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National identity is: a. often derived from ethnic identity. b. never derived from ethnic identity. c. always derived from religious identity. d. never derived from religious identity. e. becoming a less influential institution in politics.

Which of the following concepts has the most potential to be inclusive or flexible? a. national identity b. political affiliation c. ethnic identity d. Fundamentalism e. Citizenship

Which of the following statements about the relationships among democratization, modernization theory, and political elites is accurate?

According to modernization theory, economic development is important to democratization, but a focus on elites shows that the type of wealth or resources has a big impact on the success of democratization.

Once considered relatively unusual, military rule became much more common over the past 50 years, particularly in:

Africa and Latin America.

Which of the following best characterizes the "Asian values" argument?

Asia has cultural and religious traditions that encourage conformity and obedience, making it less receptive to democracy.

Which of the following statements about bicameralism is accurate?

Bicameral systems were often retained in modern times to restrict the power of popularly elected lower houses of the legislature.

In which of the following ways does clientelism differ from corporatism?

Clientelism relies on individual patronage rather than on large organizations.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between civil society and nondemocratic regimes?

Elimination of civil society by nondemocratic regimes can sometimes encourage populist ideology.

Which of the following statements about social expenditures is accurate?

Expenditures on highways are more likely to benefit the well-off than the poor.

Which of the following statements about referenda and initiatives is accurate?

Formal power to call national referenda lies with the head of state in many European countries.

Which of the following statements about happiness as a measure in political-economic systems is accurate?

In the United States, relative income is likely to be a better predictor of happiness than standard of living.

Which of the following is the best example of a country that could be described as a theocracy?

Iran

Which of the following was an effect of the rapid development of many Asian countries in the 1970s on the study of democracy?

It helped to discredit modernization theory.

Which of the following statements about one-party rule is accurate?

It is often combined with a corporatist regime.

In which of the following ways does using purchasing power parity to calculate GDP differ from the use of straight GDP in measuring a country's economic development?

It typically elevates measured income for less-developed countries.

The origins of British democracy can be traced back to the:

Magna Carta, 1215.

Which of the following represents a challenge to the behavioral revolution's assertion about the relationship between nondemocratic rule and modernization?

Modernization's disruptive process can lead to nondemocratic rule.

Which of the following statements about neocorporatism is accurate?

Neocorporatism involves a greater role for organized labor in economic policy than in the liberal model.

Which of the following statements regarding nondemocratic rule and legitimacy is accurate?

Nondemocratic regimes may enjoy the same level of institutionalization as any democratic regime.

Which of the following statements about the state of world liberalization in the twenty-first century is accurate?

Political forces that oppose liberal trade policies have grown in Europe.

Which of the following statements about populism is accurate?

Populist movements are often led by a charismatic leader.

In which of the following ways does a parliamentary system differ from a presidential one?

Prime ministers must command a majority to stay in office; presidents do not.

Which of the following is among the characteristics that have led some to consider Russia to be a bureaucratic authoritarian regime?

The Russian government has rejected the tools of clientelism and instead adopted populist rhetoric.

Which of the following statements is consistent with the "resource trap" theory?

The act of heavy taxation in resource-rich countries inspires resentment by the people, which in turn forces authoritarian crackdowns.

Which of the following characteristics is an illiberal regime likely to have in common with a democratic one?

The executive, legislature, and judiciary are established and have their respective arenas of authority.

Which of the following statements about global inequality during the past 20 years is accurate?

The global Gini coefficient has dropped slightly but remains high.

Which of the following statements about legislative structures is accurate?

The majority of liberal democracies have bicameral systems.

Which of the following statements about semi-presidential systems is accurate?

The prime minister is typically the initiator of policy.

Which of the following best describes the correlative relationship between the type of executive in a country and the type of electoral system used to elect the legislature?

There is no correlation between type of executive and the kind of electoral system used to elect the legislature.

In which of the following ways do both communism and mercantilism differ from liberalism?

They have high state autonomy and capacity.

Which of the following statements about constitutional courts in the world is accurate?

Trials have more influence on constitutional interpretation in countries with a fused appellate and constitutional court.

Which of the following accurately describes a component of a mixed electoral system?

Voters are allowed two votes, one for a candidate and one for a party.

In which of the following ways does a proportional representation (PR) system differ from a single-member district (SMD) system?

Voters in a PR system are typically more willing to vote for smaller parties.

Which of the following forms of research or data would more likely be used by a quantitative research study than by a qualitative research study? a. economic data b. archival data c. interview data d. documentary research e. observational research

26. Which of the following statements about central planning is accurate? a. It emphasized production of consumer goods over infrastructure. b. It proved unable to create strong worker incentives. c. It relied too heavily on market forces to determine supply and demand. d. It emphasized agricultural production at the expense of the industrial sector. e. It encouraged too much interdependence among domestic economic entities.

Purges are an example of: a. co-optation. d. a resource trap. b. coercion. e. corporatism. c. patronage.

Which term refers to a military seizure of the government? a. coup de grâce d. military usurpation b. coup d'état e. armed politics c. regime disruption

Which of the following is one of the two most important components of national identity? a. Equality d. Devolution b. Legitimacy e. ethnicity c. self-government

Taxes on imported goods are known as:

tariffs

Which of the following is more likely to be a problem in a presidential system than in a parliamentary system?

a policy disagreement between the legislative and executive that restricts lawmaking for a long period, even if the executive has become unpopular with the electorate

In the United States, the government cannot take a citizen's property without just cause and compensation. This is an example of:

a property right.

A national vote initiated by the government on a particular policy issue is commonly known as:

a referendum.

Since the major economic downturn of the last decade, one trend in the United States, Canada, and Japan has been:

a reverse of economic liberalization.

Nondemocratic regimes are best defined as political systems wherein:

a small group of individuals exercises power over the state without being constitutionally responsible to the public.

Republicanism can be defined as:

a system that emphasizes separation of powers and representation of the public through elected officials.

A nondemocratic regime in which holy texts or religious law form the foundation for its rule would be known as:

a theocracy.

1. The borders of most current African states were drawn by colonial powers according to: a. longitude and latitude. d. geographic divisions. b. population groups. e. the locations of natural resources. c. ethnic divisions.

1. ________ are the most fundamental components of political economy. a. Markets and property b. Income and assets c. Income and markets d. Supply and demand e. Property and assets

10. Inequality under imperialism was exacerbated by: a. imperial obsessions with forefronting racial differences. b. imperial obsessions with religious differences and conversion. c. imperial obsessions with mass literacy. d. imperial interest in suppressing nationalist sentiment. e. the loss of native culture.

12. Which of the following statements about the United Nation's Millennium Development Goals (MDG) program is accurate? a. Lack of proper, comprehensive data collection has left wide disagreement over whether or not the program has been a success. b. Compared to villages that received no aid, the Millennium Villages showed impressive progress. c. The program and goals are a prime example of emphasis on allowing civil society to develop organically without heavy international intervention. d. The MDG program has shown no overall reduction in global poverty. e. Unexpected opposition to international aid by the target state governments dramatically reduced program effectiveness.

14. Which of the following is a component of import substitution, an economic strategy followed by many developing countries in the post-World War II era? a. poor enforcement of intellectual property rights b. lowering nontariff barriers c. ending government business subsidies d. privatizing nationalized industries e. banning para-statal arrangements

15. How have current governments in Russia and China responded to growing nationalism in their countries? a. They have promoted nationalism as a means of maintaining legitimacy. b. They have sought to emphasize ethnic multiculturalism to reduce nationalism. c. They have liberalized laws that restrict religious freedom and cultural expression. d. They have outlawed traditional means of expressing nationalism, including public celebrations.

15. The concept of a "hothouse economy" is associated with: a. import substitution. d. foreign direct investment. b. export-oriented industrialization. e. communism. c. liberalization.

17. One of the challenges in putting Marx's ideas into practice has been that: a. he left no specific outline for how communism would be built. b. his guidelines for how to build communism were too costly to realize. c. his guidelines for how to build communism presumed technological innovation that has not yet occurred. d. he only provided a guideline for how to build communism in small agricultural countries. e. most of his writings have been lost.

17. Tariff and nontariff barriers are key tools most important to which economic strategy? a. import substitution d. centralized developmentalism b. liberalism e. product life cycle c. export-oriented industrialization

18. Import substitution is most closely related to which of the following political-economic systems? a. mercantilism d. communism b. social democracy e. anarchism c. liberalism

20. Policies supported by the IMF and World Bank to increase economic liberalization in less-developed countries are often referred to as the: a. Washington Consensus. b. Multilateral Accord. c. North-South Reform Plan. d. Millennium Action Accord. e. United Nations Economic Compact.

21. Politically sensitive or influential jobs in the state, reserved for people approved by the Communist Party as developed in the Soviet Union, are known as: a. nomenklatura. d. a dictatorship of the proletariat. b. proletariat. e. perestroika. c. party-state.

23. Which of the following best describes the role of political parties in communist countries based on the Soviet model? a. The state is dominated by a single Communist Party. b. Several Communist parties compete for power, but non-Communist parties are banned. c. All members of society belong to a single Communist Party. d. All parties are banned as a relic of the prerevolutionary era. e. Agrarian parties dominate the political system.

25. The untaxed, unregulated, and unprotected sector of the economy is known as the ________ economy. a. informal d. private b. unrestricted e. democratic c. devolved

28. In comparing the development of postcolonial countries, which of the following pairs of factors have shown strong correlation with each other? a. abundant natural resources and weak economic development b. political stability and multiculturalism c. deep ethnic divisions and strong economic growth d. parliamentary systems and high levels of corruption e. presidential systems and robust economic growth

29. Gorbachev's perestroika was concerned with: a. institutional economic and political reforms. b. military disarmament. c. devolution and federalism. d. encouraging public debate. e. religious freedom.

30. In which of the following ways do postcommunist success stories like Hungary, Poland, and the Czech Republic differ from countries with less successful records like Romania, Bulgaria, Croatia, and Serbia? a. They have a greater precommunist history of healthy civil society. b. They were more heavily influenced by the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian empires. c. They are much more ethnically diverse. d. They were more heavily industrialized after the fall of communism. e. They had less contact with the West during communist rule.

5. A system wherein a state extends its power in order to directly control territory, resources, and people beyond its borders is known as: a. imperialism. d. multipolarity. b. hegemony. e. bipolarity. c. unilateralism.

6. The term for the physical occupation of a foreign territory through military force, businesses, or settlers is: a. colonialism. d. autonomy. b. devolution. e. federalism. c. democracy.

A greater focus on individual freedom is most likely to require: a. a smaller state. b. civic responsibility. c. a larger state. d. political parties. e. political violence.

A national vote initiated by the government on a particular policy issue is commonly known as: a. a referendum. d. a voluntary ballot. b. a plebiscite. e. a mass ballot. c. an initiative.

A person following a liberal ideology would likely approve of: a. a low degree of state autonomy. b. reduced competition among individuals. c. reduced rights of public association. d. increased levels of state capacity. e. economic equality among citizens.

A true comparative approach to politics only emerges with the work of: a. Machiavelli. b. Hobbes. c. Rousseau. d. Montesquieu. e. Marx.

An endogenous explanation of early urbanization and state building would suggest that: a. religious authorities took the initiative to form early political institutions. b. early communities formed, settled, and then built political institutions. c. early forms of political institutions developed simultaneously with early communities. d. early forms of political leadership existed well before humans settled into patterns of urbanization. e. state building also occurred among hunter-gatherer groups that remained nomadic.

An institution can be defined as any: a. organization or activity that is self-perpetuating and valued for its own sake. b. large, monolithic organization that depends on a core bureaucracy and a set of standard operating procedures. c. object or value that people support through public funds. d. organization or action that is subject to government regulation. e. spontaneous movement that is unable to sustain itself.

An institution that binds people together through common political aspirations is: a. a national identity. b. a country. c. a common history. d. a state. e. an ethnic identity.

Autonomy can be defined as the ability of the state to: a. wield power independent of the public or international actors. b. influence international actors through diplomacy and war. c. wield power without relying on elections or other democratic means. d. influence public opinion. e. hold regular elections.

Bureaucratic authoritarianism typically relies on the close cooperation of which groups? a. the military and the state bureaucracy b. the state bureaucracy and organized labor c. the military and organized labor d. the state bureaucracy and the legislature e. the judiciary and the military

Capacity can be defined as the: a. ability of the state to wield power in order to carry out the basic tasks of providing security and reconciling freedom and equality. b. ability of the state to use its legitimacy to raise revenue and encourage adherence to rules and regulations. c. state's ability to influence international actors through either military force or diplomatic means. d. level of economic modernization of a country. e. ability of a state to develop policy based on the preferences of its electorate.

Civil rights typically refers to the promotion of: a. equality. d. mass participation. b. freedom. e. devolution. c. republicanism.

Communist countries are examples of which form of authoritarianism? a. one-party rule d. patrimonialism b. hybrid regimes e. Illiberalism c. quasidemocracy

Countries that appear to have many of the trappings of democracy but restrict the democratic process to a great degree are known as: a. illiberal or hybrid regimes. d. democratic tyrannies. b. crypto-democracies. e. demarches. c. subdemocracies.

Country X has no direct taxation of its people, but citizens are limited in what they can earn because wages are fixed. No matter what a citizen's age or job is, the state provides for his or her health costs, education, and retirement, even though the quality of those services may be low. If a citizen does have cash, he or she can buy private goods but only illegally on the black market. In which of the following categories would this country belong? a. communist b. Mercantilist c. liberalist d. Statist e. social democratic

Critics of the behavioral revolution accused it of which of the following? a. It had come to emphasize methodology over knowledge. b. It relied too much on Marxist assumptions regarding politics. c. It was too focused on history. d. It had not fully embraced mathematical innovations. e. It was not interested in developing predictive models of politics.

Endogeneity refers to: a. the problem of distinguishing cause from effect. b. intellectual obstacles to new scholarship in social sciences. c. the use of tools such as psychology to understand comparative politics. d. the belief that most major political questions are close to being understood by scholars. e. the use of new information from biology to study human political behavior.

Ethnic identity can be defined as: a. a set of institutions that bind people together through a common culture. b. a set of biological elements that separate people by race. c. a set of linguistic differences between otherwise similar people. d. a set of economic differences interconnected with cultural values. e. geographic differences between people.

Extremely tight control over the money supply may result in ________, a condition that has plagued Japan since 1998. a. deflation b. a fixed currency rate c. inflation d. uneven taxation rates e. hyperinflation

Following from the work of Bruce Lawrence, fundamentalism can be defined as: a. an ideology that seeks to unite religion with the state. b. a high degree of religious orthodoxy. c. a desire to return a society to its premodern roots. d. the use of violence toward religious ends. e. any deeply held value that combines political and religious views.

Government can be defined as: a. a body that monopolizes violence, such as the army and police. b. the leadership that runs the state. c. bureaucrats who manage the paperwork and policies of the state. d. any individual elected to office.

In case study research, one problem that can emerge is the choosing of only cases that match the expected results of the research question, or what is known as: a. selection bias. b. inference liability c. choice limiting. d. norm bounding e. area studies

In which of the following ways did behavioralism differ from modernization theory? a. It was more of a method than a general hypothesis. b. It was more in touch with real-world concerns than theory. c. It put less of an emphasis on empirical research. d. It demonstrated a more narrow geographic range of interest. e. It put greater emphasis on the evolution of political institutions.

In which of the following ways do both conservatives and liberals differ from radicals? a. They do not advocate the removal of existing institutions. b. They do not see the need for change in the current system. c. They question whether or not societal problems can ever be solved. d. They advocate restoring values from previous or even indeterminate regimes of the past. e. They favor evolutionary change instead of rapid change.

Nondemocratic regimes are best defined as political systems wherein: a. a small group of individuals exercises power over the state without being constitutionally responsible to the public. b. a small group of individuals exercises power but remains constitutionally responsible to the public. c. one person is elected by the state and then wields unlimited power. d. the military controls all political decisions. e. power is held by a single political party.

Over the past two decades, most countries around the world have: a. increased economic liberalization. b. decreased economic liberalization. c. increased their social democratic institutions. d. become more mercantilist. e. reduced their internal income inequality.

Political attitudes refers to views regarding: a. the necessary pace and scope of change in the balance between freedom and equality. b. the intersection and relationship between ethnic and national identities. c. the tendency of different societies to participate in politics. d. the proper role of elected officials. e. the means by which ethnic or nationalistic conflicts should be settled.

Recent discussions of the future of comparative politics and political science have called for: a. a greater connection to real-world concerns and contribution to the ideals of civic life. b. a greater use of social media to promote findings. c. a greater focus on the relationship between politics and environmental change. d. a greater distance between scholarship and real-world politics in order to remain objective. e. making comparative politics a field of history rather than of political science.

Since the major economic downturn of the last decade, one trend in the United States, Canada, and Japan has been: a. a reverse of economic liberalization. b. increased criticism of social democracy. c. a widespread elimination of tariff barriers. d. a rapid growth in mercantilist policies. e. shifts in tax forms from national income tax to value-added tax.

Single-member district systems are: a. electoral systems in which a candidate must win an absolute majority of the vote in a district to win the seat. b. electoral systems in which the candidate with the largest share of the vote in a district wins the seat. c. electoral systems in which the percentage of votes a party receives in a district will determine how many seats that party will win. d. two-round systems for referenda and initiatives. e. two-round systems for electing presidents and prime ministers.

Social democracy can be defined as a system that: a. attempts to balance freedom and equality. b. favors equality over freedom. c. favors freedom over equality. d. opposes both freedom and equality. e. favors environmental concerns over freedom and equality.

The United States is a good example of a state with: a. high capacity but low autonomy. b. low capacity but high autonomy. c. high capacity and high autonomy. d. low capacity and low autonomy. e. high democracy and low capacity.

The ability of constitutional courts to strike down legislation even in the absence of a specific court case is known as ________ review. a. Abstract d. Preemptive b. Concrete e. Proactive c. Hypothetical

The development of the modern state in Europe was partly encouraged by: a. linguistic and ethnic fragmentation. b. the leadership of the Holy Roman emperor. c. lucrative trade with Africa. d. climate change. e. the Crusades.

The executive who symbolizes and represents the people is the: a. head of state. d. chief executive. b. head of government. e. head of authority. c. ceremonial head.

The specific concepts of ethnic identity and national identity have their origins in: a. Europe toward the end of the eighteenth century. b. North America before and during the War for Independence. c. Europe during the Cold War. d. the Middle East under colonial dominance. e. North America during the early eighteenth century.

The substance of politics is inevitably bound up in the struggle between: a. individual freedom and collective equality. b. individual rights and collective responsibilities. c. equality of opportunities and equality of outcomes. d. liberty versus security. e. revolutionary versus evolutionary change.

The total market value of all goods and products produced in a year is known as: a. the gross domestic product. b. purchasing power parity. c. the national comparative income. d. the Human Development Index. e. comparative national economics.

What is deductive reasoning? a. the means by which we go from a hypothesis to studying evidence b. the means by which we go from studying a single case to generating a hypothesis c. the means by which we test evidence using logic and mathematics d. the means by which we test evidence using extensive field research e. the means by which we use ideological assumptions to create policy

When a system in which individuals outside an organization are brought into a beneficial relationship with it, making them dependent on the regime for certain rewards, it is known as: a. co-optation. d. acculturation. b. integration. e. verticality. c. dependency.

Which of the following accurately describes a component of a mixed electoral system? a. Voters are allowed two votes, one for a candidate and one for a party. b. Voters are allowed two votes, one for a prime minister and the other for a legislative representative. c. Voters participate in a combination of proportional representation and multimember districts. d. Voters are allowed two votes, but both must go toward the same party (even if they are made for different candidates). e. The structure steers voters toward support of very small, independent parties.

Which of the following best characterizes the "Asian values" argument? a. Asia has cultural and religious traditions that encourage conformity and obedience, making it less receptive to democracy. b. Asia has cultural and religious traditions that encourage individualism and free expression, making it more receptive to democracy. c. Asian cultural and religious traditions encourage a brand of authoritarianism that tends to be more personalistic. d. Asian cultural and religious traditions lead to authoritarian regimes that are typically less violent. e. Asian values tend to discourage the formation of a middle class, which restricts democratic institutions.

Which of the following can be said about the concept of a regime? a. Regimes form the machinery of politics that generate policy. b. Regimes are least susceptible to change by short-term, dramatic events like revolts or crises. c. Regimes are most often transformed slowly by the evolving legislative and social preferences of citizens. d. The differences between regimes are most likely to be unwritten and informal, though they can appear in written constitutions. e. The most basic division among regimes is between the egalitarian regime and the socially unequal one.

Which of the following concepts or phenomena was first and most directly connected to state development? a. written language b. growing ethnic identity c. growing national identity d. increased calls for sovereignty e. extensions of citizenship to multiple ethnic groups

Which of the following could be considered a major challenge faced by political scientists in their use of the comparative method? a. the difficulty in controlling variables b. the large number of comparable cases and difficulties in choosing between them c. university restrictions on carrying out field research d. a general reluctance to look at historical factors e. the tendency of researchers to focus on too broad a geographic area

Which of the following examples can be described as totalitarian? a. the Soviet Union under Stalin b. Iraq under Saddam Hussein c. the Soviet Union under Gorbachev d. Saudi Arabia under the Saud family e. China during the 1960s under Mao

Which of the following is true of the concept of political institutions? a. Strong institutions generate good norms and values; weak institutions generate negative or destructive ones. b. Baseball and soccer are considered to be national institutions in the United States. c. U.S. democracy is an institution in both the formal and informal sense. d. Most countries lack common formal political institutions. e. When taxation is "institutionalized," tax evasion often increases as a result.

Which of the following lists Max Weber's three forms of political legitimacy? a. traditional, charismatic, and rational-legal b. traditional, charismatic, and technocratic c. technocratic, democratic, and authoritarian d. authoritarian, rational-legal, and charismatic e. authoritarian, democratic, and revolutionary

Which of the following might be a characteristic of a state with low autonomy? a. a limited ability to disobey the public b. freedom from a state of "capture" c. government pursuit of the best interests of the country, despite public opinion d. a lack of influence by private individuals e. a tendency to resist the interests of well-organized groups

Which of the following served as a major modern turning point for the study of comparative politics? a. World War I b. the Great Depression c. the American Civil War d. the birth of the United Nations e. the growth of European countries as colonial powers

Which of the following statements about Pakistan's slide toward state failure is accurate? a. Pakistan's lack of a central government at the time of formation may have contributed to its continued weakness. b. Central authority in Pakistan is too strong, leading to the formation of rebellious military groups on its borders. c. Constant warfare has led to a weak Pakistani military that is unable to provide sufficient state support. d. The first Pakistani leadership regime was too strongly institutionalized after independence. e. The state maintains too tight a monopoly over the use of violence and economic assets in the country.

Which of the following statements about constitutional courts in the world is accurate? a. Trials have more influence on constitutional interpretation in countries with a fused appellate and constitutional court. b. In those countries that have it, the right of judicial review is typically implicit (like in the United States). c. Most countries have a constitutional court, but less than half have endowed the constitutional court with the power of judicial review. d. Constitutional courts implementing abstract review usually do so at the request of the head of state or through referenda. e. Almost all constitutional courts in modern democracies ensure lifetime tenure for their judges.

Which of the following statements about game theory is accurate? a. It assumes rational, predictable behavior by individual human beings. b. It is most closely associated with qualitative methods of research. c. Its primary political actor of focus is the institution. d. It considers cultural factors to be a major determinant of human political choices. e. It demonstrates a bias against western political thought.

Which of the following statements about happiness as a measure in political-economic systems is accurate? a. In the United States, relative income is likely to be a better predictor of happiness than standard of living. b. High levels of happiness in postcommunist countries demonstrate the effect of culture on happiness. c. Standard of living is the highest predictor of happiness in most western European countries. d. The twenty unhappiest countries in the world contain a mix of very poor and very rich states. e. Latin American countries' very low levels of happiness correlate with very low per capita income.

Which of the following statements about neocorporatism is accurate? a. Neocorporatism involves a greater role for organized labor in economic policy than in the liberal model. b. Neocorporatism is most commonly found in liberalist economies. c. Economic decisions are primarily made through the competitive interaction of business and labor. d. Business groups are recognized by the state as official negotiating partners, reducing the influence of trade unions. e. Neocorporatism largely eliminates the trade union as an organizing element in the economy.

Which of the following statements is consistent with the "resource trap" theory? a. Abundant resources often free those in power from the need to tax the people. b. The act of heavy taxation in resource-rich countries inspires resentment by the people, which in turn forces authoritarian crackdowns. c. Relatively few resource-rich countries have remained or become undemocratic. d. The portability of natural resources contributes to the desire of elites to hang on to power. e. Abundant natural resources in a country are typically tied to ideological or religious rule, which encourages undemocratic governing structures.

The ability of constitutional courts to strike down legislation even in the absence of a specific court case is known as ________ review.

abstract

1. Which of the following has served as a major source of attraction for followers of communism? a. the promise of the separation of powers b. the promise of economic equality c. the promise of environmental justice d. the promise of religious freedom e. the promise of individual wealth

11. For most of his career, Marx generally argued that communist revolution was most likely in: a. countries in which the superstructure had less power. b. countries where capitalism was most advanced. c. poor countries. d. countries with an underdeveloped bourgeoisie. e. Europe.

13. Some observers of less-developed countries use the term ________ to describe the unequal economic relationship between those countries and advanced democracies in the modern postcolonial era. a. "quasisocialism" d. "protoliberalism" b. "neocolonialism" e. "ultraliberalism" c. "pseudocapitalism"

16. South Korea is among the Asian countries that pursued an export-oriented strategy known as: a. import substitution. d. product peripheralism. b. the product life cycle. e. the industrial curve. c. technological descent.

19. Many countries in Asia discarded import substitution and opted for a form of economic development after World War II known as: a. microfinance. b. export-oriented industrialization. c. debt-based agriculturalism. d. centralized developmentalism. e. modern world development.

19. The "cabinet" of the Communist Party as developed in the Soviet Union is generally known as the: a. nomenklatura. d. bourgeoisie. b. Politburo. e. glasnost. c. general secretary.

2. Countries that are experiencing rapid economic growth and democratization are generally known as ________ countries. a. newly developing d. peripheral b. middle income e. trajectory c. less-developed

2. Markets can best be defined as: a. fixed locations where products are bartered. b. the interactions between the forces of supply and demand. c. government-produced public goods. d. an outmoded form of resource distribution. e. an indirect form of taxation.

20. Postcommunist economic reform has been most successful in: a. the Balkans, such as Romania and Bulgaria. b. Eastern Europe and the Baltics. c. Russia. d. the Caucasus, such as Armenia and Georgia. e. Southeast Asia.

21. Policies that require countries to privatize state-run firms, end subsidies, reduce tariff barriers, shrink the size of the state, and welcome foreign investment are sometimes known as: a. import substitution programs. b. structural adjustment programs. c. service-sector growth programs. d. neomercantilism. e. export industrialization programs.

22. Which of the following can be said about the effects of imperialism on gender roles? a. Imperialism dramatically reduced the number of economic roles for women. b. It is difficult to generalize about the effects on gender roles, but in many countries imperialism likely made gender roles more fixed. c. Women in most countries that came under imperial control saw their political and social status rise slightly. d. Western values imposed on countries under imperial control resulted in the liberation of many women from the domestic sphere. e. Imperialism dramatically increased the number of economic roles for women.

23. Organized life outside of the state that is often seen as critical to democracy and political stability is known as: a. public goods. d. social circles. b. civil society. e. national blocks. c. free riders.

24. Which of the following statements about the privatization and marketization of countries transitioning from communism is accurate? a. Those advocating shock therapy wanted to minimize the short-term social disruptions of marketization. b. Inflation and hyperinflation were fears of those that advocated a gradual approach to marketization. c. Many companies were uncompetitive in the international system, but large industrial firms seemed to be best at surviving privatization. d. Postcommunist countries almost universally sought to privatize by distributing firms' shares to the public as a whole. e. Most postcommunist countries agreed that privatization should occur and be allowed to complete its course before marketization was attempted.

24. Which postcolonial region currently suffers the lowest rankings on the Human Development Index? a. northern Latin America d. southeastern Asia b. Africa e. the Middle East c. central Asia

25. Which of the following statements about gender and LGBT rights and equality in former communist or eastern European countries is accurate? a. Gender inequality is growing in most Eastern European states as a result of postcommunist privatization and the high levels of unemployment that have resulted. b. While some Central European states allow for same-sex partnerships, discrimination against the LGBT community has actually grown in Russia and Central Asia. c. Postcommunist countries perform worse on the United Nation's Gender Inequality Index than advanced democracies around the world. d. Postcommunist regimes in Russia and Central Asia often attempt to court favor with the LGBT community as a means of nationalistic opposition to the West.

27. One recent innovation to help alleviate poverty in poorer countries through small loans to small businesses is known as: a. macrofinance. d. structural loans. b. microcredit. e. flexible funding. c. millennial loan programs.

27. Under communism, ethnicity and nationalism were: a. embraced and "socialized." b. suppressed. c. tolerated as relics that would fade in time. d. encouraged as a means of strengthening opposition to the West. e. generally merged with Marxist ideology.

28. How did Marxist theory change the lives of women in most communist countries? a. Abortion and divorce laws were made more conservative, reducing women's access to both. b. Women were given greatly expanding workforce and educational opportunities. c. Many women rose to positions of significant political and economic power. d. Gender relations changed dramatically in most arenas. e. Traditional patterns of sexism largely faded and most women were able to let go of their traditional roles inside the home.

29. One of the major criticisms of microfinance or microcredit is that: a. the loans create a dependency on foreign handouts. b. the loans do not help grow businesses that can hire employees. c. the loans are rarely repaid. d. the international community is not involved in making these investments. e. the loans are not made to people, only firms.

7. Which of the following is an accurate description of some component of communist government in the Soviet Union? a. The status of communist leaders was downplayed so as to prevent veneration of individuals above any other citizens. b. Some unions were allowed to operate outside of the state, though they were linked to the Communist Party. c. Party cells were primarily used in the practical representation of the interests of the people. d. The nomenklatura were often set in opposition, sometimes violently, to the judiciary and local government officials. e. The only truly democratic process that occurred within the state happened during the party congress that was held every few years.

8. Which of the following statements about communism in China under Mao is accurate? a. Mao rejected the broad political structure and institutions of the Soviet Communist regime and developed uniquely Chinese ones based on Confucian philosophy. b. Mao sought to destroy the power of the party-state in order to expand the Communist regime. c. Mao sought to end the Cultural Revolution that began under the previous capitalist regime. d. Mao argued, like Marx, that communist revolutions could only be successful in countries of advanced capitalist practice. e. Mao's strategy for cultural and economic advancement proved to be far less cruel and resulted in much less loss of life than Stalin's.

A greater focus on collective equality is associated with: a. a smaller state. b. greater government control of private economic assets. c. political violence. d. civic responsibility. e. political parties.

A major criticism of comparative politics at the turn of the twentieth century was that it: a. focused too strongly on religious explanations. b. was descriptive rather than explanatory. c. was too quantitative. d. was too broad in geographic scope. e. was too focused on postrevolutionary states.

A political scientist notes that in a particular voting district, an elected representative has formed an especially close bond with her constituents, and that during her past term she even voted against the will of her party in order to better support the popular will of the people in her district. This political scientist would most likely use this observed relationship to argue that: a. mixed electoral systems are superior to single-member district systems. b. single-member district systems are superior to proportional representation systems. c. parliamentary systems are superior to presidential or semi-presidential systems. d. more referenda and initiatives are needed to allow for greater participation by voters in the policymaking process. e. proportional representation systems are superior to single-member district systems.

A system wherein authoritarian regimes sanction a limited number of organizations to represent the public (and restrict unsanctioned ones) is known as: a. neocorporatism. d. rent-seeking. b. corporatism. e. kickbacks. c. clientelism.

An institution that is recognized and accepted as right and proper by the public is seen as: a. sovereign. d. rational. b. legitimate. e. despotic. c. absolutist.

As a political system, totalitarianism is: a. common. b. rare. c. common only in Latin America. d. common only in Africa. e. a force that has been growing in power since the end of the Cold War.

Ascription occurs when: a. one ethnicity develops negative stereotypes about a rival ethnicity. b. a particular quality or characteristic is assigned at birth. c. national identity becomes powerful enough to weaken ethnic identities. d. ethnic identity becomes intertwined with the pursuit of sovereignty. e. ethnic conflict enhances ethnic divisions.

Citizenship is best defined as: a. formal participation in democratic processes, such as voting. b. an individual's or a group's relation to the state. c. economic obligations that a person has to the state, such as taxation. d. dual ethnic and nationalistic loyalty to a sovereign state. e. formal recognition of an ethnic group by the state.

Conservatives are those in the political spectrum who favor: a. evolutionary change of the status quo. b. little or no change to existing institutions. c. restoring structures that once existed. d. revolutionary change of the status quo. e. lower taxes.

Country X holds regular elections for a legislature, though most of its citizens have little faith in the validity of the results. Its powerful military operates largely outside of the control of the government, but it does not control the actions of the government. The government executive wields enormous power, but there is also a judiciary that occasionally rules on constitutional matters. A number of political parties compete with each other, but the government regularly restricts their campaigning activities. Based on this description, in which category could Country X most reliably be placed? a. patrimonial regime d. clientist regime b. hybrid regime e. corporatist regime c. military rule

In a parliamentary system, the prime minister serves as: a. head of state. b. head of government. c. both head of state and head of government. d. neither head of state nor head of government. e. the final court of appeal.

In which of the following ways do both communism and mercantilism differ from liberalism? a. They typically employ relatively low tariff barriers. b. They have high state autonomy and capacity. c. They agree that markets should play a role, if a limited one. d. Inequality is often a result of state economic policy. e. The state role in the economy is minimal.

In which of the following ways does a parliamentary system differ from a presidential one? a. Prime ministers serve for shorter fixed terms than presidents. b. Prime ministers must command a majority to stay in office; presidents do not. c. Election dates are more easily altered in presidential systems than in parliamentary systems. d. Presidents are more easily removed from office than prime ministers. e. Prime ministers are directly elected by the people, while presidents must be elected indirectly through an electoral college.

In which of the following ways does clientelism differ from corporatism? a. Clientelism involves the military as well as business, rather than business groups only. b. Clientelism relies on individual patronage rather than on large organizations. c. Clientelism requires a more structured set of sanctioned and licensed organizations. d. Clientelism has kickbacks and bribes at its disposal as tools for developing support. e. Clientelism tends to replace individual corporations with state-sanctioned ones.

Liberalism's view of the relationship between freedom and equality favors: a. equality over freedom. b. freedom over equality. c. freedom and equality equally. d. neither freedom nor equality. e. democracy over freedom and equality.

Modern states are built primarily on what form of legitimacy? a. Traditional b. rational-legal c. charismatic d. Revolutionary e. technocratic

Modernization theory can be defined as the view that: a. few countries will ever modernize and embrace democracy. b. as societies develop, they will become capitalist democracies. c. each country and region will modernize in a different way, each with a different result. d. significant change is possible only through revolution. e. the only way to modernize is to apply scientific methods to policy problems.

Once considered relatively unusual, military rule became much more common over the past 50 years, particularly in: a. Latin America and Eastern Europe. b. Africa and Latin America. c. Eastern Europe and Africa. d. East Asia and Latin America. e. Africa and East Asia.

Politics is defined in the text as the: a. ability to impose your values on others. b. struggle in any group for the power to make decisions for the larger group. c. battle over economic resources and their use. d. result of conflict between cultures. e. relationship between international actors.

Prime ministers can be removed through which mechanism? a. Impeachment d. Plebiscite b. vote of no confidence e. Initiative c. Recall

Purchasing power parity is a way to measure: a. inequality between people. b. the buying power of income across countries. c. changes in inequality over time. d. differences in social expenditures. e. how high tax rates should be.

Recent research suggests that the rise of political organizations came about in large part because: a. of the rise of monotheistic religions. b. pre-state societies were extremely violent. c. of writing as an innovation. d. of the expansion of slavery. e. of climate change.

Republicanism can be defined as: a. a system rooted in the ideology of liberalism, with its emphasis on individual rights and freedoms. b. a system that emphasizes separation of powers and representation of the public through elected officials. c. a political value that values individual rights above equality among individuals. d. a political value that values equality among individuals above individual rights. e. a system that emphasizes conservative political values.

The Gini index is one way that social scientists measure: a. total national wealth. b. the amount of economic inequality in a society. c. the environmental impact of development. d. the distribution of public goods. e. public health relative to national wealth.

The electoral system that tends to produce a large number of political parties is: a. the single-member district system. b. proportional representation. c. the mixed electoral system. d. the single transferable vote. e. binomial proportional voting.

The emergence of the modern state is closely tied to which of the following specific developments? a. the rise of the Chinese Empire b. the collapse of the Roman Empire c. the expansion of European empires around the globe d. the development of the Mayan and Incan empires e. the development of monotheism

The executive in charge of dealing with running the state and formulating policy is the: a. head of state. d. chief executive. b. head of government. e. head of authority. c. ceremonial head.

The idea of legal institutions to which everyone is subject is known as: a. the reign of democracy. d. majority rule. b. the rule of law. e. authority of power. c. the authority of the governed.

What is inductive reasoning? a. the means by which we go from a hypothesis to studying a number of cases b. the means by which we go from studying a case to generating a hypothesis c. the means by which we test evidence using logic and mathematics d. the means by which we test evidence using extensive field research e. the means by which we use ideological assumptions to create policy

What is the oldest of the political-economic systems, and what system first rose to challenge it? a. liberalism, first challenged by communism b. mercantilism, first challenged by liberalism c. liberalism, first challenged by social democracy d. liberalism, first challenged by mercantilism e. social democracy, first challenged by liberalism

What phenomenon is most responsible for bringing the organization of the modern state into adoption by most of the world? a. increased international commerce and trade b. imposition by European states through colonial dominance c. the spread of philosophical treatises by European thinkers d. a centuries-long process of wars and indigenous development of the state

Which of the following best describes the record of economic growth under military rule? a. Countries under military rule, either current or historic, have yet to demonstrate any period of sustained economic growth. b. In some cases of military rule, economic growth has been high, but in many more cases it has led to instability and poor development. c. Some cases of military rule have led to instability and violence, but in many more cases they have led to high economic growth. d. Military rule produced high levels of economic growth in Latin America but not in Asia. e. In almost every case, military rule has emphasized agriculture over industrialization.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between civil society and nondemocratic regimes? a. Civil society always promotes democracy and opposes nondemocratic rule. b. Elimination of civil society by nondemocratic regimes can sometimes encourage populist ideology. c. Nondemocratic regimes often seek to empower and expand civil society. d. Nondemocratic regimes wield such power that civil society is irrelevant. e. Nondemocratic regimes attempt to eliminate the idea of the state as an arena for social organization.

Which of the following can be said about the relationships among states, regimes, and governments? a. The regime consists of either leaders elected by democratic means or leaders who took control by force. b. States are more institutionalized than governments. c. Governments are more institutionalized than regimes. d. Governments tend to be longer-lived than regimes. e. The state can be considered the machinery that operates the regime.

Which of the following concepts is held in common by both communist ideology and liberal and social democratic ideology but is lacking in fascist ideology? a. a belief in the value of competition among individuals b. a belief in the potential of individuals c. a desire for high state autonomy d. a rejection of the notion of the state

Which of the following is more likely to be a problem in a presidential system than in a parliamentary system? a. a policy disagreement between the legislative and the executive that results from a very small party in the legislature holding up a law by denying it a majority vote b. a policy disagreement between the legislative and executive that restricts lawmaking for a long period, even if the executive has become unpopular with the electorate c. the weakening of the judiciary over time as a result of conflicts between presidential and legislative authority d. the growth of power in political parties as presidential candidates become more beholden to party loyalists e. unstable policymaking due to the indeterminate amount of time the president is in office

Which of the following statements about bicameralism is accurate? a. Bicameralism is typically linked to unitary states, though not exclusively so. b. Bicameral systems were often retained in modern times to restrict the power of popularly elected lower houses of the legislature. c. Bicameral legislatures are an essential component of semi-presidential systems, where each voter casts two votes, one pertaining to each house of the legislature. d. Members of lower houses typically serve longer terms than members of upper houses in bicameral systems. e. Lower houses are generally weaker than upper houses in bicameral systems.

Which of the following statements about citizenship, national identity, and patriotism is accurate? a. High degrees of national identity necessarily spark high degrees of patriotism. b. Citizenship is likely to be more flexible than ethnic identity. c. Patriotism typically gives rise to more inclusive citizenship. d. Citizenship is much less variable than national or ethnic identity. e. Citizenship is rigid in scope and power, unlike ethnic or national identity.

Which of the following statements about one-party rule is accurate? a. It forces party membership on nearly all citizens. b. It is often combined with a corporatist regime. c. It typically prevents the development of extreme forms of rule like totalitarianism. d. It is most often associated with theocracy. e. Single-party influence is rarely able to penetrate very far down into society.

Which of the following was among the results of the growing linkage between ethnic and national identities in state development? a. a growing unwillingness of the people to make personal sacrifices for the state b. a growing capacity of the state to generate tax revenue c. a weakening of state leadership authority d. a general disinterest in pursuing sovereignty e. a washing away of public differences between ethnic identities

Which of the following was an effect of the rapid development of many Asian countries in the 1970s on the study of democracy? a. It helped to discredit elite theory. b. It helped to discredit modernization theory. c. It demonstrated that elites were the driving force behind early democratization. d. It proved that a middle class was essential for democratization. e. It demonstrated that overall poverty is not an impediment to democratization.

Which of the following would be an example of rent-seeking? a. arresting opponents of those in power, but not killing them b. providing cash payments to influential industry leaders in return for political support c. giving control of a nationalized industry to supporters of those in power d. power sharing between labor and the military in a nondemocratic regime e. nationalizing a previously private utility and keeping it under tight state control

Why might the term patriotic fail to characterize the Palestinian people? a. Palestinians have a very low sense of national identity, a core component of patriotism. b. Patriotism refers to pride in one's state, and Palestinians lack a formal state. c. Palestinians have low levels of ethnic cohesion, a core component of patriotism. d. Patriotism refers to the pursuit of sovereignty, which most Palestinians believe to be an impossibility for their people. e. Most Palestinians have rejected formal citizenship in their state in the name of political protest.

In a presidential system, the president typically serves as:

both head of state and head of government.

10. The bourgeoisie are the: a. working class. d. aristocratic elites. b. communist revolutionaries. e. military. c. property-owning middle class.

13. In which of the following ways has China's transition from the communist model differed from that of Russia? a. It has nationalized more industries than it has privatized. b. It has adopted strong mercantilist policies. c. It has sought economic change with little or no political change. d. It has involved a strong promotion of nationalism. e. It has failed to expand its agricultural sector.

14. For Marxists, socialism represents: a. the enemy that has to be overthrown. b. the final end-stage of human history. c. a transitional phase before communism. d. the stage of human development before capitalism. e. the enemy of communism.

16. Lenin's term for those who would need to carry out revolution in a less advanced country is the: a. proletariat masses. d. counterhegemon. b. conscious activists. e. avant-garde. c. vanguard of the proletariat.

18. In which of the following ways did Lenin's beliefs about communism differ from those of Marx? a. He argued that the state did not have to wither away after the communist revolution. b. He argued that some democratic processes could be incorporated into the operation of the state. c. He argued that revolutions could take place in less advanced countries. d. He argued that socialism could be an end goal, not a transitional phase. e. He argued that it was necessary to retain religion under communism.

2. The individual primarily associated with articulating the political theory of communism is: a. Mao Zedong. d. Karl Kautsky. b. Vladimir Lenin. e. Adam Smith. c. Karl Marx.

26. A small country has applied for membership in an economic union. Before membership is granted, the ruling body of the union requires that the applicant state reduce its budget deficit to a specific percentage of GDP. This type of arrangement could be classified as: a. structural reform. d. neoliberalism. b. microfinance. e. export-oriented adjustment. c. conditionality.

27. Bureaucratic authoritarianism often justifies military rule by asserting that: a. only the military can restore public pride. b. only the military can defend the country from invasion. c. only technocratic leadership can rise above "irrational" politics. d. civilians are inferior to the officer corps. e. only the educated should be given the right to rule.

29. A nondemocratic regime in which holy texts or religious law form the foundation for its rule would be known as: a. fundamental totalitarianism. d. monism. b. faith-based illiberalism. e. orthodox authoritarianism. c. a theocracy.

3. For Marx, which of the following was most important for explaining all human action? a. religion d. culture b. gender e. geography c. economics

3. Why might the commonality of authoritarian regimes in the developing world fail to suggest high levels of autonomy, even though on the surface it appears that this should be the case? a. Neocolonialism transfers power over policy from these regimes to outside actors like developed democracies. b. These regimes are often slowly adding democratic elements that reduce their autonomy. c. These regimes often lose their independence through corruption to groups that exploit them as a resource. d. The fear of revolution at the street level keeps these regimes beholden to the popular will of the people. e. Very low levels of income for these regimes and their top officials reduce their ability to act

4. Countries that are experiencing weak economic and political development are known as ________ countries. a. newly developing d. peripheral b. newly industrializing e. trajectory c. lower income

4. The ________ is the name Marx chose for the system of economic production, including the level of technology (the "means of production"). a. superstructure d. proletariat b. determination e. bourgeoisie c. base

4. Which of the following statements about the relationships among democratization, modernization theory, and political elites is accurate? a. Scholars have shown that contrary to modernization theory, poverty typically does not serve as an obstacle to democratization. b. A core assertion of modernization theory is that a country with political elites will allow democratic institutions to flourish if the country develops enough natural resources to become wealthy. c. According to modernization theory, economic development is important to democratization, but a focus on elites shows that the type of wealth or resources has a big impact on the success of democratization. d. Concentration of economic assets in the hands of a few elites in power ultimately advances democracy because those elites feel secure in their positions and thus allow democratization to flourish. e. Decline of natural resources or economic stagnation typically forces an entrenchment of elites and a reduction of the chances for democratization.

5. Which of the following statements about religions and their contribution to new identities around the world is accurate? a. The re-creation of religious institutions typically decreases the sectarianism and fundamentalism that can undermine democracy. b. The Soviet Union actively promoted religions other than Christianity as a means of countering western influence. c. The Chinese government has tried to battle religious growth by promoting Confucian ideals and practices. d. Despite attempts by both private citizens and governments like that of Saudi Arabia, Islam has grown in many countries with large Muslim populations.

7. Which of the following was the initial, primary cause of capacity in postcolonial countries? a. the control of most government programs by the military b. endemic corruption among governmental workers c. the absence of a professional bureaucracy d. the strong service-sector orientation of the economy e. ethnic divisions among civil servants

9. The term used to describe Marx's conception of historical change is: a. episodic revolutionism. d. dialectical gradualism. b. graduated materialism. e. graduated episodism. c. dialectical materialism.

9. Which of the following best describes social identities in places under imperial control? a. Strong ethnic identities existed before imperialism but were suppressed. b. Strong national identities existed before imperialism but were suppressed. c. Neither strong national nor strong, specific ethnic identities were present before imperialism. d. Both strong national and ethnic identities had existed long before and survived imperialism. e. Ethnic and national identities largely withered as a result of the imposition of the modern state.

A small state government successfully makes major changes to its public education policy out of belief that it is the best thing for the people, even though the public largely opposes the new policy. At the same time, the state proves largely incapable of maintaining law and order or providing food and medical care in a region that is suffering through a drought. In which of the following ways could this state be categorized? a. failed state b. high capacity, high autonomy state c. low capacity, high autonomy state d. high capacity, low autonomy state e. low capacity, low autonomy state

A system in which states co-opt members of the public by providing specific benefits to a person in return for public support is: a. neocorporatism. d. rent-seeking. b. corporatism. e. kickbacks. c. clientelism.

Asymmetric federalism refers to a system in which power is divided unevenly between: a. federal departments or authorities. b. national and federal bodies. c. regional bodies. d. elected and nonelected officials. e. federal and judicial authorities.

In Ronald Inglehart's conception of political culture, what form of society stands in opposition to a traditional society? a. religious or fundamental d. nation-state b. Nationalistic e. Modernistic c. secular-rational

In a presidential system, the president typically serves as: a. head of state. b. head of government. c. both head of state and head of government. d. neither head of state nor head of government. e. the final court of appeal.

In which of the following ways does a government built primarily on charismatic legitimacy differ from one based on traditional legitimacy? a. Charismatic legitimacy is much more likely to transform into rational-legal legitimacy. b. Charismatic legitimacy has a better chance of being institutionalized. c. Charismatic legitimacy would likely be much shorter-lived. d. The legitimacy of a charismatic system is less likely to end when the leader leaves office. e. Charismatic legitimacy increases in power more from length of office than does traditional legitimacy.

In which of the following ways does national conflict differ from ethnic conflict? a. Ethnic conflict is typically more violent than national conflict. b. National conflict has an independent state as a core goal; ethnic conflict does not. c. National conflict involves political or economic goals; ethnic conflict does not. d. Ethnic conflict can result from national conflict, but national conflict does not result from ethnic conflict. e. In ethnic conflict, sovereignty has already been achieved; in national conflict sovereignty has not been achieved.

In which of the following ways does using purchasing power parity to calculate GDP differ from the use of straight GDP in measuring a country's economic development? a. It typically lowers the overall value of the economy for less-developed countries. b. It typically elevates measured income for countries with advanced welfare systems. c. It typically elevates measured income for less-developed countries. d. It typically lowers the per capita income in a country no matter its level of development. e. It increases the gap in economy size between developed and less-developed countries.

In which of the following ways were behaviorialism and modernization theory similar? a. They both constituted a set of hypotheses about how countries develop. b. They both rejected the study of politics as a means to generate specific policy outcomes. c. They both constituted new, more scientific attempts to study politics. d. They both constituted a set of methods about how to approach politics. e. They both attempted to broaden comparative politics outside of the European model.

Mercantilism is best associated with which of the following policies? a. free trade b. neocorporatism c. tariff barriers d. national health care e. elimination of all private property

Political culture can be defined as: a. the views of a society toward the role of culture and its place in politics. b. temporary political values held during times of sudden change. c. a society's norms for political activity. d. how politicians conduct their campaigns. e. the level of political modernization in a country.

Political scientists, based on the work of Max Weber, define the state as: a. a small regional unit within a country, found only under federalism. b. an elected official of a country. c. an organization that maintains a monopoly of violence over a territory. d. the basic rules and norms of politics. e. any condition that leads to political action.

Power sharing as a way to solve ethnic and national conflict: a. typically reverses processes of devolution. b. must be accompanied by international intervention in order to work. c. sometimes causes concern about "freezing" group divisions. d. has usually led to authoritarianism. e. almost always results in a federalist structure.

Proportional representation systems can be defined as: a. electoral systems in which the candidate with the majority of the vote in a district wins the seat. b. electoral systems in which the candidate with the plurality of the vote in a district wins the seat. c. electoral systems in which the percentage of votes a party receives in a district will determine how many seats that party will win. d. two-round systems for referenda and initiatives. e. two-round systems for electing presidents and prime ministers.

Reactionaries are those in the political spectrum who favor: a. evolutionary change of the status quo. b. the status quo. c. restoring structures and values that they believe once existed. d. revolutionary change of the status quo. e. a racist political system.

Sovereignty is defined as the ability of: a. individuals to vote freely in elections without restriction by the state or external actors. b. individuals to depend on laws and regulations to be enforced with impartiality. c. states to carry out actions or policies within a territory independent of external actors or internal rivals. d. states to influence other actors in the international system by means of physical, cultural, or economic force. e. modern democracies to encourage participation.

The shift in comparative politics away from political institutions (such as legislatures and constitutions) and toward individual political behavior is known as the: a. mathematical revolution. b. analytical revolt. c. behavioral revolution. d. causal transformation. e. statistical turn.

The shorthand term for the combination of regime, state, and government is: a. nation. d. territory. b. people. e. federalism. c. country.

The text suggests that the difficulty of amending the U.S. Constitution is evidence of the power of: a. rational-legal legitimacy. b. federalism. c. traditional legitimacy. d. charismatic legitimacy. e. modern bureaucratic "red tape."

To a comparativist, which would be of more value: discovery of a correlation or discovery of a causal relationship? Why? a. correlation, because it demonstrates more empirically that two variables are interrelated b. causal relationship, because it describes a more concrete, specific relationship between two variables c. correlation, because it is more valuable for quantitative research findings d. causal relationship, because it is more valuable for qualitative research findings e. neither, as both terms describe essentially the same relationship between two variables

What is a primary tactic used by central banks to combat inflation? a. making credit less expensive b. increasing the money supply c. raising interest rates d. setting lending rates very low e. printing more money

What is meant by the term liberal democracy? a. a democratic system that values equality above all b. a democratic system that values personal freedom above all c. a democratic system that promotes participation, competition, and liberty d. a democratic system that promotes process, liberty, and minority rights e. a system with a high degree of income redistribution

Which of the following best characterizes the nature of the conflict of recent years in Afghanistan? a. National b. patriotic c. Ethnic d. national and fundamentalist e. national and ethnic

Which of the following characteristics is more likely to be seen in a unitary state than in a federalist state? a. asymmetric division of power between regional bodies b. exacerbated ethnic conflict c. limited local policymaking d. devolution of taxation to regional bodies e. weakened state efficiency

Which of the following concepts is inherently political? a. Society d. Custom b. Ethnicity e. Language c. Nation

Which of the following is among the characteristics that have led some to consider Russia to be a bureaucratic authoritarian regime? a. Opposition to technological modernization comes primarily from the military regime. b. Union leaders have found themselves endowed with high levels of authority, bolstered by the government. c. The head of government and top rulers came into their positions from the military or security services. d. Military and industry in the country find themselves on opposite ends of the political spectrum. e. The Russian government has rejected the tools of clientelism and instead adopted populist rhetoric.

Which of the following is the best example of a country that could be described as a theocracy? a. China d. Thailand b. Jordan e. Russia c. Iran

Which of the following is true of the work of most comparativists? a. They try to choose countries with radically different political systems in order to maximize variability in cases. b. They seek to study countries for which the least amount of established research has been accomplished. c. When they expand study outside of a single country, they tend to limit their focus to a single geographic region. d. They tend to limit their focus to a single level of economic development. e. They exhibit bias toward regions with rapidly expanding influence in the world, like east Asia.

Which of the following represents a challenge to the behavioral revolution's assertion about the relationship between nondemocratic rule and modernization? a. One cannot find countries where capitalism and authoritarianism exist simultaneously. b. Authoritarianism can be found only alongside capitalism. c. Modernization's disruptive process can lead to nondemocratic rule. d. Many wealthy countries in the world are nondemocratic. e. The presence of a strong middle class has proven to be a key component of modernization.

Which of the following statements about ethnicity is accurate? a. Ascription typically reduces ethnic solidarity through culture clash. b. Language often spans across ethnicities and reduces ethnic cohesion. c. Ethnic solidarity can lessen willingness to share resources with groups that are ethnically different. d. Ethnic designations typically dissolve social solidarity. e. People typically choose their ethnicities through a cultural adoption process.

Which of the following statements about referenda and initiatives is accurate? a. National referenda in the United States and Canada are largely used for taxation and economic policy matters. b. Constitutional reform is not subject to reform by referenda because of the ease with which most referenda are passed. c. Formal power to call national referenda lies with the head of state in many European countries. d. Initiatives in most European countries can be started by either the legislature or the head of state, but rarely by the head of government. e. Referenda in the United States are more often used at the national level than at the local or state level.

Which of the following statements about social expenditures is accurate? a. Very broad welfare systems have been shown to support community institutions like the family and the church. b. In a sense, the welfare state primarily taxes the poor but benefits the middle class. c. Expenditures on highways are more likely to benefit the well-off than the poor. d. In most countries, social welfare expenditures primarily benefit the poor. e. Social expenditures that come in the form of public goods are used mostly by the very poor.

Which of the following statements about the process of devolution is accurate? a. Devolution has decreased in popularity over the last century due to resulting violence among ethnic groups. b. Devolution has most often been used to enhance the legitimacy of ethnic groups. c. Devolution sometimes, but not often, leads to a change from a unitary to a federalist structure. d. Devolution most often results in a transformation to a federalist structure. e. States often devolve power to gain legitimacy but retain the same amount of power in the central government.

Which of the following statements about the state of world liberalization in the twenty-first century is accurate? a. Communism is resurgent in many of the poorest countries in the world. b. Most industrial democracies have moved decisively away from the social democratic model. c. Political forces that oppose liberal trade policies have grown in Europe. d. The global economic downturn has emboldened proponents of trade liberalization. e. The large-scale evaporation of social expenditures has weakened the social democratic model considerably.

Which of the following statements regarding nondemocratic rule and legitimacy is accurate? a. Nondemocratic regimes are never legitimate in the eyes of the public. b. Nondemocratic regimes are never legitimate in the eyes of the international community. c. Nondemocratic regimes may enjoy the same level of institutionalization as any democratic regime. d. Nondemocratic regimes almost always trade away stability in order to gain a high degree of legitimacy. e. Nondemocratic regimes were only considered legitimate before the advent of industrialization.

Which political-economic system views private property as a form of exploitation? a. social democracy b. Liberalism c. Communism d. statism e. Mercantilism

The ________ is in charge of regulating the supply of money in a country.

central bank

A system in which states co-opt members of the public by providing specific benefits to a person in return for public support is:

clientelism

When a system in which individuals outside an organization are brought into a beneficial relationship with it, making them dependent on the regime for certain rewards, it is known as:

co-optation.

Which political-economic system views private property as a form of exploitation?

communism

communist

A system wherein authoritarian regimes sanction a limited number of organizations to represent the public (and restrict unsanctioned ones) is known as:

corporatism.

Which term refers to a military seizure of the government?

coup d'état

12. Marx argued that once socialism had triumphed, the state would eventually: a. grow in power. b. become highly centralized. c. grow despotic and have to be overthrown again. d. wither away. e. become confederal.

22. Which of the following represented the chief executive position in a communist country based on the Soviet model? a. legislature d. general secretary b. president e. prime minister c. Politburo

30. Which of the following might be a Washington Consensus policy recommendation to a less developed country that would be opposed by a supporter of import substitution policy? a. creating state-owned businesses b. investing heavily in domestic agriculture c. raising tariffs to reduce foreign imports d. reducing state power e. promoting private domestic industry

8. Which of the following best describes modernization under imperialism in most colonial states? a. attempted modernization that was usually wholly rejected by native peoples b. largely a successful implementation of governmental structures that mirrored the colonial power's government c. the complete destruction of local institutions with no new ones to take their place d. incomplete transition between Western and traditional institutions e. complete transformation to modern social institutions but with economic modernization lagging behind

Devolution is a process by which states: a. reduce the size of their bureaucracy. b. increase their autonomy. c. increase their capacity. d. move power from the central state to local levels. e. break up into several smaller countries.

In which of the following ways does quantitative research differ from qualitative research? a. Its variables tend to be less rigorously defined. b. It is more likely to be reduced in utility by multicausality. c. It is more likely to use inductive reasoning. d. It favors a wider use of cases not restricted by area specialization. e. It is more likely to have a specific geographic focus.

One big rift within the study of comparative politics is: a. quantitative versus didactic research. b. epistemology versus ontology. c. religious versus secular research. d. quantitative versus qualitative research. e. structural versus ideational.

Radicals are those in the political spectrum who favor: a. evolutionary change of the status quo. b. the status quo. c. restoring structures that once existed. d. dramatic change of the existing order. e. the elimination of private property and an end to class divisions.

Stalin's rule in the Soviet Union is mostly associated with which of the following concepts? a. patrimonialism d. personality cult b. rational-legal legitimacy e. theocracy c. bureaucratic authoritarianism

Which of the following best describes the correlative relationship between the type of executive in a country and the type of electoral system used to elect the legislature? a. Countries that use a single-member district system have presidential executives, while those with prime ministers rely on proportional representation. b. Countries that use a single-member district system have prime ministers, while presidential systems rely on proportional representation. c. Semi-presidential systems rely on a mixed single-member district and proportional representation system. d. There is no correlation between type of executive and the kind of electoral system used to elect the legislature. e. Semi-presidential systems use proportional representation to elect both the president and the legislature.

Which of the following best describes the rule in Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of Congo) by the government of Mobutu Sese Seko from 1965 until 1997? a. Theocracy b. one-party rule with strong use of clientelism c. military rule tending toward bureaucratic authoritarianism d. personal rule with increasing reliance on patrimonialism over time e. illiberal democracy

Which of the following characteristics is an illiberal regime likely to have in common with a democratic one? a. Parties are restricted in their ability to compete, but the military is firmly under civilian control. b. Referenda are used rarely and are limited in their ability to affect policy. c. The executive is weaker than other institutions. d. The executive, legislature, and judiciary are established and have their respective arenas of authority. e. A strong rule of law is in place.

Which of the following is most likely a reason for the emergence of the modern state in Europe rather than in another region? a. the absence of significant internal geographic boundaries b. the guidance of the Roman Empire in government formation c. the presence of impressive farming and war-making technologies d. a widespread collapse of law and civilization and the rise of a form of organized crime e. the presence of a relatively homogeneous population

Which of the following statements about fundamentalism is accurate? a. Fundamentalism is a single form of ideology. b. Most fundamentalists emphasize collective equality. c. Fundamentalists reject reactionary attitudes for radical ones. d. Fundamentalists seek to solve the problems of the modern world. e. Most fundamentalists embrace violent means to change the status quo.

Which of the following statements about legislative structures is accurate? a. Upper houses of bicameral systems are almost always elected indirectly. b. In bicameral systems, lower houses typically amend or veto legislation originating in the upper house. c. Larger countries are more likely to have unicameral systems. d. The majority of liberal democracies have bicameral systems. e. In the evolution of bicameral systems, lower houses were usually retained as a check on upper houses.

Which of the following statements about semi-presidential systems is accurate? a. The president typically makes foreign policy and relies on the prime minister to implement it by representing the country internationally. b. Prominent semi-presidential systems typically place most of the power with the prime minister. c. The prime minister is typically the initiator of policy. d. Constitutional courts are often less powerful as a result of appointment by the president. e. Semi-presidential systems have gone out of favor and have decreased in number during the last two decades.

Which of the following statements about the current institutional approach to comparative politics is accurate? a. It merges the core characteristics of modernization theory and behavioralism. b. It rejects the value of individual political behavior in shaping politics. c. It has adopted the basic tenets of modernization theory and supported them empirically. d. It shares an emphasis on the importance of institutions with pre-1950s comparative politics research. e. It differs from behavioralism in its rejection of cause-and-effect relationships.

Which of the following would be an example of selection bias? a. studying female literacy to see if it is correlated with nondemocratic regimes b. only studying material that is consistent with your political ideology c. only using statistical methods to conduct research d. studying causes for the emergence of democracy by looking only at case studies where democracy emerged e. studying revolution by looking at case studies of revolution and nonrevolution

Extremely tight control over the money supply may result in ________, a condition that has plagued Japan since 1998.

deflation

A state that encompasses one dominant nation that it claims to embody and represent is known as: a. an ethnic polity. b. a patriotic state. c. a citizen state. d. a devolved state. e. a nation-state.

In which of the following ways can multicausality affect comparative politics research? a. It reduces limits to information and information-gathering procedures. b. It allows comparative politics researchers to make more accurate predictions about real-world phenomena. c. It helps provide a wider number of cases for researchers to study. d. It encourages research to lean more toward the quantitative method. e. It complicates the comparative method and makes it more difficult to develop concrete explanations about real-world phenomena.

Thomas Hobbes believed that people gave up their rights to the coercive power of the state in order to: a. seek greater equality between peoples. b. have the power to elect their leaders. c. gain religious freedom. d. escape anarchy. e. escape authoritarianism.

When governments print more money because they lack revenue, one result may be: a. hyperdeflation. b. hyperfixation. c. hyperdevaluation. d. hypertaxation. e. hyperinflation.

Which of the following statements about fundamentalism is accurate? a. Piety and violence are strongly associated with fundamentalism. b. As a form of ideology, fundamentalism predates all other ideologies. c. Fundamentalism's turn away from reactionary attitudes and toward radical attitudes often leads to association with violence. d. Fundamentalists reject concepts of collective equality and individual freedom. e. Fundamentalists have a wide spectrum of views on the balance between freedom and equality.

Which of the following statements about global inequality during the past 20 years is accurate? a. The global Gini coefficient shows that countries have become more equal relative to each other. b. The global Gini coefficient shows that countries have become much more unequal relative to each other. c. Most countries' domestic populations have become more equal internally. d. The global distribution of domestic or international wealth has not changed. e. The global Gini coefficient has dropped slightly but remains high.

Which of the following was a key characteristic of the first modern states that emerged from the European Dark Ages? a. reduced urbanization b. expansion of the serfdom/farming model c. greater concentration of wealth in the hands of lords d. less authoritarian power in the hands of a centralized government e. increased domestic stability

Which political-economic system views the economy as an instrument to serve state power and national sovereignty? a. social democracy b. liberalism c. Communism d. anarchism e. Mercantilism

Bicameral systems can be traced back to different representation for:

economic classes.

Proportional representation systems can be defined as:

electoral systems in which the percentage of votes a party receives in a district will determine how many seats that party will win.

Civil rights typically refers to the promotion of:

equality

Liberalism's view of the relationship between freedom and equality favors:

freedom over equality.

Public goods are best defined as:

goods, provided or secured by the state, that are available for society and indivisible.

In a parliamentary system, the prime minister serves as:

head of government.

The executive who symbolizes and represents the people is the:

head of state.

Which of the following would be considered a public good in the United States?

highways

hybrid regime

Which of the following best describes the rule in Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of Congo) by the government of Mobutu Sese Seko from 1965 until 1997?

illiberal democracy

Countries that appear to have many of the trappings of democracy but restrict the democratic process to a great degree are known as:

illiberal or hybrid regimes.

Over the past two decades, most countries around the world have:

increased economic liberalization.

Which political-economic system views the economy as an instrument to serve state power and national sovereignty?

mercantilism

What is the oldest of the political-economic systems, and what system first rose to challenge it?

mercantilism, first challenged by liberalism

Communist countries are examples of which form of authoritarianism?

one-party rule

Bureaucratic authoritarianism often justifies military rule by asserting that:

only technocratic leadership can rise above "irrational" politics.

Stalin's rule in the Soviet Union is mostly associated with which of the following concepts?

personality cult

The electoral system that tends to produce a large number of political parties is:

proportional representation.

Restrictions that limit the quantities of foreign goods coming into a country are an example of:

quotas

What is a primary tactic used by central banks to combat inflation?

raising interest rates

As a political system, totalitarianism is:

rare

single-member district systems are superior to proportional representation systems.

Purchasing power parity is a way to measure:

the buying power of income across countries.

The total market value of all goods and products produced in a year is known as:

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