Thirty Years War

FIRST TWO PHASES

1. Bohemian 2. Danish Local and religious

Situation pre-TYW

1. Catastrophic failures in 1590s and consequent unrest 2. Long-term stagnation and recession in the early 1620s 3. New trade openings being developed at turn of the century 4. Rise in prices far outstripping that of wages during 16th century, damaging the skilled and unskilled urban population

Peace of Augsburg

1555: All powers of Holy Roman Empire gathered at Augsburg after fighting amongst themselves. Deal: Whoever reigns his religion becomes state's religion.

When was the Thirty Years War (TYW)?

1618-1648

Peace of Westphalia

1648> weakens Holy Roman Empire > no longer has control over prices Voltaire - HRE not holy not Roman not an Empire

SECOND TWO PHASES

3. Swedish 4. French Violent, continental and political

French phase

Bloodiest; SSFF > Swedish Stacks French fists > French on side with Protestants

Why did Catholic France get involved?

House of Habsburg controlled many places in Europe and were very powerful > French felt surrounded

Outcome

Inconclusive; no one really wins> Dutch Netherlands now independent - weakens Habsburgs > Brandenburg gins territory > rise of Brandenburg Prussia which would lead to a unified German state later on > Alsace goes to France > Switzerland independent confedertion > Calvinism accepted > freedom of private worship > last major religious war in Europe

Danish phase

King of Denmark ruled some places in Holy Roman Empire > he was a Protestant > gets straight up owned by Wallenstein who is sending Protestants back to Denmark (BYE DANES!) CATHOLICS 2 PROTESTANTS 0

Gustavas Aldolphus

Lutheran King of Sweden; Protestant military mastermind; Father of Modern Warfare; one of the first people to use mobile artillery; moving canons during battle; Battle of Brettenfield

Bohemian phase

Modern day czech Republic with lots of Protestants and a lot of Catholic rulers. The Habsburgs had granted Protestants toleration through a Letter of Majesty. Ferdinand II revoked (devout Catholic) which tipped off Protetants > the defenestration of Prague (throwing messengers out of windows) > Ferdinand confronted Bohemians > Battle of White Mountain > decisive Catholic Victory CATHOLICS 1 PROTESTANTS 0

Swedish phase

Sweden becomes directly involved > Gustavas Aldolphus, his involvement makes a difference in a war dominated by Catholics > receives funding from the French > Gustavas dies in battle leading to decline of Sweden's active leadership CATHOLICS 2 PROTESTANTS 1

SSFF

Swedish Swords French Funds (Swedish fighting French funding)