The Art of Public Speaking, Ch. 11-14, 16-19

problem-cause-solution order

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem

Monroe's motivated sequence

a method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.

pause

a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech

vocalized pause

a pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as "uh" "er" and "um"

designated leader

a person who is elected or appointed as leader when the group is formed

speech to gain passive agreement

a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy

speech to gain immediate action

a persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy

symposium

a public presentation in which several people present prepared speeches on different aspects of the same topic

question of fact

a question about the truth or falsity of an assertion

question of value

a question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action

question of policy

a question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken

question of policy

a question about whether a specific should or should not be taken

hidden agenda

a set of unstated individual goals that may conflict with the goals of the group as a whole

problem-solving small group

a small group formed to solve a particular problem

impromptu speech

a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation

oral report

a speech presenting the findings, conclusions, or decisions of a small group

acceptance speech

a speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition

speech of introduction

a speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience

manuscript speech

a speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience

commemorative speech

a speech that pays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution, or an idea

speech of presentation

a speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition

panel discussion

a structured conversation on a given topic among several people in front of an audience

creating common ground

a technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience

cliche

a trite or overused expression

dialect

a variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary

chart

a visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form

graph

a visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns

invalid analogy

an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike

fallacy

an error in reasoning

simile

an explicit comparison, introduced with the word "like" or "as" between things that are essentially different yet have something in common

metaphor

an implicit comparison, not introduced with the word "like" or "as" between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common

vocal variety

changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness

nonverbal communication

communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words

maintenance needs

communicative actions necessary to maintain interpersonal relations in a small group

eye contact

direct visual contact with the eyes of another person

delivery cues

directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of the speech

clutter

discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea

inclusive language

language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors

gestures

motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech

conversational quality

presenting a speech so its sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed

analogical reasoning

reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second

reasoning from principle

reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion

reasoning from specific instances

reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion

causal reasoning

reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects

repetition

reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences

alliteration

repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words

procedural needs

routine "housekeeping" actions necessary for the efficient conduct of business in a small group

criteria

standards on which a judgment or decision can be based

task needs

substantive actions necessary to help a small group complete its assigned task

evidence

supporting materials used to prove or disprove something

leadership

the ability to influence group members so as to help achieve the goals of the group

pronunciation

the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language

credibility

the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. The two major factors influencing a speaker's credibility are competence and character

terminal credibility

the credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech

initial credibility

the credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak

derived credibility

the credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech

need

the first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?

pitch

the highness or lowness of the speaker's voice

antithesis

the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure

denotative meaning

the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase

volume

the loudness or softness of the speakers voice

connotative meaning

the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase

mental dialogue with the audience

the mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech

logos

the name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning

ethos

the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility

pathos

the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal

burden of proof

the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary

visual framework

the pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speaker's ideas

articulation

the physical production of particular speech sounds

target audience

the portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade

persuasion

the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions

reasoning

the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence

plan

the second basic issue in analyzing a question policy: If there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?

parallelism

the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences

rate

the speed at which a person speaks

kinesics

the study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication

practicality

the third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems?

generic "he"

the use of "he" to refer to both women and men (avoid)

imagery

the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas

abstracts words

words that refer to ideas or concepts

concrete words

words that refer to tangible objects

ad hominem

a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

either-or

a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist

red herring

a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

bandwagon

a fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable

appeal to novelty

a fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old

appeal to reason

a fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new

slippery slope

a fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

line graph

a graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time or space

bar graph

a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items

consensus

a group decision that is acceptable to all members of the group

implied leader

a group member to whom other members defer because of her or his rank, expertise, or other quality

emergent leader

a group member who emerges as a leader during the group's deliberations

dyad

a group of two people

bibliography

a list of all the sources used in preparing for a speech

brainstorming

a method of generating ideas by free association of words and thoughts

comparative advantages order

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speakers solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions

problem-solution order

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

thesaurus

a book of synonyms

speaking outline

a brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech

reflective-thinking method

a five-step method for directing discussion in a problem-solving small group

rhythm

the pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words

hasty generalization

a fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence

false cause

a fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second

extemporaneous speech

a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes

small group

a collection of 3-12 people who assemble for a specific purpose

font

a complete set of type of the same design

monotone

a constant pitch or tone of voice

preparation outline

a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech