The Urinary System
the average pH for normal urine is about __________.
6.0
in which of the following parts of the nephron does aldosterone control the reabsorption of sodium ions?
distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
dilation of the afferent arteriole and glomerular capillaries and constriction of the efferent arteriole when blood flow and glomerular pressure decline cause __________.
elevation of glomerular blood pressure to normal levels
which mechanism is important in the reabsorption of glucose and amino acids when their concentrations in the filtrate are relatively high?
facilitated transport
the filtration process within the renal corpuscle involves passage across the filtration membrane, which consists of __________.
fenestrated capillary endothelium, dense layer, and filtration slits
which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?
adaptive immunity
which of the following is NOT reabsorbed in the nephron loop?
bicarbonate
ADH stimulates the reabsorption of water in __________.
both the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting system
the pressure that represents the resistance to flow along the nephron and conducting system is the __________.
capsular hydrostatic pressure (CHP)
what is the term for the type of transport where two substrates cross the membrane while bound to a carrier protein, with at least one following its concentration gradient?
co-transport
which of the following statements about the regulation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is FALSE?
constriction of the afferent arteriole increases the GFR
the thick segments in the nephron loop __________.
contain transport mechanisms that pump materials out of the filtrate
What is the primary site for secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions into the filtrate?
distal convoluted tubule
which portion of the renal segment is under ADH and aldosterone stimulation?
distal convoluted tubule
which of the following is NOT a waste product normally found in urine?
glucose
what results from the effect of aldosterone along the DCT, the collecting tubule, and the collecting duct?
increased conservation of sodium ions and water
when antidiuretic hormone levels rise, the distal convoluted tubule becomes __________.
more permeable to water; water reabsorption increases
in which of the following areas of the nephron would countercurrent multiplication occur?
nephron loop
which of the following parts of the nephron has two limbs with thick segments and thin segments?
nephron loop
what is the primary site in the nephron where the loss of water, sodium, and potassium ions is regulated?
nephron loop and collecting duct
during the micturition reflex, increased afferent fiber activity in the pelvic nerves facilitates __________.
parasympathetic motor neurons in the sacral spinal cord
blood supply to the proximal and distal convoluted tubules of the nephron is provided by the __________.
peritubular capillaries
in a nephron, the long tubular passageway through which the filtrate passes includes the __________.
proximal and distal convoluted tubules and the nephron loop
60 to 70 percent of the water is reabsorbed in the __________.
proximal convoluted tubule
in which of the following areas of the nephron are most nutrients reabsorbed?
proximal convoluted tubule
what is the primary site of nutrient reabsorption in the nephron?
proximal convoluted tubule
which of the following brings oxygenated blood into the kidney?
renal artery
the filtration of plasma that generates approximately 80 liters/day of filtrate occurs in the __________.
renal corpuscle
the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule form the ___________.
renal corpuscle
which of the following is a dense fibrous later that anchors the kidney to surrounding structures?
renal fascia
in what part of the kidney are the renal pyramids located?
renal medulla
the region of the kidney containing the renal pyramids, renal columns, and inter-lobar arteries is called the __________.
renal medulla
what is the expanded, funnel-shaped structure in the kidney leading to the ureter?
renal pelvis
the renal corpuscle consists of __________.
the glomerular capsule and the glomerulus
which of the following causes urinary incontinence?
the loss of muscle tone in the urinary sphincter muscles
the ureters are lined by what kind of epithelium, which allows them to be stretched when undergoing peristalsis and moving urine?
transitional
the area in the urinary bladder that is bounded by the openings of the ureters and the entrance to the urethra is the __________.
trigone
the openings of the urethra and the two ureters mark an area on the internal surface of the urinary bladder called the __________.
trigone
which of the following organic wastes is generated from the catabolism of amino acids?
urea
what is the urinary structure that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder?
ureter
contraction of the muscular bladder forces the urine out of the body through the __________.
urethra
which organ in the urinary system temporarily stores urine?
urinary bladder
autoregulation controls the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) by __________.
- constriction of the efferent arteriole - dilation of the afferent arteriole - dilation of the glomerular capillaries ALL OF THE ABOVE
kidney stones, or calculi, can be formed by deposits of __________.
- magnesium salts - uric acid - calcium ALL ARE CORRECT
what are the three concentric layers of connective tissue that protect and anchor the kidneys?
fibrous capsule, perinephric fat capsule, and renal fascia
in which of the basic processes involved in urine formation does blood pressure force water and solutes across the wall of the glomerular capillaries?
filtration
what is the initial factor that determines whether urine will be produced?
filtration
in countercurrent multiplication, the countercurrent refers to the fact that an exchange occurs between __________.
fluids moving in opposite directions
the thin segments in the nephron loop are __________.
freely permeable to water and relatively impermeable to ions and other solutes
the amount of filtrate the kidneys produce each minute is the ________.
glomerular filtration rate
which of the following is the term for the blood pressure in the capillaries of the renal corpuscle?
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
which of the following is NOT an effect of advanced age on the urinary system?
increase in the GFR
what is the result of the countercurrent multiplication mechanism?
increased solute concentration in the descending limb of the nephron loop
which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?
introduction of plasma proteins into blood plasma
which organ in the urinary system produces urine?
kidney
