its association with danger and hard work and became newly associated with a. pollution. b. sexuality. c. renewal. d. religion.

c. renewal.

In 1978, California voters began a national trend by enacting a ballot initiative called Proposition 13 that a. denied homosexual men and women legally protected status in state employment, public accommodation, and housing. b. outlawed affirmative action practices in employment, education, and the awarding of state contracts. c. rolled back property taxes and required future tax measures to pass the legislature with a two-thirds vote. d. banned existing programs of county-to-county busing to integrate urban and suburban public schools.

c. rolled back property taxes and required future tax measures to pass the legislature with a two-thirds vote.

President Dwight Eisenhower promoted civil rights by a. initiating the construction of a national interstate system. b. expressing public support for the Greensboro sit-in. c. sending federal troops into Little Rock, Arkansas. d. attending the Bretton Woods Conference in New Hampshire.

c. sending federal troops into Little Rock, Arkansas.

The 1868 Burlingame Treaty achieved the American goal of a. annexing Hawaii. b. purchasing Alaska. c. setting the terms of emigration for Chinese laborers. d. reopening international access to Japanese ports.

c. setting the terms of emigration for Chinese laborers.

Some southerners used the term scalawags to describe a. freed slaves who were demanding equality. b. northerners in the South during Reconstruction. c. southerners who supported the process of Reconstruction. d. Freedmen's Bureau officials and teachers.

c. southerners who supported the process of Reconstruction.

Buddhists in Vietnam expressed their discontent with the Diem authoritarian regime in May 1963 by a. writing letters to President Kennedy appealing for U.S. intervention. b. petitioning the Diem regime directly with grievances. c. staging dramatic demonstrations, including self-immolations. d. publishing newspapers and fliers critical of the regime.

c. staging dramatic demonstrations, including self-immolations.

The impact of the Supreme Court's decision in Webster v. Reproductive Health Services was that a. pro-choice Americans celebrated its protection for reproductive freedom. b. states were required to implement a twenty-four-hour waiting period prior to an abortion. c. states won the right to restrict the use of public funds and institutions for abortions. d. women's access to safe and affordable abortions expanded significantly.

c. states won the right to restrict the use of public funds and institutions for abortions.

The GI Bill (1944) stimulated the American economy by a. granting specialized legal protections to labor unions founded by veterans. b. giving each state directly millions of dollars to build new public universities. c. subsidizing higher education and financing millions of mortgages. d. allowing unemployed veterans to rejoin the military for pay at any time.

c. subsidizing higher education and financing millions of mortgages.

Established in 1887, the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) a. encouraged companies to cooperate in setting prices. b. investigated in-state shipping. c. sued in court to force companies to reduce high rates. d. helped to transition companies into public ownership.

c. sued in court to force companies to reduce high rates.

One critical flaw of southern Reconstruction governments was their a. failure to address the issue of women's rights. b. emphasis on promoting public education for black but not white children. c. support of the convict leasing system. d. failure to exclude religious institutions from government.

c. support of the convict leasing system.

Mugwumps were reformers who a. supported welfare reform. b. advocated legislation to protect working men. c. supported smaller government. d. opposed the Australian-style secret ballot.

c. supported smaller government.

In the late 1940s and early 1950s, the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) a. investigated Joseph McCarthy and other extreme anticommunists' abuses of power. b. stood in contrast to McCarthy due to its careful investigations of alleged subversive activities. c. targeted the film industry as part of its larger anticommunist agenda. d. confined itself to investigating anti-American propaganda and sentiment abroad.

c. targeted the film industry as part of its larger anticommunist agenda.

The domestic issue that most engaged both Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush was a. abortion. b. civil rights. c. taxes. d. health care.

c. taxes.

The United States was cleared to begin an American-controlled Central American canal project as a result of a. its purchase of the rights from France. b. the successful revolution in Nicaragua. c. the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty. d. congressional passage of the Enabling Bill.

c. the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty.

The Eisenhower Doctrine was issued in response to difficulties in a. Southeast Asia. b. Hungary. c. the Middle East. d. Czechoslovakia.

c. the Middle East.

"Chronic wrong doing . . . may . . . require intervention by . . . the United States [in adherence to] the Monroe Doctrine . . . , however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrong doing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power." The philosophy exemplified in this quote reveals that it was taken from a. The Influence of Seapower upon History. b. the Platt Amendment. c. the Roosevelt Corollary. d. a speech by William Jennings Bryan.

c. the Roosevelt Corollary.

The philosophy that people could gain mystical knowledge and harmony beyond the world of the senses is known as which of the following? a. Individualism b. The cult of domesticity c. Utopianism d. Transcendentalism

d. Transcendentalism

At the height of the Vietnam War, the United States stationed approximately how many troops in Vietnam? a. 50,000 b. 100,000 c. 250,000 d. 500,000

d. 500,000

Which of the following was an outcome of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981? a. A return to the gold standard b. A higher tax rate for millionaires c. Corporate income tax increases to offset cuts in personal income taxes d. A $200 billion cut in the federal government's annual revenue

d. A $200 billion cut in the federal government's annual revenue

What spurred the U.S. Congress to pass the Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906? a. A horrific yellow fever epidemic in Memphis, Tennessee, that killed 12 percent of its people b. The publication of Leona Prall Groetzinger's expose titled "The City's Perils" c. High infant mortality rates that resulted from the widespread problem of adulterated milk d. A public uproar caused by Upton Sinclair's realist novel The Jungle

d. A public uproar caused by Upton Sinclair's realist novel The Jungle

Which of the following statements characterizes the Red Scare of 1919-1921? a. The American public and press blamed labor conflict on the American Federation of Labor. b. The American Communist Party posed a direct threat to the stability of American society. c. The Socialist Party threatened to foment violent revolution. d. A series of 1919 bombings led Americans to associate radical political groups with violence.

d. A series of 1919 bombings led Americans to associate radical political groups with violence.

Which of the following statements describes the institution of slavery in the nineteenth-century South? a. The percentage of white slave-owning families continually increased between 1800 and 1860. b. Throughout the nineteenth century, most white southerners owned some slaves. c. Slave gangs proved to be less efficient than those who worked more independently. d. About 5 percent of southern whites owned 50 percent of the South's slave population.

d. About 5 percent of southern whites owned 50 percent of the South's slave population.

Which of these concepts became a central tenet of slave Christianity in the South in the nineteenth century? a. Predestination b. Original sin c. Obedience to authority d. All people as children of God

d. All people as children of God

In the 1968 election and during the Nixon administration, the expression "silent majority" was used to refer to a. Americans who secretly wished for withdrawal from Vietnam. b. those who were too apathetic to vote. c. southerners who supported the Vietnam War and white supremacy. d. Americans who were hardworking and avoided protest activities.

d. Americans who were hardworking and avoided protest activities.

Which of the following policies did U.S. naval officer Alfred Mahan support in his 1890 book The Influence of Sea Power upon History? a. Isolationism for the United States b. Cooperation of the United States with the Asian and African peoples c. An American invasion of Mexico d. An expansion of the American empire in Asia and Africa

d. An expansion of the American empire in Asia and Africa

Which of the following describes the changes in slaves' living conditions in the early nineteenth century? a. Sexual abuse of black women increased because white males on the southwestern frontier knew the law would not punish them. b. Blacks lost the few work privileges they had gained in the eighteenth century, especially in the lowlands of South Carolina. c. Mutilations of black men increased as whites sought to deter runaways and slave revolts. d. As blacks formed stronger social, family, and cultural ties, they resisted the breakup of families through sale by their owners.

d. As blacks formed stronger social, family, and cultural ties, they resisted the breakup of families through sale by their owners.

Washington's Secretary of War, Henry Knox, favored which of the following approaches to Native Americans? a. Extermination b. Relocation c. Appeasement d. Assimilation

d. Assimilation

At which of the following points did the states of the Lower South secede and organize a provisional government of the Confederate States of America headed by Jefferson Davis? a. Before the presidential election of 1860 b. Before the popular votes were counted and Lincoln's election became apparent c. After Lincoln rejected the proposed Crittenden Compromise d. Before Buchanan left the White House and Lincoln was inaugurated

d. Before Buchanan left the White House and Lincoln was inaugurated

Which of the following groups composed the largest percentage of registered voters in Alabama and Mississippi in the late 1860s? a. Former Confederates b. White Unionists c. White Republicans d. Black Republicans

d. Black Republicans

Who pioneered the sit-in method of civil rights protest that began in Greensboro, North Carolina, in 1960? a. Martin Luther King Jr. b. The NAACP c. Malcolm X d. Black college students

d. Black college students

Which of these protests caused Hoover's popularity to plunge dramatically in 1932? a. Farm holiday protests b. Rent riots c. Hunger marches d. Bonus Army

d. Bonus Army

Which of the following statements describes the American Revolution's impact on civilians in areas that saw military conflicts? a. Wartime violence was limited to the battlefield and nearby civilians were left unharmed. b. British troops frequently attacked civilian targets despite Patriots' efforts to protect them. c. British troops followed the laws of war, but Americans frequently targeted Loyalist civilians. d. Both British and American troops were known to loot farms and harass and rape civilian women.

d. Both British and American troops were known to loot farms and harass and rape civilian women.

The prominent political movements between the end of Reconstruction and World War I ignored which of the following goals? a. Limiting the power of big business b. Ameliorating poverty c. Promoting social justice d. Bringing full equality to blacks

d. Bringing full equality to blacks

The Constitution, as completed on September 17, 1787, gave the national government which of the following? a. Powers equal to those that were granted to the states b. A weak chief executive with carefully limited powers c. Fewer powers than those reserved to the states d. Broad powers over taxation, military defense, and commerce

d. Broad powers over taxation, military defense, and commerce

What was President Carter's major achievement for world peace in 1978? a. Agreeing to return control of the Panama Canal Zone to Panama b. Ending human rights abuses in the Philippines and Korea c. Stopping apartheid in South Africa d. Brokering a "framework for peace" for Egypt and Israel

d. Brokering a "framework for peace" for Egypt and Israel

Slaves' practice of "taking root" involved which of the following? a. Cultivating their own food crops in small yards after their workday b. Adopting American culture and rejecting African influences c. Forming fictive kinship relationships for social support d. Building the best possible lives for themselves as slaves

d. Building the best possible lives for themselves as slaves

Which of the following statements characterizes the economic consequences of the Vietnam War? a. During the Johnson years, the war consumed half the proportion of gross national product (GNP) consumed by World War II at its height. b. The United States in the 1960s was so prosperous that the war had almost no adverse economic consequences. c. In the summer of 1966, Johnson asked for—and Congress approved—a 20 percent surcharge on individual and corporate income taxes. d. By 1968, the U.S. economy was entering a severe inflationary spiral that would last more than a decade.

d. By 1968, the U.S. economy was entering a severe inflationary spiral that would last more than a decade.

How did planters attempt to resolve a labor crisis in the cotton South in the early nineteenth century? a. By refusing to take part illegally in the international slave trade b. By resorting to buying slaves from the British in Canada c. By beginning to import European peasant immigrants as servants d. By buying domestic slaves from the Chesapeake region

d. By buying domestic slaves from the Chesapeake region

The most dramatic opposition to immigration in the 1990s came from a. New Yorkers. b. labor unions. c. southeasterners. d. Californians.

d. Californians.

Which nation quadrupled its gross domestic product between 2000 and 2008? a. The United States b. Russia c. Germany d. China

d. China

Which of the following pairs is correctly matched? a. Thirteenth Amendment—citizenship for African Americans b. Fourteenth Amendment—abolished slavery c. Fifteenth Amendment—gave African American males the right to vote d. Civil Rights Act of 1866—allowed formerly enslaved people full access to the courts

d. Civil Rights Act of 1866—allowed formerly enslaved people full access to the courts

Which of the following is correct about the Scopes trial? a. John Scopes was found not guilty. b. The American Civil Liberties Union challenged the constitutionality of the trial. c. William Jennings Bryan defended Scopes in the trial. d. Clarence Darrow defended the right to teach evolution in schools.

d. Clarence Darrow defended the right to teach evolution in schools.

Which general is properly paired with a battle he led? a. Union general George B. McClellan—Shiloh b. Confederate general P. G. T. Beauregard—Gettysburg c. Confederate general Stonewall Jackson—Fredericksburg d. Confederate general Robert E. Lee—Antietam

d. Confederate general Robert E. Lee—Antietam

Which of the following accurately describes the philosophy of participatory democracy, passed on by Ella Baker to an influential group of young SNCC activists? a. Making sure that a civil rights organization always polled their members regarding major decisions b. Emphasizing the importance of black voting rights over every other civil rights issue c. Encouraging blacks to join the Democratic Party and become active in shaping its policies d. Encouraging ordinary people to stand up for their rights rather than relying on charismatic leaders

d. Encouraging ordinary people to stand up for their rights rather than relying on charismatic leaders

Which of the following correctly links a law or a court decision to the benefit that it accorded women? a. Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1970)—increased women's access to school sports and athletic competition b. Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)—overturned state laws that allowed an abortion only if a woman's life were in danger c. Title IX (1972)—overturned state laws against the sale of contraceptives to single persons d. Equal Credit Opportunity Act (1974)—significantly increased women's access to credit

d. Equal Credit Opportunity Act (1974)—significantly increased women's access to credit

What strategy did southern Democrats employ to counteract the appeal of the Populists in the South in the 1880s? a. Building cross-racial alliances b. Passing a legal ban on Populist organizing c. Forming coalitions with southern Republicans d. Expanding the convict lease system

d. Expanding the convict lease system

Truman's domestic program during his second term in office was known as the a. New Deal. b. New Frontier. c. Square Deal. d. Fair Deal.

d. Fair Deal.

Which of the following statements describes the feminist movement in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s? a. It consisted of a relatively small number of women whose activism had a large presence but little effect. b. The women's movement declined as soon as feminist activists gained access to highly paid corporate jobs. c. The feminist movement had a significant impact only on the lives of white middle-class heterosexual women. d. Feminist activism addressed many issues, took a variety of forms, and affected millions of women.

d. Feminist activism addressed many issues, took a variety of forms, and affected millions of women.

Despite the favorable terms Americans achieved in the 1783 Treaty of Paris, they could not ultimately secure which of the following? a. The lands between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River b. Rights to fish off the coast of British Newfoundland c. Britain's formal recognition of the thirteen colonies' independence d. Forgiveness of their debts to British merchants

d. Forgiveness of their debts to British merchants

Which constitutional amendment did the Supreme Court use in the 1870s to the 1890s to protect the rights of corporations—even though it had been written to protect individual rights? a. First b. Tenth c. Thirteenth d. Fourteenth

d. Fourteenth

The resurgence of Christian faith in the United States during the 1970s and 1980s has been labeled by historians as the a. Christian Renaissance. b. Second Great Awakening. c. Evangelical Revolution. d. Fourth Great Awakening.

d. Fourth Great Awakening.

Which of the following Hull House volunteers became the first American woman to hold a U.S. cabinet post? a. Jane Addams b. Florence Kelley c. Ellen Gates Starr d. Frances Perkins

d. Frances Perkins

Which of these statements describes the status of African American women in the Reconstruction-era South? a. Most freedmen refused to allow their wives to work alongside them in the fields. b. In the Reconstruction-era South, freedwomen had the same rights and status as freedmen. c. Emancipation may have increased the subordination of African American women in the black household. d. Freedwomen valued their new right to marry legally and their opportunity to create a stable family life.

d. Freedwomen valued their new right to marry legally and their opportunity to create a stable family life.

In 1972, the Democratic nominee for the presidency was a. Edmund Muskie. b. Hubert Humphrey. c. Edward Kennedy. d. George McGovern.

d. George McGovern.

Which of the following statements describes actions the first congressional government undertook in 1789? a. The Judiciary Act of 1789 established thirteen district courts whose decisions would not be subject to review by the Supreme Court. b. George Washington asked Congress to abolish the departments of foreign affairs, finance, and war. c. The Judiciary Act of 1789 gave state courts jurisdiction over federal issues. d. George Washington established a cabinet--or body of advisors--and an administrative bureaucracy under the president's control.

d. George Washington established a cabinet--or body of advisors--and an administrative bureaucracy under the president's control.

Which of the following was the immediate cause for American entry into World War I? a. Progressives' zeal to correct social injustices b. The German's sinking of the Lusitania c. The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand d. Germany's resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare

d. Germany's resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare

Which president refashioned U.S. Indian policy in the latter half of the nineteenth century? a. Buchanan b. Lincoln c. Johnson d. Grant

d. Grant

From 1818 until the early 1840s, the Oregon Territory was administered under which of the following arrangements? a. The Oregon Territory was a British protectorate. b. It was a no man's land not formally claimed by any government. c. Russia controlled the territory as part of its Alaska claim. d. Great Britain and the United States controlled it jointly.

d. Great Britain and the United States controlled it jointly.

What was the immediate cause of the illegal duel in which Vice President Aaron Burr killed Alexander Hamilton in 1804? a. Hamilton's affair with Burr's wife b. Hamilton's decision to support Jefferson and oppose Burr in the 1800 election c. Burr's accusation that Hamilton was leading a Federalist secession plot d. Hamilton's accusation that Burr was aiding a plot to destroy the Union

d. Hamilton's accusation that Burr was aiding a plot to destroy the Union

What did the Venezuelan and Cuban crises of the 1890s have in common? a. They were both U.S. foreign policy challenges to European nations. b. The United States invoked the Monroe Doctrine in both crises. c. Both crises led the United States into war. d. They were both settled peacefully.

d. They were both settled peacefully.

What major change occurred in Mexican American activism during the 1960s? a. Mexican Americans abandoned their generally pro-Republican political sympathies and gave their allegiance primarily to the Democrats. b. The Mexican American Political Association (MAPA) emerged as their radical voice. c. Poverty, language barriers, and uncertain legal status made them increasingly unwilling to get involved in politics. d. In 1969, a large group of Mexican American students met in Denver to hammer out a national Chicano agenda.

d. In 1969, a large group of Mexican American students met in Denver to hammer out a national Chicano agenda.

Which of the following issues did the New Right reject during the 1980 presidential election? a. Banning abortion b. Permitting voluntary school prayer c. Opposing the Equal Rights Amendment d. Increasing federal spending on social welfare programs

d. Increasing federal spending on social welfare programs

Which of the following policies did the Greenback-Labor Party support in the 1870s? a. Ending Reconstruction b. The gold standard c. The graduated income tax d. Inflation

d. Inflation

During the Eisenhower administration, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) helped overthrow the government of a. Cuba. b. Indonesia. c. Albania. d. Iran.

d. Iran.

In the late nineteenth century, the American Catholic hierarchy was dominated by a. Hispanic Americans. b. Polish Americans. c. German Americans. d. Irish Americans.

d. Irish Americans.

Which of the following statements describes the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850? a. It was quickly ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. b. Washington, D.C., was not subject to its enforcement. c. The act prevented southern slave catchers from entering free states. d. It denied alleged runaways a jury trial or the right to testify in their own defense.

d. It denied alleged runaways a jury trial or the right to testify in their own defense.

The construction of the Erie Canal, the first great engineering project in American history, was successful for which of the following reasons? a. The federal government provided financial backing for the project. b. It followed the same mountain passes as the National Road. c. The canal charged only minor fees for its toll bridges, making its use profitable. d. It increased the speed of shipping and travel while greatly lowering its cost.

d. It increased the speed of shipping and travel while greatly lowering its cost.

What was the significance of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) in the 1920s? a. It represented a major black artistic movement. b. The UNIA created the Harlem Renaissance. c. It was the only biracial organization of its day. d. It left a legacy of activism among working-class blacks.

d. It left a legacy of activism among working-class blacks.

Which of the following describes the famous kitchen debate of 1959? a. Nixon argued that the United States was technologically superior to the USSR in almost every area. b. Khrushchev was greatly impressed and envious of the new American consumer appliances. c. Nixon and Khrushchev each agreed that the United States and USSR were technological and military equals. d. It settled no greater political purpose, but it revealed the commercialism of the postwar American dream.

d. It settled no greater political purpose, but it revealed the commercialism of the postwar American dream.

Which of the following statements describes television in the United States during the late 1940s and 1950s? a. The television industry was subsidized by the U.S. government. b. Television actually stimulated movie attendance through the use of advertising. c. The emergence of television contributed powerfully to the diversity of American culture. d. It transformed American culture as much as the automobile had in the 1920s.

d. It transformed American culture as much as the automobile had in the 1920s.

Which of the following arguments did President Jackson offer as a justification for destroying the Second Bank of the United States? a. The bank had not been successful at stabilizing the currency. b. It had not been able to influence credit in a satisfactory manner. c. The U.S. government was forced to play too large a role in managing the bank. d. It was a monopoly that benefited only a few owners, some of whom were foreigners.

d. It was a monopoly that benefited only a few owners, some of whom were foreigners.

Which of the following describes the New Right in 1980? a. The New Right was controlled by religious leader Billy Graham. b. The New Right never gained any support at the federal level. c. Its leaders sought a strong government to ameliorate the problem of poverty. d. Its leaders opposed big government and feared declining social morality.

d. Its leaders opposed big government and feared declining social morality.

Which of the following statements characterizes Andrew Jackson's intentions toward Native Americans during his presidency? a. He planned to encourage missionaries to convert the tribes east of the Mississippi River to Christianity and white culture. b. Jackson intended to force Native Americans to comply with federal treaties, even when they ran counter to the national interest. c. He sought better relations with the "civilized" Indians of the Old Southwest, encouraging them to continue their adaptation to white ways. d. Jackson meant to remove all Native Americans east of the Mississippi, even those who had adapted to white society.

d. Jackson meant to remove all Native Americans east of the Mississippi, even those who had adapted to white society.

In the late 1800s and early 1900s, which nation's growing power in East Asia most surprised Europe and the United States? a. Russia b. China c. Korea d. Japan

d. Japan

Which of the following Axis nations did the United States help rebuild economically after World War II to make it a bulwark against communism during the Cold War? a. Bulgaria b. East Germany c. Austria d. Japan

d. Japan

Which of the following is true of the U.S. election of 1796? a. President Washington wanted to seek a third term on the Federalist ticket. b. Republicans won a majority in the House of Representatives and Senate. c. Jefferson refused the pleadings of Republicans to stand for election. d. John Adams won the vote and continued a pro-British foreign policy.

d. John Adams won the vote and continued a pro-British foreign policy.

Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller, and Ralph Waldo Emerson were well known for their involvement in which of the following movements? a. Temperance b. Prison reform c. Educational reform d. Transcendentalism

d. Transcendentalism

Which of the following statements describes immigrants' accommodation to city life in the United States around 1900? a. They discarded their ethnic customs and traditional holidays as quickly as possible to blend in with native-born Americans. b. Each family looked out solely for its own interests, abandoning older community-oriented patterns. c. Irish and German immigrants frequently joined temperance societies to become sober American workers. d. Many relied on native-language newspapers, the conviviality of saloons, and the assistance of mutual-aid societies.

d. Many relied on native-language newspapers, the conviviality of saloons, and the assistance of mutual-aid societies.

Who was a critic for the New York Tribune, an editor of The Dial, and the author of Woman in the Nineteenth Century? a. Harriet Beecher Stowe b. Susan B. Anthony c. Angelina Grimké d. Margaret Fuller

d. Margaret Fuller

Which of the following authors is correctly matched with one of his works? a. Stephen Crane—"To Build a Fire" b. Theodore Dreiser—Letters from the Earth c. Jack London—Maggie: A Girl of the Streets d. Mark Twain—A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court

d. Mark Twain—A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court

The introduction of mass production in the late-nineteenth-century American economy had which of the following advantages? a. Mass production made work more interesting. b. It gave workers a greater sense of accomplishment. c. It gave workers greater control over the pace of their work. d. Mass production increased workers' output.

d. Mass production increased workers' output.

Beginning in the 1960s, the influx of Cuban refugees rapidly changed the character of a. New York City. b. Los Angeles. c. Denver. d. Miami.

d. Miami.

Which of the following statements describes the Federalists' response to the War of 1812? a. Almost all Federalists supported the war out of patriotism and a desire to acquire eastern Canada from Britain. b. Most Federalists reluctantly supported the war because public opinion favored it and they wanted to win in the upcoming midterm elections. c. Federalists, such as Daniel Webster, welcomed the high tariff brought by the war because it would help New England industries. d. Most Federalists strongly opposed the war and some in Massachusetts met to consider amending the Constitution to prevent future such wars.

d. Most Federalists strongly opposed the war and some in Massachusetts met to consider amending the Constitution to prevent future such wars.

What happened to the property of Loyalists during the Revolution? a. The Continental Congress auctioned off Loyalists' lands to raise money to fund the war. b. State governments seized Loyalist lands and redistributed them among Patriot landowners. c. Most of the lands of wealthy Loyalists were seized by local governments and redistributed among Patriot tenant farmers. d. Most Loyalist property was not seized because doing so would have violated America's republican principles.

d. Most Loyalist property was not seized because doing so would have violated America's republican principles.

Which of the following was true under the Articles of Confederation? a. Bills required a unanimous vote to become laws. b. Congress could tax the states and individuals, if necessary. c. Amendments could be passed with a majority of states approving. d. Most of the power remained with the states.

d. Most of the power remained with the states.

The Treaty of Alliance that the French and Americans signed in 1778 included which of the following stipulations? a. American generals would not interfere with French troops' weekly Catholic mass attendance. b. The French would aid the Americans but refrain from seeking new territory in the West Indies. c. If the Americans won, they would never interfere with French territory west of the Mississippi. d. Neither side would sign a separate peace that failed to recognize American independence.

d. Neither side would sign a separate peace that failed to recognize American independence.

Who was the leader of the liberal wing of the Republican Party in the 1950s? a. Dwight Eisenhower b. Robert Taft c. Barry Goldwater d. Nelson Rockefeller

d. Nelson Rockefeller

Johnson's Great Society program had a great deal in common with the a. New Frontier. b. Square Deal. c. New Freedom. d. New Deal.

d. New Deal.

The southern migrants who moved along the coastal plain toward the Gulf of Mexico between 1790 and 1820 originated in which of the following areas? a. New England b. Upstate New York and central Pennsylvania c. The Chesapeake region d. North and South Carolina

d. North and South Carolina

Which of the following statements characterizes affirmative action? a. It was first advanced under the Nixon administration in the early 1970s. b. It encompassed only racial minorities and excluded women. c. U.S. courts banned affirmative action in hiring and enrollment in the 1970s. d. Opponents, many of whom had opposed civil rights, charged that it was reverse discrimination.

d. Opponents, many of whom had opposed civil rights, charged that it was reverse discrimination.

Which of the following is correctly matched? a. Francisco Madero—Mexican dictator who encouraged private U.S. investment in Mexico in the late 1800s b. Porfirio Díaz—Mexican leader who was deposed after the United States intervened in the Mexican Revolution c. Venustiano Carranza—Wilson's favored leader during the Mexican Revolution who allied with the United States d. Pancho Villa—Mexican general whose forces killed dozens of Americans along the border in 1916

d. Pancho Villa—Mexican general whose forces killed dozens of Americans along the border in 1916

What spurred the British Parliament to repeal the Tea Act in 1778? a. The British East India Tea Company had resurged and the American market was no longer needed. b. British tea merchants finally succeeded in convincing members of Parliament that they needed the American market. c. The British blockade of the Atlantic coast prevented trade and the Tea Act was no longer necessary. d. Parliament hoped it would aid Britain's efforts to seek a negotiated peace with the Continental Congress.

d. Parliament hoped it would aid Britain's efforts to seek a negotiated peace with the Continental Congress.

Which of the following was a result of the Loyalists' exodus during and after the Revolution? a. The American Revolution became an economic as well as political revolution. b. Radical democrats replaced entrepreneurial-minded merchants as American leaders. c. Their land was confiscated and divided among the landless, who gained new rights. d. Patriot merchants replaced Tories at the top of the economic ladder.

d. Patriot merchants replaced Tories at the top of the economic ladder.

Which of the following scenarios took place in the federal government immediately after Congress passed the Civil Rights Act in April 1866? a. Congressional Republicans enacted the Freedmen's Bureau law over Johnson's veto. b. Radical Republicans formulated a plan to seek Johnson's impeachment. c. Republican leaders decided that they had accomplished all they could before the midterm election. d. Republicans introduced an amendment declaring that "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" were citizens.

d. Republicans introduced an amendment declaring that "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" were citizens.

By increasing America's arms buildup in its defense against communism, President Reagan abandoned the diplomatic policy of a. Harry Truman. b. Dwight Eisenhower. c. Lyndon Johnson. d. Richard Nixon.

d. Richard Nixon.

In 1968, the liberal who presented the Democratic Party's best chance for reunification was a. Eugene McGovern. b. Hubert Humphrey. c. Lyndon Johnson. d. Robert F. Kennedy.

d. Robert F. Kennedy.

Which of the following was the most polarizing Supreme Court decision of the 1970s? a. Miller v. California b. Gregg v. Georgia c. Bakke v. University of California d. Roe v. Wade

d. Roe v. Wade

On which issue was the Whig philosophy of the 1830s critically different from that of the Federalists in the 1790s? a. National bank b. Industrialization c. Role of the federal government d. Rule by an elite based on talent

d. Rule by an elite based on talent

Which of the following was a result of the laws passed to disenfranchise blacks across the South in the 1890s and early 1900s? a. The Republican Party was able to regain near parity with the Democrats once it no longer pursued black southern voters. b. Voter turnout decreased only slightly after disenfranchisement. c. Racial violence became less prevalent because whites no longer felt threatened. d. Segregation laws barring blacks from public and private places such as hotels, parks, and public drinking fountains were passed.

d. Segregation laws barring blacks from public and private places such as hotels, parks, and public drinking fountains were passed.

Which of the following was the dominant northern Plains Indian tribe? a. Iroquois b. Kiowas c. Comanches d. Sioux

d. Sioux

Which of the following was a consequence of mass production? a. Workers became masters of their craft. b. Workers' wages increased as they grew more productive. c. Craft workers became more valuable to industry. d. Skilled workers gradually lost their autonomy.

d. Skilled workers gradually lost their autonomy.

Which of the following statements characterizes African American marriage customs in the slave South? a. Marriage between cousins was very common among plantation slaves. b. African American marriage customs imitated those of white Christians. c. Many slaves married and moved into their own cabins without their white owners' permission. d. Slave couples often followed the African custom of "jumping the broom" to signify their union.

d. Slave couples often followed the African custom of "jumping the broom" to signify their union.

The expansionist foreign policy of the 1890s derived significant inspiration from a. populism. b. Marxism. c. isolationism. d. Social Darwinism.

d. Social Darwinism.

Why did the Russian economy fall further behind that of capitalist societies in the postwar years? a. U.S. trade embargoes hurt the Soviet economy severely. b. The Soviet Union spent most of its revenue on aging developing nations. c. Soviet support for North Vietnam had bankrupted the communist nation. d. Soviet businesses lacked market incentives to improve and innovate.

d. Soviet businesses lacked market incentives to improve and innovate.

In its campaign to end slavery, the American Anti-Slavery Society embraced which of the following tactics? a. Smuggling weapons to slaves for use in an eventual uprising b. Purchasing and freeing slaves threatened with a sale that would break up their families c. Mounting civil disobedience actions and mass demonstrations to protest slavery d. Sponsoring public lectures and collecting signatures on antislavery petitions

d. Sponsoring public lectures and collecting signatures on antislavery petitions

Which of the following civil rights supporters lived beyond the 1960s? a. Martin Luther King Jr. b. Malcolm X c. Medgar Evers d. Stokely Carmichael

d. Stokely Carmichael

Why did Harriet Beecher Stowe pen her novel Uncle Tom's Cabin, which was published in 1852? a. She wanted to promote African colonization as the best solution to the evils of slavery. b. She wanted women to leave any church that did not preach against slavery. c. She wanted more white Northern women to join abolitionist societies. d. Stowe sought to depict slavery as degrading to slave women.

d. Stowe sought to depict slavery as degrading to slave women.

In which of the following actions did President James Madison contradict the traditional philosophy of Republicans? a. Endorsing and signing Henry Clay's Bonus Bill b. Cutting the federal budget significantly c. Approving the Judiciary Act of 1801 d. Supporting the creation of the Second Bank of the United States

d. Supporting the creation of the Second Bank of the United States

Through which of the following movements did evangelical reformers succeed in effecting substantial legal and cultural transformations in early nineteenth-century America? a. Prison reform b. Prostitution c. Immigration reform d. Temperance

d. Temperance

Which of these groups accounted for the largest percentage of the white population in the mid-nineteenth-century Cotton South? a. Plantation owners b. Middling planters c. Yeoman farmers d. Tenant farmers and day laborers

d. Tenant farmers and day laborers

Why was the American Federation of Labor more successful than the Knights of Labor in the late nineteenth century? a. The AFL was open to all workers. b. The Knights were too restrictive. c. The Knights' push for practical job interests was not idealistic enough. d. The AFL focused on goals such as better wages, hours, and working conditions.

d. The AFL focused on goals such as better wages, hours, and working conditions.

Which of the following statements characterizes the relative military strengths of the British and Patriot forces during the Revolutionary War? a. The Patriots could count on more help from Indians than could the British. b. The Americans relied mostly on a standing army of about 48,000 men. c. Due to American shipbuilding, American naval strength roughly matched that of the British Navy. d. The British could expect support from thousands of Loyalists in the colonies and many Indian tribes.

d. The British could expect support from thousands of Loyalists in the colonies and many Indian tribes.

Which of the following factors spurred congressional approval of the Interstate Highway Act? a. The destruction of the mass-transit systems b. The New Deal c. The Fair Deal d. The Cold War

d. The Cold War

Which of the following statements describes the election of 1876? a. President Grant ran for, but failed to win, an unprecedented third term. b. The Democratic candidate won the popular vote but not the electoral vote. c. The Republican candidate won the popular vote, but several minor parties siphoned off enough electoral votes to force the election into the House of Representatives. d. The Democratic candidate won the popular vote, but Republican officials in three southern states certified Republican victories, sending two sets of electoral votes to Congress.

d. The Democratic candidate won the popular vote, but Republican officials in three southern states certified Republican victories, sending two sets of electoral votes to Congress.

Which of the following statements describes the Nixon administration's domestic policies? a. Nixon vetoed nearly all of the environmental laws passed by Congress during his time in office. b. Nixon was blocked by Congress from impounding billions of dollars appropriated for social and environmental programs. c. Nixon successfully vetoed a bill to reform the social welfare system by eliminating Aid to Dependent Children. d. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was signed into law by Nixon and had broad bipartisan support.

d. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was signed into law by Nixon and had broad bipartisan support.

The 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act led to which of the following outcomes? a. The Kansas and Nebraska territories were admitted as free states. b. Stephen Douglas's political career ended. c. President Pierce signed the Ostend Manifesto. d. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 was repealed.

d. The Missouri Compromise of 1820 was repealed.

Which of the following was an achievement of the Johnson administration? a. The interstate highway system b. Federal health insurance for all Americans c. The Alliance for Progress d. The National Endowment for the Humanities

d. The National Endowment for the Humanities

Which of the following was true of the United States in the mid-1980s? a. The majority of college students were enlightened social activists. b. The United States was the world's leading exporter of agricultural goods. c. American manufacturing sales abroad were unsurpassed. d. The United States registered a negative balance of international payments.

d. The United States registered a negative balance of international payments.

The growth of the YMCA in late-nineteenth-century American cities resulted from which of the following factors? a. People newly arrived in cities needed an outlet for entertainment. b. There was a greater need to train athletes for professional sports careers. c. There was an epidemic of obesity across the United States in the nineteenth century. d. The YMCA prompted "muscular Christianity" for white-collar workers.

d. The YMCA prompted "muscular Christianity" for white-collar workers.

What did nineteenth-century American expansionists mean by the term Manifest Destiny? a. Americans were culturally equal to the native and Hispanic populations to the west. b. The western boundaries of the United States should stop at the Rocky Mountains. c. Protestantism and the American form of government should be established in Mexico. d. The citizens of the United States had a God-given right to conquer the land to the Pacific Ocean.

d. The citizens of the United States had a God-given right to conquer the land to the Pacific Ocean.

Which of the following statements characterizes gay culture in early twentieth-century New York? a. Due to high levels of stigma and discrimination, there were too few gay people to form a culture. b. New York's gay underground was dangerous due to the frequency of police raids and arrests. c. New York's gay subculture was quiet, invisible, and careful not to challenge Victorian ideals. d. The city's exuberant gay subculture provoked harassment but officials tolerated its existence.

d. The city's exuberant gay subculture provoked harassment but officials tolerated its existence.

Which of the following describes the guerrilla war that followed the conquest of the Philippines? a. American troops committed many atrocities, but the Filipino rebels did not. b. More American troops were killed than Filipino rebels. c. The fighting was extremely brutal and continued until 1920. d. The conflict far exceeded in ferocity the war just concluded with Spain.

d. The conflict far exceeded in ferocity the war just concluded with Spain.

Why did the Ghost Dance movement spread so quickly in Native American reservations in the late 1880s and early 1890s? a. Native American people thought the dance might end the long drought. b. It was a purely Native American dance that represented their culture. c. The dance served as a pleasant distraction from the ills of life on the reservation. d. The dance fostered native peoples' hope that they could drive away white settlers.

d. The dance fostered native peoples' hope that they could drive away white settlers.

Around the 1830s, what new form of manufacturing emerged in America? a. The rural outwork system b. Water-driven textile mills c. The first use of interchangeable parts d. The fabrication of metal products

d. The fabrication of metal products

Which of the following was a reason American businesses embraced baseball in the late nineteenth century? a. It reminded urban Americans of their rural past. b. The game taught a new generation about the bloody days of the Civil War. c. It provided urbanites with a respected symbol of authority--the umpire. d. The game was a wholesome way to promote discipline and teamwork.

d. The game was a wholesome way to promote discipline and teamwork.

How did pro-annexation Democrats engineer the annexation of Texas in 1845? a. They bribed several major figures in the Mexican government to support annexation. b. The Democrats promised Whig congressmen that they would fund internal improvements in exchange for Whig votes. c. They arranged for the measure to come to a vote in the Senate when several anti-annexation senators were absent. d. The party approved it through a joint resolution, which required only a majority vote in both houses of Congress.

d. The party approved it through a joint resolution, which required only a majority vote in both houses of Congress.

Which of the following statements describes modern Republicanism? a. President Eisenhower rejected it as the repudiation of Abraham Lincoln's legacy. b. George Kennan called it a critical aspect of containment policy. c. It called for a drastic reduction in the size and activities of the federal government. d. The philosophy emphasized moderating rather than dismantling the New Deal state.

d. The philosophy emphasized moderating rather than dismantling the New Deal state.

Which of the following describes the Crittenden Compromise? a. It was a compromise Lincoln supported. b. The plan outlined the Confederate constitution. c. It was eliminated due to President Buchanan's veto. d. The plan was a failed attempt to prevent secession.

d. The plan was a failed attempt to prevent secession.

How did Oregon fever affect national politics in the United States in 1844? a. Enthusiasm for settlement in Oregon nearly led to war with England. b. The idea of expansion into Oregon split both the Whig and the Democratic parties. c. Talk of expansion led to talk of the spread of slavery, which Congress prevented with a gag rule. d. The possibility of expansion into Texas became a major issue in the presidential election.

d. The possibility of expansion into Texas became a major issue in the presidential election.

Pennsylvania's constitution of 1776 contained which of the following provisions? a. A prohibition on slavery b. The right of all male property owners to vote c. A bicameral legislature d. The right of all taxpaying men to hold office

d. The right of all taxpaying men to hold office

What was the U.S. Congress trying to achieve when it passed the USA Patriot Act in 2001? a. New civil liberties protections for American citizens b. New civil liberties protections for American-born Muslims c. Increased revenue to fund the war on terrorism domestically and internationally d. The suspension of certain civil liberties protections

d. The suspension of certain civil liberties protections

The 1783 Treaty of Paris addressed Native Americans living in the Old Northwest in which of the following ways? a. It stipulated that Native tribes would be supervised by the British until 1793. b. The treaty established tribal homelands west of the Appalachians. c. It assigned control of all tribes to a joint British-American agency. d. The treaty did nothing to protect Indian lands or independence.

d. The treaty did nothing to protect Indian lands or independence.

Why was Pinckney's Treaty of 1795 significant? a. The treaty lowered the price of western lands, making them affordable to farmers. b. Through this treaty, the English stopped arming the Indians around the Great Lakes. c. Through this treaty, Jefferson and Madison negotiated the Louisiana Purchase. d. The treaty opened the Mississippi River and New Orleans to American trade.

d. The treaty opened the Mississippi River and New Orleans to American trade.

Which of the following statements describes the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo? a. The treaty was passed by the House but rejected in the U.S. Senate. b. It prohibited slavery in all territories ceded by Mexico, including Texas. c. It ceded California and New Mexico to the United States and required $50 million in Mexican reparations. d. The treaty purchased more than one-third of Mexico's territory for a mere $15 million.

d. The treaty purchased more than one-third of Mexico's territory for a mere $15 million.

Which of the following describes the nineteenth-century Shakers? a. They believed men were spiritually weaker than women. b. They excluded African Americans in order to maintain racial purity. c. Men greatly outnumbered women in Shaker communities. d. They allowed both women and men to govern their communities.

d. They allowed both women and men to govern their communities.

Why are the Oneidians, Shakers, and Fourierists historically significant? a. All of these groups exercised great influence over American politics. b. These utopians all criticized capitalism but made tremendous profits through manufacturing. c. They repudiated heterosexual sex and sexuality. d. They articulated criticisms of the class divisions created by the market economy.

d. They articulated criticisms of the class divisions created by the market economy.

Which of the following did Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville have in common? a. Both celebrated the positive potential of the individual. b. They wrote mostly of the past and ignored current realities in the United States. c. Both warned against the restrictions imposed on individuals by social groups. d. They criticized transcendentalism and warned against excessive individualism.

d. They criticized transcendentalism and warned against excessive individualism.

What did bankers, land speculators, and entrepreneurs in the 1820s to the 1840s have in common? a. Most of them were Whigs. b. They tended to be Democrats. c. Most rejected the ideas of the Second Great Awakening. d. They demanded government assistance for their business enterprises.

d. They demanded government assistance for their business enterprises.

What did Andrew Carnegie, Gustavus Swift, and John D. Rockefeller have in common? a. All these men were immigrants into the United States. b. Each one began his career as an industrial mechanic. c. They succeeded through horizontal integration. d. They succeeded through vertical integration.

d. They succeeded through vertical integration.

Which of the following describes the minstrel shows that became popular in American cities in the 1840s? a. They were pioneered by P. T. Barnum, who founded the Barnum & Bailey Circus. b. Minstrel shows celebrated the lifestyle of the "b'hoys." c. Minstrel shows contributed to the problem of prostitution in the big cities. d. They were a popular form of entertainment and social criticism.

d. They were a popular form of entertainment and social criticism.

Which of the following describes the urban renewal projects that took place in U.S. cities in the 1950s? a. Urban residents strongly supported the projects, which provided new, modern housing. b. Urban renewal projects promoted racial integration in segregated neighborhoods. c. The federal government funded and undertook such projects over the protests of state and city governments. d. Urban renewal efforts coincided with an increase in cities' black, Latino, and Native American populations.

d. Urban renewal efforts coincided with an increase in cities' black, Latino, and Native American populations.

Which of the following statements characterizes the emergence of the textile industry in the United States? a. British textile manufacturers readily sold patents for machinery and other technology to American textile mill owners. b. American textile mills were unable to compete with the British mills because America lacked the necessary natural resources. c. American men apprenticed in England to learn textile industrial technology and return as master textile mechanics. d. Using British textile machinery as their model, American textile producers built their own textile mills in New England and ultimately improved on British technology.

d. Using British textile machinery as their model, American textile producers built their own textile mills in New England and ultimately improved on British technology.

Which of these actions constituted the United States' first major contribution to the war effort in World War I? a. Providing relief to the Allies' military forces at the Western Front b. Sending troops to the Eastern Front to strengthen the fight against Russia c. Blockading enemy ports and harbors to limit their military strength d. Using armed convoys to secure Allied shipping against submarine attacks

d. Using armed convoys to secure Allied shipping against submarine attacks

How did the conservative political operative Richard Viguerie contribute to the growth of the conservative movement that supported New Right Republicans like Goldwater and Reagan in the mid-1960s? a. He created the first conservative morning radio talk show to stir up enthusiasm for the case. b. He pioneered the use of the phone bank to raise money and recruit volunteers. c. Viguerie made political donations totaling millions of dollars. d. Viguerie applied emerging computer technology to political campaigning.

d. Viguerie applied emerging computer technology to political campaigning.

Why did Congress abandon efforts to enforce black voting rights and fair elections in the South after 1892? a. The Supreme Court had ruled that such efforts were unconstitutional. b. Continued southern resistance persuaded Congress that such efforts were futile. c. Race riots in several urban cities greatly decreased public support for civil rights action among northern voters. d. Voters largely rejected Republicans and their policies in 1890, giving control of Congress and the presidency to the Democrats.

d. Voters largely rejected Republicans and their policies in 1890, giving control of Congress and the presidency to the Democrats.

Which of these corporations became one of the largest in the world by 2000? a. Ford b. Amazon.com c. Target d. Walmart

d. Walmart

What prevented white southerners from working to diversify their economy in the nineteenth century? a. Southerners did not want to exploit white workers economically. b. Wealthy southern investors believed agricultural labor was more virtuous than industrial labor. c. Southerners resisted railroad construction because they believed it would divide large landholdings. d. Wealthy planters believed that the plantation economy would continue to produce wealth indefinitely.

d. Wealthy planters believed that the plantation economy would continue to produce wealth indefinitely.

Which region of the United States had responded to the women's voting rights movement by 1900? a. Northeast b. Lower South c. Midwest d. West

d. West

How did women participate in the abolition movement in the mid-eighteenth century? a. Female abolitionists often discussed issues of slavery among themselves, but they had limited involvement in the movement. b. Women were not active in the abolition movement. c. Women interested in abolition attended meetings with their husbands but did not actively participate in the societies. d. Women abolitionists established influential groups such as the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society.

d. Women abolitionists established influential groups such as the Philadelphia Female Anti-Slavery Society.

Which of the following statements most accurately characterized women's political participation during the 1920s? a. Due to their political inexperience, few women sought public office. b. Women were most effective as members of political parties' committees. c. Women had little success in political lobbying and no formal organizations of their own. d. Women did not vote as a bloc, as politicians had expected.

d. Women did not vote as a bloc, as politicians had expected.

Which of the following describes both the reform movements in the 1880s and the 1890s and those between 1900 and 1920? a. They were focused mostly on agrarian and labor issues. b. The reform movements in neither had any long-term results. c. The reform movements in both periods resulted from religious revival. d. Women played an integral part in the reform movements of both periods.

d. Women played an integral part in the reform movements of both periods.

Which of the following assesses the impact of World War I on the international balance of power? a. Germany emerged from the war stronger than ever, while France and Britain were diminished. b. Britain emerged from World War I with a firm hold on its colonial empire and Europe itself. c. The United States emerged as a world power ready to fulfill its new international role. d. World War I weakened France and England while it strengthened the United States.

d. World War I weakened France and England while it strengthened the United States.

Which of the following established the Soviet sphere of influence in Eastern Europe? a. Eisenhower Doctrine b. Casablanca Conference c. Marshall Plan d. Yalta Agreement

d. Yalta Agreement

Deciding that Roosevelt had not done enough to alleviate suffering, Francis Townsend called for a. taking money from the rich and giving it to the poor. b. public works programs. c. bringing electricity to rural areas. d. an old-age revolving pension plan.

d. an old-age revolving pension plan.

In 1858, in his so-called Freeport Doctrine, Stephen Douglas a. stole Lincoln's thunder by advocating a plan for gradual emancipation with compensation for former slaveholders. b. emphasized colonization of freed slaves as the only practical solution to the problem of slavery. c. declared, "This government was made by our fathers, by white men for the benefit of white men." d. asserted that settlers could exclude slavery from a territory by not adopting local legislation to protect it.

d. asserted that settlers could exclude slavery from a territory by not adopting local legislation to protect it.

As secretary of commerce under Warren Harding, Herbert Hoover a. led a renewed campaign of trust-busting to restore competition in the business world. b. sought to eliminate any type of government intervention in business. c. worked to extend the power of the War Industries Board and War Labor Board. d. believed that voluntary cooperation between government and business could replace regulation.

d. believed that voluntary cooperation between government and business could replace regulation.

In terms of membership, the Knights of Labor discriminated a. by ethnicity. b. against women. c. against unskilled laborers. d. by excluding the Chinese.

d. by excluding the Chinese.

Those who participated in the creation and implementation of Radical Reconstruction intended to a. achieve a new southern society in the North's image . b. bring the South back into the Union with minimal bitterness. c. rebuild the South's shattered infrastructure. d. create a new South with full equality and without racism.

d. create a new South with full equality and without racism.

Elvis Presley, Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, and Charlie Parker were all associated with a. the Beat generation. b. self-expression in painting. c. "hot" bebop jazz. d. cultural rebellion.

d. cultural rebellion.

President Buchanan responded to the secession crisis by a. ordering a naval assault on Charleston, which the Confederates repelled. b. ignoring the situation and leaving it for Lincoln to resolve. c. supporting the secessionists and helping the Confederacy to secure diplomatic recognition. d. declaring secession illegal but claiming that the federal government had no power to reverse it.

d. declaring secession illegal but claiming that the federal government had no power to reverse it.

In an attempt to combat stagflation, President Carter a. created an industrial policy to bail out manufacturing companies. b. took the United States off the gold standard. c. issued temporary price and wage controls. d. deregulated the transportation industries.

d. deregulated the transportation industries.

African Americans who served in World War I returned home to find a. new appreciation for their patriotism. b. greater access to jobs when they showed their discharge papers. c. less racism from whites than before the war. d. discrimination and race riots.

d. discrimination and race riots.

Advocates of free silver believed it would a. reduce the price of manufactured goods. b. lower the price of silver. c. benefit wage earners. d. encourage borrowing and stimulate industry.

d. encourage borrowing and stimulate industry.

The open door note, composed by U.S. Secretary of State John Hay, called for a. an end to all foreign spheres of influence in China. b. an end to the Chinese taxing system. c. a repeal of the extraterritoriality agreements with China. d. equal access for all countries seeking to trade with China.

d. equal access for all countries seeking to trade with China.

The National Environmental Policy Act (1970) required developers to a. pay higher taxes for projects that would be harmful to the environment. b. plan projects in coordination with the Environmental Protection Agency. c. pay a penalty if projects turned out to be environmentally detrimental. d. file environmental impact statements on the effect of projects on ecosystems.

d. file environmental impact statements on the effect of projects on ecosystems.

Ratified in 1870, the Fifteenth Amendment a. prohibited state governments from using property requirements to disqualify blacks from voting. b. granted voting rights to all adult African Americans in every state. c. prohibited state governments from using literacy tests to prevent blacks from voting. d. forbade states from denying any citizen the right to vote on the grounds of race, color, or previous condition as a slave.

d. forbade states from denying any citizen the right to vote on the grounds of race, color, or previous condition as a slave.

In the Bonus Army incident in Washington, D.C., in 1932, federal troops a. joined in sympathy with the gathered World War I veterans. b. arrested the demonstrators who burned their bonus checks to protest Hoover's inaction. c. beat the veterans who rioted and tried to march on the White House property. d. forcefully evicted the assembled veterans and burned their encampment.

d. forcefully evicted the assembled veterans and burned their encampment.

Post-Cold War globalization differed from earlier forms of globalization because a. for the first time, American multinational corporations set up factories in foreign countries. b. it led to record European and Asian immigration to the United States. c. many nations were no longer in need of protection against communism, so they raised tariffs on American products. d. global financial markets integrated to an unprecedented degree, thus allowing capital to flow between them.

d. global financial markets integrated to an unprecedented degree, thus allowing capital to flow between them.