The Civil War (U3)

John browns effect on the election of 1860

-harper's ferry raid began, captured later, hanged 2 months mater, became a martyr -acts alarmed the south -southern tolerance vanished and so did any willingness to allow a republican to win the election

Erwin McDowell

-mistake at 1st bull to move army very far away from capital -almost lost the capital and the war within one day -replaced by John pope

george b. mcclellan

-replaced mcdowell after first manassas -made head general of the potomac after second manassas -fired by lincoln after antietam because he failed to push the army of the potomac to end the war -disregarded lincoln's orders because he thought of lincoln as a civilian who was incapable of ordering the armies

andrew johnson

-southern democrat -vice president to Abraham lincoln -lincoln selected him as his vp in an attempt to unify the country -Lincoln liked to have enemies in his cabinet in order to balance power -was impeached by stanton's efforts

Joesph hooker

-union army -injured because a bomb blew up right In his face, had a concussion, and couldn't talk -sold women to solider (hookers) CONCUSSION MADE HIM GET REPLACED

why did Lincoln win

Because the majority of Northerners voted for him, and the North had so many more voters than the South. -traveled all over the north speaking and giving speeches for numerous republican campaigns -gelped his campaign by traveling and he was a well liked/national figure --democrats were fragmented and there was no hope for unity -the call for a slave code

jeb stuart

Confederate soldier -Lee's right hand man fought at the Battle of Bull Run or Manassas, Fredericksburg, and commanded the army at Chancellorsville also assisted lee in catching John brown -suppposed to stay in touch with Lee but he rode too far out in front that he didn't know where the north army was -could not produce information and just showed up with wagons

climate and geography (north.v south)

North: warm summers, snowy winters, not good for farming, forests for timber, bays which meant inlets for shipping, rivers were hard to naviagate South: warm summers, mild winters, good for farming, navigable rivers, excellent farmland

political and economical changes following the war

POLITICALLY increased federal government's power/authority during the war: passed conscription/income tax laws - gave them a lot of control over the citizens no state ever threatened secession again ECONOMICALLY widened the economical gap between the north and south that would not diminish until late in the 20th century

edwin stanton

Popular Secretary of War who is fired by Johnson and leads to Johnson's impeachment close friend of Lincoln -took over after Lincoln died -regulated the Peterson house -organized military and resources which helped them win the war -consoled mary todd lincoln after her husband was shot -"he belongs to the ages now"

emancipation proclamation

Proclamation issued by Lincoln on January 1st of 1863 freeing all slaves in confederate states (anywhere that was in opposition of the union) he did this not only because of his morales, but also because it could be used as a weapon of war. the southern economy was dependent on slave labor, and since he freed all their slaves, their resources would be gone. did not free any slaves immediately because it applied only to areas behind confederate lines, outside union control, slaves in the union were not free ensured that compromise was no longer possible

who were the candidates in the election of 1860?

Republican: Lincoln Northern Democrat: Steven Douglas Southern Democrat: John Breckenridge Constitutional Union: John Bell

outflank

To move around the side of an enemy in battle. (to go around the other army) -this was done in Chancellorsville (last battle before Gettysburg)

philip sheridan

Union General that marched through the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia, destroying farms, livestock, crops, and anything else in his path -shortened the war because no food=no men that live

William Tecumseh Sherman

Union General who destroyed South during "march to the sea" from Atlanta to Savannah -example of total war -destroyed everything in his path -south hated him

ervin mcdowell

Union general at the First Battle of the Bull Run marched away from d.c. and left the capital susceptible to the confederates/almost lost the capital -south won the battle and the north had to retreat back to capital replaced my mcclellan

thirteenth amendment

a constitutional amendment that abolished slavery proposed by lincoln established following the emancipation proclamation

sherman's march to the sea

a devastating total war military campaign -followed Grant's order led by union general William Tecumseh Sherman involved marching 60,000 union troops through georgia from atlanta to savannah war against the civilian population, destroyed everything and took everything along their way -destroyed southern rail system (similar to today's total war on Turkish civilians) did this to break the morale of the south and take away their spirit

what did the government do with lincoln's body after he died?

a funeral train carried his body from washington all the way to his hometown of springfield, illinois 14-day journey

income tax

a tax specific to someone's income used by congress to help pay for the war

who won the electoral vote in the election of 1860?

abraham lincoln

who won the popular vote in the election of 1860?

abraham lincoln

peterson house

after he was shot at ford's theatre, lincoln was carried to the nearby peterson house, where they attempted to save him and where he died

Ulysses s. grant

american general and eighteenth president of the us appointed as union general by lincoln commanded at SHILOH and at VICKSBURG believed in waging total war and therefore ordered sherman's march

what were the two main armies fighting in the war

army of the Potomac (north) and army of north Virginia (south)

McClellan was known for being too ___ Burnside was too ____

cautious, reckless

stonewall jackson

confederate general right hand to lee commanded most of the battles until he died at Chancellorsville if he had survived to fight at gettysburg, the confederates may have won -best confederate general -he was like fighting a wall

the choice of _________ play a crucial role in the nominating process

convention sites

what are the origins of the slave code

demand for congressional slave code was a result of the Freeport (tricked Douglas into answering this) doctrine and anger with which most northerns viewed the dred Scott case

what claimed the most lives in the civil war?

issues/diseases associated with unsanitary people diarrhea/body lice/dysentery killed on both sides because "the technology of killing had outweighed the technology of medicine"

slave code

laws passed in the Southern states that controlled and restricted enslaved people -no future amendment of the consitituon could change these ammendemtns, or authorize, or empower congress to interfere with slavery within any slave state -could not abolish slavery?? HELP

Gettysburg Day 2

lee wanted to envelop the generals by taking both roundtops and both flanks for the union army. Sickles, who was supposed to be guarding little round top, left it exposed. chamberlain then stepped up and ordered troops to stay and fight for little round top, because with it, they could destroy anyone in the battlefield. once their artillery ran out, chamberlain ordered his soldiers to use their bayonnettes, saved little roundtop, and captured the fifteenth alabama.

emancipation

liberation

how did douglas lose the election to lincoln before it even started?

lincoln trapped douglas at freeport with his simple question regarding the expansion of slavery and the principle of popular sovereignty, in which douglas essentially answered that slavery can be restricted where popular sovereignty does not call for it. the south took this as an act against them and did not nominate douglas. lincoln, however, was going to be a friend to the south, in that he would not take away their existing slaves but only stop the expansion of slavery.

siege

military blockade or bombardment of an enemy town or position in order to force it to surrender, cutting off all of its resources

before the civil war occurred, what were some clashing social and economical systems between the north and south that may have helped induce it?

north developed diversified agriculture and depended on free labor AND believed in a strong central government south lived by plantation system: employing slave labor to produce agricultural items for export south lived by principles of states' rights (some took this as the right to nullify congressional acts like calhoun, but others took it to mean that they had the right to secession) principal of human rights versus was an obvious factor in the conflict

culture (north v south)

north: ideas in cities, organized religion, public education, cities became important south: large plantations were controlling, traditional and conservative, family centered

population( north v south)

north: rapid growth in 1800s, 22 million but 1860, immigrants bc of work south: 9 million in 1860, 3.5 million endlaved in 1860, small farmers, 1/4 owned slaves

economy (north v south)

north: variety of industries, based on manufacturing, produced textile ships iron lumber, industrial rev, foreign trade south: agriculture, cash crops, slave labor, cotton gin is king

what did the north call the war? what did the south call the war?

north: war of the rebellion south: war of northern aggression

transportation (north v south)

north; better roads, canals, railroads south: steamships on navigable rivers, some railroads but not as many as north

cities (north v south)

north; centers for trade and commerce, hubs of manufacturing, moved to cities in 1800s, cultural and educational centers south: farms in spread out communities, small towns along water, few cities, plantations were like towns

great britain's position during the civil war

the south had previously thought that dependence on southern cotton would force great britain to formally recognize the confederacy as an independent nation, but what they didn't know was that great britian had actually stocked up and received an abundance of cotton before the war had started. what the british needed instead, however, was northern wheat and corn. britain then decided that a position of neutrality would be best position of neutrality!!!

ford's theatre

theater in washington d.c. where lincoln was shot while watching the british comedy, "our american cousin"

joshua chamberlain

union commander who saved little round top on the second day of gettysburg after sickles left it exposed -out of bullets so fixed bayonets -ran down like a swinging gate -Little round top was saved and north most likely won because of this move

john pope

union general commanded during the second battle of bull run but made the same mistake as the first manassas of running out too far and leaving the capital unguarded -almost lost war again!

joseph hooker

union general replaced burnside after fredericksburg

daniel sickles

union general noted for leaving little round top exposed -mad man because he killed his wife's lovers -pleaded sanity -lost his leg in the battle

clara barton

union nurse during the civil war went on to found the american red cross

john wilkes booth

was an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln fled to dr. mudd following breaking his leg at ford's theatre when he killed lincoln, then to garrett's farm where one of the soldiers accidentally shot and killed him after using fire to draw him out of the farm

freeport doctrine

when lincoln trapped douglas with his simple question, douglas answered this, that would become the freeport doctrine and turn the south against him Idea authored by Stephen Douglas that claimed slavery could only exist when popular sovereignty said so (slavery needed the right type of laws) -Douglas hated by southern slave owners and said there had to be laws to support slavery eventhough it was everywhere (unchangable, permanent, SLAVE CODE) SPLIT THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY In spite of the Dred Scott decision, slavery could be excluded from territories of the United States by local legislation (pop sovereignty)

what were the results of the 1860 election

-Lincoln was not in the ballot for any southern state ( carried all but one northern state which was NJ) in the popular vote -Douglas came in second, then Breckinridge, and bell -electoral votes had Lincoln first, rthen Breckinridge, then bell, DOUGLAS last

advantages the south had over the north

1. "cotton king" : wealth from the lucrative business of selling cotton 2. first rate, stalwart generals 3. motivated soldiers because they were fighting on home territory, so saving their homes and land was a major motivator

three-part strategy used by the union to win (offense)

1. NAVAL BLOCKADE - the navy would block off southern ports, so they could neither export cotton nor import much-needed manufactured goods 2. SPLIT THE CONFEDERACY - union riverboats and armies would move down the Mississippi river and split the confederacy in two 3. CAPITAL CAPTURE - union armies would capture the confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia the union's strategy was attacking, as they needed to conquer the south in order to win

what was the order of the battles that the army of the potomac fought?

1. first manassas (first bull run) 2. second manassas (second bull run) 3. antietam 4. fredericksburg 5. chancellorsville

order of all the battles we should know

1. first manassas (first bull run) 2. shiloh (pittsburgh landing) 3. second manassas (second bull run) 4. antietam 5. fredericksburg 6. chancellorsville 7. gettysburg AND vicksburg because they occurred at the same time 8. sherman's march to the sea

what are the four main reasons that lincoln won the election?

1. he spent a lot of time campaigning in the north after losing the race for senate 2. the republican delegates gathered in chicago, lincoln's home state of illinois, it was over for the other republican candidates 3. the democratic party was fragmented - with their numbers they might have even been able to beat lincoln 4. the call for the slave code (basically permanent protection of slavery/property that was proposed by lincoln)

advantages the north had over the south

1. more people (22 million compared to 9 million, whom over 1/3 were black, and therefore unable to bear arms 2. control of factories/more material resources 3. control of most of the naval forces

abraham lincoln

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves was assassinated by Booth

Gettysburg Address

An address given by President Lincoln in a cemetery to honor fallen soldiers "remade america"

surrender at appomattox

April 9, 1865 General Lee surrendered to General Grant at appomattox court house very generous terms: grant paroled lee's soldiers and sent them home with their possessions and three days' worth of rations officers were allowed to keep their guns/side arms marked the end of the civil war as all confederate resistance ended

what was the question that Lincoln asked Douglas in the 1860 election

Can slavery exist in territories after the Dred-Scott case even if people do not want it? (would you carry out, the doctrine that the people of a Territory, before it becomes a state, have the power, under the Federal Constitution, and notwithstanding the Dred Scott decision, to prohibit or exclude Slavery therefrom?) -slavery is everywhere so any answer would get them mad

A.P. Hill

Confederate General during the Civil War, subordinate to Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson (2nd manassas) stalwart/reliable soldier led the confederates during the first day of gettysburg

robert e lee

Confederate general who basically commanded all of the battles caught john brown ordered pickett's march -demanding, strong, forceful south military leader

PT Beauregard

Confederate general who fought at first manassas -geographically intelligent

fort sumter

Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina one out of 4 southern forts that remained in the hands of the union the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War in april of 1861 unified the north

Gettysburg Day 3

despite advise from his colleagues and subordinates, lee thought an all out attack on the center of the union line (cemetery hill and cemetery ridge) would be the best idea. lee ordered longstreet to give pickett the order to charge. longstreet disagreed strongly, and couldn't even look at pickett when giving him the order (sent to death). lee thought the charge was a good idea because he thought meade's army was dead because they were silent, which meade knew, and because of this he ordered his army to remain silent and lure in lee's army. this order killed thousands of men because now the north had the height advantage, and little round top, and they killed thousands. this was revenge for fredericksburg, which many were chanting while shooting down pickets' army. meade, however, also made the mistake of allowing lee to retreat back to virgina. had meade pushed the army then, which he didn't in an act of caution, the war could have ended right then. lincoln was mad at meade because had he pushed the army of the potomac, the war could have ended right there, but instead it dragged on for another 2 years.

how did the war affect regional economies?

expanded north's economy and shattered the south's confederacy faced a massive food shortage due to draft of manpower into war and loss of slave field workers

battle main ideas

first manassas - marched away from capital, blenker saved capital shiloh - suprised, but lucky for grant, 25,000 more troops came in second manassas - basically the same as the first antietam - mcclellan couldve pursued the army, but instead allowed them to retreat back to virginia fredericksburg - king of the hill and the union got massacred chancellorsville - example of outflank maneuver / jackson died vicksburg - control vicksburg = control mississippi / vicksburg siege gettysburg day 1 - fought there bc all the roads converged there/rumor of shoes brought armies in/north came in from south (higher up) and south came in from the north gettysburg day 2 - lee wanted to envelop the union from both flanks and at the roundtop/sickles left little roundtop exposed/chamberlain saved it and captured the 15th alabama gettysburg day 3 - meade's army was silent to lee thought all out attack on union center (cemetery ridge/hill) was good idea therefore pickett's charge was ordered and pickett's division was ded sherman's march to the sea - from atlanta to savannah / total war against civilian population

order of the union generals of the army of the potomac

first manassas - mcdowell second manassas - pope antietam - mcclellan fredericksburg - burnside chancellorsville - hooker gettysburg-meade

stephan douglas

freeport doctrine author lost the presidency to Lincoln -senator from illinouse -reintroduced the KN act after Henry Clay -answered question wrong in debate which cost him the election

ambrose burnside

general who replaced mcclellan at antietam bold to the point of being reckless -12-13,000 men killed at Fredericksburg -sent his men up the hill and told them to charge even though they really had no chance (sent them to their death) because the south was at the top of the hill -replaced by hooker

Dr. Mudd

helped booth when he broke his leg after killing lincoln didnt tell anyone that it was booth who murdered lincoln first stop where booth fled to, then after getting his leg repaired, he fled to garrett's farm where he died -convicted of conspiracy because he most likely knew about assassination -sent to prison but released after revealing that water was the problem people were getting sick and actually saving a lot of people

vicksburg

occurred during a dispute over the mississippi vicksburg was vital to success because if you controlled the vicksburg, you controlled the mississippi union commander: U.S. grant, after lincoln put him back in charge confederate commander: pemberton grant thought it would be best to attack vicksburg and take it out of the confederacy's control. his artillery pounded vicksburg. then, after driving the confederate army to the east of vicksburg, grant began the siege of vicksburg (from mid may of 1863 till july 4 of 1863), when pemberton eventually surrendered to grant. during the siege, the people of vicksburg were forced to live in caves and live off the land to survive. -grant was unions best general-not at Gettysburg because Vicksburg and Gettysburg occurred at the same time results: union victory

chancellorsville

occurred in chancellorsville, virginia union commander of the army of the potomac: hooker confederate leaders: commander lee with right hand, stonewall jackson (they combined their forces) lincoln ordered hooker to concentrate his troops in chancellorsville, virginia. while he was preparing to advance, jackson OUTFLANKED the army of the potomac and attacked them from the rear. even though this was one of lee's most stunning victories, it came at a high price, as jackson was fatally wounded by his own soldiers. jackson had ordered them to shoot anyone who followed them, and when jackson was riding back around to alert them that the battle was over, they shot him in his left arm and hand. jackson died later from shock and blood loss. had jackson been alive for gettysburg, it is very likely the confederacy would have won. (lost best general) results: confederate victory, but came at the price of losing valuable general, stonewall jackson

Gettysburg Day 1

occurred in gettysburg, virginia because that's where all the roads converged union commanding general: meade was commander of the army of the potomac confederate commanding general: lee -north came from south and south came from north lee had intended to wait to attack later, but when it was rumored that there were shoes there for the soldiers, they all went to gettysburg. the confederates came in from the west and north, and pushed back the union through the streets to cemetery hill. during the night, reinforcements arrived for both sides -grant was at Vicksburg

fredericksburg

occurred in the town of fredericksburg, virginia union commander of the army of the potomac: burnside confederate commander: lee while burnside was way off the battlefield, he sent the army of the potomac to the bottom of a large hill, when the south occupied the top, to try and assault them. the south had the height advantage, and shot down and massacred the army of the potomac after burnside ordered them to charge up the hill six times. (KING OF THE HILL) results: union loss union commander of the army of the potomac: burnside resigned and was replaced with hooker

antietam (sharpsburg)

occurred in washington county union commander: mcclellan was commander of the army of the potomac confederacy commander: lee was commander of the army of northern virginia McClellan had NO IDEA WHERE LEE'S TROOPS WERE, then, four days later, one of the union soldiers had FOUND LEE'S BATTLE PLANS wrapped up in a box of cigars. the plans revealed everything about lee's plans, his location, etc. with this information, mcclellan was able to track down lee's army and potentially end the war right then because mcclellan's army was twice the size of lee's. it was considered a tie because mcclellan didn't push his army when the confederates retreated (should have followed up) -lee's army should have been destroyed but McClellan held his men back results: tie, but considered a union victory just because confederates retreated union commander of the army of the potomac: lincoln removed mcclellan after not pushing the army and ending the war, and replaced him with burnside

first manassas (first bull run)

occurred near bull run creek (25 miles outside of Washington D.C.) union general: McDowell confederate general: Beauregard july 21 of 1861 McDowell marched his army (the army of the Potomac) away from D.C., where they were supposed to be protecting, because he thought his army needed marching practice. the Beauregard's army pretended to march away with them, disguised as them, and eventually came up in front of them and chased them back to D.C. the union had to retreat with the confederate army and ALMOST lost the capital, but Louis Blenker, a new york native, commanded the army of the Potomac to stay and fight off the confederacy. if not for Blenker, the capital would have been lost. jackson got the nickname "stonewall jackson" when he proved to be one of the most durable, reliable generals there ever were results: confederate victory union commander of the army of the potomac: changed from McDowell to McClellan

second manassas (second bull run)

occurred near bull run creek (basically the same as the last time) union commander: McClellan had withdrew his troops to combine with others so it was under the command of General Pope confederacy commander: Robert E. Lee same as first manassas, this time pope marched out too far and left the capital exposed and almost lost it, and was driven back by the confederates considered a confederate victory results: confederate victory union commander of the army of the potomac: pope was fired and mcclellan was appointed as commander

Shiloh (Pittsburg Landing)

occurred near shiloh and tennessee river union commander: U.S. Grant (army of the tennessee) // confederate commander: johnston (army of mississippi) in order to destroy the railroad lines near Corinth, Mississippi, grant lined up his men right along the tennessee river. grant was SURPRISED by confederate army commanded by johnston. fortunately for grant, 25,000 union troops were brought in and forced the confederacy to retreat, so it was considered a union victory. results: union victory (only because the confederacy retreated so not really) grant was relieved of his position as commander of the army of the tennessee

Habeas Corpus

the idea that the government could not hold citizens without formally charging them for their crimes lincoln suspended this during the civil war, as did jefferson davis, to deal with the divide within both the union and the confederacy, as both sides had sympathizers of the other side

technological inventions made during the war

rifle minié ball (a more destructive bullet) weapons that became more lethal: grenades and land mines

William Seward

secretary of state purchased Alaskan Territory from Russia by purchasing Alaska he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price -favorite candidate in the 1860 election -part of Lincoln's cabinet -slept through the coup attempt and blade deflected off of his neck cast

jefferson davis

served as president of the confederacy (confederate states of america)

what was Douglas's answer to the Freeport doctrine

slavery could not take hold in territories unless it was supported by the right kind of laws -south rejected this because slacvery could now be anywhere according to the dred Scott case -Douglas took the north side by saying that slavery should not be legal in the territorie which angered southerners who then demanded a protection to add to the consitution which was the SLAVE CODE

how did each of the sides name their armies

south named their armies by the CITIES they were protecting and the NORTH named their armies over the RIVERS around them

conscription

the act of a military draft enacted in both the north and the south draft riots held in new york city

military strategy used by the confederacy to win (defensive)

the confederacy's strategy was mostly defensive, although southern leaders encouraged their generals to attack the north if the opportunity arose

garrett's farm

the farm where john wilkes booth (lincoln's assassin) fled after receiving treatment from Dr. Mudd for his broken leg that he broke while jumping off the presidential booth and getting his leg caught on the flag -booth later died/was shot after the farm was set on fire and he came rushing out