Theories of Personality Final Exam test 1,2,3

According to Jung, what is self-realization?

- The process of becoming an individual or whole person -Extremely rare -Only achieved by people who are able to fully assimilate their unconscious into their total personality

What are Freud's 5 stages of Psychosexual development?

-Anal -Oral -Phallic -Genital -Latency

What tools did Jung use to assess his theories?

-Dream analysis -Active Imagination -Word Association Test

What techniques did Freud use to uncover repressed memories in his patients?

-Dream analysis -Free Association -Freudian Slips

How does someone become self-actualized, according to Maslow?

-Embracing the B-values -Have progressed through the hierarchy of needs -Have made full use of their potentials

What were Maslow's aims of therapy?

-For clients to embrace the being (b) values -For clients to be freed from their dependence on others -To ensure that there are values instilled in the therapy

Which of the following are necessary in order for someone to become a person according to Rogers?

-Have contact with someone else -Develop positive regard from others -Develop positive self-regard

How did Klein's instinct theory differ from Freud's?

-It emphasized consistent patterns of interpersonal relationships -Stresses maternal nurturing and intimacy -Views human relatedness as the prime motivator for human behavior

What is strength of the five-factor theory?

-It is cross-cultural -it is stable over time -it is widely accepted in the field

What types of data collection did Cattell use to create his theory?

-Life data -Questionnaire data -Test data

List McCrae and Costa's Five Factors

-O: Openness- open to new things -C: Conscientiousness- someone who pays attention to detail -E: extraversion- enjoys meeting new people -A: agreeableness- helps others who needs assistance -N: neuroticism- feelings of anxious often

Mary Ainsworth three attachment styles:

-Secure -Insecure Avoidant -insecure ambivalent/resistant

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

-Self-Actualization -Esteem -Love/Belonging -Safety -Physiological

What evidence did Eysenck use to support his theory of personality?

-Temperament research -Behavioral Genetics -Brain imaging research

What assessments have been created in line with Maslow's personality theory?

-The Personal Orientation Inventory -The Short Index of Self-Actualization -The VIA Character Strengths Survey

What is personality?

-There is no universal agreement among theorists on a single definition of personality - according to the book, a pattern of traits and characteristics that give consistency and individuality to a person's behavior.

How did Maslow believe people developed pathology?

-They had a lack of satisfaction with any of their "basic needs"

When does guilt arise in people, according to May?

-When they deny their potential -When they fail to accurately perceive the needs of other -when they remain oblivious tot heir dependence on the world

What are superfactors?

A number of interrelated traits

In Jung's stages of development, Childhood was seen as what?

A period completely lacking consciousness

Which Rogers' concept is similar to Maslow's concept of self-actualization?

Actualizing tendency

John Bowlby extrapolated object relations theory to incorporate an evolutionary perspective. What branch of work did Bowlby develop?

Attachment theory

Which of Erikson's stages relates to children developing a greater sense of independence through toilet training, food preferences, and clothing selection OR developing a sense of inadequacy if they are unable to express a level of control during this period?

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

Maslow described certain characteristics as indicators of psychological health that included truth, goodness, beauty, uniqueness, and others. What was this called?

B-Values

What is McCrae & Costa's concept that people's raw personality is generally inferred, can be inherited, and formed from early childhood experiences?

Basic Tendencies

Eysenck's theory emphasized _______ as the basis of personality development

Biology

What were Erikson's three aspects of Ego?

Body ego, Ego ideal, Ego identity

Where do archetypes derive from in Jungian theory?

Collective Unconscious

The Industry vs. Inferiority stage results in which ego strength?

Competence

According to Rogers, which barrier to psychological health would occur if a man states "my wife may say she loves me, but I think she only loves me because I cook her dinner every night"?

Conditions of worth

What did Eysenck believe was the primary cause of difference between extraverts and introverts?

Cortical arousal level

When an infant has anxiety over losing a loved object and feels a sense of guilt for wanting to destroy a loved object, Klein would say they are in which position of development?

Depressive

What controversial idea did Eysenck connect personality

Development of medical disorders

What is the "characteristic adaptation" component of personality development?

Develops when adapting to their environment and may include things such as learning a new language

What did Erikson mean by a conflict between the dystonic and syntonic elements of ego?

Each stage is a representation of something harmonious versus something disruptive to a person's ego

What is the difference between existential and essential freedoms?

Existential is the freedom of action and choice; Essential is the freedom of their inner being

An individual that is more influenced by their surroundings than by their inner world would have which personality type?

Extraverted

Eysenck believed that about 1/4th of the differences of all three personality dimensions could be accounted for by heredity

False

Malsow's idea of self-actualized person and Rogers' idea of a person of tomorrow were completely different and had nothing in common

False

Maslow thought that psychological science should not place importance on the individual, but rather focusing on larger group problems and universal issues

False

McCare & Costa denied the role of biology in their theory of personality development.

False

Most people in the population fall on the extreme ends of the personality dimensions, with fewer people falling in the middle of the bell curve

False

Research. hypothesis, and data do not influence theory

False

Self-Actualized people ate dependent on others, simple, only interested in themselves, and are not interested in the society around them

False

The story of Oedipus teaches us nothing about our culture and had no relevance to issues of today

False

The unconscious is re-searchable

False

An adult that is obsessed with being near and orderly, otherwise known and "anal retentive" may be using which Freudian defense mechanism?

Fixation

Roger's concept that all people ( and all matter) evolve from simple to complex beings (I.e human consciousness evolves from the primitive unconscious) was called:

Formative tendency

What concept related to an individual's capacity to know their destiny and understand that death is a possibility at any moment?

Freedom

At which stage do you gain the ability to care for others according to Erikson?

Generativity vs. Stagnation

When a child directs their sexual pleasure towards others and reproduction becomes possible, they are known to be in which Psychosexual stage?

Genital

Which archetype represents the opposing forces of fertility/nourishment and power/ destruction?

Great Mother

An individual that is high on neuroticism and high on extraversion would have what kind of personality?

Has psychopathic qualities (criminality and delinquency)

Someone that is high on neuroticism and low on extraversion may have what kind of personality?

Have anxiety, depression, and phobias

What is unconditional positive regard?

Having a warm, positive, and accepting attitude toward the patient no matter what

Which object-relations theorist emphasized "self" as the center of an individual's psychological universe?

Heinz Kohut

An individual who gets their energy from being around other people may be:

High on extraversion

A person who is highly anxious, emotional, and self-conscious may be:

High on neuroticism

An individual who prefers variety and seeks out new experiences may be:

High on openness

What was the main premise behind Klein's Object-Relations theory?

Humans are driven by their interpersonal relationships that develop from their childhood relations with their primary caregiver

At which Eriksonian stage do individuals explore their independence and develop their sense of self OR remain unsure of their beliefs and desires and feel insecure about themselves?

Identity vs. Identity Confusion

If a 19-year -old patient comes into your office and is discussing difficulties figuring out what major they should be in and what their future should look like, they may be in which Eriksonian stage?

Identity vs. Identity Confusion

According to existential theory, in which being-in-the-world domain do healthy people live?

In the middle of all three. (Eigenwelt, Mitwelt, Umwelt)

Which Rogers' barriers to psychological health lead to a person feeling vulnerable and anxious because they fail to recognize the disequilibrium between their organismic self and their outer experience?

Incongruence

What stage does Erikson suggest is the "cornerstone of morality", when children are more engaged in their play activities and learn to create goals that may not always be appropriate?

Initiative vs. Guilt

At which stage do individuals have a conflict between the feeling of wholeness and coherence within themselves OR having no hope?

Integrity vs. Despair

According to Maslow, expressive behaviors (slouching, relaxing, showing anger) are_____; coping behaviors (deep breathing, mindfulness, yoga) are_____

Internal; External

Which Eriksonian stage covers the period of early adulthood when people are exploring personal relationships?

Intimacy vs. Isolation

An individual that relies more on their perceptions beyond the workings of consciousness would have which personality type?

Intuitive

What role does caring for others play in existential understanding of personality?

It is the source of love and is the ability to recognize the humanity of another person

Eysenck discussed multiple criteria for identifying a personality factor. What did he mean by the factor must have psychometric evidence?

It must be established through reliable and replicable research

Which Theorist strongly believed that each individual is motivated not only by repressed experiences but also by emotionally tones experiences inherited from out ancestors?

Jung

Which theorist based their work on careful observations of young children?

Klein

An individual who is suspicious, irritable, and critical of others may be:

Low on agreeableness

An individual who is lazy, disorganized, and frequently late may be:

Low on conscientiousness

A person who is altruistic, empathic, caring, and conventional would fall where on the personality dimensions?

Low psychoticism

What assessment has been created to assess Eysenck's superfactors?

Madusley Personality Inventory

A person who feels anxious because they fail to take care of their aging parents ( a belief that it is ethically right to honor their parents) may be experiencing what type of "anxiety" as suggested by Freud?

Moral Anxiety

Which personality test measures the psychological as put forth by Jung?

Myer's Brigg's Typology Test

What role do myths play in existential theory?

Myths provide explanations for personal and social problems

How does May's idea of "neurotic anxiety" differ from "normal anxiety"

Neurotic anxiety is a disproportionate reaction to a threat and involves repression; normal anxiety is a proportionate reactions to a threat and does not involve repression

May believed that people experience ____ when they become aware that their existence might be destroyed

Normal anxiety

Jung believed that life could only be fulfilled when "death was the goal of life". which period of personality development was he talking about?

Old age

Erikson believed that our egos were largely influenced by_______

Our Culture

What does Mitwelt mean?

Our relationship with other people

The position in which a child organizes experiences that includes both feelings of persecution and splitting of internal and external objects into the good and the bad is known as:

Paranoid-Schizoid Position

Car Roger's theory was known as

Person-Centered (or Client-Centered)

According to Jung, the____ consists of all repressed, forgotten, or subliminally perceived experiences including infantile memories, impulses, and forgotten events?

Personal Unconscious

A baby falling asleep sucking their thumb is picturing a good breast in their mouth vs. a baby going to sleep kicking and screaming is imagining destroying the bad breast is an example of which Klein concept?

Phantasies

Which form of love is the intimate non-sexual friendship between two individuals?

Philia

All of the theorist discussed thus far have a concept of unconscious information stemming from ancestral memories. What was the name of Freud's concept of this?

Phylogenetic Endowment

What is the Collective Unconscious?

Physical contents that are inherited and passed from one generation to the next, and are more or less the same for people in all cultures.

Which basic need is different from the others because it is naturally recurring and can be overly satisfied?

Pschiological

An individual that is impulsive, aggressive, psychopathic, cold, and nonconforming may be high on which personality trait?

Psychoticism

What type of Freudian anxiety would an individual be experiencing if they are driving fast through heavy traffic in an unfamiliar city?

Realistic Anxiety

A child who has been weaned off of their bottle, but following the birth of their younger sibling, starts asking for a bottle again may be using which Freudian defense mechanism?

Regression

According to Jung, a midlife crisis would be an example of which dynamic of personality?

Regression

What stage of Margaret Mahler's developmental theory is evidenced by a child becoming psychologically separated from their mothers, and beginning to develop a personal identity?

Separation-Individuation

What was the purpose of May's psychotherapy?

Set people free and help expand their consciousness

Which form of love is the biological function that can be satisfied through a release of tension?

Sex

Freud believed people had driving forces that guided their actions. What were these drives in his theory?

Sex & aggression

Darth Vader and Lord Voldmort both have "dark sides" and represent qualities in an individual that we do not want to acknowledge and try to hide from ourselves and others. Which archetype is this and example of?

Shadow

What did Eysenck term opposite factor of Neuroticism?

Stability

According to Bowlby's theory, what stage of separation anxiety occurs when an infant becomes sad, quiet, and listless after a parent leaves?

The Despair Stage

Which "internalization" was the center of Klein's theory?

The Ego

Which Freduian "providence of the mind" is known as the reality principle?

The Ego

According to Freud, when a child develops a sexual desire for their mother, the child begins to see their father a a rival for their mother's love. This leads the child to want to destroy the father in order to have a sexual relationship with the mother. This is known in Freudian terms as:

The Oedipal Complex

An individual that has a tendency towards perfection and feels guilty if they do not meet their standards of moral living may be driven by which Freudian "province of the mind"?

The Superego

Being-in-the-world- is an existential concept that means:

The basic unity of a person and their environment

What did Erikson mean by his Epigenetic Principle of development?

The ego develops sequentially, with each stage of development building upon the previous stage

Reliability

The extend to which an instrument produces consistent results

Divergent Validity

The extent that an instrument has low correlations with other measures that do not have the same construct

Discriminate Validity

The extent that an instrument is able to determine differences between two groups of people that are known to be different

Predictive Validity

The extent that an instrument is effective at estimating what someone's behavior might be in the future.

Convergent Validity

The extent to which an instrument produces results similar to other measures assessing the same constuct

What is the Jonah Complex?

The fear of being or doing one's best

What are Objects, according to Klein?

The item for which drives (instincts) are directed toward which is then the model for all later interpersonal relationships

What are aesthetic needs, according to Maslow?

The need for order and beauty

Roger' concept that describes all aspects of one's being and experiences that the individual perceives in awareness is called

The self-concept

Jung compared the stages of personality development to what?

The sun's path through the sky

A set of related assumptions that allows scientist to use logical deductive reasoning to formulate testable hypotheses is known as:

Theory

Cattell and McCare & Costa used in inductive method to gather their data. What does this mean?

They created their theory with no preconceived hypothesis as to what they would find (Bottom-up)

According to existentialism, healthy adult relationships blend all the forms of love based on sexual satisfaction, a desire for an enduring union, genuine friendship, and an unselfish concern for their welfare.

True

Both Maslow and Erikson believed that each stage of personality development built off of the previos stage

True

Erikson believed that a child must develop a balance between the two conflicts at each stage

True

Eysenck's theory has been tested all over the world and has been replicated in many different cultures

True

Klein thought the superego emerged much earlier in life than Freud did

True

Maslow believed that people are driven by multiple motivations and that all people are motivated by the same basic needs.

True

Rogers and Maslow became known as the fathers of humanistic psychology, that is still practiced today

True

Rogers believed that a patient had to be willing to talk about their problems in order to experience therapeutic change.

True

The conscious level of mental life plays little role in psychoanalysis

True

The higher an individual is on the psychoticism spectrum, the less stress needed to cause them to become psychotic and upset

True

Which of Erikson's stages relates to when an infant is faced with being able to rely on their p[aren't/caregiver to provide for them OR if they find no correspondence between their needs and their environment, they are faced with which conflict?

Trust Vs. Mistrust

According to existentialism, the aspect of the world that consists of the environment alone that would exist regardless of human awareness (nature, biological drives, birth and death) is known as:

Umwelt

An individual that uses people as objects and may possess psychopathic traits would likely exist in which being-in-the-world domain?

Umwelt

How do psychologist measure personality?

Using measurements like Rorschach, Myer's Briggs test, MMPI, Etc

Klein's defense mechanism of splitting is defined as:

When a child can see both positive and negative aspects of themselves and evaluate their own behavior as good or bad.

What ego strength evolves from the Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt stage of childhood?

Willfulness

According to Freud, the ____ is composed of everything we are unaware of, including drives, urges, and instincts.

unconscious