The Heart
The following is a list of vessels and structures that are associated with the heart. 1. right atrium 2. left atrium 3. right ventricle 4. left ventricle 5. venae cavae 6. aorta 7. pulmonary trunk 8. pulmonary veins
5, 1, 3, 7, 8, 2, 4, 6
Calculate the cardiac output if heart rate (HR) is 90 beats per minute, stroke volume (SV) is 110 ml/beat, end diastolic volume (EDV) is 140 ml, and end systolic volume (ESV) is 30 ml.
9.9 L/min
The atrioventricular valves permit blood flow
in one direction only
What factor would increase heart rate
increase in thyroxine (T4)
Give the alternate terms for heart contraction and heart relaxation.
The alternate term for heart contraction is systole and the alternate term for heart relaxation is diastole.
Which of the following would increase cardiac output to the greatest extent?
increased heart rate and increased stroke volume
Which heart chamber receives blood from the lungs
left atrium
The left border of the heart is formed by the
left atrium and left ventricle.
Name the four chambers of the hear
left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, right ventricle
Blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the
left atrium.
The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the
lungs
Describe the sites and actions of the cardioinhibitory and cardioacceleratory centers. (Module 18.14B)
The cardioacceleratory center in the medulla oblongata activates sympathetic neurons to increase heart rate; the cardioinhibitory center in the medulla oblongata activates parasympathetic neurons that slow heart rate.
Describe the location and position of the heart.
The heart is located near the anterior chest wall, directly behind the sternum
If the connection between the vagus nerve and the heart is cut, which of these changes will occur?
The heart will beat faster.
What electrolyte (ion) is responsible for the plateau in the cardiac action potential?
calcium
The first heart sound ("lubb") is associated with
closing of the mitral valve.
Arteriosclerosis can lead to all of the following except
diabetes. stroke. hypertension. coronary artery disease.
Action potentials generated by the autorhythmic cells spread to the contractile cells through what structures in the membrane?
gap junctions
Caffeine has effects on conducting cells and contractile cells that are similar to those of NE. What effect would drinking large amounts of caffeinated beverages have on the heart rate? (
heart rate would increase
Identify the correct sequence for blood flow through the heart.
right ventricle, through pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary arteries
During the cardiac cycle,
the QRS complex of the ECG precedes the increase in ventricular pressure.
The heart is actually (one, two, or three) pumps?
two pumps
During which phase of the cardiac cycle is the blood pumped to the body?
ventricular systole
What event causes the closing of the AV valves, which results in the first heart sound?
ventricular systole
During ventricular systole, the
AV valves are closed.
Compare arteriosclerosis with atherosclerosis.
Arteriosclerosis is any thickening and toughening of arterial walls; atherosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis characterized by changes in the endothelial lining and the formation of fatty deposits (plaque) in the tunica media.
Compare bradycardia with tachycardia. (Module 18.14A)
Bradycardia is a heart rate below 60 beats per minute and tachycardia is a heart rate above 100 beats per minute.
What is coronary ischemia?
Coronary ischemia is a condition in which the blood supply of the coronary arteries is reduced.
Define heart failure.
Heart failure is a condition where the heart can no longer meet the oxygen and nutrient demands of peripheral tissues.
Blood flowing into the heart from the venae cavae flows next through the ________ valve.
tricuspid
Which ECG event demonstrates the depolarization of the atria?
P wave
List the important features of the ECG, and indicate what each represents. (Module 18.13B)
P wave (atrial depolarization), QRS complex (ventricular depolarization), T wave (ventricular repolarization)
Which part of the conduction system initiates the depolarizing impulse, which spreads throughout the heart?
SA node
What do semilunar valves prevent? (
Semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles.
In an ECG recording, which of the following coincides with ventricular repolarization?
T wave
The wall(s) of the ________ rest(s) on the diaphragm
right ventricle
The heart is innervated by ________ nerves.
both parasympathetic and sympathetic
The left ventricle pumps blood to the
aorta
Which pathology is described as a thickening and toughening of arterial walls?
arteriosclerosis
What is the first phase of the cardiac cycle?
atrial systole
The ________ valve prevents backward flow into the left atrium
bicuspid
Which valve(s) close(s) during ventricular contraction?
both AV valves
As part of a blood drive on campus for the American Red Cross, you and your friends have just donated 500 ml of blood. You are now relaxing at the student lounge, waiting for A&P lab to begin. Unfortunately, even though you are thirsty, you haven't bothered to buy yourself a drink. Other than a little soreness of the skin and tissue around your median cubital vein, you feel fine. How has your 500 ml decrease in blood volume most likely affected your cardiac output, heart rate, and stroke volume?
no change in cardiac output, increased heart rate, decreased stroke volume
As blood leaves the right ventricle, it passes through the ________ and then into the pulmonary trunk.
p p pulmonary valve
Blood leaves the right ventricle by passing through the
pulmonary valve.
The right atrium receives blood from all of the following except the
pulmonary veins
List the three stages of an action potential in a cardiac muscle cell. (Module 18.11B)
rapid depolarization, plateau, and repolarization
The right ventricle pumps blood to the
right and left lungs.
Which chamber receives blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae?
right atrium
Blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit first enters the
right atrium.