The Skeletal System - Adv. Biology

The superior articular facets of this bone articulate with what part of what other bone?

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Why doesn't the atlas have a centrum?

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There are ____ bones that make up the skull.

22

What are the 5 types of vertebrae?

Cervical vertebrae, thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx

Where are the lumbar vertebrae found?

In the small of the back

Do floating false ribs connect to the sternum?

No

How many pairs of true ribs are there?

Seven

What are the dens of the axis?

The odontoid process which is a superior extension of the centrum of the axis

What are the characteristics of lumbar vertebrae?

They have a large centra for bearing weight and relatively smaller transverse facets than the thoracic vertebrae.

The curves of the vertebral column are important for what reasons?

They increase its strength, help maintain balance in the upright position, absorb shocks from walking, and help protect the column from fractures

The cervical and lumbar curves are convex _____.

anteriorly

What bones does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

appendages and girdles

The tiny ear bones in the middle ear cavities in the temporal bones are known as ______ _______.

auditory ossicles

What are the two divisions of the human skeleton?

axial and appendicular

What are the seven parts of a typical vertebra?

centrum (body), spinous process, transverse processes, superior articular process, inferior articular process, posterior arch (lamina), and anterior arch (pedicle)

At approximately the third postnatal month when the infant begins to hold its head erect, the _____ _____ develops.

cervical curve

The ____ consists of four or five separate vertebrae in children but is fused in adults. This small structure, which articulates with the sacrum, represents the _____ of a tail.

coccyx; vestige

The thoracic and sacral curves are anteriorly _____.

concave

What are the four major sutures of the skull?

coronal, sagittal, lambdoidal, and squamosal

The sphenoid fontanel is located where the _____ suture meets the _____ suture.

coronal; squamosal

The ____ _____ connect the first 10 pairs of ribs to the sternum.

costal cartilages

The first seven pairs of ribs connect directly via _____ ______ to the sternum.

costal cartilages

The transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae 1-10 have slightly rounded _____ _____ for articulation with the _____ of ribs 1-10.

costotransverse facets; tubercles

When viewed from the side, the vertebral column shows four _____.

curves

The hyoid bone is the only bone of the body that _____ ____ ____ _ _____ ___ ______ _____.

does not form a joint with another bone

Articular processes bear smooth flat surfaces called _____

facets

The remaining five pairs of ribs are known as ____ ____.

false ribs

In the ____, the four curves of the vertebral column are not present. There is only a single curve that is _____ _____.

fetus; anteriorly concave

In the ____ and in _____, some growth of the skull is accomplished along the sutures.

fetus; infants

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

five

The last two pairs of ribs (11 and 12) are known as _____ false ribs.

floating

The _____ of the head are the soft spots, where ossification is incomplete in the skulls of babies.

fontanels

Each vertebra (except coccygeal vertebrae) has a vertical _____ for the passage of the _____ _____

foramen; spinal cord

What are the two significant processes of the maxilla(e)?

frontal process and zygomatic process

What 6 bones enclose the cranial cavity?

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid

The coronal suture joins the ____ bone to the _____ bones.

frontal; parietal

What are the 4 parts of a rib?

head, neck, tubercle, and shaft

The _____ _____ is a U-shaped bone in the neck between the mandible and the upper part of larynx.

hyoid

The _____ _____ lie between the centra of adjacent vertebrae and are made out of _____. These discs form strong joints and permit various movements of the vertebral column.

intervertebral discs; cartilage

_____ is an exaggerated posterior convexity of the thoracic curve, also known as a hunchback.

kyphosis

The mastoid fontanel is located where the _____ suture nears the _____ suture.

lambdoidal; squamosal

_____ is an exaggerated posterior concavity of the lumbar curve.

lordosis

Later, when the child stands and walks, the _____ curve develops.

lumbar

What are the three auditory ossicles?

malleus, incus, and stapes

The two top parts of the sternum, the _____ and ____, provide for the attachment of the muscles of the _____.

manubrium; body; chest

What are the four significant parts of the mandible?

mental foramina, ramus, coronoid process, and condyloid process

What are the eight facial bones?

nasal, maxilla(e), zygomatic, lacrimal, inferior nasal conchae, vomer, palatine bones, and mandible

Of the five pairs of false ribs, ribs 8, 9, and 10 are known as _____ false ribs, because they connect _____ to the sternum via the costal cartilages of the seventh pair of true ribs.

non-floating; indirectly

What are the three significant parts of the occipital bone?

occipital condyles, external occipital protuberance, and foramen magnum

The sagittal suture is the joint between the two _____ bones.

parietal

The lambdoidal suture joins the ______ bones with the ______ bone.

parietal; occipital

Because the thoracic and sacral curves retain the anterior concavity of the fetus, they are referred to as _____ curves.

primary

What is the function of spinous and transverse processes?

provide muscle attachment

Growth of the cranial cavity, to accommodate the growing brain, is also accomplished by bone _____ on the inner surfaces of the skull bones and bone _____ on the outer surface.

resorption; deposition

The _____ consists of five separate vertebrae until the age of 25 or so, where they then fuse into one _____-shaped bone.

sacrum; wedge

The frontal fontanel is located where the _____ suture joins the _____ suture.

sagittal; coronal

The occipital fontanel is located where the _____ suture joins the _____ suture.

sagittal; lambdoidal

____ is a condition where any region of the vertebral column curves laterally.

scoliosis

Because the cervical and lumbar curves are modifications of the fetal positions, they are called ____ curves.

secondary

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

seven

What bones does the axial skeleton consist of?

skull, vertebral column, and thorax

What are the seven significant parts of the temporal bones?

squamous portion, petrous portion, mastoid portion, zygomatic process, styloid process, mandibular fossa, and tympanic portion

The hyoid bone is suspended by ligaments from the _____ processes and is the bone by which the _____ muscle is attached.

styloid; tongue

What foramen is found on the frontal bone?

supra-orbital foramen

Many of the bones of the skull are fused together at immovable joints called _____.

sutures

The squamosal suture joins the _____ bones and the _____ parietal bones.

temporal; parietal

What does the tubercle of a rib articulate with?

the costatransverse facets on the transverse process of thoracic vertebrae 1-10

What does the head of a rib articulate with?

the demifacets of the centra of the thoracic vertebrae

What is the atlas?

the first cervical vertebra; the one that which the skull rests on.

What is the centrum (body) of a vertebra?

the major weight bearing portion

What is the axis?

the second cervical vertebra; the one that which the atlas turns on

On what parts of the centrum of thoracic vertebrae do the heads of ribs articulate with?

the superior and inferior costal facets (also called demifacets)

What are the characteristics of cervical vertebrae?

they have smaller centra than thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, their transverse processes do not extend laterally as far as other vertebrae, their spinous processes are generally prominent, and they uniquely have transverse foramina

What is the characteristic of thoracic vertebrae?

they provide articulation for the ribs

How many pairs of non-floating false ribs are there?

three

The sternum is divided into _____ parts.

three

The first seven pairs of ribs are called _____ ____.

true ribs

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

twelve

How many pairs of floating false ribs are there?

two

The bottom portion of the sternum, the _____ _____, provide for the attachment of the ______ muscles.

xiphoid process; abdominal