The art of public speaking chapter 9

Signpost

A very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas. Signposts are very brief statements that indicate exactly where you are in the speech. Frequently they are just numbers. Here is how a seat students used numerical signpost to help her audience keep track of the major causes for the continuing problem of famine in Africa just by simply stating; The first cause The second cause The third cause and another way to accomplish the same thing is to introduce your main points with a question. Experienced speakers include transitions and other connective to help listners keep track of their ideas. experience speakers include transitions another connective to help west nurse keep track of their ideas.

Problem solution order

Speeches arranged in problem solution order are divided into two main parts. The first shows the existence and seriousness of a problem. The second presents a workable solution to the problem. The main points of the speech should be organized to communicate the speaker's message. A method of speech organization in which the first main points deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem. Chronological order would work very well for a speech on the history of Mount Rushmore

Main points

The major points developed in the body of a speech. Most speeches contain from two to five main points. Three main points from a skeleton of a body of a speech logically R the specific purpose, central idea, and main points.

Supporting materials

The materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony. By themselves main points are only assertions. Listeners need supporting material to accept what a speaker says. The major kinds of some supporting materials and how to use them. We need to stress only the importance of organizing your supporting materials so they are directly relevant to the main points they are supposed to support. Misplaced supporting materials are confusing.

Specific purpose

To inform my audience about the development, technology, and benefits of hydrogen fuel cells as an example central idea developed as a highly efficient form of energy, hydrogen fuel cells use sophisticated technology and offer a number of economic environmental benefits, three main points number one hydrogen fuel cells were developed to provide a highly efficient form of energy number to hydrogen fuel cells produce power through an electrochemical reaction involving hydrogen gas and 3 hydrogen fuel cells provide an economically and environmentally superior method of powering motor vehicles. Research studies confirm that clear organization is vital to effective public speaking. Listeners must be able to follow the progression of ideas in a speech from beginning to end.

Topical order

A method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics. Topical order results when you divide the speech topic into subtopics, each of which becomes a main point in the speech.

Spatial order

A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern. Speech is arranged in spatial order follow a directional pattern. That is, the main points proceed from top to bottom left to right front to back inside and out east to west or some other route. Spatial order, like chronological order, is used most often in informative speeches.

Casual order

A method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship. Speech is arranged in Kole will order organize main points so as to show a cause effect relationship. When you put your speech in a call to order, you have two main points, one dealing with the cause of an event, the other dealing with its effect. Depending on your topic you can devote your first main point to the causes and the second to the effects, or you can deal with the first with the effects and then with the causes.

Internal summary

A statement in the body of a a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points. Internal summaries are the reverse of internal preview. Rather than letting listeners know what is coming up next, internal summaries remind listeners of what they have just heard. Such summaries are usually used when a speaker finishes a complicated or particularly important main point or set of main points. Internal summaries are an excellent way to clarify and reinforce ideas. By combining them with transitions, you can also lead your audience smoothly into your next main point.

Internal preview

A statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next. Internal previews let the audience know what a speaker will take up next but they are more detailed than transitions. In effect, and internal preview works just like the preview statement in a speech introduction, except that it comes in the body of the speech, usually as the speaker is starting to discuss a main point.

Connective

A word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them. Words or phrases that join one thought to another and indicate the relationship between them. Without connectives, a speech is disjointed and on coordinated, much as a person would be without ligaments and tendons to join the bones and hold the organs in place. Four types of speech connective are transitions, internal previews, internal summaries, and signpost.

Transition

A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another. Transitions are words or phrases that indicate when a speaker has just completed one thought and is moving on to another. Did transitions state both the idea the speaker is leaving and the ideas she or he is comin up too. Example: Now that we have I have spoken so far of Keeping these points in mind Notice how these phrases remind the listener of the thought just completed, as well as reveal the thought about to be developed.

Chronological order

And method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern. Speeches arranged chronologically follow a time pattern . They may nary a series of events in a sequence in which they happened. Chronological order is also used in speech is explaining a process or demonstrating how to do something.

Chapter 9 summary

Clear organization is vital to speech making. Listeners tube and coherence. They get only one chance to grasp a speaker's ideas, and they have little patience for speakers who ramble aimlessly from one idea to another. A well-organized speech will enhance your credibility and make it easier for the audience to understand your message. The process of planning the body of a speech begins when you determine the main points. You should choose them carefully, phrase them precisely, and organize them strategically. Because listeners cannot keep track of a multitude of main points, most features should contain no more than 225 each should focus on a single idea, should be worded clearly, and should receive enough emphasis to be clear and convincing. You can organize main points in various ways, depending upon your topic, purpose, and audience. Chronological order follows a time pattern, whereas spatial order follows a directional pattern. And causal order, main points are organized according to the R call effect relationship. Topical order results when you divide your main topic into subtopics. Problem solution order breaks the body of the speech into two main parts the first showing a problem, the second giving a solution. Supporting materials are the backup ideas for your main points. When organizing the supporting materials, make sure they are directly relevant to the main points they are supposed to support. Connectives help tie a speech together. They are words or phrases that join one thought to another and indicate the relationship between them. The four major types of speech connectives are transitions, internal previews, internal summaries, and signposts. Using them effectively will make your speeches more unified and coherent.

Checklist four main points

Does the body of my speech contain two to five main points? Are my main points organized according to one of the following Methods of organization? Chronological order, spatial order, casual order, top of the order, problem solution order. Or my name points clearly separate from one another? As much as possible, have I use the same pattern of wording for all my main points? Have I roughly balance the amount of time to get to each of the main points? Is each of my main points back up with strong, credible supporting materials? Do I use connective to make sure my audience knows when I am moving from one main point to another?

Tips for preparing main points

Keep main points separate. Each main point in a speech should be clearly independent of the others. Compare these two sets of main points for a speech about the process of producing a Broadway play for example. Try to use the same pattern of wording for main points. Consider the following main points for an informative speech. Balance the amount of time devoted to main points. Your main points are so important, you want to be sure they all receive enough emphasis to be clear and convincing. This means allowing sufficient time to develop each main point. Suppose you discover that the proportion of time devoted to you main points.

Strategic organization

Putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience. The first step in developing a strong sense of speech organization is to gain command of the three basic parts of a speech that is the introduction, body, and conclusion and the strategic role of each.