The Urinary System
When an amino acid's amino group NH2 is stripped off through deamination, what does it combine with, and what does this combination form?
-combines with a hydrogen ion -forms ammonia NH3
What two ways does the urinary system maintain proper ion levels in the blood?
-excessive ions in the blood are excreted by the kidney into the urine -if the blood is deficient in a certain ion, the kidney will return it to the blood
One of the functions of the urinary system is to maintain the proper water content of the blood, how does it do this?
-if the blood becomes hypotonic (by drinking too much water), the kidneys remove this excess water and urine output increases -if the blood becomes hypertonic (by either not drinking enough water or eating too much salt), the kidneys return water back into the blood and urine output decreases
What two ways does the urinary system maintain the pH at 7.4?
-if the blood pH starts to drop due to excess hydrogen ion H+, the blood will send it directly into the nephrons of the kidney -addition of a base will raise the pH back to normal levels HCO3- and Na+ ions are reabsorbed from the nephrons back into the blood, they combine to form the base bicarbonate
Name two ways in which the urinary system functions to regulate blood volume and blood pressure
-if too low, the kidney's juxtaglomerular apparatus senses this and releases an enzyme called renin -if too high, the heart's atrial cells stretch and release the hormone atrial natriuretic peptide ANP
Name four other systems besides the urinary system that eliminate wastes?
-integumentary system -lymphatic system -respiratory system -digestive system
Where are the kidneys located?
-lie anterior to vertebrate T12-L3 -retroperitoneal ~ located behind parietal peritoneum
In the lymphatic system, white blood cells within what five things destroy wastes?
-lymph nodes -tonsils -spleen -appendix -blood
What are the seven functions of the urinary system?
-maintains the proper water content of the blood -maintains proper ion levels in the blood -helps maintain the blood pH at 7.4 -removes nitrogenous wastes and foreign chemicals from blood and excretes them in urine -maintains normal red blood cell production by red bone marrow -aids in the absorption of calcium from the small intestine by secreting the hormone Calcitrol -regulates blood volume and pressure
One of the functions of the urinary system is to maintain proper ion levels in the blood? What are the five most important ions in the blood?
-sodium -potassium -calcium -chloride -phosphate
In what two ways does the body rid itself of ammonia?
-some ammonia enters the blood to be excreted by the kidney -due to its high toxicity, the liver converts most ammonia to a less harmful form called urea which enters the blood to be excreted by the kidney
Define deamination and give an example
-the removal of an amino group from an amino acid or other compound -when ammonia is generated by the liver breaking down excess amino acids for energy or when amino acids are converted into glucose, the amino acid's amino group NH2 is stripped off
What is the urinary system composed of?
2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
What waste product does the integumentary system excrete via diffusion through the skin?
CO2
When the liver breaks down excess amino acids for energy or when amino acids are converted into glucose, the nitrogenous waste ammonia (NH3) is generated. Explain how.
In either process, the amino acid's amino group (NH2) is stripped off (called deamination). This combines with a hydrogen ion to form ammonia (NH3)
What are two chemical symbols for nitrogen?
NH3 and NH4+
What vertebra do the kidneys lie anteriorly to?
T12-L3
What specialized branch of medicine deals with the structure, function, and diseases of the male and female urinary systems AND the MALE reproductive system?
Urology
What does the juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of?
a group of cells located where the afferent arteriole and distal convoluted tubule touch
What is erythropoietin?
a hormone secreted by the kidneys that increases the rate of production of red blood cells in response to falling levels of oxygen in the tissues
While some ammonia enters the blood to be excreted by the kidney, what does the liver convert most of the ammonia to because ammonia is very toxic?
a less harmful form called urea which enters the blood to be excreted by the kidney
What causes sodium to be reabsorbed from the nephron's filtrate? What is reabsorbed next, and what does this cause?
aldosterone; water; raises blood volume and pressure
Name four nitrogenous wastes (nitrogen-containing) that the urinary system removes from the blood, excreting them in the urine
ammonia - NH3 urea uric acid creatinine
What does NH2 and H+ combine to form?
ammonia NH3
If the blood volume and pressure are too low, the kidney's juxtaglomerular apparatus senses this, and releases what?
an enzyme called renin
Through what does the integumentary system excrete urea, ammonia, and ions?
apocrine sweat glands
What is sodium bicarbonate, an acid or a base?
base
Why does urine have a pH of 6 or less - acidic?
because if blood pH starts to drop due to excess H+, the blood sends H+ directly into the nephrons of the kidney - tubular secretion
Why is it necessary for the urinary system to maintain proper levels of sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and phosphate <-important ions?
because ion imbalances can cause problems
Why does the blood send H+ directly into the nephrons of the kidney through tubular secretion?
because the blood pH started to drop due to the excess hydrogen ions, and it is a function of the urinary system to help maintain the blood pH at 7.4
To help maintain a blood pH of 7.4, what is reabsorbed from the nephrons back into the blood?
bicarbonate ions HCO3- sodium ions Na+
What two ions form sodium bicarbonate?
bicarbonate ions HCO3- sodium ions Na+
What happens when ANP inhibits aldosterone release, and sodium and water are not reabsorbed from the nephron's filtrate?
blood volume and pressure lower
How can the blood become hypotonic?
by drinking too much water
How can the blood become hypertonic?
by either not drinking enough water or by eating too much salt
How does the urinary system function to aid in the absorption of calcium from the small intestine?
by secreting the hormone calcitriol
What is the active form of vitamin D?
calcitriol
What energy source is broken down in muscle cells in which generates creatinine?
creatine phosphate
What is generated from the breakdown of creatine phosphate in muscle cells?
creatinine
What is the removal of an amino group from an amino acid or other compound called?
deamination
In the lymphatic system, what do white blood cells within lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, appendix and blood do?
destroy wastes
Through what process does the integumentary system excrete CO2?
diffusion through the skin
What system excretes solid wastes?
digestive system
One function of the urinary system is to remove nitrogenous (nitrogen-containing) wastes and foreign chemicals from the blood and excrete them into urine. Name two foreign chemicals that are excreted?
drugs and environmental toxins
How do ammonia and urea leave the body?
enters the blood to be excreted by the kidney
To maintain proper levels, what do the kidneys do if there are excessive ions in the blood?
excrete them into the urine
How does the respiratory system function in eliminating wastes?
excretes CO2
How does the digestive system function in eliminating wastes?
excretes solid wastes
How is urea formed?
formed in liver when ammonia combines with CO2
How is creatinine generated?
generated from the breakdown of creatine phosphate in muscle cells
How is uric acid generated?
generated from the breakdown of nucleic acids DNA and RNA
What can be caused by increased levels of uric acid?
gouty arthritis
What is it called if the blood is too low in water?
hypertonic
What is it called if the blood is too high in water?
hypotonic
What would cause water to move into the cells, forcing them to swell and possibly burst?
if the blood is too high in water - hypotonic
What would cause water to move out of the cells, resulting in their shrinkage?
if the blood is too low in water - hypertonic
What can gouty arthritis be caused by?
increased blood levels of uric acid
What system excretes CO2 via diffusion through the skin?
integumentary system
What system excretes urea, ammonia, and ions via sweat from apocrine sweat glands?
integumentary system
What do the kidneys strive to keep the blood in regards to the body's cells?
isotonic
What is the term used when the blood has the same water concentration as the cytoplasm of the cells?
isotonic
What does atrial natriuretic peptide ANP do?
it is a hormone that inhibits aldosterone release
What will the addition of a base do to blood pH that is less than 7.4?
it will raise blood pH back to normal levels
What consists of a group of cells located where the afferent arteriole and distal convoluted touch?
juxtaglomerular apparatus
What organ lies anterior to vertebrate T12-L3?
kidneys
What system has white blood cells within nodes, tonsils, spleen, appendix, and blood in which destroy wastes?
lymphatic system
nitrogenous =
nitrogen-containing
nitrogen-containing =
nitrogenous
What partially protects the kidneys?
ribs 11 and 12
If the blood pressure and volume are too high, the heart's atrial cells stretch and release the hormone ANP. This hormone inhibits aldosterone release, therefore what happens?
sodium and water are not reabsorbed from the nephron's filtrate, lowering blood volume and pressure
What does bicarbonate ions HCO3- and sodium ions Na+ combine to form?
sodium bicarbonate
When adosterone is released from the adrenal cortex, what does this cause?
sodium to be reabsorbed from the nephron's filtrate, followed by water, thereby raising blood volume and pressure
What is Urology?
specialized branch of medicine that deals with the structure, function, and diseases of the male and female urinary systems AND the MALE reproductive system
If the blood volume and pressure are too high, what do the heart's atrial cells do?
stretch and release the hormone Atrial natriuretic peptide ANP
What is calcitriol?
the active form of vitamin D, occurring in humans as a hormone, that acts in the regulation and absorption of calcium
What does it mean for the blood to be isotonic?
the blood has the same water concentration as the cytoplasm of the cells
What does the urinary system do to help maintain the blood pH at 7.4 if the blood pH starts to drop due to excess hydrogen ions H+?
the blood sends H+ directly into the nephrons of the kidney (tubular secretion); this is why urine is acidic, having a pH of 6 or less
What results when the kidneys keep the blood isotonic?
the cells retain their normal shape
To maintain proper levels, what do the kidneys do if the blood is deficient in a certain ion?
the kidney will return it to the blood
If the blood volume and pressure are too low, what senses this and releases an enzyme called renin?
the kidney's juxtaglomerular apparatus
If the blood becomes hypotonic from drinking too much water, what do the kidneys do?
the kidneys remove this excess water and urine output increases
If the blood becomes hypertonic from not drinking enough water or by eating too much salt, what do the kidneys do?
the kidneys return water back into the blood and urine output decreases
In regards to proper water content of the blood, how do cells retain their normal shape?
the kidneys strive to keep the blood isotonic to body cells
If the blood volume and pressure are too low, the kidney's juxtaglomerular apparatus senses this and releases renin. What does this ultimately cause?
the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
What does making the active form of vitamin D involve?
the skin, liver, and finally the kidneys
What does it mean for the kidneys to be retroperitoneal?
they are located behind the parietal peritoneum
How does the urinary system function in maintaining normal red blood cell production by the red bone marrow?
through the kidneys' production of the hormone erythropoietin when the kidneys sense low blood oxygen
How many kidneys do humans typically have?
two
What is formed in the liver when ammonia combines with CO2?
urea
What is the primary nitrogenous waste?
urea
What waste products does the integumentary system excrete via sweat from apocrine sweat glands?
urea, ammonia, and ions
What is generated from the breakdown of nucleic acids DNA and RNA?
uric acid
What system is composed of 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra?
urinary system
What is creatinine? ___________ ______________ What is creatine phosphate? ___________ ________
waste product energy source
What happens if the blood is too high in water (hypotonic)?
water will move into the cells, causing them to swell and possibly burst
What happens if the blood is too low in water (hypertonic)?
water will move out of the cells, resulting in their shrinkage
When does the kidney's juxtaglomerular apparatus release an enzyme called renin, which ultimately causes the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex?
when it senses that the blood volume and blood pressure are too low
How is the nitrogenous waste ammonia (NH3) generated?
when the liver breaks down excess amino acids for energy or when amino acids are converted into glucose
What is located within lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, appendix and blood of the lymphatic system that destroy wastes?
white blood cells
How does the lymphatic system function in eliminating wastes?
white blood cells within lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, appendix and blood destroy wastes