Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy - Midterm

denial

"closing one's eyes" to the existence of a threatening aspect of reality

Psychological type

(Carl Jung) descriptor of personality, evolves/develops over time, superior & inferior function

Archetype

(Carl Jung) universal traits/characters that make up personality (seen in religion, art, history)

Individuation

(Carl Jung) emergence true self through balancing /integration conflicting parts of the personality

Personal Unconscious

(Carl Jung) holds trauma residue, life transition, other that is below conscious awareness, access thru dreams, therapy, life events that trigger

Collective unconscious

(Carl Jung) reservoir of memories inherited from/shared with our ancestors

pleasure principle

(Freud) id's desire to maximize pleasure and minimize pain in order to achieve immediate gratification.

Reality principle

(Freud) the attempt by the ego to find safe, realistic ways of meeting the needs of the id

Confession

(Jungian Therapy) Reveal conscious and unconscious secrets, shared secret = beneficial / private = destructive

Ethereal

(adj.) light, airy, delicate; highly refined; suggesting what is heavenly (rather than earthbound)

adaptive

(psychoanalysis) individual's will attempt to cope with life's demands

free association

(psychoanalysis) person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing, in order to explore the unconscious

Dynamic

(psychoanalysis) every effect on an individual has cause of psychic energy needing to be discharged

economic

(psychoanalysis) individuals seek to mediate, and distribute, pleasure and pain

psychosexual developmental stages

(psychoanalysis) the process during which personality and sexual behavior mature through a series of stages: first oral stage and then anal stage and then phallic stage and then latency stage and finally genital stage

topographic

(psychoanalysis) there is a conscious and unconscious mind

ego

(psychoanalysis) the conscious mind

Object relations theory

(psychodynamic theory) desire for relationships as the key motivating force in human behavior

Existential therapy process involves 5 main themes.

- client's relationship with therapist - client reveals true self thru facing anxieties, resistance, dreams, and telling story. - client becomes aware of self - client takes responsibility for self - client brings closure to past relationships and losses

Existential Therapy: main goals (name 4)

- move toward wholeness - help client face anxiety - live more authentically - find meaning in life

Shadow

- thoughts, feelings, and actions that we tend to disown by projecting them outward. - Less conscious than Persona - influences development of persona (The part of us that we don't want to pay attn to - but if we ignore it, it can control us).

Rollo May (name the following): -lifespan, birthplace -psychology background/mentors -key contribution(s) and main theory

-1909-1994, Detroit; -Studied under: Alfred Adler (sumer abroad in Vienna) Paul Tillich (at Union Theological Seminary); -Existential Theory; - helped merge counseling and existential thought.

Victor Frankl (name the following): -lifespan, birthplace, general family background -psychology background/mentors -key contribution(s) and main theory

-Vienna, middle-class Jewish parents; 3 years Nazi concentration camp -psychiatrist; associated w/ Freud and Adler's theories; -advocated humanistic thought into existential theories - developed "Logotherapy"

in Existential Therapy, an authentic being has what qualities?

-creative -neither inherently good nor bad. -open to change -vulnerable -has hope and meaning

Existential Therapy's set techniques:

-more about how to help others than a set patter of theory/techniques

Relationship psychoanalysis

...

Role of values in developing therapeutic goals

...

Roll of Values in counseling

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acquire competencies in multicultural counseling

...

counselors values and the therapeutic process

...

effective multicultural counselor

...

if you have difficulty dealing with an area, it may be difficult to help a client in that same area. (example: anger, conflict, etc)

...

incorporate culture in counseling practice

...

purpose of role-playing technique

...

Name the 3 major approaches to Existentialism.

1) Dynamic 2) Humanistic 3) Transpersonal

Preparing for counseling, you will acquire knowledge about what 3 categories?

1) THEORIES of personality/therapy 2) TECHNIQUES for assessment and intervention 3) HUMAN BEHAVIOR dynamics

Benefits of personal therapy for the counselor (name 3)

1) learn the model experientially (what it's like to be the client 2) further interpersonal skills 3) help manage ongoing stress at work

Kierkegaard (name lifespan, theory he influenced, 3 beliefs)

1813-1855 Existential Theory believes that: -humankind's MAIN ISSUES are a RESULT of ABSENCE OF PASSION, LOVE, and COMMITMENT -PURE OBJECTIVITY (fairness, neutrality) IS IMPOSSIBLE -A subject can NEVER BE truly SEPERATED FROM its CONTEXT

Nietzsche (name lifespan, theory he influenced, 3 beliefs)

1844-1900 Existential Theory Beliefs: -NOT a Christian -Rationalism was a myth -Primacy of the "will to power"

Sigmund Freud (name lifespan; familial/cultural history)

1856-1939 - raised by jewish parents, - influenced by Victorian society (culture of shame etc around immoral/sexual behavior)

Heidegger (name lifespan, theory he influenced, & 3 beliefs)

1889-1976 Existential Theory Beliefs: -Every choice represents the loss of an alternative -lost opportunities in the past are essential to an individual -when ruminating over lost opportunities, people feel: guilt & anxiety

Psychoanalytical Association

1918-1939 RAPID INCREASE in worldwide #s of psychoanalytical edu. huge force in therapeutic psychology.

self Psychology

A theory that emphasizes how we use interpersonal relationships (self objects) to develop our own sense of self.

Persona

An individual's pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting (can be false/mask like in order to fit in)

blank-screen approach

Analysts typically assumes an anonymous stance

client agency

Any agency that is set up to serve a specific group. (ex- Social Security: older people)

Determinism

Assumption of science, Behavior is caused by some event.

4 Cognitive Behavioral Approaches

Behavior therapy Cognitive behavior therapy Reality therapy Rational emotive behavior therapy

Active imagination (developer)

Carl Jung

psychosomatic

Caused by mental or emotional problems rather than by physical illness.

Dual / Multiple relationships

Counselor assumes 2+ roles with a client simultaneously or subsequently.

Self Responsibility is correlated with which type of therapy?

Existential

3 Experiential and Relationship-Oriented Therapies:

Existential Person-Centered Gastalt

Individuals cannot experience the past or the future. they can only experience self in the present. What theory does this view belong to?

Existential theory

anxiety is essential for growth. Which theory does this view belong to?

Existential theory

client reveals true self thru: -facing anxieties -confronting resistances -exploring dreams -telling their story What type of therapy is this?

Existential therapy

Psychoanalytic theory (name the founder, theory of ___, Philosophy of ____, and 2 points it focuses on).

Founder: Sigmund Freud. Theory: of personality development Philosophy: of human nature METHOD of psychotherapy: focuses on unconscious behavioral motivations FOCUS: events of first 6 years of life as determinants of later personality dvlpmt

psychic determinism

Freud's assumption that all our mental and behavioral responses are caused by unconscious traumas, desires, or conflicts

Personal characteristics of effective counselors ((name 12) hint = I. A.D.H.D. S.H.E. S.L.O.P.)

Identity Authentic, sincere, honest Deeply involved Humor Derives meaning from work Self respect & appreciation Healthy boundaries Effective Interpersonal skills Sincere interest in welfare of others Life oriented choices Open to change Passionate

Defense mechanisms

In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

Self Determination

Individuals have the capacity to govern their own lives effectively - or have the ability to transcend situations and derive meaning from all types of experiences.

Privileged communication

Information held confidential within a protected relationship.

Psychoanalytic therapy is largely based on what? (name 3)

Insight unconscious motivation reconstruction of the personality

Existential Theory Background: Philosophical Antecedents (name 3 people, and 1 major world event prior to).

Kierkegaard (1813-1855) Nietzsche (1844-1900) Heidegger (1889-1976) after WWI - Europeans saw death all around.

Existential (definition)

Of or relating to existence

Existential therapy takes a Phenomenological approach

One must appreciate an individual's experiences to understand their behavior

One must appreciate an individual's experiences to understand their behavior: what type of approach is this, and which therapy takes this approach?

Phenomenological approach; Existential therapy

Contextual factors

Primary determinants of therapeutic outcome: - Alliance - client agency (focus on client) - Relationship - personal/interpersonal skills of therapist - extra-therapeutic factors

Which ONE model has been a major influence on all other formal systems of Psychotherapy?

Psychoanalytic therapy

2 Psychodynamic Approaches

Psychoanalytic therapy Adlerian therapy

Existential Therapy (What does this model stress?)

Reacting against the tendency to view therapy as a system of well-defined techniques, this model stresses BUILDING THERAPY ON THE BASIC CONDITIONS OF HUMAN EXISTENCE (such as choice, the freedom and responsibility to shape one's life, and self-determination).

Value imposition

Refers to counselors attempting to influence a client to adopt their own values, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.

Who advanced merging of counseling and existential thought?

Rollo May (existential theory)

Who studied under alfred adler and Paul Tillich?

Rollo May (existential theory)

In existential therapy, individuals have ability to govern their lives/transcend situations, derive meaning from experiences. This is called what?

Self Determination (Individuals have the capacity to govern their own lives effectively - or have the ability to transcend situations and derive meaning from all types of experiences)

In existential therapy, individuals choose how they respond to external and internal stimuli. This is called what?

Self Responsibility (individual has potential to be aware of all sensations, thoughts, motivations, perceptions, & capable of making choices because of their potential).

it is impossible to separate these three things: techniques you use, _________, and __________.

Techniques used, your personality, & your relationship w/ client

True Self

The person you actually are. (Rogers' theory)

Which heals the suffering client? A) human dimension of therapy B) techniques C) theories

Therapy method and therapy theory combined, help heal the suffering client.

Existential Therapy (What quality does this model focus on?)

This therapy model focuses on the quality of the PERSON-TO-PERSON RELATIONSHIP

perspectives on multiple relationships

UNAVOIDABLE: small towns, personal needs AVOIDABLE & NOT BENEFICIAL: put client needlessly at risk ETHICAL BUT UNWISE: UNETHICAL: when exploit/has significant potential harm to client

What Psychiatrist, from existential theory, is associated with Freud and Adler's theories?

Victor Frankl

Who developed Logotherapy?

Victor Frankl (existential theory)

Who helped advocate humanistic thought into existential theories?

Victor Frankl (existential theory)

Who was born in Vienna, to middle-class Jewish parents and spent 3 years in a Nazi concentration camp?

Victor Frankl (existential theory)

Existential Therapy (3 key people)

Viktor Frankl, Rollo May, Irvin Yalom

Counter transference

When the therapist puts their emotional baggage on the client.

conversion hysteria

a mental disorder characterized by the conversion of mental conflict into somatic forms (into paralysis or anesthesia having no apparent cause)

adaptability

ability to change

role playing technique

acting out a situation, without all real characters being present.

reaction formation

actively expressing the opposite impulse when confronted with a threatening impulse

Transformation

actualizing of true self

Self Responsibility

an individual has potential to be aware of all sensations, thoughts, motivations, perceptions, & is capable of making choices because of their potential.

Adlerian Theory (name focuses - hint 6: abc, img)

analytic focuses on: -ABC (Action/Behavior is Conscious) -Interest in social/belonging -Meaning -Goals

projection

attributing to others one's own unacceptable desires and impulses

Logotherapy

basic theme is to find meaning and purpose in every aspect of life (even tragedy); developed by Victor Frankl

In Existential therapy, the client reveals their true self thru what 4 main concepts?

client reveals true self thru: -facing anxieties -confronting resistances -exploring dreams -telling their story

Humanistic Existentialism

client-centered (emphasizes personal experience, empathy, authenticity, unconditional positive regard)

Primary determinants of therapeutic outcome

contextual factors: Alliance, client agency (focus on client), Relationship, personal/interpersonal skills of therapist, extra-therapeutic factors

displacement

directing energy toward another object or person when the original object or person is inaccessible

sublimation

diverting sexual or aggressive energy into other channels

Psychoanalytic emphasis

early psychosexual & psychosocial development

Informed consent

educates client on their rights and responsibilities; Can include: goals; counselor/client responsibilities; therapy process; legal, ethical and confidentiality terms; services, fees, counselor qualifications; etc...

Collaborative relationship + Teaching clients to apply lessons __________________________________

empowers client to take active stance in their world.

Elucidation

explanation; clarification; shed light on darkness (Ex: "wow you sound really mad at what I just said.", "yeah, bc.......)

Self

expression of unity of personality; An individual's awareness of his or her own personal characteristics and level of functioning.

Anoma

female aspect in collective conscious of men

psychoanalysis techniques

free association transference dream interpretation analysis of resistance/defense mechanisms

Existential approach stresses a concern for what it means to be _____________.

fully human (a concern stressed by Existential approach)

Critical dimensions of ethical practice in multiple relationships

general guidelines, good judgment, willingness to reflect on own practice, awareness of own motivations

Counselors facilitate healing through a process of ______________________ with their clients.

genuine dialogue

regression

going back to an earlier phase of development when there were fewer demands

identification

identifying with successful causes, organizations, or people in the hope that you will be perceived as worthwhile

In Existential Therapy, individuals are a whole, made up of what 3 main categories?

individual's are a whole made up of biological, relational, personal.

re-educative therapy

involves learning new ways of perceiving and behaving

Evidence-based practice

involves using data generated by research to inform process and outcome of treatment. omits factors of uniqueness to client personality/culture, therapist/client relationship, etc.

Practice-based evidence

involves using data generated during treatment to inform process and outcome of treatment

In work as a therapist, expect to confront your own unexplored personal blocks such as:

loneliness, power, death, intimate relationships

goals of psychoanalysis

make unconscious conscious work thru unresolved dvlpmt tensions accurate sense of self - able to cope with stress

Animas

male aspect in collective conscious of women

rationalization

manufacturing "good" reasons to explain away a bruised ego

compensation

masking perceived weaknesses/ developing certain positive traits, to make up for limitations

Most powerful way to teach your clients (name 2)

model the behavior connect with them

Why are multiple relationship unwise

potential for misusing power, exploiting client, impairing objectivity

Strategizing

process of figuring out WHAT NEEDS TO BE DONE, and HOW TO DO IT, in order to accomplish a goal.

Dynamic Existentialism

psychodynamic focused (focusing on treating inner conflict and anxiety)

Active imagination

purposeful reflection for healing, specifically using/following one's imagination

Darwin's evolutionary theory influenced Freud's beliefs about what?

scientific thought Adaptability determinism

Transpersonal existentialism

spiritually focused (all humans are seen as spiritual: gives another perspective on tragedies/joys of life)

Adlerian therapy accounts for present behavior by ______________.

studying childhood experiences (helps understand present behavior - adlerian therapy)

introjection

taking and "swallowing" the values and standards of others

Nonsexual dual relationships (name 8 examples)

teacher and therapist supervisor and therapist bartering for goods/services borrowing money providing therapy to friend, employee, relative social relationship with client accepting expensive gift from client going into a business venture with client

superior function

the primary ways in which an individual expresses their conscious personality (ex: superior = thinking, inferior = feeling)

inferior function

the weaker/least developed personality traits of an individual; may be unconscious (dreams, fantasies, etc) (ex: superior = thinking, inferior = feeling)

Boundaries in Counseling

therapeutic-fiduciary relationships ("therapeutic frame"). distinguish psychotherapy from nonprofessional relationships. - time and place of sessions, fees and confidentiality - client/therapists interactions: self-disclosure, physical contact, gifts, contact outside therapy, use of language, clothing and proximity during sessions.

transference

therapist becomes the object of a patient's emotional attitudes toward an important person in their life (ex: parent)

repression

threatening or painful thoughts rand feelings are excluded from awareness

Sigmund Freud (training/education)

trained in modern equivalent of neurology (commonly thought that mental illness had organic cause) Darwin/evolutionary thought influenced his scientific thinking and beliefs about adaptability and determinism.

Theoretical pluralism

using multiple theories/approaches

core beliefs

values; beliefs that are strongly held and hard to change