The Great Migration Cards

Background

- 6 million African Americans migrated to city's in the North -1916-1970 -Happened during need of industrial workers in World War 1 - New York, Chicago, Philly, Cleveland, and Detroit population grew the most. - Faced much discrimination and had to face over populated city's - Traveled by boat, bus, and mostly train - Harder for woman migrants to find work in the North -Great depression slowed down in 1930 during great depression but grew after depression - Considered to have 2 migrations one before great depression and one after

reasons for Leaving (First migration)

- A bug started in Texas that ate crops spread across all of the south -Destroying many crops and affecting the country deerly -many people without jobs and much corruption -people went north during WW1 because of the econemic boom - Pay was much higher then the south -Southern blacks lost the right to vote and many other freedoms - The North gave all of those freedoms -railroad industry boomed

Alabama

- Alabama dominated the south with African American numbers and had some of the harshest Jim Crow laws in America - One for example is the bus law stating that all blacks have to sit all the way back of the bus -They also have to give up their seat for a white person or else a punishent will be uphelled - Sharecropping took place but had some of the meanest masters in the world

Arizona

- Arizona was a very intresting state -Had almost no slaves and not many African Americans in the state - Had Jim Crow laws but only one law because it was rare for anyone to see an African American -Almost no need for the Jim Crow laws there because no one ever saw a black, or seemed to hate blacks -KKK did not rome there and blacks were pretty safe - If weren't for Jim crow, it would have been a good place to migrate too

The competition for jobs against Europeans vs African Americans

- At the time, millions of Europeans were poring into the county looking for work and found themselves working in the industrial lifestyle - At the same time blacks from the south were racing to get these industrial jobs as well - Usually the Europeans would get the first choice on jobs because many blacks weren't welcomed to jobs as easily as a white person is - However, it took a long time for the Europeans to cross the Atlantic so the African American community had the advantige of time to find a job quicker

living conditions in the north

- Boom in population did not result in a real estate and over crouding became a major issue - On an average day in Chicago 600 people would look for a apartment with only 63 available and landlord would sub divide apartments into smaller units allowing more families to go into smaller apartments -In white areas in Cleveland population density was 17-20 people per acre while in African American neighborhood it was 35-40 people - Hard for blacks families to move into white neighborhoods if a lot of black families move into one area, white families would leave the city this is called white flight -African Americans lived in the city while white people lived in the suburbs

backgrounds

- Came from the Jim Crow south and faced much inequality - almost all of them came from the farm life and not a city life - faced racism and knew that they couldn't stand this level of hate forever - On the journey faced geographic challenges minor or major -wanted freedom and liberty and wanted to have the basic American dream

WW1

- Caused the start of the first Great Migration - America was being introduced to a new type of warfare so much was needed to make - Many American companies needed new workers so they advertised - Africans were sick of the segregation so they migrated north so that they can work - The United States Army relied on African americans to make the weapons to win the war - Over 2 million African Americans migrated North during WW1

Social Justce

- Created the Harlem Renaissance that gave birth to thousands of social justice workers -Leaders shared there opinions and intresting ways such as photography, painting, sculpting, writting, and even poems - Harlem Renaissance helped create the start to the civil rights movement that would later change the world forever - The Harlem Renaissance shared their social views the world had never seen before - Political leaders also were very involved in trying to make equality

African American population increase in Northern cities from 1910-1920

- Detroit. 40,838 (611%) -Cleveland 34,451 (308%) -Chicago, 109,458 (148%) - New York, 152,457 (66%) -Philly, 134,229 (59%) - Indinapolis 34,678 (59%) - St. Louis , 69,854 (59%) - Cincinatti 30,079 (53%) -Pittsburgh 37,725 (47%)

Great depression in south

- Effected south greately - Effected Georgia the most out of any southern state -It took much longer for Georgia to recover then any other southern state - Banks shut down and people's money were lost - Many black sharecroppers were let go so the homeless black population surged significantly

Challenges of second migration

- Faced more hate because of rise of Civil Rights movement - People acted against the migrants with violence instead of peace - roads increased but cars still broke down often - People owned personal cars and brought there family's with them - Bus and trains were still an option and was reliable but still had southern Jim Crow laws on them - Ferry became much more reliable

Challenges of the 1st Migration

- Faced much hate and were sometimes forced out of neighborhoods into ghetto's - Transportation was a challenge because of the hard roads - people took crouded busses that broke down very often - People took carrages that often broke too - Some people took ferry which was more reliable - ferry was very slow and was difficult to use when going to city's not on a river or cost

General Benjamin O. Davis, Jr

- First African American general in the military - Became a war time hero in WW2 and dominated the skies during WW2 - He flew 60 missions over Europe and bombed cities, and destroyed possible air threats - After the war was put as a 4 star general - Followed his fathers wish to break segregation barriers -December 18, 1912-July 4, 2002

difference between 1st migration and 2nd migration

- First one mad more economic sence and second one was economical and for civil rights and to help the military out more - more people went to the 2nd migration then the first migration - transportation was easier and faster during the second migration then the first - in the first, mostly men went and the woman stayed at home but at the second whole family's came together

Great Depression in North

- Great Depression started in the North East - Black thursday sent northern envestors bankrupt and made millions of people loose money -Main start of the great depression -Many factory workers were let go and forced to find new work -Almost impossible to dind many blacks went bankrupt because even the available jobs wouldn't hire a black male -New York was affected the most out of any place i America because it was the king of finiance -200,000 americans lost their houses in New york alone

South Carolina

- Had the largest African American population in the South - Had a very large sharecropping industry -KKK dominated the state and lynched thousands of blacks -Faced extreme racism and very hard Jim crow laws that made life even worse

industry

- Industry dominated the north while the south agriculture was beginning to slow down and not rule the country - The united states dominated the industry with steal mills, and car manufactoring -Originally, jobs were only available to white Europeans that had to work in terrible work conditions - eventually, once WW1 started, there was need for way more industrial jobs that they opened jobs to migrants -Migrants got way lower pay and suffered in terrible work conditions - Almost no woman worked in factories and was all man -Woman stayed at home while man worked

acomplishments

- Instead of having the African American people down in the south, it helped spread the diversity in the north and the west - Started the Harlem Renaissance and inspired some of the greatest art ever created - helped the American economy significantly and made the nation more powerful then ever - Helped America fight there battles and build the tools to win the war - Helped spread civil rights all over the country and remind the American people to choose equality

Significance to the world

- Instead of the black man always being dominated by the white man, it started the time where blacks could be equal to the white man and have a country of equality - This helped America and the world win WW1 and WW2 -They enhanced the motor world and changed car construction forever -Because of the Industry boom, America got so much money that they became a nation super power - Cities that had never had a black population, almost dominated the city and made the city almost all blacl -Proved that black people weren't all thugs and people who would try to hurt you -Spread music and Art and voices around the world and inspired millions -Taught people what was right and that no one is better then one another no mater what they look like - You judge someone by the heart, not their skin

Industrial life

- Many payed much smaller then the average white man -Most worked in terrible conditions and faced extreme tempetures - Faced long hours and would come in very early and leave late - Mostly men had industrial jobs but few woman did - Many times men worked and woman stayed home because there wasn't much work for a woman to do

Living Conditions in the south

- Much lynching and racism was happening and not much protection was happening from the authorities -Blacks lived in constant fear because the KKK was all over the south looking for African American people -Sharecropping was popular but would make the black person have no money at the end - Jim crow south was taking place and enforced it's unfair laws all across the country - Jim Crow laws are choosen by state so for each state the laws were different -Agriculture dominated the south so almost everyone worked on the fields or did house work - demand for farming was becoming smaller and less jobs were available so some people became homeless - this was because the industrial age was beginning and the agriculture age was ending

Selective Service Act

- On May 10, 1917, congress passed an act allowing any grown male to join the army - For many migrants, this was their oppurtunity to move north and get away from the segregated south -This had many bennefits as well, it would give future veterans more respect due to the fact that they put their lives in danger to protect ours -700,000 migrants moved north attend the army -Also very dangerous because by the time period, America was joining the fight in Europe against Germany - Therefore, soldiers aren't going to join the army and do nothing, they would have to be deployed to war and hope they would come back in one peace

destinations

- People went to certain destinations depending on where they were on the map -people in the south east would usually follow the railroads north and head to a northeastern state and work in industry - People in the mid south would usually follow the railroads as well but go to Cleveland or Detriot -people who seemed to almost be in the middle would head to Detriot

The Chicago defense

- Played Leading role in Great Migration -Influenced thousands of blacks from the south to move to Chicago - Played a large part of the industrial revolution of WW1 -Spoke of all of the industrial jobs available at the time period - Told the people to hurry because of the migration of Europeans - Urged equal treatment for African Americans that fought in war - Didn't agree with having African Americans fighting in WW2 - Originally a weekly paper but turned daily because of popularity and strong writing skill - Langston Hughes was one of the most popular writers at the time - Talked of the unfair treatment of African American people in the USA

The Great Depression

- Slowed down the great Migration completely -caused people to be very careful economically and not risk moving up to the north - Caused people to loose there jobs and go into corruption - Some historians believe that this caused a seperation in the two events causing another migration after the event

The Motor City (Detroit)

- The city became a symbol of modernity - Detroit also made, stoves and machines - Because of it's location on the great lakes, Detroit had all the tools for industrial growth - 125 motor companies were built in Detroit - Ford in 1903 was built and effected the nation greatly - Ford Cars were known as an American because of how independent they were from any car -Workers were known to be Americanized at the factories too in an effort to make them feel more at home -General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler were the largest motor companies during the time period -majority of migrants moving north worked for those companies

1/2 of Vietnam war

- The draft was used and sent thousands of African Americans and white people into Vietnam - Age range 18-26 - Millions of African American soldiers died in the war - Most blacks drafted were the ones in the lower class or the ones who didn't have any job and were despreat - It wasn't very hard to not be drafted, there were many excuses and some even went to canada to hide from going to war -The anti war movement and the civil rights movement almost crashed together and took over the whole country

WW2

- The threat of another invasion increased after Pearl Harbor so defenses were made - African Americans went north to join the army and to work in factories to develope new warfare - Over 6 million migrated - The civil rights movement was underway and the African Americans wanted to show that they were in the fight with America - They wanted to prove that they are alongside there fellow white man - Once war was finished many African Americans thrived and kept work in the factories

1940-1970 background

- WW2 war objects was needed and companies needed workers to build objects - people moved north to spread the civil right movement - after WW2 people got sick of segregation and moved north for work and to help on the civil rights movement - City's like Chicago was thriving with industry because of the need for American cars - This industry changed the world and made America even more powerful -Wouldn't have happened without the migration because car companies depended on workers to help build the cars and a large percentage of those workers were black

Langston Hughes

- Was a man from the south who was apart of the great migration - He went to Chicago from the south as a black African American - I pick up my life, And take it with me, And I put it down in Chicago, Detroit, Buffalo, Scranton, Any place that is North and East, And not Dixie. I pick up my life And take it on the train, To Los Angeles, Bakersfield, Seattle, Oakland, Salt Lake Any place that is North and West, And not South. I am fed up With Jim Crow laws, People who are cruel And afraid, Who lynch and run, Who are scared of me And me of them I pick up my life And take it away On a one-way ticket- Gone up North Gone out West Gone -Famous poem by Hughes that talks about the great migration and the reasons for leaving the south - Title One Way Ticket

Booker T. Washington

- Was an adviser to Theodore Roosevelt - Leader in the black community - Was sometimes neglected for his believe of segregation - Believed blacks should be able to work with whites - Major influence to the great Migration - Born a slave in western Virginia - Would help Theodore Roosevelt on every race relation during his time of presidency - Helped on lots of KKK issues - Helped on many civil rights trials even though he believed that segregation wasn't a

Agriculture

- Was beginning to fade away in the south -People were brainwashed that farming was still fundemental to America -However, in reality it was fading away and becomng useless - Many blacks had to sharecrop and almost work as slaves -However, few were able to save money and buy there previous masters house - A bug ran across the south killing almost all crops - Gave the African American community the perfect oppurtunity to run because they weren't making any money in the south.

Chicago

- by 1970, Chicago's black population was 33 percent - at 1916, Chicago's black population was 3 percent - The migration from the south to Chicago actually started in 1840, but only had a small impact on the cities population - During WW1, almost all factory owners wouldn't blacks go into the factory and work there - Most jobs were given to the migrants from the east - Eventually, the econemy got so despreat for workers, they opened doors for blacks and hired them as normal enployes - Many blacks who had the same job as a white person, got paid less then the white person did. - From becoming working people, the african American men got a full citizenship - So many blacks came to Chicago because of a news paper called the Chicago defender - Weren't many oppurtunities for woman in Chicago because industrial work was considered man work not a womans work

Cleveland

- southeners south of the Appalachians mountains were likely to migrate north to Cleveland - Before the civil war, Cleveland had always been known to have a strong abolisitionist comunity and always welcomed blacks - Old Haymarket District became the most popular living place for blacks during the migration period - Not much segregation and almost everything was integrated - Lots of single men came as migrants to Cleveland hoping to find woman but just as many families went too - Clevelands whole population grew 60% through a 20 year span through 1910-1930 -Life in Cleveland was good for African Americans and became a majority in the city

Influence of music

- stereotypes spread across the country about violence and rape and all of these terrible things in the black community - People knew that violence would only prove their point, so people turned to music -The Harlem renaissance was one famous event in perticular because of the brotherly love it showed in the black communty - Helped change minds of some whites about all blacks being dangrous and harmful - Music also helped politically too, it shared the pain and torture the community was feeling -expressed the nead for change all over the world -inspired millions across the nation

Jobs

- worked in factories to build warfare technology and hightech artillary - worked in office buildings -created businesses and worked in businesses -Worked on railroads all across the north to expand each state's railroads -During Second Migration, if qualified, an African American could be hired to do any job a white person could do because there were no Jim Crow laws in the north at the time

Blacks in war

-Blacks were treated brutally during WW1, WW2 and the Vietnam war -125,000 African Americans who were overseas in World War II -Even though it was hard to have segregation, soldiers tried to keep it segregated -many weren't allowed to go to Church services, parades, and transportation -

1916-1930 background

-Econemy became so despreate that they called the blacks from the South to go work in the North - Railroad expansion was needed to be built so African Americans went to build Pennslyvanian railroad and Illinois railroad -Steel mills were also very important to be built so they can produce the tracks - world war 1 also needed producing so the thrive for new technology was needed -great depression came and ended that migration

Relegion

-Many migrants became apart of buildings of church and helped with the reconstruction of relegion -Almost all migrants were a type of Christan - Puralism and born again protastants dominated the migration - Most of these relegions were brought opon them from their previous masters

Philly

-Migration to Philly started in the 17 century -Philly held much discrimination and racism in it's earlier days - once WW1 happened thousands of African Americans moved to Philly - Became the largest eastern state that accepted migrants - many came to work on railroads, steel mills, and factories - With all of the black population, it still didn't stop the fact that there was still much racism - many riots happened and many people were arrested and thrown in jail - there were also peaceful protest involved too

Jim Crow South

-One of the major reasons for southern blacks to move north, or west - The laws prohibited intermarriage, doctors of different race couldn't care for another, forcing African Americans to sit in the back of a bus, cant serve food to both raises, no playful enjoyment with another race, separated toilets, no sharing houses with another race, segregated schools, segregated barbers and mental hospitals, segregated sports, entertainment seating had to be segregated, train transportation was segregated, promotion of equality, prisons, segregated militia, libraries, child custody, and lastly theaters - Almost everything was segregated -1880-1960 -Alabama, Arizona, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisianian, Maryland, Missouri, New Mexico, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, Wyoming, - Each state had different laws for each state - laws changed over time based on civilization -

Reasons for leaving (second migration)

-Recovery of depression and another economic boom - WW2 demand was so high that the need for jobs was almost 6 times higher then the first migration previously - Car industry boomed in America - Higher pay then any southern job - better rights and almost no segregation in the North -way less racism in the north

Sharecropping

-Sharecropping became another important factor to leave the south -Once slavery was abolished, slaves didn't have money so they went back to their previous owners for jobs - owners gave them little pay and made them buy food and tools to crop but gave them their previous bunks to stay in - Eventually after all the purchases, slaves ended up with no money as if they were slaves again because they spent it all on their master - this became so unfair that blacks moved north because they felt as if things hadn't changed since the civil war

Forced service

-Thousands of African Americans who weren't planning on going to war, were picked and placed in Europe to fight - The draft had taken responcibility for millions of people joining the army -Only a few fraction of those million, were black but that caused much controversy - Because of location in battle, blacks and whites were not segregated from each other -Some blacks were treated so poorly that they tried to force blacks to never join the army - " A black man doesn't belong in the white mans army" quote said frequently at the time -However, some ignored the racism and still fought for their country

Lead to the Harlem Renaissance

-created the artists that spread the love of jazz all across the country -changed the arts world forever and some artists became some of the greatest ever -Created a new identity for the African American people - Expressed pride of the African American's heritage and history - included Jean Toomer, Langston Hughes, Rudolf Fisher, Wallace Thurman, Jessie Redmon Fauset, Nella Larsen, Arna Bontemps, Countee Cullen, Zora Neale Hurston, James Weldon Johnson - Happened also to change stereotype and show that the African American people are loving and enjoy things that others enjoy as well -1920-1930 - Spread the civil rights movement

Legacy

-led to having larger populations in the North -led to New Culture like the Harlem Renaissance in Harlem New York -Raised much Political tension and helped make equal rights -Changed the art world forever and published some of the greatest artists ever - Helped start the Jazz age in American history -Helped lead thousands of soldiers to join the army when need of money -created some of the greatest artists ever

LA

-with the start of WW2 and the pacific threat, much anti air craft and defense was built and many jobs needed to ensure the safety of the west coast - Thousands of blacks migrated west because of the oppurtunities the city had - only few were willing to make this long journey -Started right after the great depression and lasted until 1970 -63,700 in 1940 to 763,000 in 1970 in population - From LA, few expanded across California to continue their skill for farming across the west cost

The draft

Age range 18-26 - had to be completely healthy in order to go to war - only 1/3 of soldiers drafted at the Vietnam war went to Vietnam - Even less were taken during WW2 -many escaped the draft because of college, family needs, or health problems -Also not everyone made it through training - Some ran to Canada to hide from the draft when choosen by congress - These people were called draft dodgers

Source cards

http://www.britannica.com/ http://www.nypl.org/collections/articles-databases?ItemID=WE01 http://www.blackpast.org/aah/great-migration-1915-1960 http://www.history.com/ https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-by-era/politics-reform/essays/motor-city-story-detroit http://thevietnamwar.info/vietnam-war-draft/ http://www.inmotionaame.org/texts/viewer.cfm?id=8_014BT&page=1 http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/great-depression