The Industrial Revolution

Positive effects of industrialization

-A growing number of factories provided jobs to a lot of people. -Increased production capacity boosted trade of manufactured goods and earned profits for factory owners. -Mass production of manufactured goods made those goods cheaper. -Urban migration caused a growth in the number of cities and their populations. -Locomotives and ships driven by steam made transport faster. -As people earned more money, the overall standard of living improved.

Here are some of the positive effects of the Industrial Revolution:

-It increased the availability of food. -More goods became available, and more people had money to purchase them. -People could travel more easily. -Profits from increased agricultural production funded improved technology. -Free labor replaced slave labor and brought an end to the slave trade in Britain.

Negative changes for society

-People lived in crowded and unsanitary conditions. -Young children were forced to work in dangerous conditions. -The increased use of coal polluted the environment and caused health problems

Negative effects of industrialization

-People were forced to work in poor conditions and at low wages in factories. -Many skilled workers, such as cotton weavers, lost their jobs to mechanized processes used in factories. -Farmers lost jobs and had to move to cities. -Children were often employed in dangerous workplaces, such as mines, or around heavy machinery. -People in cities were forced to live in small and unhealthy living spaces due to overcrowding. -Factories produced a lot of waste, which polluted the surrounding air and bodies of water.

Here are some of the negative effects of the Industrial Revolution:

-People worked long hours and in dangerous conditions. -An abundance of cheap labor in cities meant that factory workers received low wages. -Only some people became rich.

Which two statements describe how the Industrial Revolution affected the population of Britain? Population growth started slowing down as poverty increased in urban areas. Greater food production led to an increase in the overall population. The population increased rapidly in rural areas where the air was cleaner. The population declined because of deaths caused by poor working conditions. Half of Britain's population ended up living in cities where jobs were more readily available.

-The population declined because of deaths caused by poor working conditions. -Half of Britain's population ended up living in cities where jobs were more readily available.

Positive changes for society

-Workers had more money to spend on goods. Factories produced more items at lower prices. -People started to organize for their rights as workers. -New inventions, such as the lightbulb, made life easier.

Capitalism

Adam Smith

three negative effects of the industrial revolution and the way it changed society.

Although there are several positives to the Industrial Revolution there were also many negative elements, including: poor working conditions, poor living conditions, low wages, child labor, and pollution.

provided an efficient way to process cotton to use in the growing textile industry

Eli Whitney's cotton gin

provided an economical way to convert iron into steel to produce machinery for trains and factories

Henry Bessemer's Bessemer process

What were the positive and negative effects of industrialization?

Industrialization brought with it countless positive and negative effects. Products were cheaper, cities flourished, and more jobs were available. On the flipside, child labor and poor working conditions were two very real issues courtesy of industrialization.

provided affordable power for factories, trains, and ships

James Watt's steam engine

Communism

Karl Marx

provided a way to keep food products safer longer and reduce health risks

Louis Pasteur's pasteurization process

Utopianism

Robert Owen

What effect did the Enclosure Acts have on people's working lives? A. Changes brought about by the acts prevented large farmers from taking lands from smaller farmers. B. Small farmers could no longer work on common lands and had to move to cities for work. C. Peasants started working on enclosed lands and soon became wealthy because of higher wages. D. Landowners forced peasants to build roads and bridges as part of the new enclosure laws.

Small farmers could no longer work on common lands and had to move to cities for work.

three positive effects of the Industrial Revolution and the way it changed society.

The Industrial Revolution had many positive effects. Among those was an increase in wealth, the production of goods, and the standard of living. People had access to healthier diets, better housing, and cheaper goods. In addition, education increased during the Industrial Revolution.

allowed factory workers to work after dark and increase production

Thomas Edison's electric lightbulb

population control

Thomas Malthus

Select the correct answer. Read the following excerpt from A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens. In it, a business owner named Ebenezer Scrooge discusses the poor and working classes: "If they would rather die," said Scrooge, "they had better do it, and decrease the surplus population." Think about what you have learned about various thinkers of the Industrial Revolution. Whose ideas are reflected in the excerpt? James Watt Adam Smith Thomas Malthus Robert Owen

Thomas Malthus (Explanation: Scrooge's statement reflects Malthus's concern about the dangers of overpopulation.)

small percentage of private individuals have ownership over means of production

capitalism

What was a capitalist's primary goal during the Industrial Revolution? -bringing social reforms -increasing profit -improving working conditions -promoting workforce equality

increasing profit (Explanation: A capitalist during the Industrial Revolution would be concerned with increasing profit.)

According to Karl Marx, what would be capitalism's downfall? -pursuit of profit -rising taxes -bourgeoisie -government control

pursuit of profit (Explanation: Karl Marx believed that a profit-driven economy would lead to class struggle. This struggle would result in a total breakdown.)

means of production owned by the people and the government for the welfare of society

socialism

Select the correct answer. Read the following excerpt from the novel Nicholas Nickleby by Charles Dickens: Pale and haggard faces, lank and bony figures, children with the countenances of old men, deformities with irons upon their limbs, boys of stunted growth, and others whose long meagre legs would hardly bear their stooping bodies, all crowded on the view together; there were the bleared eye, the hare-lip, the crooked foot, and every ugliness or distortion that told of unnatural aversion conceived by parents for their offspring, or of young lives which, from the earliest dawn of infancy, had been one horrible endurance of cruelty and neglect. There were little faces which should have been handsome, darkened with the scowl of sullen, dogged suffering; there was childhood with the light of its eye quenched, its beauty gone, and its helplessness alone remaining; there were vicious faced boys, brooding, with leaden eyes, like malefactors in a jail; and there were young creatures on whom the sins of their frail parents had descended, weeping even for the mercenary nurses they had known, and lonesome even in their loneliness. With every kindly sympathy and affection blasted in its birth, with every young and healthy feeling flogged and starved down, with every revengeful passion that can fester in swollen hearts, eating its evil way to their core in silence, what an incipient Hell was breeding here! What may have encouraged Charles Dickens to write this passage? -the enactment of the Enclosure Laws -the opening of the New Lanark community -the use of child labor in factories -the formation of labor unions

the use of child labor in factories (Explanation: The passage describes the misery of children forced to work at an early age. This fictional work may have been an attempt to criticize the use of child labor in factories that was prevalent at the time.)

What was the purpose of banning labor unions in Britain? A. to prevent workers from quitting factories on the grounds of low pay B. to maintain peace in urban neighborhoods by preventing worker riots C. to prevent factory owners from gaining a monopoly on certain goods D. to prevent workers from organizing strikes and stopping production E. to stop the flood of foreign immigrants who were overcrowding the cities

to prevent workers from organizing strikes and stopping production

ideal society in which everyone is treated fairly and taken care of

utopianism