the chemical level of organization chapter 2 A&P

the atomic weight of carbon is

12

how many electrons are needed to fill carbons outer shell?

4

the atomic number of carbon is

6

an example of a synthesis reaction is

A+B --> AB

an example of an exchange reaction is

AB + CD --> AD + CB

the most important high- energy compound in cells is

ATP

the symbol for the carbon atom is

C

which of the following molecules is drawn correctly to show the proper covalent bonding?

H-O-H

a decomposition reaction is one in which

a molecule is broken down into smaller fragments

proteins consist of long chains of small molecules called

amino acids

a solute that dissociate to release hydrogen ions and causes a decrease in pH is

an acid

the activation energy requirement of a reaction is much lower in the presence of

an appropriate enzyme

synthesis of new compounds in the body

anabolism

the smallest units of matter whose identities cannot be altered by a chemical change are

atoms

a solute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution is a

base

stabilize pH

buffer

compounds that stabilize pH by either removing or replacing hydrogen ions are

buffers

organic compounds differ from inorganic compounds in that organic compounds are primarily composed of

carbon and hydrogen atoms and are much larger and more complex

decomposition reaction within cells

catabolism

enzymes belong to a class of substances called ___, which accelerate chemical reactions without themselves being permanently changed

catalysts

positively charged ion

cation

ions with a positive charge are called

cations

___, the functional units of life, are made of a variety of biochemicals

cells

the number and arrangement of electrons determine the

chemical behavior of an atom

is carbon inert or chemically active?

chemically active

any chemical substance made up of atoms of two or more elements, regardless of how the atoms achieve stability, is a

compound

atoms that complete their outer shells by sharing electrons with other atoms result in molecules held together by ____

covalent bonds

soluble inorganic compounds whose ions will conduct an electric current in solution are

electrolytes

a chemical _____ is a substance that consists entirely of atoms with the same atomic number

element

carbohydrates are most important to the body because they serve as sources of

energy

acts as catalyst to speed up chemical reaction

enzymes

special proteins that catalyze reactions involving specific substrates are called

enzymes

shuffling around of reacting molecules

exchange reaction

exergonic reactions, which are common in the body, are responsible for

generating the heat that maintains your body temperature

the monosaccharide that serves as the most important metabolic fuel molecule in the body is

glucose

the polysaccharide formed by stored glucose in the liver and muscle is

glycogen

______ bonds are too weak to create molecules, but they can alter molecular shapes or pull molecules together

hydrogen

acids, bases, and salts are examples of ___ compounds

inorganic compounds

when one atom loses an electron and another accepts that electron, the result is the formation of an

ionic bond

the attraction of cations to anions can lead to the formation of

ionic bonds

during ___, water molecules disrupt the ionic bonds of a solute and a mixture of ions is produced

ionization

two atoms of same element with different number of neutrons

isotope

energy of motion

kinetic energy

the protons and neutrons of an atom determine the

mass number of an atom

when a chemical reaction occurs, the chemical structures that contains more than one atom are called

molecules

each amino acid differs from others in the

nature of the R group

isotopes of an element differ in the number of

neutrons in the nucleus

the synthesis of all cellular protein is directed by

nucleic acid

the molecules that store and process information at the molecular level are the

nucleic acids

most high- energy compounds are derived from

nucleotides

the center of atom is called the ____

nucleus

compounds that contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and usually oxygen are ____ compounds

organic compounds

the attachment of a carboxylic acid group of one amino acid to the amino acid group of another forms a connection called a

peptide bond

removing a ___ group from a high energy compound releases energy that can be used by the cell to do work

phosphate

the most abundant lipid components of cell membranes are

phospholipids

unequal sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms forms a

polar covalent bond

stored energy

potential energy

the chemicals that form an internal supporting framework and act as enzymes to accelerate and control the chemical reactions that maintain homeostasis are

protein

the subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom include

protons and neutrons

the atomic number represents the number of

protons in an atom

the three subatomic particles that are stable constituents of atomic structures are

protons, neutrons, and electrons

when an enzyme promotes a chemical reaction by lowering the activation energy, it only affects the

rate of the reaction

a ___ is an ionic molecule containing any cation (except H+) and any anion (expect OH-)

salt

butter, fatty meat, and ice cream are examples of sources of fatty acids that are said to be

saturated

an example of a buffer in the body is

sodium bicarbonate

dissolved material in solution

solute

most chemical reactions in the body take place in

solution

liquid portion of solution

solvent

special molecules called enzymes found in cells

speed up the reactions that support life

a lipid consisting of four connected rings of carbon is a

steroid

the substance that is acted upon by an enzyme

substrate

the three basic components of a single nucleotide of a nucleic acid are

sugar, phospate group, and nirtogenous base

inorganic ions are important in the functions of

the heart, muscle contractions, and nerve impulse conduction

the most common fats found in the human body are in the form of

triglycerides

the symbol 2H means

two atoms of hydrogen

the nitrogen base found in RNA but not in DNA is

uracil

the most important inorganic compound found in large quantity in the body is

water