the market revolution, the age of andrew jackson

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

James Monroe

(1817-1821) and (1821-1825) The Missouri Compromise in 1821., the fifth President of the United States (1817-1825).His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas

Indian Removal Act

(1830) a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

(1831) The Cherokees argued that they were a seperate nation and therefore not under Georgia's jurisdiction. Marshall said they were not, but rather had "special status"

Martin Van Buren

(1837-1841) Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt.

The 3 pillars of the American System

1. new national bank 2. tariff on imported manufactured goods to protect American industry 3. federal financing of improved roads and canals

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

1819--New Hampshire had attempted to take over Dartmouth College by revising its colonial charter. The Court ruled that the charter was protected under the contract clause of the U. S. Constitution; upholds the sanctity of contracts.

Lydia Maria Child

19th c., an American abolitionist, women's rights activist, opponent of American expansionism, Indian rights activist, novelist, and journalist

Erie Canal

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

Charles Finney

A leading evangelist of the Second Great Awakening, he preached that each person had capacity for spiritual rebirth and salvation and that through individual effort could be saved. His concept of "utility of benevolence" proposed the reformation of society as well as of individuals.

The Factory System

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building

Era of Good Feelings

A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

Henry Clay

A northern American politician. He developed the American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises.

Manifest Destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

Nullification Crisis

A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariff of 1828 - passed by the United States Congress.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Adams-Onis Treaty

Agreement in which Spain gave up all of Florida to the United States

John Jacob Astor

American fur trader and financier, he founded the fur-trading post of Astoria and the American fur company

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)

Walt Whitman

American poet and transcendentalist who was famous for his beliefs on nature, as demonstrated in his book, Leaves of Grass. He was therefore an important part for the buildup of American literature and breaking the traditional rhyme method in writing poetry.

Henry David Thoreau

American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.

Cotton Kingdom

Areas in the south where cotton farming developed because of the high demand for cotton

Bank War (1832)

Battle between President Andrew Jackson and Congressional supporters of the Bank of the United States over the bank's renewal in 1832. Jackson vetoed the Bank Bill, arguing that the bank favored moneyed interests at the expense of western farmers.

Democracy in America

Classic French text by Alexis de Tocqueville on the United States in the 1830s and its strengths and weaknesses such as the tyranny of the majority; explained why republicanism succeeded in the U.S. and failed elsewhere.

The Party System of Andrew Jackson

Democratic-Republican Party

Mass Production of Interchangeable parts

Developed by Eli Whitney, interchangeable parts was the concept of manufacturing identical parts rather than unique hand-made parts. This led to cheaper and more efficient mass production of identical manufactured goods.

Market Revolution & Impact on America

Drastic changes in transportation (canals, RRs), communication (telegraph), and the production of goods (more in factories as opposed to houses)

How did Jackson contribute to democratic nationalism?

During his presidency, he promoted nationalism even though the country was primarily sectionalist. He was responsible for more vetoes than anyone had ever done as President

The panic of 1819

Economic panic caused by extensive speculation and a decline of Europena demand for American goods along with mismanagement within the Second Bank of the United States. Often cited as the end of the Era of Good Feelings.

emergence of entrepreneurs

Entrepreneurship has emerged over the last two decades as arguably the most potent economic force the world has ever experienced.

The early labor movement

Factories began hiring immigrants who were coming in huge numbers, unions began to form

Commercial Farmers

Farmer who grows crops for sale & profit rather than merely for personal use

Transcendentalists

Followers of a belief which stressed self-reliance, self- culture, self-discipline, and that knowledge transcends instead of coming by reason. They promoted the belief of individualism and caused an array of humanitarian reforms.

Democrats and Whigs

Following Missouri Compromise, Democrats supported states rights, Whigs supported strong Federal gov't

Race and Opportunity

Free blacks were excluded from the new economic opportunities. Barred from schools and other public facilities, free blacks laboriously constructed their own institutional life. African Methodist Episcopal Church Free blacks were confined to the lowest ranks of the labor market. Free blacks were not allowed access to public land in the West.

Alexis de Tocqueville

French political writer noted for his analysis of American institutions (1805-1859)

Lowell, Massachusetts

Grew to be the second largest city in New England with the arrival of the Boston Manufacturing Company. Famous historical site where women worked in mills and slept in company boarding houses. Located on the Merrimack River.

Samuel Slater

He was a British mechanic that moved to America and in 1791 invented the first American machine for spinning cotton. He is known as "the Father of the Factory System" and he started the idea of child labor in America's factories.

Canals and Steamboats

Helped grow nation and helped them interact, easier to spread trade and ideas. Connected regions

The Rise of the West

Improvements in transportation and communication made possible the rise of the West as a powerful, self-conscious region of the new nation. Squatters set up farms on unoccupied land. Many Americans settled without regard to national boundaries.

Gibbens v. Ogden

In this 1824 case, the Supreme Court affirmed and expanded the power of the federal government to regulate interstate commerce.

John Deere steel plow

Invented by John Deere in 1837 and mass-produced by the 1850s, the plow made possible the rapid subduing of the western prairies.

Cyrus McCormick

Irish-American inventor that developed the mechanical reaper. The reaper replaced scythes as the preferred method of cutting crops for harvest, and it was much more efficient and much quicker. The invention helped the agricultural growth of America.

The 2nd Bank of the US

It was a federal establishment operated by the gov't as an attempt to save the welfare of the economy after the War of 1812. It was part of Henry Clay's American System and forced state banks to call in their loans which led to foreclosures and the Panic of 1819.

Election of 1828

Jackson defeats John Quincy Adams in this election, becoming our 7th President

Election of 1824 (Corrupt Bargain)

Jackson, Clay, Adams, and Crawford all ran. The House of Reps chose Adams because Henry Clay had supported him. After Adams became President, he appointed Henry Clay as his Secretary of State. This was seen as a corrupt bargain by Andrew Jackson

The Industrial Worker

Leisure and work time became increasingly separated in city life Wages were paid in hourly rates

McCulloch v. Maryland

Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law

Railroads

Networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. The first were built in England in the 1830s. Success caused the construction of these to boom lasting into the 20th Century

Squatters

Poor farmers in North Carolina and elsewhere who occupied land and raised crops without gaining legal title to the soil

Nationalism (19th Century)

Pride in one's nation stimulated by economic competition, national pride, and democratic ideals

Turnpikes

Privately built roads that charged a fee to travelers who used them

Women during the Market Revolution

Republican motherhood, which allowed women a kind of public role as mothers of future citizens, evolved into "cult of domesticity

The dorr war

Rhode Island was the only state the had not gotten rid of property requirements to vote; Thomas Dorr elected as RI governor led to him being imprisoned for treason; war demonstrated passions aroused by the continuing exclusion of any group of white men from voting.

John Calhoun

South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification

Worcester v. Georgia

Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it

Biddle's Bank War

The Bank War was a political struggle that developed over the issue of rechartering the Second Bank of the United States (B.U.S.) during the presidency of Andrew Jackson

The Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Chicago 19th century

The city became famous for meatpacking and in 1865 the Union Stock Yards opened. By 1870 the population of Chicago had risen to about 300,000

Job Specialization

The process by which a division of labor occurs as different workers specialize in different tasks over time

How did economic and social changes redefine American Freedom

Throughout the nineteenth century, a fluctuating standard existed for freedom, with very different levels of freedom existing for each group, while equality decreased over time and a polarized class system was formed.

Samuel Morse

United States portrait painter who patented the telegraph and developed the Morse code (1791-1872)

Panic of 1837

When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress.

Election of 1840

William Henry Harrison (Whig) vs. Martin Van Buren (Democrat); result: Whig victory & a truly national two-party system.

The Market Society

a society where everything has a dollar value

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

Eli Whitney and the Cotton Gin

an American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin. This was one of the key inventions of the Industrial Revolution and shaped the economy of the antebellum South. Whitney's invention made short staple cotton into a profitable crop, which strengthened the economic foundation of slavery

John O'Sullivan

coined the term "manifest destiny"

Democracy during the 19th century

expanded suffrage to most white men over the age of 21, and restructured a number of federal institutions.

Individualism

giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

Slave coffles

groups of slaves chained together and forced to march into the South to the Cotton Kingdom

Cult of Domesticity

idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands

Cincinnati 19th Century

long drought had created widespread unemployment

Sectionalism in the 19th century

loyalty specifically to one's section or region.

The new economy in the early 19th century

maturing of the industrial economy, the rapid expansion of big business, the development of large-scale agriculture, and the rise of national labor unions and industrial conflict.

The "Outwork" System

merchants and artisans bought wool or flax from farmers and paid propertyless workers and land-poor farm families to spin it into yarn and weave it into cloth

Patterns of Western Settlement

nucleated settlements, linear settlements and dispersed settlements.

Public vs. Private freedom

party battles reflected clash between public and private definitions of american freedom and relationships to government power

Shunpikes

short detours that enabled residents to avoid tollgates, causing most toll roads to never make a profit

African Americans during the Market Revolution

slaveholders and the commodity crops of the South had a strong influence on U.S. politics and the country's economy; for example, New York City's economy was closely tied to the South through shipping and manufacturing.

Goddess of Liberty

the statue that sits atop the dome of the Texas Capitol

John Quincy Adams and Nationalism

this man favored this viewpoint, which resulted in a widespread decline of popularity as most of the nation turned towards states' rights and sectionalism

Growth of Cities

urbanization