The Digestive System Chpt. 26

Proteins must be converted into amino acids and fat must be converted to fatty acids/glycerol to be absorbed by blood and lymph capillaries.

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The cecum and appendix are located in the RLQ.

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The intestinal wall consist of submucosa (tunica mucosa) that is rich in blood, lymphatic vessels, and the meissner plexus (a network of nerves).

...

The stomach volume is ___ cup when empty, but it can expand to hold ___ cups after a meal.

1/5, 8.

Swallowing of food takes?

10-15 seconds.

Movement through large intestine takes?

18-48 hours.

Movement through small intestine takes?

3-4 hours.

Food mixing in stomach takes?

3-5 hours.

Chewing of food takes?

5-10 seconds.

The pH of saliva is normally about ___ (weak acid).

6.8.

Intestinal glands in the mucous membrane secrete enzymes, proteins that act as "catalysts"'promoting and speeding up chemical reactions.

About intestinal glands.

With the help of pytalin, saliva breaks down starch (polysaccharides) into smaller sugar molecules and helps reduce friction when chewing.

About saliva. Saliva breaks down starch!

The main function of the overall GI system is to break down food into simpler forms that circulatory vessels can carry and pass through cell membranes to the cells to be used for energy and to build, maintain, and repair body tissues.

About the GI system.

The liver's major digestive function is bile production that aids in fat digestion and absorption of fat and fat soluble vitamins from the small intestine.

About the liver function.

Waves of peristalsis push food through the lower esophagus "LES" it opens for good to enter and closes for to keep food in stomach!

About the lower esophagus sphincter.

The ascending and transverse areas of the large intestine does what?

Absorb fluids, salts, and vitamins.

Intestinal bacteria inhibit growth of pathogens in the large intestine. Some produce vitamin K (blood clotting).

Absorption of vitamins and minerals and formation and defecation of feces occur here.

The food elements that are broken down from catabolism is transferred into the body's cells, known as?

Absorption.

It's a condition that can prevent food for entering the stomach if the LES don't relax, it is known as?

Achalasia.

The pancreas is produced by ___ ___.

Acinar cells.

The efficient food processing machine that is responsible for digestion and absorption, the digestive tract is also called the ____ ____, GI TRACT or GI system.

Alimentary canal. The GI tract tube run through the body and open to the outside at both ends (mouth&anus).

After absorption of the food elements, the food is used for energy and building cells. Known as?

Anabolism.

A greenish brown liquid manufactured by the liver and stored in the gallbladder, it pours through the bile duct to emulsify fats.

BILE.

The system of passageways for bile transport from the liver to the gallbladder to the intestine is complex. It is known as?

Biliary apparatus.

It is known as a lump or ball of food?

Bolus.

The second type of saliva is thicker, mucous secretion containing "mucin", which lubricates and causes food particles to stick together to form a ____.

Bolus.

The mouth, known as the ____ ____ takes on food where digestion begins (cephalic phase of digestion).

Buccal cavity.

The bicuspids (premolars) and tricuspid s (molars) functions are to?

CRUSH and GRIND food.

The pointed ____ (cuspids) are the SIDE teeth that hold, pierce, and tear food.

Canines.

The enzymes that intestinal glands secrete, break carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into materials the cells can use!

Carbohydrates must be broken down into simple sugars "monosaccharides" (glucose, fructose, and galactose) to be absorbed by blood and lymph capillaries.

Elements broken down by digestion to provide fuel for the body (nutrients) are?

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. They all consist of hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen.

The ____ ____ LES (lower esophageal sphincter) lies between the esophagus and stomach.

Cardiac sphincter.

The ____ ____ function prevents food from backing up into the esophagus.

Cardiac sphincter.

Food that is broken down into smaller elements is called?

Catabolism.

The proximal portion of the large intestine is the ____ a blind pouch.

Cecum.

____ covers the root and holds the tooth in place.

Cement (cementum).

Approx. ages for eruption of permanent teeth: 1st molar: 6-7 years old. 2nd molar: 11-13 years old. 3rd molar: 17-21 years old. (Tricuspids) 1st premolar: 10-12 years. Second premolar: 11-12 years. (Bicuspids)

Central incisor: 6-7 years. Lateral incisor: 7-8 years. Canine or cuspid: 9-10 years.

It is the breakdown of chemical bonds in food with the addition of enzymes, acids, and water.

Chemical digestion.

The cells that secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase.

Chief cells.

As part of digestion in the small intestine, ____ activates the gall bladder to release bile which flows through the cystic duct.

Cholecystokinin.

The longest portion of the large intestine is ____ a continuous tube classified into three areas. Ascending (going up) transverse (going across) descending (going down).

Colon.

The tooth three parts are?

Crown, neck, and root.

The ____ is the enamel covered part of the tooth.

Crown.

The two types of teeth humans have?

Deciduous "falling out/baby teeth" and a permanent set -consist of 32 teeth.

Voluntary movement of the tongue begins the swallowing process called _____, by lifting and pushing the bolus of food mixed with saliva into the pharynx.

Deglutition.

Beneath the enamel and cementum is a bone-like material called?

Dentin, it provides the bulk of tooth material.

The first portion of the small intestine is the C shaped _____.

Duodenum, the duodenal wall has special walls and glands to secrete mucus to protect the small intestine from CHYME. As chyme enter it, more digestive juices are added.

The salts in bile ____ fat so digestive enzymes can act on fat more effectively.

Emulsify.

The ____prevents aspiration of food and fluids into the lungs during swallowing.

Epiglottis. It drops down to cover the trachea and larynx during swallowing.

The esophagus extends from the pharynx, down the neck, thorax, and through an opening in the diaphragm ___ ___ to the stomach.

Esophageal hiatus.

What are the three pairs of salivary glands that porn 1 to 1.5 L of saliva into the mouth daily?

Exocrine glands.

The role of the esophagus in digestion is to serve only as a passageway no digestion!

Food passes through in 5-10 seconds.

Functions of the digestive system are?

Food processing and storage, manufacture, absorption, and reabsorption and elimination.

The ____ is at the bottom of the tongue to help attach the tongue to the floor of the mouth.

Frenulum.

If the LES does not close adequately, the stomach contents can re-enter the esophagus causing acid reflux from acidic stomach contents. If left untreated, a condition known as _____ may occur.

GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease). Stomach ulcers, bleeding, stricture, or precancerous condition may occur.

The ____ is a muscular pear shaped sac that lies under the liver. It is sometimes considered to be an enlargement of the cystic duct through which it drains.

Gallbladder.

The roof of the mouth is composed of ____ and ____ palates.

Hard and soft.

The ____ ____ is close to the mouth, consisting of the palatine bones and parts of the maxillary muscles.

Hard palate.

The descending colon does what?

Holds resulting wastes.

Saliva helps prevent oral infection because it contain lysozymes and immunoglobulins ( ).

IgA.

The ____ ____ is where the small and large intestine meet (ileum and cecum) it acts to prevent BACK FLOW of material to the small intestine and regulates forward flow.

Ileocecal valve.

The sharp, flat _____ are the FRONT teeth that cut and tear food.

Incisors.

The ____ ____ of digestion begins with the small intestine.

Intestinal phase. It lies in circular folds, plicae circularis, increasing the surface area to allow nutrient absorption, coiled on itself, to allow it to fit into the abdominal cavity.

Another secretion of parietal cells is ___ ___ it is required for vitamin B12 absorption to develop RBCS in bone marrow.

Intrinsic factor.

The gall bladder major functions is the storage and release of bile as needed in the small intestine for fat emulsification.

It also concentrates bile by absorbing water and salts!

They pyloric sphincter at the lower opening of the stomach contracts to keep food in the stomach until it is mixed!

It relaxes so that peristaltic waves can squirt food in the small intestine.

Pancreas as an endocrine gland, it secreted the hormones insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin into the bloodstream to help regulate blood sugar levels.

Its exocrine function is to produce pancreatic juice.

Fat contents in lacteals is called?

Kile.

Dead end lymph capillaries within each villus that absorb fat soluble nutrients and carried by the lymphatic system to be used by the body.

Lacteals.

It is wider than the small intestine, it lies in folds, and is divided into areas (cecum, colon, rectum, and anus).

Large intestine. Water reabsorption is its main function!

Gastric ____ breaks down triglycerides in butterfat.

Lipase.

The ___ is the body's largest glandular organ, it lies below the diaphragm in the URQ of the abdominal cavity, behind the lesser omentum, a fold of the peritoneum.

Liver.

The lungs receives blood supply from the hepatic artery and is divided into 2 lobes. Its functional unit is called?

Lobule.

It is the physical breakdown of food caused by chewing and the movement of food in the digestive tract.

Mechanical digestion.

At the cephalic phase: teeth cut, chop, and grind food so food particles become smaller which is the ____ ____, exposing additional food surfaces to actions of digestive juices and enzymes which is the ____ ____.

Mechanical process, chemical process.

The peritoneal folds providing support and protection are called _____.

Mesenteries.

They are colloid gluelike particles arranged in a parallel chain that transport digested fats to villi for absorption.

Micelles.

The innermost stomach layer is the folded ____ that is covered with gastric glands.

Mucosa. Hydrochloric acid (HCI) and pepsinogen are secreted here.

The tooth narrows into a ____ at the gingival line.

Neck.

Chyme travels through the jejunum and the terminal ileum.

Numerous lymph nodes are in the ileum's submucosa, solitary&grouped called "Peyer's patches".

The stomach contains an ___ muscle layer.

Oblique, longitudinal, and horizontal muscles.

The soft ____ and ____ prevent foods from entering nasal cavities about the mouth.

Palate, uvula.

The ____ is a long fish shaped glandular organ located behind the stomach. It has both endocrine and exocrine functions.

Pancreas.

The acinar cells secrete three main enzymes which assist in digestion of specific nutrients:

Pancreatic amylase- starch/carbohydrates. Trypsin- protein. Pancreatic lipase- fats-lipids. They are activated in the small intestine.

The cells that secrete hydrochloric acid (HCI) which functions to activate pepsinogen and kill most stomach microorganisms.

Parietal cells.

They are the largest salivary glands, they are located in the cheek, the secrete serous saliva containing ENZYMES.

Parotids.

The areas of the small intestine are the duodenum, jejunum (mid section), and ileum (terminal section).

Peristalsis is weaker in the jejunum and ilium.

The _____ is a large sheet of serous membrane covering and protecting many abdominal organs.

Peritoneum.

Vitamin B12 deficiency results in?

Pernicious anemia.

The ____ is a passageway used for food and air.

Pharynx.

Saliva contains ____ (salivary amylase), water, mucus, and salts.

Ptyalin.

The walnut sized ____ ____ controls the opening between the lower stomach and duodenal portion of the small intestine.

Pyloric sphincter.

In infants, projectile vomiting can be a sign of ___ ___ ( narrowing of the pyloric sphincter).

Pyloric stenosis.

The ____ terminates the anal canal, the terminal (end) portion of the large intestine.

Rectum. Waste products are excreted via the opening opening to the outside (anus) that is guarded by internal and external sphincters.

When the stomach is empty, it collapses and lies in folds called?

Rugae. It allows the stomach to distend while eating.

The secretion of saliva is called?

Salivation.

It is a hormone that stimulates the pancreas to secrete pancreatic juice and the gallbladder to contact the release of bile that is secreted in the liver and acts to digest fats.

Secretin is a hormone that influence the pancreas to secrete pancreatic juice, containing bicarbonate ions (HCO-3) to combine sodium Na+ ions and form Sodium Bicarbonate (NaHCO3), its a alkali substance to neutralize the very acidic chyme.

A process that assists in breaking up food particles is?

Segmentation.

The last portion is the ____ ____ that follows the curve of the sacrum and coccyx and end at the rectum.

Sigmoid colon. It stores feces until defecation occurs via the anus.

Mucus secreted by brunner's glands, lubricates and protects the intestinal lining from the highly acidic chyme and digestive enzymes.

Small intestine secretions.

The ____ ____ is muscles tissue that separates the mouth from the nasopharynx.

Soft palate. It is shaped like an arch in the back, it opens into the oropharynx.

The ____ is the body's largest lymphoid organ, lying near the liver.

Spleen. It produces antibodies and filters out damaged RBC's.

The ____ is a C shaped muscular, collapsible pouch, or sac that is expended. Its blood supply from the celiac artery.

Stomach.

The ____ (gaster) functions as a reservoir and "food blender".

Stomach. The peptic phase is of digestion inherited here.

They are the smallest salivary glands, located under the tongue, secrete ONLY mucus-type saliva, their ducts open onto the floor of the mouth.

Sublinguals.

____ are under the lower jaw, "compound glands", secretes a combination of serous and mucus-containing saliva.

Submandibulars. They feel soft and are seen on both sides of the neck, they are mistaken as tumors in adults.

The ____ is under the stomach layers, it contains nerves, blood, and blood lymph.

Submucosa.

There is two types of saliva, one is thin and watery; it wets food to facilitate _____.

Swallowing.

The ____ are set in spaces (sockets) in the upper and lower jawbone; maxilla and mandible.

Teeth. Their function is to break down food into smaller particles during mastication.

It is the bony socket lined with fibrous periodontal membrane "helps anchor tooth to the bone".

The ROOT.

The cystic duct joins the hepatic duct to create the bile duct.

The bile duct and pancreatic duct empties bile into the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla.

The tongue is attached to 4 bones, they are?

The mandible, two temporal bones, and the hyoid.

The mouth's chief digestive functions are to receive food "ingestion", prepare food for digestion, and begin digestion of starch carbohydrates.

The mouth main function.

The peritoneum secretes thin peritoneal fluid, providing lubrication between its visceral and parietal layers.

The peritoneal peritoneum attaches the jejunum and ileum to the posterior abdominal wall to prevent twisting!

Food mix with mucus, pepsin, gastric acid, and other enzymes 3 quarts- 2.8L a day.

These substances churn until they are in a semi liquid called "chyme". This process takes up to 3-5 hours.

Above the Z-line is the physiologic inferior esophageal sphincter.

This is where food and liquids may be stopped to allow the stomach to prepare for the influx of food substances!

Food is taken into the body (ingestion), mechanically broken down (mastication), SWALLOWED (deglutition), digested in the stomach and intestines, absorbed into the bloodstream and wastes are eliminated (defecation, egestion).

This process is called DIGESTION.

Two layers of smooth muscles facilitate peristalsis: The outer layer runs longitudinal, the inner layer lies in concentric circles!

This provides alternating contraction and relaxation in peristalsis.

The ____ is a touch skeletal muscle, covered with smooth mucous membrane.

Tongue.

The small structure seen at the back of the mouth when you open your mouth and say ahhhh is the ____.

Uvula.

A small finger like portion of the cecum is ____ (worm shaped appendix).

Vermiform.

They are small like finger projections on the mucosa of the small intestine into the capillary network.

Villi.

The stomach parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor, enabling the body to absorb ____ ___.

Vitamin B12.

The last permanent teeth "third molar" is called what?

Wisdom tooth.

Peristalsis is an alternating muscular relaxation and contraction.

Without peristalsis digestion can't occur!

At the "LES" junction, there is a change from esophageal to gastric mucosa known as?

Z-Line.