The Art of Public Speaking - Chapter 17
Enhancing Credibility
1) Explain your competence. 2) Establish common ground with your audience. 3) Deliver your speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction
How to enhance your credibility
Explain your competence Establish common ground with your audience Deliver your speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction
What are the emotional appeals - pathos
Fear Compassion Pride Anger Guilt Reverence page. 349
reasoning from principle
Moving from general principle to specific conclusion
Analogical reasoning
Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second case
Reasoning from principle
Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion
Generating emotional appeal - pathos
Use emotional language Develop Vivid examples Speak with sincerity and conviction
tips for evidence
Use specific evidence Use novel evidence Use credible evidence Make clear point of evidence
Tips for using evidence
Use specific evidence Use novel evidence Use evidence from credible sources Make clear the point of your evidence
Hasty generalization
a fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence - page. 44
False cause
a fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second
Ad hominem
a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute
Either - or
a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist - either/or
Red herring
a fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion - distraction
Bandwagon
a fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable
Appeal to novelty
a fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old
Appeal to tradition
a fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new
Slippery slope
a fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented
Creating common ground
a technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience
Invalid analogy
an analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike - ex. comparing a car to a bike
Fallacy
an error in reasoning
The two major factors influencing a speaker's credibility
competence- how an audience regards a speakers intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject character- how an audience regards a speakers sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience
The two major elements of logos
evidence and reasoning
fallacies
hasty generalization, false cause, invalid analogy, bandwagon, red herring, ad hominem, either-or, slippery slope, appeal to tradition, appeal to novelty
Reasoning from specific instances
reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion
Causal reasoning
reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects
Evidence
supporting material used to prove or disprove something
Credibility
the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.
Terminal credibility
the credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech - end of speech
Initial credibility
the credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak - before speech
Derived credibility
the credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech - mid speech
Logos
the name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker - evidence -use specific evidence -use novel evidence -use evidence from credible sources
Ethos
the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility (perception of credibility)
Pathos
the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal
Reasoning
the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence