The Art Of Public Speaking - Lesson 3
Thesaurus
a book of synonyms
Abstract Words
words that refer to ideas or concepts
Cliche
a trite or overused expression
Credibility
the audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic
Denotative Meaning
the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase
Volume
the loudness or softness of the speaker's voice
Main Points
the major points developed in the body of a speech
Strategic Organization
putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience
What are four ways to reinforce the central idea when concluding your speech?
1. Summarize your speech 2. End with a quotation 3. Make a dramatic statement 4. Refer to the introduction
What are four criteria for using language effectively in your speeches?
1. Accurately 2. Clearly 3. Vividly 4. Appropriately
How does language help create our sense of reality?
How does language help create our sense of reality? It gives meaning to events. Words used to label a event makes a difference on how we respond to it.
What are the elements of good speech delivery?
The elements of good delivery are directness, spontaneity, animation, vocal and facial expressiveness, and a lively sense of communication.
Rhetorical Question
a question that the audience answers mentally rather than aloud
Pitch
the highness or lowness of the speaker's voice
Speaking Outline
a brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech
What are seven methods you can use in the introduction to get the attention and interest of your audience?
1. Relate the topic to the audience 2. State the importance of your topic 3. Startle the audience 4. Arouse the curiosity of the audience 5. Question the audience 6. Begin with a quotation 7. Tell a story
What are the major functions of a speech conclusion?
1. Signal the end of the speech 2. Reinforce the central idea 3. Strong final statement
Inclusive Language
language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors
Parallelism
the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences
What is a preview statement? Why should you nearly always include a preview statement in the introduction of your speech?
1. A statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body. 2. It helps the audience listen effectively and provides a smooth lead-in to the body of the speech.
What are the three major traits of a good acceptance speech?
1. Brevity 2. Humility 3. Graciousness
What are the three purposes of a speech of introduction? What guidelines should you follow in preparing such a speech?
1. Build enthusiasm for the speaker. 2. Build enthusiasm for the topic. 3. Establish a welcoming climate that will boost the speaker's credibility.Guidelines when preparing; 1. Be brief (2-3 min long) 2. Make sure remarks are accurate 3. Adapt remarks to occasion, main speaker and audience. 4. Create a sense of anticipation and drama.
What are the five basic patterns of organizing main points in a speech? Which are appropriate for informative speeches? Which is most appropriate for persuasive speeches? Which is used most often?
1. Chronological order (informative) 2. Spatial order (informative) 3. Causal order (informative or persuasive) 4. Problem-solution order (persuasive) 5. Topical order (used most often)
What are two ways you can signal the end of your speech?
1. Crescendo ending- a conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity 2. Dissolve ending- a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement
What are the four objectives of a speech introduction?
1. Get the attention and interest of the audience 2. Reveal the topic of your speech 3. Establish your credibility and goodwill 4. Preview the body of the speech
What are the five steps you should follow when practicing your speech delivery?
1. Go through your preparation outline out loud. 2. Prepare your speaking outline. 3. Practice the speech aloud several times using only the speaking outline. 4. Polish and refine your delivery. 5. Give your speech a dress rehearsal under conditions you will face in class.
What are two ways to bring your speeches to life with vivid, animated language.
1. Imagery 2. Rhythm
What are six tips for your introduction?
1. Keep it brief 2. Look for possible introductory materials while you research 3. Be creative 4. Don't worry about the exact wording until you finished preparing the body of the speech 5. Work out the introduction in detail 6. When presenting, don't start talking too soon
What are three tips for preparing your main points?
1. Keep main points separate 2. Try to use the same patter or wording for main points 3. Balance the amount of time devoted to main points
What are four tips for your conclusion?
1. Look for possible concluding materials as you research and develop your speech 2. Conclude with a bang, not a whimper 3. Don't be long-winded 4. Don't leave anything in your conclusion to chance
What are four kinds of speech connective? What role does each play in the speech?
1. Transitions: used to indicate when a speaker has just completed one thought and is moving on to another. 2. Internal previews: let the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next, more detailed then transitions. 3. Internal summary: used to remind listeners of what they just heard. 4. Signpost: brief statements that indicate exactly where you are in the speech or that focus attention on key ideas.
What are three things you should do to use language clearly in your speeches?
1. Use familiar words 2. Choose concrete words 3. Eliminate clutter
Vocalized Pause
A pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as "uh," "er," and "um."
What is a preparation outline?What are the 8 guidelines discussed in this chapter for writing a preparation outline?
A preparation outline is a detailed outline used to plan a speech. 8 guidelines are; state the specific purpose of your speech, identify the central idea, label the introduction, body, and conclusion, have a contrast pattern of symbolization and identation, state main points and sub points in full sentences, label transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews, include bibliography, and may also include a title for the speech.
What is a speaking outline?What are four guidelines for your speaking outline?
A speaking outline is a brief outline used to deliver a speech. The 4 guidelines are: 1. Follow the same visual framework used in the preparation outline. 2. Make the outline plainly legible. 3. Make the outline as brief as possible. 4. Include cues for delivering the speech.
Dialect
A variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary.
Why is it important to outline your speech?
An outline helps a speaker see the full scope and content of the speech at a glance, judge whether each part of the speech is fully developed, and help create a coherent structure for the speech.
Why is it important for a speaker to use inclusive language? What four usages of inclusive language have become so wildly accepted that no speaker can afford to ignore them?
Because audiences expect public speakers to be mindful of different groups that make up our american society. 1. Avoid the generic "He" 2. Avoid the use of "Man" when describing Men and Woman 3. Avoid stereotyping jobs and social roles by gender 4. Use names that groups use to identify themselves
What is the difference between denotative and connotative meaning? How might you use denotative/connotative to convey your message most effectively?
Denotative= Dictionary Connotative= Emotions triggered Use Denotative style if trying to stay informative.Use Connotative style if trying to persuade.
Why is it important to establish your credibility at the beginning of your speech?
It tells the audience why you are qualified to speak on the topic at hand.
What is nonverbal communication? Why is it important to effective public speaking?
Nonverbal communication is communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than the use of words. There is a great deal of research showing that the impact of a speaker's words is powerfully influenced by his or her nonverbal communication.
What is the fundamental purpose of a commemorative speech? Why does a successful commemorative speech depend so much on the creative and subtle use of language?
Not to inform but to INSPIRE your audience. A commemorative speech is like an impressionist painting, because its designed to capture a mood and a moment.
What is the main theme of a speech of presentation? Depending on the audience and occasion, what two other themes might you include in such a speech?
Tells the audience why the recipient is receiving award. You may also explain the award if people don't know about it and you might need to praise well known losers before presenting the winner.
What are the eight aspects of voice usage you should concentrate on in your speeches?
The eight aspects of voice usage you should concentrate on are: volume, pitch, rate, pauses, vocal variety, pronunciation, articulation, and dialect.
What are the four aspects of bodily action you should concentrate on in your speeches?
The four aspects of bodily action that you should concentrate on are: personal appearance, movement, gestures, and eye contact.
What are the four methods of speech delivery?
The four methods of delivering a speech are: reading from a manuscript, reciting from memory, speaking impromptu, and speaking extemporaneously.
Supporting Materials
The materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony.
What steps should you take when preparing for a question-and-answer session? What should you concentrate on when responding to questions during the session?
The steps you should take when preparing for a question and answer session are to FORMULATE ANSWERS TO POSSIBLE QUESTIONS and PRACTICE THE DELIVERY OF YOUR ANSWERS. When responding to questions during the session you should APPROACH QUESTIONS WITH A POSITIVE ATTITUDE; LISTEN CAREFULLY, DIRECT ANSWERS TO THE ENTIRE AUDIENCE, BE HONEST AND STRAIGHTFORWARD AND STAY ON TRACK
Extemporaneous Speech
a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes
Cresendo Ending
a conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity
Dissolve Ending
a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement
Monotone
a constant pitch or tone of voice
Preparation Outline
a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech
Bibliography
a list of all the sources used in preparing a speech
Problem-Solution Order
a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem
Tropical Order
a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics
Spatial Order
a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern
Chronological Order
a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern
Casual Order
a method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship
Pause
a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech
What does it mean to say you should use language appropriately in your speech?
a speaker's language is suitable or fitting for themselves, as the speaker; our audience; the speaking context; and the speech itself. Vivid language helps listeners create mental images.
Impromptu Speech
a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation
Acceptence Speech
a speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition
Speech of Introduction
a speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience
Manuscript Speech
a speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience
Commemorative Speech
a speech that pays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution, or an idea
Speech of Presentation
a speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition
Internal Preview
a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next
Internal Summary
a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point(s)
Preview Statement
a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body
Signpost
a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas
Connective
a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them
Transitions
a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another
Simile
an explicit comparison, introduced with the word "like" or "as," between things that are essentially different yet have something in common
Metaphor
an implicit comparison, not introduced with the word "like" or "as", between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common
Vocal Variety
changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness
Nonverbal Communication
communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words
Eye Contact
direct visual contact with the eyes of another person
Delivery Cues
directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of the speech
Clutter
discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea
Why is it important that speeches be organized clearly and coherently?
it's important that speeches be organized clearly and coherently so that the audience pays attention, understands the speech, and trusts the speaker
What is the most important thing to remember when organizing supporting materials in the body of your speech?
make sure the supporting materials are directly relevant to the main points
Coversational Quality
presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it's been rehearsed
Repetition
reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences
Alliteration
repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words
Pronunciation
the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language
Goodwill
the audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind
Antithesis
the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure
Connotative Meaning
the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase
Rhythem
the pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words
Visual Framework
the pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speaker's ideas
Articulation
the physical production of particular speech sounds
Inflections
changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker's voice
Gestures
motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech
Rate
the speed at which a person speaks
Kinesics
the study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication
Imagery
the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas
How many main points will your speeches usually contain? Why is it important to limit the number of main points in your speeches?
two or three main points. If you have to many, the audience will have trouble sorting them out.
Concrete Words
words that refer to tangible objects