The Princeton Trilogy--Katz and Braley (1933), Gilbert (1951), Karlins et al. (1969)

Results of Gilbert (1951)

Agreement of stereotypes, especially unfavorable traits, wasn't as widespread as before. However, ingroup bias was still shown by the participants. Stereotypes of the Japanese were very negative. Many participants were irritated by being asked to make any generalizations.

Applicable to

Explain the *formation of stereotypes* and their effect on behaviour Evaluate social identity theory, making reference to relevant studies Using one or more examples, explain "emic" and "etic" concepts

Results of Karlins et al. (1969)

Many participants opposed their task. Stereotypes were more agreed upon than in Gilbert (1951).

Conclusion of trilogy

Most of the participants did not personally interact with members of the ethnic groups they were asked to categorize, so stereotypes of these ethnic groups may have been learned, for example, from the media or gatekeepers (that is, they were cultural products).

Results of Katz and Braley (1933)

Stereotypes were often agreed upon. Negative traits were especially agreed upon. 84% percent of the participants called African Americans 'superstitious.' 79% called Jewish people 'shrewd.' Participants chose positive words for their own group, showing an ingroup bias.

Conclusion of Gilbert (1951)

The negative stereotypes about Japanese people were explained by the negative portrayal of Japan after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Such an explanation confirms the original hypothesis (that stereotypes are a product of culture). The participants' irritation could be explained by a social change, in, for example, the acceptability of publicly expressing stereotypes.

Method

The participants of this experiment were 100 male students from Princeton University. The participants were asked to choose five words, from a list of 84 words, that described different ethnic groups.

Conclusion of Karlins et al. (1969)

The researchers' explanation was that stereotyping was becoming more acceptable again while moving in the direction of more favorable stereotypes.

How are the Gilbert and Karlins et al. studies related to the original study?

They replicated Katz and Braley (1933).

Aim

To investigate whether traditional social stereotypes had a cultural basis.