"The First Industrial Revolution: Politics, Economics, Rights and Socio-Economic Inequality" study terms
Karl Marx
1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.
working class
A social class broadly composed of people working in blue-collar, or manual, occupations.
Napoleonic Empire
sparked the start of the revolution
"Laissez-faire capitalism"
economic philosophy of free-market capitalism that opposes government intervention.
Upper class
in a society stratified by social class, a group of people who have high income and prestige and who own vast amounts of property and other forms of wealth, such as owners of large corporations, top financiers, rich celebrities and politicians, and members of prestigious families
"Coal, Iron, Steam"
one of the driving forces and what made the industrial revolution begin
"Iron Law of Wages"
proposed law of economics that asserts that real wages always tend, in the long run, toward the minimum wage necessary to sustain the life of the worker.
Economic Rights
rights essential to citizens that allow them to earn a living, to acquire and transfer property, and to produce, buy, and sell goods and services in open and free markets
Biological "old regime"
the use of solar, wind, and water to power things and make them work
Steam engine
very popular in Britain, gave them a head start in the industrial revolution
Industrial capitalism
an economic system based on industrial production or manufacturing
Industrial revolution
A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s
Liberalism
A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.
Conservatism
A political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes.
middle class
A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers
Division of Labor
Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers, how factories operated
Utopian Socialists
Early nineteenth-century socialists who hoped to replace the overly competitive capitalist structure with planned communities guided by a spirit of cooperation. Leading French utopian socialists such as Charles Fourier and Louis Blanc believed that property should be communally owned.
John Stuart Mill
English philosopher and economist remembered for his interpretations of empiricism and utilitarianism (1806-1873) political liberal
Alexis de Tocqueville
He wrote a two-volume Democracy in America that contained insights and pinpointed the general equality among people. He wrote that inequalities were less visible in America than France. political liberal
Congress of Vienna
Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon
Adam Smith
Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism. economic liberal, free market as "an obvious and simple system of natural liberty"
Industrialization
The development of industries for the machine production of goods.
Social structure
a pattern of organized relationships among groups of people within a society, was changed in the revolution
Socialism
a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.
Communism
a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.
