TIOBE 2

Monk dramatic irony

YES-there is dramatic irony • The monk knows exactly what he's doing. He knows Monks aren't supposed to act this way • Chaucer the author is explaining what Chaucer the pilgrim is doing wrong

Frame story

a story set within a story, narrative, or movie, told by the main or the supporting character. A character starts telling a story to other characters, or he sits down to write a story, telling the details to the audience

Pardoner (irony)

YES we would think people in the church would be trustworthy but he's not

PART 1-CANTERBURY TALES

PART 1-CANTERBURY TALES

Appeal in this society: ford

-2 parts: -mechanization of everything: everyone is given a role and is happy -controlling peoples social experiences to create stability

Sigmund Freud theory

-Australian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis -primitive behaviors (from childhood) that is in the unconscious state of our minds -theory of the unconscious and the conscious -the people in BNW take soma to keep unnecessary emotions or anxiety from arising -instead of dealing with problems how freud explained, humans would rather use soma to instead mask the agonies that they have to deal with -purpose of the novel was to shock the world into realizing how society can be brainwashed with the use of technology and if they are not careful, it can lead to destruction

Act 3 scene 1 What does banquo tell Macbeth regarding Duncan's death? What does he say about his feelings about Macbeth?

-Banquo says he cheated the king and his way to the crown. He also says that maybe Macbeth had something to do with Duncan's death.

Fleance

-Banquo's son -fortuitously good at running away ------Banquo's son, who survives Macbeth's attempt to murder him. At the end of the play, Fleance's whereabouts are unknown. Presumably, he may come to rule Scotland, fulfilling the witches' prophecy that Banquo's sons will sit on the Scottish throne.

Morality of creating life:

-By trying to create life, Victor destroys lives, many more than just his creation and his own. When his overreaching destroys him, Frankenstein has only himself to blame. He recognizes his responsibility for his own destruction -He lacks moral knowledge; sees the consequences of not considering that morality; people view this as science

Malcolm

-Duncan's eldest son -king of slippery -natural politician -----The son of Duncan, whose restoration to the throne signals Scotland's return to order following Macbeth's reign of terror. Malcolm becomes a serious challenge to Macbeth with Macduff's aid (and the support of England). Prior to this, he appears weak and uncertain of his own power, as when he and Donalbain flee Scotland after their father's murder.

First soliloquy description

-First soliloquy -Macbeth has trouble grasping murder -He doesn't want to say he's thinking about murder -Last time we see Macbeth a free man, still capable of choice between good and evil -Macbeth, alone, agonizes about whether to kill Duncan. He'd be willing to murder Duncan if he thought that would be the end of it. But he knows that "bloody instructions, being taught, return to plague the inventor" (1.7.10). He's teaching others to kill, being a bad role model. There are still consequences. Also, Macbeth notes, Duncan is a guest, kinsmen, and good king. The people would be devastated if he died, and Macbeth is his host, so he shouldn't kill him. He decides ambition is not enough to justify the murder. -in this scene, Macbeth basically describes how he would risk killing Duncan if he thought that would be the end of it. But he knows how much people adore Duncan and people would shed tears. He's saying how by committing violent crimes we only teach other people to commit violence and thats being a bad role model. He's also saying how Duncan trusts him and Macbeth is his host, so he shouldn't kill him.

Significance of Shakespeare Allusions in the novel (especially their appeal to John and the significance of the title)

-John uses Shakespeare as his reference for understanding and forming connections to all the things he is experiencing in his brave new world. -Most are used to emphasize the several instances of irony throughout the book -John described the other place as the brave new world Shakespeare displayed in the tempest, however, the brave new world turns out to be the opposite of what he hoped to be. John hopes to be finally connected to the society, but what he doesn't realize is how shallow this foreign society is, and he later will isolate himself even more -Huxley's purpose and meaning in the text: the inclusion of the term, "O brave new world!" Is used to foreshadow the irony of johns visit to the society. He hoped for and envisioned a grand place where deep interpersonal connections led to everyone belongings. Instead, he was met with a shallow society that focuses on conformity which was the result of the advancement in technology -Romeo and Juliet: John comes from an uncivilized reservation while Lenin comes from the civilized world. This is an allusion to the capulets and the montages and the division between them. -the reason john got mad at lenina for tryingto have sex with him because shes ruining his idea of shakespeare because juliet is pure and clean and lenina isnt

Duncan

-King of scotland -rather avuncular(friendly towards younger people) -Totally doomed ----The good King of Scotland whom Macbeth, in his ambition for the crown, murders. Duncan is the model of a virtuous, benevolent, and farsighted ruler. His death symbolizes the destruction of an order in Scotland that can be restored only when Duncan's line, in the person of Malcolm, once more occupies the throne.

Banquo

-Macbeths friend and fellow general -somewhat skeptical -----The brave, noble general whose children, according to the witches' prophecy, will inherit the Scottish throne. Like Macbeth, Banquo thinks ambitious thoughts, but he does not translate those thoughts into action. In a sense, Banquo's character stands as a rebuke to Macbeth, since he represents the path Macbeth chose not to take: a path in which ambition need not lead to betrayal and murder. Appropriately, then, it is Banquo's ghost—and not Duncan's—that haunts Macbeth. In addition to embodying Macbeth's guilt for killing Banquo, the ghost also reminds Macbeth that he did not emulate Banquo's reaction to the witches' prophecy.

Lady Macbeth

-Macbeths wife -Impatient and ambitious -Doesn't likes spots ----Macbeth's wife, a deeply ambitious woman who lusts for power and position. Early in the play she seems to be the stronger and more ruthless of the two, as she urges her husband to kill Duncan and seize the crown. After the bloodshed begins, however, Lady Macbeth falls victim to guilt and madness to an even greater degree than her husband. Her conscience affects her to such an extent that she eventually commits suicide. Interestingly, she and Macbeth are presented as being deeply in love, and many of Lady Macbeth's speeches imply that her influence over her husband is primarily sexual. Their joint alienation from the world, occasioned by their partnership in crime, seems to strengthen the attachment that they feel to each other.

Lady Macduff

-Macduffs wife -Worries a lot for good reason -----Macduff's wife. The scene in her castle provides our only glimpse of a domestic realm other than that of Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. She and her home serve as contrasts to Lady Macbeth and the hellish world of Inverness.

Mary Shelley's comments on education

-Mixed feelings because she had a similar education- "hippie education" -Explore what you want but missing important values -If you're interested, you pursue it; if you're not you lose certain education -If you want to learn science, you need to know philosophy and ethical principles

Allusions to Prometheus

-Prometheus stole fire from the gods for the betterment of mankind, and as such, he is seen as heroic. But the wrath he brought down from the gods of Mt. Olympus makes him as a tragic figure. -He is eternally punished because he overreached what he was supposed to do -There is a connection between Frankenstein and Prometheus. Prometheus is the creator of humankind in Greek mythology. He stole fire from the Greek god Zeus to give to humans. Zeus punished him by making the goddess Pandora open her box of suffering and despair, which afflicts humanity. Prometheus also suffers because Zeus ties him to a rock and has a giant eagle eat his liver each day. The allusion relates to the story of Victor Frankenstein because Frankenstein, like Prometheus, is the creator of a being. Frankenstein uses lightning to bring his being to life, much like Prometheus shares fire with humans. Frankenstein eventually suffers because of his creation. https://blogs.baylor.edu/britlit/2014/09/29/what-is-the-correlation-between-prometheus-and-victor-frankenstein/

Second soliloquy description

-Second soliloquy -Macbeth is confirming that he'll kill Duncan, rather than questioning it -He is much more confident in his masculinity now -The focus of the soliloquy, the invisible dagger, is our first glimpse of Macbeth's powerful imagination - imagination that is largely responsible for his mental torment throughout the drama. -Macbeth is about to murder Duncan; his imagination is making him see the dagger with blood on it -Just as talk of the murder is about to stifle his courage, Macbeth's intense illusion is shattered by the bell, a signal from Lady Macbeth that Duncan's chamberlains are asleep, and Macbeth races away to commit the heinous crime. One can only wonder if a few more moments of deliberation would have changed Macbeth's mind.

Macduff

-Thane of fife -dedicated family man ----A Scottish nobleman hostile to Macbeth's kingship from the start. He eventually becomes a leader of the crusade to unseat Macbeth. The crusade's mission is to place the rightful king, Malcolm, on the throne, but Macduff also desires vengeance for Macbeth's murder of Macduff's wife and young son.

WOB Prologue

-The WOB explains how since her first marriage at 12, she's had 5 husbands and is criticized for all of them. She then explains although the fathers of the church proclaims the importance of virginity, someone must produce offspring so that virgins can be created (so technically she's criticizing the church and saying that idea doesn't make sense). She then says to leave virginity to the perfect so that the rest of "us(she's saying that including herself)" can use their best gift(sexual power). She admits proudly to using her verbal and sexual power to bring her husbands to total submission.

significance of courtly love in WOB

-The WOB tale was adulterous and not in accordance w/ the Church's beliefs and courtly love. -Relationships were not for marriage in WOB, but for sex -The relationships were adulterous affairs, not sacrifice. -WOB wants to be served and wants the husbands to be loyal to her

Soma

-The drug soma is a symbol of the use of instant gratification to control the World State's populace. It is also a symbol of the powerful influence of science and technology on society. -escape from reality: stress, pain, anger, sadness -works like alcohol without the negative effects -people take soma with coffee, ice cream, etc -the people who take it are used to it--> build an incessant craving -people view it like a necessity

Brave new world connection: Malthus

-The malthusian belt is worn by Lenina and other women/men to carry feminine necessities/other necessities to induce a pregnancy substitute -abstinence and christian values as a means of birth control -in this book, casual sex is the way of life. Therefore this belt carries contraceptives to prevent pregnancy

Third Soliloquy description

-Third soliloquy -"Tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow" - things are mundane, repetitive; we go through paces, and then die. -"Out, out, brief candle!" - it is on fire, then blown out. -Life only matters until we die, nobody remembers or gives any attention to it. -She was going to die at some point -He compares life to a walking shadow (actor) → you come, watch the play for a bit, then you leave. -The "play" is told by an idiot, full of sound and fury → angry person with a lot to say, but has no substance. All this drama, but there's nothing underneath. -Life signifies nothing. The prophecies, things that gave him confidence before, DO NOT mean anything anymore .-Life is repetitive and it leads to death-we eventually die -he compares our life to a candle-we're light and bright for a short amount of time then die

Brave new world connection: ford

-Used fords assembly line method for mass production of making humans -everybody has their role in society (caste system)

What happens when we are isolated from others?

-Value of having other people in your life; when people are isolated, things go wrong -If victor communicated with his family and wasn't so alone, he probably wouldn't have become a monster

Dramatic irony examples:

-When Gwendolen was talking to Cecily and says, "My darling Cecily, I think there must be some slight error. Mr. Ernest Worthing is engaged to me." This is dramatic irony because the audience knows that Cecily, who claims to be engaged to Ernest is really engaged to Algernon. And Gwendolen, who claims to be engaged to Ernest, is really engaged to Jack. -Another example of dramatic irony in this book is when Lady Bracknell is speaking to her nephew Algernon and says, "Dead! When did Mr. Bunbury die? His death must have been extremely sudden." This is dramatic irony because we know that Bunbury isn't a real person so it's funny to see Algernon make up a story about how his "friend" Bunbury died, but Lady Bracknell has thought this person was Algernon's friend this whole time.

Appeal in this society: Pavlov

-condition people to think and feel how you want them to feel -control the groups

Brave new world connection: ford

-controlled society -high ranker person dictating--> community, identity, stability

Bolkonovsky Process

-fictional process of human cloning that is an unnecessary aspect of the world showed in Aldous Huxley's novel Brave New World. The process is applied to fertilized human eggs in vitro, causing them to split into identical genetic copies of the original. -human cloning -invitro(causes eggs to split into identical genetic copies -repeated multiple times -good number=72 -The purpose of this process was to enable the government to control the population and the functions of the people in society.

Appeal in this society: Freud

-get rid of parents to solve these issues -every little habit is due to something unresolved in your childhood----> ex: chewing on a pencil--this is caused by parents

How is the Pardoner's text ironic?

-he said "radix malorum set cupiditas"-Money is the root of all evil. He says money is the root of all evil but he wants money

Appeal in this society: Malthus

-live survival of the fittest, but want people they need only -let the poor starve; we only want the best to survive -provide contraceptives

Henry ford social programs

-mass produced model T cars using assembly->everyone was buying them---he controlled his workers -$5 a day pay -sold sociological departments--> keep everyone in line---> investors show up at your house unannounced and ask a series of personal questions -he had a ford English school for immigrants -everyone was living up to his standards

Witches

-scheming evil secret black and midnight hags -like making prophesies ----Three "black and midnight hags" who plot mischief against Macbeth using charms, spells, and prophecies. Their predictions prompt him to murder Duncan, to order the deaths of Banquo and his son, and to blindly believe in his own immortality. The play leaves the witches' true identity unclear—aside from the fact that they are servants of Hecate, we know little about their place in the cosmos. In some ways they resemble the mythological Fates, who impersonally weave the threads of human destiny. They clearly take a perverse delight in using their knowledge of the future to toy with and destroy human beings.

Act 2 scene 4 strange supernatural happenings

-skies look like they're upset about what mankind has been doing -skies are threatening the earth with storms -clock says its daytime but dark night is strangling the sun-darkness covers the earth -a falcon was circling high in the sky, and it was caught and killed by an ordinary owl -duncans horses suddenly turned wild and broke out of their stalls. The horses ate each other

Macbeth

-thane of glamis -renowned general -prone to suggestion ------Macbeth is a Scottish general and the thane of Glamis who is led to wicked thoughts by the prophecies of the three witches, especially after their prophecy that he will be made thane of Cawdor comes true. Macbeth is a brave soldier and a powerful man, but he is not a virtuous one. He is easily tempted into murder to fulfill his ambitions to the throne, and once he commits his first crime and is crowned King of Scotland, he embarks on further atrocities with increasing ease. Ultimately, Macbeth proves himself better suited to the battlefield than to political intrigue, because he lacks the skills necessary to rule without being a tyrant. His response to every problem is violence and murder. Unlike Shakespeare's great villains, such as Iago in Othello and Richard III in Richard III, Macbeth is never comfortable in his role as a criminal. He is unable to bear the psychological consequences of his atrocities.

Gwendolen Fairfax

Algernon's cousin and Lady Bracknell's daughter. Gwendolen is in love with Jack, whom she knows as Ernest. A model and arbiter of high fashion and society, Gwendolen speaks with unassailable authority on matters of taste and morality. She is sophisticated, intellectual, cosmopolitan, and utterly pretentious. Gwendolen is fixated on the name Ernest and says she will not marry a man without that name.

Brave new world connection: Freud

-the person who referred to himself as freud was the first one to reveal the appalling dangers of family life -freud believed that science can replace religion as a means of creating a stable society -parents are banned and people don't believe in families; parents are the root cause of problems that the children encounter

WOB Tale

-this was in the days of king Arthur.-the tale starts off with a knight who is raping a women. The court is scandalized by the crime and decrees that the knight should be put to death by decapitation. Arthur's queen and other ladies of the court intercede on his behalf and ask the king to give him one chance to save his own life. Arthur, wisely obedient to wifely counsel, grants their request. The queen presents the knight with the following challenge: if, within one year, he can discover what women want most in the world and report his findings back to the court, he will keep his life. If he cannot find the answer to the queen's question, or if his answer is wrong, he will lose his head. The knight sets forth and roams through the country, asking every women the question. One women says that women most want to be considered discreet and secretive, although she argues that such an answer is clearly untrue, since no woman can keep a secret. The story of Midas was told-Midas had two ass's ears growing under his hair and he begged his wife not to tell anyone. She swore she would not, but the secret burned so much inside her that she ran down to the water(marsh) and whispered her husband's secret to the water. The knight continues on his journey and he finds an old women and offers to help him. The woman tells the knight that he must pledge himself to her in return for her help, and the knight, having no options left, gladly consents. She then guarantees that his life will be saved. The two go to court and the knight tells the queen the answer with which the old woman supplied him: what women most desire is to be in charge of their husbands and lovers. The women agreed to the answer and then publicly asks the knight to marry her. For a while he was devastated and didn't want to be with her because she was so much older but then the old women offers him two options: either he can have her be ugly but loyal and good, or he can have her young and fair but also coquettish and unfaithful. He replies that he would rather trust her judgment, and he asks her to choose whatever she thinks best. Because the knight's answer gave the woman what she most desired, the authority to choose for herself, she becomes both beautiful and good.

Appeal in this society: ford

-uniformed in values and roles

Situation irony examples:

-when Algernon is talking to Jack and says, "Please don't touch the cucumber sandwiches. They are ordered specifically for Aunt Augusta." This is situational irony because Algernon told Jack that the cucumber sandwiches were for his aunt so Jack couldn't eat them, but Algernon ended up eating them all instead. -Another example of situational irony was when Miss Prism was telling the story of when she lost the baby and she said, "In a moment of mental abstraction, for which I never can forgive myself, I deposited the manuscript in the basinette, and placed the baby in the hand-bag." This is situational irony because Miss Prism and Jack have known each other their whole lives not knowing the baby she lost was Jack. Because of discovering the truth, Jack got to find out who his parents were and his family history. -irony involving a situation in which actions have an effect that is opposite from what was intended, so that the outcome is contrary to what was expected.

Verbal irony examples:

-when Algernon was talking to Jack and said, "I thought you had come for pleasure?...I call that business." This is verbal irony because the marriage is business. Coming to the city is usually about pleasure so that makes Algernon a little confused when Jack is being serious. -Another example of verbal irony is when Cecily says, "You see, it is simply a very young girl's record of her own thoughts and impressions, and consequently means for publication." This is verbal irony because this is the opposite of what we expect to hear about diaries in general -Verbal Irony is when words express something contrary to truth or someone says the opposite of what they really feel or mean.

Plot/Key Events:

1) Sailed into the Arctic: Robert Walton captains a ship sailing into the arctic. - " I have read with ardour the accounts of the various voyages which have been made in the process of arriving at the North Pacific Ocean through the seas which surround the pole. 2) Stuck on ice and saw gigantic figure on sled: The ship gets stuck on ice and R. Walton sees Victor Frankenstein - " ... ,we were nearly surrounded by ice, which closed in the ship on all sides. -" and "only one dog remained alive; but there was a human being within it; whom the sailors were persuading to enter the vessel." 3) Picked up ill man: Frankenstein's life functions aren't working properly upon discovery and rescue of him. -"Two days passed in this manner before he was able to speak, and I often feared that his sufferings had deprived him of understanding." 4) Walton and Frankie develop a friendship: Walton is fascinated with Frankenstein's story and the madness in his eyes. - "My affection for my guest increases every day. He excites at once my admiration and my pity to an astonishing degree." 5) Frankenstein is a child, Geneva is his home: His ancestors and family also grew up in this republic. -"I am by birth a Genevese, and my family is one of the most distinguished of that republic." 6) We hear about his family, Mum, Dad, adopted sister and younger brother: We learn of how when his mother gave birth to him and the adoption of his sister. " Elizabeth Lavenza became the inmate of my parents' house— my more than sister—the beautiful and adored companion of all my occupations and my pleasures." 7) Liz (sister) gets ill and mum looks after her and dies: Elizabeth catches a severe case of scarlet fever and while her mother lay by her bedside with great care, she caught the fever and died soon after. -"Elizabeth was saved, but the consequences of this imprudence were fatal to her preserver. On the third day my mother sickened;" 8) Frankenstein goes to Ingolstadt to go to university. Initially disappointed as he is told everything he studied is out of date/ fantasy: M. Krempe mocks Victor's interest in alchemy and disregards any dreams he holds as fantasy -"I had sufficient leisure for these and many other reflections during my journey to Ingolstadt, which was long and fatiguing." and "Such were the professor's words—rather let me say such the words of the fate—enounced to destroy me. " 9) Chemistry teacher inspires him and gives him hope that it's not all wrong: On the same day Victor pays M. Waldman a visit who gives him motivation to continue pursuing his dream -"I have no doubt of your success. Chemistry is that branch of natural philosophy in which the greatest improvements have been" and "Thus ended a day memorable to me; it decided my future destiny." 10) 2 years study and becomes interested in alchemy: As he develops a close friendship with M. Waldman, Victor becomes more and more ambitious to make a discovery. -"Two years passed in this manner, during which I paid no visit to Geneva, but was engaged, heart and soul, in the pursuit of some discoveries which I hoped to make." 11) Studies decay and death in funeral homes: Reaching various levels of success as well as failure, Victor comes closer and closer to making a conclusion to his studies. -"In a solitary chamber, or rather cell, at the top of the house, and separated from all the other apartments by a gallery and staircase, I kept my workshop of filthy creation." 12) Change in narrative voice. He begins to address the reader via Robert Walton: Speaks directly to the reader using authorial intrusion as if the reader is Walton and Frankenstein is telling his story to an intrigued Walton. This is indicated by the fact that the friend he addresses' eyes enlighten with intrigue as Walton had when he discovered Victor for the first time. - "I see by your eagerness and the wonder and hope which your eyes express, my friend, that you expect to be informed of the secret with which I am acquainted; that cannot be; listen patiently until the end of my story, and you will easily perceive why I am reserved upon that subject." 13) Tells us he has discovered a secret: Frankenstein keep his project and studies secret, conducting experiments in a solitary chamber. - "One secret which I alone possessed was the hope to which I had dedicated myself; and the moon gazed on my midnight labours, while, with unrelaxed and breathless eagerness, I pursued nature to her hiding-places." 14) Spends almost a year on "his creation": Frankenstein has fully committed himself to his studies, not seeing or talking to friends for a long time. - "Winter, spring, and summer passed away during my labours; but I did not watch the blossom or the expanding leaves—sights which before always yielded me supreme delight—so deeply was I engrossed in my occupation." 15) Monster is created and comes to life, but Victor soon realizes the mistake he has made: Upon first glance Victor sees the beauty, but the horrid contrast hits him and he quickly associates the monster with negative descriptors. - "but these luxuriances only formed a more horrid contrast... the beauty of the dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart. " 16) Monster escapes, as Victor loses his mind: Victor, upon realizing his mistake becoming ill with fear and regret. -"My heart palpitated in the sickness of fear... the apartment was empty, and my bedroom was also freed from its hideous guest" 17) Henry Clerval visits Victor in Ingolstadt to help him recover from his nervous fever: Clerval acts as the only nurse to help Victor feel better as an act of friendship and pure kindness. -" I perceived Henry Clerval, who, on seeing me, instantly sprung out... 'Dearest Clerval,' exclaimed I, 'how kind, how very good you are to me. This whole winter, instead of being spent in study, as you promised yourself, has been consumed in my sick room." 18) Some time passes before Elizabeth tells Victor via letter that he needs to recover from being ill, motivating him to get better: Seasons have passed by, with Clerval still nursing Victor back to health. -"I perceived that the fallen leaves had disappeared and that the young buds were shooting forth from the trees... Get well—and return to us. You will find a happy, cheerful home and friends who love you dearly." 19) For a brief time, Victor is filled with content and positivity, forgetting about the monster's existence: There is a brief change in tone and mood, which is refreshing and calming after the many chapters of gloominess. -"Clerval called forth the better feelings of my heart; he again taught me to love the aspect of nature and the cheerful faces of children." 20) Victor's youngest brother William is murdered, causing deep sadness and grief in him and his family: Victor receives a letter from his father Alphonse, telling him that his youngest brother has tragically been killed and Justine Moritz is accused of the crime. -"William is dead!—that sweet child, whose smiles delighted and warmed my heart, who was so gentle, yet so gay! Victor, he is murdered!" 21) Victor decides to return to Geneva to visit his family, but encounters the monster on the way there and comes to the frightening conclusion that he killed William: While travelling to Geneva despite the incoming storm brewing in the mountains, Victor is shocked to encounter the monster he created 2 years ago. -" A flash of lightning illuminated the object, and discovered its shape plainly to me; its gigantic stature, and the deformity of its aspect, more hideous than belongs to humanity, instantly informed me that it was the wretch, the filthy daemon, to whom I had given life. What did he there? Could he be (I shuddered at the conception) the murderer of my brother?" 22) Victor arrives to Geneva, only to find that the innocent and unlikely culprit Justine Moritz has been accused of killing William... : There is a trial for the murder of William and Justine has two sets of convincing evidence against her and with an unconvincing defense, the judges decide to lock her in a prison cell. - " The picture was then produced which the servant had found in her pocket; and when Elizabeth, in a faltering voice, proved that it was the same which, an hour before the child had been missed, she had placed round his neck, a murmur of horror and indignation filled the court." 23) Despite the objections of Elizabeth and Victor, Justine is executed via hanging, for the murder of William Frankenstein... : Victor's family are deeply saddened by the unfair verdict of the trial... Victor now feeling vengeful against the monster for getting away with the murder of William, as well as Justine. -" And on the morrow Justine died. Elizabeth's heart-rending eloquence failed to move the judges from their settled conviction in the criminality of the saintly sufferer. " 24) Victor feels guilt and grief for Justine and William's deaths, feeling responsible, as he had created the monster who conducted these assassinations. He contemplates suicide. : Victor has a deep depression, similar to how he felt right after he created the monster and Clerval had to nurse him to health. He often boats to the middle of the lake and ponders about jumping in and sinking in his sorrows until he lives no longer. -" I was tempted to plunge into the silent lake, that the waters might close over me and my calamities forever. But I was restrained... " 25) To escape the guilt of the murders, Victor decides to seek comfort from nature, venturing into the beautiful valleys while on his way to the village of Chamounix: Nature is a sedative for Victor, allowing him to lull away from the madness and tragedy that has recently occurred -" It was during an access of this kind that I suddenly left my home, and bending my steps towards the near Alpine valleys, sought in the magnificence, the eternity of such scenes, to forget myself and my ephemeral, because human, sorrows. " 26) While admiring the natural beauty of the valley, Victor comes across the monster and as the monster proposes that he either cares for him or he will kill more of his friends: Victor expresses immense hatred to the monster's face, causing the monster, whom is trying to reason with him, to make a threat against him -"Do your duty towards me, and I will do mine towards you and the rest of mankind. If you will comply with my conditions, I will leave them and you at peace; but if you refuse, I will glut the maw of death, until it be satiated with the blood of your remaining friends." 27) The monster begins to tell his story by a campfire, sheltered in a hut from the blistering cold. The narrator now switches to the monster: After the argument, Victor reluctantly decides to listen to the monster's tale. -"I consented to listen, and seating myself by the fire which my odious companion had lighted, he thus began his tale." 28) The monster takes refuge in a forest near Ingolstadt, surviving on berries and guided by moonlight: The monster's early life after being reanimated is very similar to that of a baby, knowing little of the world and having senses slowly develop. -"I felt light, and hunger, and thirst, and darkness; innumerable sounds rang in my ears, and on all sides various scents saluted me; the only object that I could distinguish was the bright moon, and I fixed my eyes on that with pleasure." 29) Days and nights pass by and noticing the moon's light lessening each night, the monster finds a fire. Receiving warmth and light from the cold and water from the stream the monster survives but food becomes scarce, berries not being enough, and shelter is needed: The monster is enlightened by the magical curiosities around him, learning of the world around him similar to a child. When discovering the fire, the monster touches the hot flame and is taught about pain, paralleling that of a child, who usually stupidly does something (touches an oven stove or grabs a wasp) and discovers pain as a consequence. -"When night came again I found, with pleasure, that the fire gave light as well as heat and that the discovery of this element was useful to me in my food, for I found some of the offals that the travellers had left had been roasted, and tasted much more savoury than the berries..." 30) The monster finds shelter but as an expense, meets the villagers' horrified judgments: Having his first real human encounter, the monster learns of the hatred displayed against him from the world. This experience is similar to that a child may expect at school, from bullies. -"The whole village was roused; some fled, some attacked me, until, grievously bruised by stones and many other kinds of missile weapons, I escaped to the open country and fearfully took refuge in a low hovel..." 31) While sheltered in his hovel, the monster notices a poor, lower class family undergoing their daily chores which he has yet to understand. A girl, boy and an old man live in this cottage, whom the monster compares to an asylum, as they are confined here due to their poverty: The monster, while quietly observing the family, feels envy over the companionship between the girl and old blind man, as he has yet to find a faithful companion. -"... the pleasure I had experienced in watching my human neighbors. In the evening the young girl and her companion were employed in various occupations which I did not understand..." 32) The monster continues to observe the family, slowly but surely learning new and exciting things that occur in their day to day routine. After days go by, he learns the names of the family members. he particularly notices the melancholy that burdens them, particularly Felix, the brother or son: By making discoveries through observation, the monster educates himself. he realizes the sister or girl is called Agatha, brother, son or boy Felix and much later learns the old man or father's name is De Lacey. -"The youth and his companion had each of them several names, but the old man had only one, which was 'father.' The girl was called 'sister' or 'Agatha,' and the youth 'Felix,' 'brother,' or 'son." 33) The monster begins to assist the family though the winter hardships, fetching wood and clearing the snow. Continuing to learn through early Spring, he finds solitude and company in the family's presence: By listening to the old man read to Agatha, he picks up that the "signs of speech" on the book translates to spoken word. he even calls the family his friends, though feeling close he is actually very faraway, a ghost to them. -"My thoughts now became more active, and I longed to discover the motives and feelings of these lovely creatures; I was inquisitive to know why Felix appeared so miserable and Agatha so sad." 34) The monster passionately observes as an Arabian lady arrives on horseback, later known to be Safie, she comes for her lover Felix. Felix becomes ravished with delight upon her arrival: While Felix teaches Safie how to speak French, the monster learns also, picking up on the world's history and the class system of society: As a result of Safie's arrival, Felix and the rest of the family are much more happier than before, especially Felix who is delighted to see his love. -"Felix came up hastily to the lady, who, when she saw him, threw up her veil, and I beheld a countenance of angelic beauty and expression." 35) The monster hastily picks up the French language. The monster also learns of the family's history, the origins of Safie and how they came to be in poverty, how he aided in the jailbreak of Safie's Turkish father and while on the run with Safie and her father was caught, deprived of fortune and exiled from France causing him to retreat inside a small cottage in Germany with his sister and father: In addition to receiving education, Frankenstein learns that he wasn't the same nature as man, withstanding extreme heat and cold and able to survive with a coarser diet. The learning of the family's history explains Felix's miserable unhappiness, as once being reduce to poverty and ruin, the Turk he had once aided betrayed him, quitting Italy, as unplanned and taking Safie with him. Safie being expostulate against her father decides to detest against his plans, finding the location of Felix and travelling there. "Some time elapsed before I learned the history of my friends. It was one which could not fail to impress itself deeply on my mind, unfolding as it did a number of circumstances, each interesting and wonderful to one so utterly inexperienced as I was." 36) The monster finds three books on the ground, indulging in the worlds of these books producing new images and feelings of ecstasy, even crying whilst reading "Sorrows of Werter". He is inspired and able to relate to these characters in these books: The books obtained were "Paradise Lost", a volume of "Plutarch's Lives" and "Sorrows of Werter". Paradise Lost particularly invests him, as it involves Adam and Eve, a commonly reiterated comparison with the monster, with the monster relating to "Adam", but in search of an "Eve". -"...consisted of Paradise Lost, a volume of Plutarch's Lives, and the Sorrows of Werter. The possession of these treasures gave me extreme delight; I now continually studied and exercised my mind upon these histories, whilst my friends were employed in their ordinary occupations." 37) Now winter, the monster awaits his "trial", theorizing that since the poor stopping at the door were never driven away, nor will he despite is unnatural form: The winter soon advances, once spring is spent contemplating his approach to this trial, a full year has passed since his awakening or birth. He plans to introduce himself whilst the old man De Lacey was left alone in the cottage, as he is blind. -"The winter advanced, and an entire revolution of the seasons had taken place since I awoke into life. My attention at this time was solely directed towards my plan of introducing myself into the cottage of my protectors." 38) Nervous and desperate for approval and acceptance from his beloved protectors, he knocks, De Lacey, initially compliant with his plan, questions him briefly on how he came upon the cottage. Disaster strikes his plan when the rest of the family arrives, and in a moment of overwhelming panic, he reveals that he was the invisible hand helping them out. They enter and Agatha faints, Saphie flees in terror and Felix attacks the monster, prying him from the one hope failing to protect him in the hour of trial: After spending a year observing the protectors in hopes of being included in their cottage family, his dreams are shattered as a result of his fiendish horror of appearance. -"Agatha fainted, and Safie, unable to attend to her friend, rushed out of the cottage. Felix darted forward, and with supernatural force tore me from his father, to whose knees I clung, in a transport of fury, he dashed me to the ground and struck me violently with a stick." 39) Pain and anguish succumbs the monster, fueled by vengeance against his creator and the outcome of the trial. After discovering the eviction of the cottage family due to insufficient rent payment, he sets the cottage in flames and flees into the woods at night from the sights of man: The monster planned to return to the cottage and resolve issues between them, and when this plan fails he is in despair, restoring to turning his fury against inanimate objects and eventually sets fire to the cottage. -" The wind fanned the fire, and the cottage was quickly enveloped by the flames, which clung to it and licked it with their forked and destroying tongues. 'As soon as I was convinced that no assistance could save any part of the habitation, I quitted the scene and sought for refuge in the woods." 40) The monster decides to look for his creator, and so heads for Geneva. But with no direction and intense suffering, travelling becomes hard. He rescues a girl who was drowning and as a reward of this kindly action is shot by a man who thought he was harming the girl. The wound slowly heals as he hides in the woods and he reaches Geneva, where he stumbles upon William Frankenstein. Knowing he belongs to his enemy, he strangles the boy as an act of vengeance against his creator and frames Justine for the crime. He wanders into the mountains where he comes across Victor: Even when the monster undergoes random acts of kindness he is punished, learning that no matter what he does he will be despised by mankind, he curses his creator for bringing him into this world. While travelling he is momentarily revived by the beauties of nature. He is an advanced being, able to withstand extreme cold temperatures and avoid fatality when wounded. With him confronting Victor, the story has now caught up to the present. -"This was then the reward of my benevolence! I had saved a human being from destruction, and as a recompense I now writhed under the miserable pain of a wound which shattered the flesh and bone" and ''Frankenstein! you belong then to my enemy—to him towards whom I have sworn eternal revenge; you shall be my first victim." 41) The monster desperately and persistently tries to persuade Victor into creating a female monster, so he can have a companion and not have to be so alone, miserable and hateful against mankind. He swears they will live far from the neighborhoods of man in the wilds of Africa, however Victor detests against this, arguing that they may grow bitter and resentful against each other and he will have two hateful monsters to worry about. He also debates on whether leaving them in the wild is a positive thing, as they could mate and nurture their own advanced species and bring war against humanity. Ultimately Victor agrees to make this monster, fearful of the repercussions of not obeying the monster's orders: After going back and forth, both feeling moved by his story and in conflict with his offerings, Victor agrees and the monster quickly leaves, promising to check on his progress. -"What I ask of you is reasonable and moderate; I demand a creature of another sex, but as hideous as myself; the gratification is small, but it is all that I can receive, and it shall content me. It is true, we shall be monsters, cut off from all the world; but on that account we shall be more attached to one another." 42) Unable to begin work while in Geneva, he gains his father's approval to travel to England in order to create his female monster in private, isolating his shameful experiments from society's eye. He meets Clerval at Strasbourg and they travel to his destination together, stopping at various places on the way during the two year time period. After receiving a letter from a friend in Perth wishing to meet them in Scotland, they prolong their journey but Victor wishes for Henry to carry on to Perth, which he consents, and Victor tours Scotland alone: Victor also plans to marry Elizabeth afterwards, therefore wants to protect his family from the monster's wrath by removing himself from his family. -"We left Edinburgh in a week, passing through Coupar, St. Andrew's, and along the banks of the Tay, to Perth, where our friend expected us. But I was in no mood to laugh and talk with strangers or enter into their feelings or plans with the good humour expected from a guest; and accordingly I told Clerval that I wished to make the tour of Scotland alone." 43) Victor arrives on the remote island of Orkneys, where he sets up his laboratory in one of three miserable huts. Though restless and nervous, he manages to begin experimenting and eventually assembles the female monster until he sees the monster, causing him to follow his morals and destroy his unfinished creation. The monster leaves in despair, in search for vengeance as he is now fearless and therefore more powerful, promising to reappear at Victor's wedding: As his creation nears completion, Victor stops being selfish and fears the end of mankind and decides that humanity is more valuable than the destruction of his life and loved ones. He is reminded of these morals upon seeing the monster's wretched face with a ghastly grin, realising the monster had stalked him during his travels, hiding in the shadows to ensure his needs are met. -"As I looked on him, his countenance expressed the utmost extent of malice and treachery. I thought with a sensation of madness on my promise of creating another like to him, and trembling with passion, tore to pieces the thing on which I was engaged. The wretch saw me destroy the creature on whose future existence he depended for happiness, and with a howl of devilish despair and revenge, withdrew." 44) Clerval urges Victor to join him, this causes Victor to quit Orkneys and sail into the sea with his chemical instruments and destroyed female monster parts. Avoiding encounters with surrounding vessels, he sails out and casts away his basket of broken parts and avoided mistakes, next becomes lost at sea. Certain that the sea would become his grave, he suffers for several hours feeling helpless to the hands of nature. He eventually reaches the shores of civilization and is welcomed with rude gestures and crowds of whispering civilians: Whilst lost at sea, Victor is starving and tormented by the roaring waters, the storm is relentless and savage against his boat. He manages to fix his sail by using his shirt and then steers towards land. He is unsure where he has washed up, but knows that people aren't happy about his arrival. -"I took advantage of the moment of darkness and cast my basket into the sea; I listened to the gurgling sound as it sank and then sailed away from the spot." 45) After meeting a magistrate (law officer) called Mr. Kirwin, he discovers that all of the commotion at the shore was because a dead body had washed ashore and he is accused of being the murderer. He soon learns that the body is Clerval, and suspects the monster killed him as revenge for not obeying his orders. Victor now awaits trial. Victor becomes ill, miserable and ashamed with guilt, now wishing for death: Mr Kirwin decides to help defend Victor, knowing there is no evidence that he did such crime. The framing of Victor occurred due to a witness, Daniel Nugert, who whilst wandering the beach with his son and brother in law came across Clerval's dead body and sighted a boat approaching the shore. Another witness also saw a boat close to the dead body's location with a single man on board an hour before the body's discovery. It is possible the monster set Victor up to be framed after killing Clerval. -"The examination, the presence of the magistrate and witnesses, passed like a dream from my memory when I saw the lifeless form of Henry Clerval stretched before me." 46) While mourning in a prison cell, depressed and on the brink of death it was Mr Kirwin who like Clerval previously had become his carer, the only one able to understand his language. Victor wins the trial and due to his father's arrival, his sickness quitted and together he and his father arrive at Paris. After receiving a letter about the wedding from Elizabeth, after a week Victor and his father have returned to Geneva. Another ten days go by and Victor and Elizabeth have their wedding, the wedding though wonderful, is suspenseful, as Victor continually dreads the arrival of the monster, the storm hits both physically and figuratively, as the monster kills Elizabeth. Soon after his father dies as well, leaving only his brother Ernest, not killed: After the ever so kindly favors of Mr Kirwin, Victor is able to leave his prison cell, alive and well. Alphonse, Victor's father takes his son to Paris, both for personal business and to alleviate his delicate state of mind. Whilst there Victor informs his father of the monster he has created, telling him he blames himself for the deaths of so many, though his Father dismisses it as mere exhaustion. The wedding when at home initially seems tranquil, with mountains surrounding the beautiful event. A storm slowly rolls through while night arrives and the sun quits the sky and that is when Victor hears a loud scream, afterwards discovering Elizabeth's dead lifeless body. Soon mobs of people are hunting down the monster in the night... while Alphonse dies after the miserable events due to an apoplectic fit. -"She was there, lifeless and inanimate, thrown across the bed, her head hanging down and her pale and distorted features half covered by her hair. Everywhere I turn I see the same figure— her bloodless arms and relaxed form flung by the murderer on its bridal bier." 47) The magistrate, Mr Kirwin arrives, insisting it will be very difficult to track down and kill the monster, as he hides in caves, dens and traverse the sea of ice without hypothermia. He also believes that the monster is possibly hiding in the Alps and upon hearing this, a vengeful and enraged Victor sets off to kill the wretched creature he gave birth to, deciding never returning to Geneva again. The monster appears and after chasing him for a great distance through a miserable three weeks, he loses sight of him and close to death discovers Robert Walton's ship. He makes Walton swear to kill the monster if he fails to do so: Finding the monster becomes troubling with few clues as to his whereabouts. He visits the grave of his loved ones, swearing to seek vengeance, afterwards hearing the laughter and mockery of the monster and chasing him by boarding the same ship he hid on, across the Black Sea. Aided by hope sent from the heavenly spirits which guides him through harsh times and suffering through this journey for revenge, he eventually finds a message from the monster, challenging him to 'wrestle for our lives'. Across the ice sheets of the North he painfully travels, at a disadvantage due to the monster's tolerance to extreme colds and near death, fails to confront the monster and is rescued by Walton and his crew, making Walton swear to kill the monster if he fails to do it himself. -"... in a few minutes a tumultuous sea rolled between me and my enemy, and I was left drifting on a scattered piece of ice that was continually lessening and thus preparing for me a hideous death. In this manner many appalling hours passed; several of my dogs died, and I myself was about to sink under the accumulation of distress when I saw your vessel riding at anchor and holding forth to me hopes of succour and life." 48) The narrative now switches to Walton, as he finishes the story (therefore symmetrical) via letters to Margaret. Victor finishes telling his tale and we are now back to the present. One week has passed while he has been telling his tale and in this time the vessel still remains stuck and Victors health is deteriorating: Victor proves his story is true, showing letters between Felix and Saphie of the De Lacey cottage family and from seeing this as well as the apparition of the monster on a sled from the ship, Walton believes the monster and his tale is real. Walton is also discovered to have been writing notes whilst Victor told his tale. Walton idolizes Victor, inspired by his tale, but Victor disapproves of himself as a heroic figure, explaining his downfall from his days of prosperity, now being "chained in an eternal hell", and insists that Walton learn not to follow in his footsteps by surrendering to dire ambitions. No one can replace Clerval as a friend and Elizabeth a lover, deciding that a friendship between him and Walton isn't enough for him to sustain living in this world. -"If I were engaged in any high undertaking or design, fraught with extensive utility to my fellow creatures, then could I live to fulfil it. But such is not my destiny; I must pursue and destroy the being to whom I gave existence; then my lot on earth will be fulfilled and I may die." 49) Walton fears death, while Victor awaits it, and as the ice walls threaten to crush the vessel hope is slowly drained. The crew are dying, as is Frankenstein, who is slowly declining in health, but still remains hopeful for revenge. He emits powers of eloquence throughout the vessel which inspire the crew to carry on living with hope for returning to England. There is a southward opening due to the ice dissipating and Walton decides to lead the crew back to England, quitting the exhibition. Meanwhile with Victor about to die, his final words is advice, to not follow dire ambition and to seal the deal with Walton about finishing what he started due to his failure to kill the monster: Walton makes a deal with the crew that if ice dissipates and the vessel is free, they will retreat back and voyage southward. Victor detests this deal, convincing the crew and Walton to carry on with the exhibition. After an opening passage to southward appears due to ice cracking and dissipating of the ice, Captain Walton decides to return to England. Victor is slowly but peacefully dying, told he has hours to live. Walton is by his side he passes. -"His voice became fainter as he spoke, and at length, exhausted by his effort, he sank into silence. About half an hour afterwards he attempted again to speak but was unable; he pressed my hand feebly, and his eyes closed forever, while the irradiation of a gentle smile passed away from his lips." 50) At midnight Walton is startled to discover the monster peering over Victor's dead lifeless body. About to escape, Walton asks him to stay, curious but mindful of Victor's dying words. The monster admits he is a wretch, has done wrong in killing innocent lives and leaves to fulfil his wish to die by venturing North in order to find happiness in death: Walton listens to the monsters claims. He is trying to persuade Walton into believing that Victor is the true monster, claiming he endured much more misery than Victor. He is hated and despised by mankind, kicked and trampled even though he isn't the only criminal in this horrible world (Felix and Victor). He leaves the vessel to fulfil his wish, presumably about to venture into death, darkness and desolation. -"Light, feeling, and sense will pass away; and in this condition must I find my happiness." and "He sprang from the cabin window as he said this, upon the ice raft which lay close to the vessel. He was soon borne away by the waves and lost in darkness and distance."

Key Plot Events:

1) The witches tell Macbeth he will be king and Banquo that his sons will be kings in Act I, scene iii and Macbeth immediately considers his options in safeguarding his future, to the point that, what he is thinking is so heinous that it "doth unfix my hair," (135). 2) In Act I, scene v, Lady Macbeth expresses her intentions in persuading Macbeth. She will go to any length on Macbeth's behalf, and even begs to be filled with "direst cruelty," (40), to ensure that, if Macbeth loses his nerve she retains her resolve. She is worried that he is too weak being, "full of the milk of human kindness." (14) 3) Macbeth has resolved to murder Duncan, despite questioning his own motives and being disturbed by the vision of the daggers in Act II, scene i. The next crucial part is Act II, scene ii. Duncan is dead and Lady Macbeth has had to return the daggers to his chamber due to Macbeth's confusion. 4) Act III, scene ii is crucial in recognizing the change in Macbeth as he stops relying on Lady Macbeth. He plans to have Banquo murdered because he is concerned about the witches' prophesy that Banquo's sons could be kings. Line 45 confirms how proud of himself he is that he has put in motion his latest scheme, telling Lady Macbeth to, "Be innocent ...till thou applaud the deed" 5) In scene iv of Act III, Macbeth sees Banquo's ghost and is in a frenzy because Fleance, Banquo's son, is alive. This is important as it drives the plot and contributes to Macbeth's increasing paranoia. 6) Macbeth goes to the witches in Act IV, scene i and demands more from them. he is now more confident than ever because the apparitions tell him that "none of woman born shall harm Macbeth," (80) and that he can rest easy until "Great Birnam wood...come against him," (92). The fact that he then sees eight kings that look like Banquo is minimized in Macbeth's eyes as he now knows he is invincible. 7) The killing spree continues and meanwhile MacDuff and Malcolm conspire to return to Scotland and defeat Macbeth. In Act V, scene i Lady Macbeth makes an appearance and her condition has seriously deteriorated. She is obsessed with removing the "damned spot," (34) which apparently plagues her and her doctor can do nothing more for her. As he says, "more needs she the divine than the physician," (72). 8) Macbeth is saddened by her death in Act V, scene v and is beginning to see the futility but not sufficiently enough to make him surrender. Even on realizing that the witches are nothing more than "juggling fiends," in the final scene (scene viii) of Act V, he fights to the death. Order is restored and the rightful king ascends to the throne. Malcolm, Duncan's son, becomes king.

Values in the novel's society (what are they, how do they relate to the principles of Community, Identity and Stability.

1) progress and happiness cannot exist simultaneously-when people are happy they don't see a reason to change anything, If you are entirely satisfied, you won't feel the need for anything else to be fixed or changed 2) "For particulars, as everyone knows, make for virtue and happiness; generalities are intellectually necessary evils." -particulars: we find comfort in the certainty in doing what we are supposed to do -generalities: they don't want creative and just smart people-they're only here for society to function. They want most people spending their life on particulars because it makes people happy 3) "Happiness is a hard master-particularly other people's happiness. A much harder master...than truth." -particulars lead to happiness -Mustafa creates these tests that are sometimes tedious but they make life easier because you do the same thing daily -pursuing truth is more passion and drive; too indulgent and not beneficial to everyone -when life is hard, repeat the hyponopedia conditioning and life is good 4) "whether 'tis better in the mind to suffer the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, or take arms against a sea of troubles and by opposing end them..But you don't do either. Neither suffer nor oppose. You just abolish the slings and arrows. It's too easy." -Allusion to "to be/or not to be" from hamlet -contemplating whether or not to be alive -slings and arrows are problems we face in life -John tries to suffer the arrows (whip) but ends up dying 5) The greek word dystopia means both 'perfect place' and 'no place' -perfect place-mustafa says that its the perfect place because everyone is structured in a seemingly perfect way -no place-this perfect place can't really exist because you lose something in the meanwhile (thinking, science, love) -theres no place that can be a perfect place because theres always stuff going wrong example: why there cant be no perfect place -why the brave new world life is not working-because people are still human so for example the director had sex with someone and had a child; the child John started problems in BNW-he threw soma away, he created a scene with the whipping act, people viewed John like a celebrity -Government has created a society that they see as perfect, but we see the flaws with this government. There is no such thing as a perfect place. A perfect place is nonexistent, so it's no place. People are born human therefore they can make many mistakes. The director had sex with a woman (Linda) and had a child which is not allowed. The child, John, caused several problems by being born on the Reservation with other ideals on society and life (for ex: he trashed the soma, hit kids during death conditioning, and then hung himself by the end of the story). He was viewed as a celeb to people because of his differing views on life.

Lenina Crowne

A vaccination worker at the Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Centre. She is an object of desire for a number of major and minor characters, including Bernard Marx and John. Her behavior is sometimes intriguingly unorthodox, which makes her attractive to the reader. For example, she defies her culture's conventions by dating one man exclusively for several months, she is attracted to Bernard—the misfit—and she develops a violent passion for John the Savage. Ultimately, her values are those of a conventional World State citizen: her primary means of relating to other people is through sex, and she is unable to share Bernard's disaffection or to comprehend John's alternate system of values.

Justine Moritz

A young girl adopted into the Frankenstein household while Victor is growing up. She is their servant. Justine is blamed and executed for William's murder, which is actually committed by the monster. The Creature frames her

Lady Bracknell

Algernon's snobbish, mercenary, and domineering aunt and Gwendolen's mother. Lady Bracknell married well, and her primary goal in life is to see her daughter do the same. She has a list of "eligible young men" and a prepared interview she gives to potential suitors. Like her nephew, Lady Bracknell is given to making hilarious pronouncements, but where Algernon means to be witty, the humor in Lady Bracknell's speeches is unintentional. Through the figure of Lady Bracknell, Wilde manages to satirize the hypocrisy and stupidity of the British aristocracy. Lady Bracknell values ignorance, which she sees as "a delicate exotic fruit." When she gives a dinner party, she prefers her husband to eat downstairs with the servants. She is cunning, narrow-minded, authoritarian, and possibly the most quotable character in the play.

Conflict between the World State and individualism

All of World State society can be described as an effort to eliminate the individual from society. That doesn't mean the elimination of all people—it means the conditioning of those people so that they don't really think of themselves as individuals. Individualism, which encompasses an awareness of one's own opinions and abilities, the joys of personal relationship, and the accompanying sorrows of loneliness and isolation, is suppressed as aggressively as possible by the World State in order to maintain stability. But these safeguards aren't enough for all the citizens of the World State, and they become aware of their individuality, which suggests that human individuality is irrepressible. But through the various triumphs and downfalls of his characters, Huxley argues that even when individuality resists external pressures, it won't thrive in a society that views individuals as dispensable and dangerous. - In Brave New World, every member of society is genetically engineered and conditioned to believe that, "when the individual feels, the community reels."

Hierarchy in the novels society

Alphas and betas: -top of hierarchy -Alphas: intellectuals, professors, scientists *WEAR GRAY* -they run the factories and are the highest social class -Betas: Skilled workers who promote alphas efforts *WEAR MAROON* Gammas, deltas, epsilons: -gammas: semi skiled *WEAR GREEN* -Deltas: Low skilled workers. Ex: factory workers. *WEAR KHAKI* -genetically created twin-mass produced -lack individuality -Epsilons: Very bottom. EX: Carriers, sewage workers, etc. *WEAR BLACK* -also mass produced -semi morons can't read or write -gammas, deltas, and epsilons are all illiterate

Helmholtz Watson

An Alpha lecturer at the College of Emotional Engineering, Helmholtz is a prime example of his caste, but feels that his work is empty and meaningless and would like to use his writing abilities for something more meaningful. He and Bernard are friends because they find common ground in their discontent with the World State, but Helmholtz's criticisms of the World State are more philosophical and intellectual than Bernard's more petty complaints. As a result, Helmholtz often finds Bernard's boastfulness and cowardice tedious.

Bernard Marx

An Alpha male who fails to fit in because of his inferior physical stature. He holds unorthodox beliefs about sexual relationships, sports, and community events. His insecurity about his size and status makes him discontented with the World State. Bernard's surname recalls Karl Marx, the nineteenth-century German author best known for writing Capital, a monumental critique of capitalist society. Unlike his famous namesake, Bernard's discontent stems from his frustrated desire to fit into his own society, rather than from a systematic or philosophical criticism of it. When threatened, Bernard can be petty and cruel.

Elizabeth Lavenza

An orphan, four to five years younger than Victor, whom the Frankensteins adopt. In the 1818 edition of the novel, Elizabeth is Victor's cousin, the child of Alphonse Frankenstein's sister. Elizabeth embodies the novel's motif of passive women, as she waits patiently for Victor's attention.

Miller (satire)

CRITICAL -he's a conman who steals grain but people thinks he's trustworthy -hes so bad that Chaucer the poet notices -steals peoples money

Miss Prism

Cecily's governess. Miss Prism is an endless source of pedantic bromides and clichés. She highly approves of Jack's presumed respectability and harshly criticizes his "unfortunate" brother. Puritan though she is, Miss Prism's severe pronouncements have a way of going so far over the top that they inspire laughter. Despite her rigidity, Miss Prism seems to have a softer side. She speaks of having once written a novel whose manuscript was "lost" or "abandoned." Also, she entertains romantic feelings for Dr. Chasuble.

Pardoner (satire)

Critical -the pardoner is a conman -NOT trustworthy -hes making money off of people who he tells that they'll be saved when they confess

Monk satire

Critical appraisal -monks should be working, praying, studying, and not hunting and riding horses. The monk is going against the rules and being careless

Summoner (Satire)

Critical: -chaucer the author says he's a good man but then says bad things about him -hes supposed to be delivering messages to people that they need to go to court for their sins, but he himself does sinful actions

Knight satire

FLATTERING -chaucer the poet is sincerely praising his virtues -the knight is on the pilgrimage for the right reasons

Wife of bath (satire)

Flattering -Chaucer the poet kept repeating how she is a worthy woman and she was loved by many

Henry Ford and the Assembly Line

Ford revolutionized the efficiency of manufacturing by mechanically moving the semi-finished product from work station to work station, which made assembly faster, cheaper and with less labor. -created assembly line--> every worker assigned one job -american industrialist -founder of ford motor company -in the book, the people replaced the word "god" with "ford"

alienation

Frankenstein suggests that social alienation is both the primary cause of evil and the punishment for it. The Monster explicitly says that his alienation from mankind has caused him to become a murderer: "My protectors had departed, and had broken the only link that held me to the world. For the first time the feelings of revenge and hatred filled my bosom." His murders, however, only increase his alienation. For Frankenstein, too, alienation causes him to make bad decisions and is also the punishment for those bad decisions. When Frankenstein creates the Monster he is working alone, in a "solitary chamber, or rather cell." Being "solitary" has caused his ambition to grow dangerously, but this isolation is already its own punishment: his laboratory feels like a "cell." Once he has created the Monster, Frankenstein becomes even more alienated from the people around him because he can't tell anyone about his creation. Both Frankenstein and the Monster compare themselves to the character of Satan in Paradise Lost: alienation from God is both Satan's crime and his punishment. The novel presents the idea that alienation from other people is caused, at root, by alienation from oneself. Frankenstein's father points out the link between self-hatred and alienation: "I know that while you are pleased with yourself, you will think of us with affection, and we shall hear regularly from you." As long as a person feels they have self-worth, they'll maintain contact with others. The Monster feels that he is alienated from human society because he looks monstrous. He first recognizes that he is ugly not through someone else's judgement but through his own: "when I viewed myself in a transparent pool[...]I was filled with the bitterest sensations." At the end of the novel, with Frankenstein dead, the Monster is alone in the world. His alienation is complete, and so is his self-hatred: "You hate me; but your abhorrence cannot equal that with which I regard myself." The ultimate consequence of alienation is self-destruction. Frankenstein drives himself to death chasing the Monster, while the Monster declares his intention to kill himself

DeLacey (father)

He is the blind head of a poor, loving French family living in exile in Germany. The creature secretly observes the family and finds brief acceptance from the blind patriarch, who cannot judge him for his appearance.

Pardoner's Prologue

In the beginning, the pardoner says in latin that money is the root of evil. Then he talks about how he creates the relics, which he takes rags and bones and makes them "holy relics." He then warns the men and women if they don't come forward and confess their sins, then no one is permitted to his relics. The pardoner sells absolution in the form of relics. He creates a need for people to want the relics(sales pitch). He thinks he's smarter than most people. He thinks that the customers are stupid (he makes 100 pounds a year) -"greed is the root of all evil" says this a lot -sells fake relics by convincing people it will take away their sins -he readily admits they are fake to the pilgrims listening -preaches only to get the money, not to genuinely help people -he preaches about greed, but is greedy himself (hypocrite)

Second soliloquy translation

Is this a dagger I see in front of me, with its handle pointing toward my hand? (to the dagger) Come, let me hold you. (he grabs at the air in front of him without touching anything) I don't have you but I can still see you. Fateful apparition, isn't it possible to touch you as well as see you? Or are you nothing more than a dagger created by the mind, a hallucination from my fevered brain? I can still see you, and you look as real as this other dagger that I'm pulling out now. (he draws a dagger)You're leading me toward the place I was going already, and I was planning to use a weapon just like you. My eyesight must either be the one sense that's not working, or else it's the only one that's working right. I can still see you, and I see blood splotches on your blade and handle that weren't there before. (to himself) There's no dagger here. It's the murder I'm about to do that's making me think I see one. Now half the world is asleep and being deceived by evil nightmares. Witches are offering sacrifices to their goddess Hecate. Old man murder, having been roused by the howls of his wolf, walks silently to his destination, moving like Tarquin , as quiet as a ghost. (speaking to the ground) Hard ground, don't listen to the direction of my steps. I don't want you to echo back where I am and break the terrible stillness of this moment, a silence that is so appropriate for what I'm about to do. While I stay here talking, Duncan lives. The more I talk, the more my courage cools.

Second soliloquy: Act 2 Scene 1

Is this a dagger which I see before me, The handle toward my hand? Come, let me clutch thee. 35 I have thee not, and yet I see thee still. Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible To feeling as to sight? Or art thou but A dagger of the mind, a false creation, Proceeding from the heat-oppressèd brain? 40 I see thee yet, in form as palpable As this which now I draw. Thou marshall'st me the way that I was going, And such an instrument I was to use. Mine eyes are made the fools o' th' other senses, 45 Or else worth all the rest. I see thee still, And on thy blade and dudgeon gouts of blood, Which was not so before. There's no such thing.It is the bloody business which informs Thus to mine eyes. Now o'er the one half-world 50 Nature seems dead, and wicked dreams abuse The curtained sleep. Witchcraft celebrates Pale Hecate's offerings, and withered murder, Alarumed by his sentinel, the wolf, Whose howl's his watch, thus with his stealthy pace, 55 With Tarquin's ravishing strides, towards his design Moves like a ghost. Thou sure and firm-set earth, Hear not my steps, which way they walk, for fear Thy very stones prate of my whereabout, And take the present horror from the time, 60 Which now suits with it. Whiles I threat, he lives. Words to the heat of deeds too cold breath gives.

Cecily Cardew

Jack's ward, the granddaughter of the old gentlemen who found and adopted Jack when Jack was a baby. Cecily is probably the most realistically drawn character in the play. Like Gwendolen, she is obsessed with the name Ernest, but she is even more intrigued by the idea of wickedness. This idea, rather than the virtuous-sounding name, has prompted her to fall in love with Jack's brother Ernest in her imagination and to invent an elaborate romance and courtship between them.

Linda

John's mother, and a Beta. While visiting the New Mexico Savage Reservation, she became pregnant with the Director's son. During a storm, she got lost, suffered a head injury and was left behind. A group of Indians found her and brought her to their village. Linda could not get an abortion on the Reservation, and she was too ashamed to return to the World State with a baby. Her World State-conditioned promiscuity makes her a social outcast. She is desperate to return to the World State and to soma.

Fanny Crowne

Lenina Crowne's friend (they have the same last name because only about ten thousand last names are in use in the World State). Fanny's role is mainly to voice the conventional values of her caste and society. Specifically, she warns Lenina that she should have more men in her life because it looks bad to concentrate on one man for too long.

First soliloquy: Act 1 Scene 7

MACBETHIf it were done when 'tis done, then 'twere wellIt were done quickly. If the assassinationCould trammel up the consequence, and catchWith his surcease success; that but this blow 5 Might be the be-all and the end-all here,But here, upon this bank and shoal of time,We'd jump the life to come. But in these casesWe still have judgment here, that we but teachBloody instructions, which, being taught, return 10 To plague th' inventor: this even-handed justiceCommends the ingredients of our poisoned chaliceTo our own lips. He's here in double trust:First, as I am his kinsman and his subject,Strong both against the deed; then, as his host, 15 Who should against his murderer shut the door,Not bear the knife myself. Besides, this DuncanHath borne his faculties so meek, hath beenSo clear in his great office, that his virtuesWill plead like angels, trumpet-tongued, against 20 The deep damnation of his taking-off;And pity, like a naked newborn babe,Striding the blast, or heaven's cherubim, horsedUpon the sightless couriers of the air,Shall blow the horrid deed in every eye, 25 That tears shall drown the wind. I have no spurTo prick the sides of my intent, but onlyVaulting ambition, which o'erleaps itselfAnd falls on th' other.

Act 3 scene 2 Banquos ghost

Macbeth seeing Banquo's ghost was a figment of Macbeths guilty conscience because no one else sees it but him

Summoner (irony)

NO -hes bad. This guy is supposed to be a message of the righteous law, but instead he bribes and is corrupt/hes a sinner(its pretty clear)

Miller (irony)

NO dramatic irony -people were dependent on millers

monstrosity

Obviously, this theme pervades the entire novel, as the monster lies at the center of the action. Eight feet tall and hideously ugly, the monster is rejected by society. However, his monstrosity results not only from his grotesque appearance but also from the unnatural manner of his creation, which involves the secretive animation of a mix of stolen body parts and strange chemicals. He is a product not of collaborative scientific effort but of dark, supernatural workings. The monster is only the most literal of a number of monstrous entities in the novel, including the knowledge that Victor used to create the monster (see "Dangerous Knowledge"). One can argue that Victor himself is a kind of monster, as his ambition, secrecy, and selfishness alienate him from human society. Ordinary on the outside, he may be the true "monster" inside, as he is eventually consumed by an obsessive hatred of his creation. Finally, many critics have described the novel itself as monstrous, a stitched-together combination of different voices, texts, and tenses

Henry Foster

One of Lenina's many lovers, he is a perfectly conventional Alpha male, casually discussing Lenina's body with his coworkers. His success with Lenina, and his casual attitude about it, infuriate the jealous Bernard.

PART 2-MACBETH

PART 2-MACBETH

PART 3-FRANKENSTEIN

PART 3-FRANKENSTEIN

PART 4-THE IMPORTANCE OF BEING EARNEST

PART 4-THE IMPORTANCE OF BEING EARNEST

PART 5-BRAVE NEW WORLD

PART 5-BRAVE NEW WORLD

Brave new world connection: Pavlov

Pavlovs theory: Ex: nurses teach kids to hate books and flowers by associating a loud alarm with them and shocking them

miller

Physical description: -Big in brawn and bones -short-shouldered, broad, knotty -has a red beard Apparel: -holds a sword with him at all times Behavior/mannerisms: -owns the mill -good at stealing grain -wrangler/fighter -tells dirty stories -played the bagpipes.

summoner

Physical description: -Red faced with boils all over it -red face -narrow face -thin beard -scabby brows Apparel: -wore a garland on his head Behavior/mannerisms: -hes kind of scary/children are scared of him -alcoholic -good man * a summoner is someone who would go around and tell people they're charged with crime and need to go to court

wife of bath

Physical description: -her face was bold -gap teeth -large hips -promiscuous -older Apparel: -shoes were soft and new -kerchiefs were of finely woven ground -wears a scarf that covers her head, neck, and chin Behavior/mannerisms: -deaf -made cloth

knight

Physical description: -very modest (modest bearing) Apparel: -armor stained tunic(a loose garment)- this shows he's humble -not merrily and cheerfully dressed Behavior/mannerisms: -owns fine horses -he was a true and a perfectly gentle knight -never says rude things -generous, wise, courteous -brave -distinguished himself in fights all over the world for christianity

pardoner

Physical description: -yellow hair -budging eyeballs -had a cap Apparel: -cross of metal set with stones Behavior.mannerisms: -sang -collects money or possession -sells "relics" for absolution among the people -is very greedy and money absorbed

monk

Physical description: • his head was shiny and bald • he was a fat and personable priest • his face is bald and it was greasy • his eyes were like glittery flames Apparel • Sleeves were garnished at the hand with fine gray fur • on his hood he had a wrought-gold cunningly fashioned pin Behavior/mannerisms• Rebellious • Doesn't listen • Does what HE wants • Doesn't follow the rules

What's the difference between Chaucer the Pilgrim and Chaucer the Poet?

Pilgrim: narrator, oblivious/naive(can't see whats going on) Poet: realizes the true nature of people and their actions(knows what is happening)

Contrast between life in Society vs. on the reservation

Reservation is like our world-we age, we die, theres emotion, marriages, births, parents, no castes, sex is looked down upon. Its basically normal world Brave new world society-everything is opposite. No parents, everyones emotions are controlled, people are raised differently, its structured

Pavlov

Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936) -discovered classical conditioning -"true instinct for research"

Third Soliloquy: Act 5 Scene 5

She should have died hereafter. There would have been a time for such a word. Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow, 20 Creeps in this petty pace from day to day To the last syllable of recorded time, And all our yesterdays have lighted fools The way to dusty death. Out, out, brief candle! Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player 25 That struts and frets his hour upon the stage And then is heard no more. It is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing.

Third Soliloquy translation

She would have died later anyway. That news was bound to come someday. Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow. The days creep slowly along until the end of time. And every day that's already happened has taken fools that much closer to their deaths. Out, out, brief candle. Life is nothing more than an illusion. It's like a poor actor who struts and worries for his hour on the stage and then is never heard from again. Life is a story told by an idiot, full of noise and emotional disturbance but devoid of meaning.

Hypnopedia

Sleep teaching method where the people would sleep with sounds, music, phrases, sayings, and they would hear them enough that it is engraved in their minds. -Promotes societal ideals regarding class roles, sex, and conformity -different type of education -moral and ethical lessons are taught to conditioned individuals -teaches moral consequences -sleep learning community of children -It can only be used to teach moral knowledge

The Director

The Director administrates the Central London Hatchery and Conditioning Centre. He is a threatening figure, with the power to exile Bernard to Iceland. But he is secretly vulnerable because he fathered a child (John), a scandalous and obscene act in the World State.

Mustafa Mond

The Resident World Controller of Western Europe, one of only ten World Controllers. He was once an ambitious, young scientist performing illicit research. When his work was discovered, he was given the choice of going into exile or training to become a World Controller. He chose to give up science, and now he censors scientific discoveries and exiles people for unorthodox beliefs. He also keeps a collection of forbidden literature in his safe, including Shakespeare and religious writings. The name Mond means "world," and Mond is indeed the most powerful character in the world of this novel.

Robert Walton

The arctic explorer whose letters frame Frankenstein. Walton rescues the half-frozen frankenstein from the ice and hears his story, which he relays in letters to his sister, Margaret Saville, in England. Walton shares Victor's ambition, drive, and lust for glory, but he learns from Victor's story and abandons his dangerous quest to reach the North Pole before tragedy strikes his expedition. He admires Frankenstein and blames the creature for his death. He also hears the creatures last testament; has same self-driven education

Felix

The creature learns language as Felix tutors his fiance Safie. He is intelligent and devoted to his family but is horrified by the sight of the creature and violently drives him from the cottage

Agatha

The daughter of De Lacey, she is still another of the story's selfless females, existing merely to care for her brother and father

Victor frankenstein

The doomed protagonist and narrator of the main portion of the story. Studying in Ingolstadt, Victor discovers the secret of life and creates an intelligent but grotesque monster, from whom he recoils in horror. Victor keeps his creation of the monster a secret, feeling increasingly guilty and ashamed as he realizes how helpless he is to prevent the monster from ruining his life and the lives of others; has a future ideal wife, father, friend, education, childhood

The creature

The eight-foot-tall, hideously ugly creation of Victor Frankenstein. Intelligent and sensitive, the monster attempts to integrate himself into human social patterns, but all who see him shun him. His feeling of abandonment compels him to seek revenge against his creator.

Plot and major events in novel:

The novel opens in the Central London Hatching and Conditioning Centre, where the Director of the Hatchery and one of his assistants, Henry Foster, are giving a tour to a group of boys. The boys learn about the Bokanovsky and Podsnap Processes that allow the Hatchery to produce thousands of nearly identical human embryos. During the gestation period the embryos travel in bottles along a conveyor belt through a factorylike building, and are conditioned to belong to one of five castes: Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, or Epsilon. The Alpha embryos are destined to become the leaders and thinkers of the World State. Each of the succeeding castes is conditioned to be slightly less physically and intellectually impressive. The Epsilons, stunted and stupefied by oxygen deprivation and chemical treatments, are destined to perform menial labor. Lenina Crowne, an employee at the factory, describes to the boys how she vaccinates embryos destined for tropical climates. The Director then leads the boys to the Nursery, where they observe a group of Delta infants being reprogrammed to dislike books and flowers. The Director explains that this conditioning helps to make Deltas docile and eager consumers. He then tells the boys about the "hypnopaedic" (sleep-teaching) methods used to teach children the morals of the World State. In a room where older children are napping, a whispering voice is heard repeating a lesson in "Elementary Class Consciousness." X Snapchats from Greek Mythology | The SparkNotes Blog Snapchats from Greek Mythology | The SparkNotes Blog Outside, the Director shows the boys hundreds of naked children engaged in sexual play and games like "Centrifugal Bumble-puppy." Mustapha Mond, one of the ten World Controllers, introduces himself to the boys and begins to explain the history of the World State, focusing on the State's successful efforts to remove strong emotions, desires, and human relationships from society. Meanwhile, inside the Hatchery, Lenina chats in the bathroom with Fanny Crowne about her relationship with Henry Foster. Fanny chides Lenina for going out with Henry almost exclusively for four months, and Lenina admits she is attracted to the strange, somewhat funny-looking Bernard Marx. In another part of the Hatchery, Bernard is enraged when he overhears a conversation between Henry and the Assistant Predestinator about "having" Lenina. After work, Lenina tells Bernard that she would be happy to accompany him on the trip to the Savage Reservation in New Mexico to which he had invited her. Bernard, overjoyed but embarrassed, flies a helicopter to meet a friend of his, Helmholtz Watson. He and Helmholtz discuss their dissatisfaction with the World State. Bernard is primarily disgruntled because he is too small and weak for his caste; Helmholtz is unhappy because he is too intelligent for his job writing hypnopaedic phrases. In the next few days, Bernard asks his superior, the Director, for permission to visit the Reservation. The Director launches into a story about a visit to the Reservation he had made with a woman twenty years earlier. During a storm, he tells Bernard, the woman was lost and never recovered. Finally, he gives Bernard the permit, and Bernard and Lenina depart for the Reservation, where they get another permit from the Warden. Before heading into the Reservation, Bernard calls Helmholtz and learns that the Director has grown weary of what he sees as Bernard's difficult and unsocial behavior and is planning to exile Bernard to Iceland when he returns. Bernard is angry and distraught, but decides to head into the Reservation anyway. On the Reservation, Lenina and Bernard are shocked to see its aged and ill residents; no one in the World State has visible signs of aging. They witness a religious ritual in which a young man is whipped, and find it abhorrent. After the ritual they meet John, a fair-skinned young man who is isolated from the rest of the village. John tells Bernard about his childhood as the son of a woman named Linda who was rescued by the villagers some twenty years ago. Bernard realizes that Linda is almost certainly the woman mentioned by the Director. Talking to John, he learns that Linda was ostracized because of her willingness to sleep with all the men in the village, and that as a result John was raised in isolation from the rest of the village. John explains that he learned to read using a book called The Chemical and Bacteriological Conditioning of the Embryoand The Complete Works of Shakespeare, the latter given to Linda by one of her lovers, Popé. John tells Bernard that he is eager to see the "Other Place"—the "brave new world" that his mother has told him so much about. Bernard invites him to return to the World State with him. John agrees but insists that Linda be allowed to come as well. While Lenina, disgusted with the Reservation, takes enough soma to knock her out for eighteen hours, Bernard flies to Santa Fe where he calls Mustapha Mond and receives permission to bring John and Linda back to the World State. Meanwhile, John breaks into the house where Lenina is lying intoxicated and unconscious, and barely suppresses his desire to touch her. Bernard, Lenina, John, and Linda fly to the World State, where the Director is waiting to exile Bernard in front of his Alpha coworkers. But Bernard turns the tables by introducing John and Linda. The shame of being a "father"—the very word makes the onlookers laugh nervously—causes the Director to resign, leaving Bernard free to remain in London. John becomes a hit with London society because of his strange life led on the Reservation. But while touring the factories and schools of the World State, John becomes increasingly disturbed by the society that he sees. His sexual attraction to Lenina remains, but he desires more than simple lust, and he finds himself terribly confused. In the process, he also confuses Lenina, who wonders why John does not wish to have sex with her. As the discoverer and guardian of the "Savage," Bernard also becomes popular. He quickly takes advantage of his new status, sleeping with many women and hosting dinner parties with important guests, most of whom dislike Bernard but are willing to placate him if it means they get to meet John. One night John refuses to meet the guests, including the Arch-Community Songster, and Bernard's social standing plummets. After Bernard introduces them, John and Helmholtz quickly take to each other. John reads Helmholtz parts of Romeo and Juliet, but Helmholtz cannot keep himself from laughing at a serious passage about love, marriage, and parents—ideas that are ridiculous, almost scatological in World State culture. Fueled by his strange behavior, Lenina becomes obsessed with John, refusing Henry's invitation to see a feely. She takes soma and visits John at Bernard's apartment, where she hopes to seduce him. But John responds to her advances with curses, blows, and lines from Shakespeare. She retreats to the bathroom while he fields a phone call in which he learns that Linda, who has been on permanent soma-holiday since her return, is about to die. At the Hospital for the Dying he watches her die while a group of lower-caste boys receiving their "death conditioning" wonder why she is so unattractive. The boys are simply curious, but John becomes enraged. After Linda dies, John meets a group of Delta clones who are receiving their soma ration. He tries to convince them to revolt, throwing the soma out the window, and a riot results. Bernard and Helmholtz, hearing of the riot, rush to the scene and come to John's aid. After the riot is calmed by police with soma vapor, John, Helmholtz, and Bernard are arrested and brought to the office of Mustapha Mond. John and Mond debate the value of the World State's policies, John arguing that they dehumanize the residents of the World State and Mond arguing that stability and happiness are more important than humanity. Mond explains that social stability has required the sacrifice of art, science, and religion. John protests that, without these things, human life is not worth living. Bernard reacts wildly when Mond says that he and Helmholtz will be exiled to distant islands, and he is carried from the room. Helmholtz accepts the exile readily, thinking it will give him a chance to write, and soon follows Bernard out of the room. John and Mond continue their conversation. They discuss religion and the use of soma to control negative emotions and social harmony. John bids Helmholtz and Bernard good-bye. Refused the option of following them to the islands by Mond, he retreats to a lighthouse in the countryside where he gardens and attempts to purify himself by self-flagellation. Curious World State citizens soon catch him in the act, and reporters descend on the lighthouse to film news reports and a feely. After the feely, hordes of people descend on the lighthouse and demand that John whip himself. Lenina comes and approaches John with her arms open. John reacts by brandishing his whip and screaming "Kill it! Kill it!" The intensity of the scene causes an orgy in which John takes part. The next morning he wakes up and, overcome with anger and sadness at his submission to World State society, hangs himself.

The Pardoner's Tale

The pardoner describes group of men who are drunk and criticizes their actions (gluttony- Adam and Eve, drunkenness, gambling, swearing) -someone tells the riders that their friend was killed by "death." -the riders were outraged and wanted to find death and kill death -3 riders search for death (they think it's a real person) -they find an old man who tells them death is under a tree -when they go to the tree, there is gold and it distracts them(they thought death was there but they found this instead) -youngest man goes to town to buy bread and wine -the other two plot to kill him when he returns -the younger man also decides to poison the wine in order to have the $ for himself because he realized he could easily be the richest man in town -in the end, they kill the young man but drink the poison wine and die -the moral of the story is that greed(avarice) is horrible and deadly -He realizes that he has forgotten something: he has relics and pardons in his bag. The pardoner asks for contributions—even though he has just told them the relics are fake. He offers the Host the first chance to come forth and kiss the relics, since the Host is clearly the most enveloped in sin. The Host is outraged and proposes to make a relic out of the Pardoner's genitals, but the Knight calms everybody down. The knight basically intervenes and tries to solve their problem. He tells the host and pardoner to kiss and makeup. The Host and Pardoner kiss and make up, and all have a good laugh as they continue on their way.

Events:

The play begins in the flat of wealthy Algernon Moncrieff (Algy) in London's fashionable West End. Algernon's aunt (Lady Bracknell) and her daughter (Gwendolen Fairfax) are coming for a visit, but Mr. Jack Worthing (a friend of Algy's) arrives first. Algernon finds it curious that Jack has announced himself as "Ernest." When Jack explains that he plans to propose marriage to Gwendolen, Algy demands to know why Jack has a cigarette case with the inscription, "From little Cecily with her fondest love." Jack explains that his real name is Jack Worthing, squire, in the country, but he assumes the name "Ernest" when he ventures to the city for fun. Cecily is his ward. While devouring all the cucumber sandwiches, Algernon confesses that he, too, employs deception when it's convenient. He visits an imaginary invalid friend named Bunbury when he needs an excuse to leave the city. Lady Bracknell and Gwendolen arrive. Algernon explains that he cannot attend Lady Bracknell's reception because he must visit his invalid friend, Bunbury, but he offers to arrange the music for her party. While Algernon distracts Lady Bracknell in another room, Jack proposes to Gwendolen. Unfortunately, she explains that she really wants to marry someone named Ernest because it sounds so solidly aristocratic. However, she accepts his proposal, and he makes a mental note to be rechristened Ernest. Lady Bracknell returns and refutes the engagement. She interrogates Jack and finds him lacking in social status. On her way out, Lady Bracknell tells Jack that he must find some acceptable parents. Gwendolen returns for Jack's address in the country. Algernon overhears and writes the address on his shirt cuff. He is curious about Cecily and decides to go "bunburying" in the country. In the second act, the scene shifts to Jack Worthing's country estate where Miss Prism, Cecily Cardew's governess, is teaching Cecily in the garden. Miss Prism sings Jack's praises as a sensible and responsible man, unlike his brother Ernest, who is wicked and has a weak character. She teaches Cecily that good people end happily, and bad people end unhappily, according to the romantic novel Miss Prism wrote when she was young. The local vicar, Canon Chasuble, arrives and, sensing an opportunity for romance, takes Miss Prism for a walk in the garden. While they are gone, Algy shows up pretending to be Jack's wicked brother Ernest. He is overcome by Cecily's beauty. Determined to learn more about Cecily while Jack is absent, Algernon plans to stay for the weekend, then make a fast getaway before Jack arrives on Monday. However, Jack returns early in mourning clothes claiming that his brother Ernest has died in Paris. He is shocked to find Algy there posing as Ernest. He orders a dogcart — a small horse-drawn carriage — to send Algy back to London, but it is too late. Algernon is in love with Cecily and plans to stay there. When Jack goes out, Algernon proposes to Cecily, who gets out a diary and letters that she has already written, explaining that she had already imagined their engagement. She has always wanted to marry someone named Ernest, so Algy, like Jack, needs to arrange a rechristening. Just when it seems that Jack and Algernon couldn't get into worse trouble, Gwendolen arrives, pursuing Jack, and discovers that his ward, Cecily, is unpleasantly beautiful. In conversation, they discover that they are both engaged to Ernest Worthing. A battle follows, cleverly carried out during the British tea ceremony. The situation is tense. Jack and Algernon arrive, and, in attempting to straighten out the Ernest problem, they alienate both women. The two men follow, explaining that they are going to be rechristened Ernest, and the women relent and agree to stay engaged. Lady Bracknell shows up demanding an explanation for the couples' plans. When she discovers the extent of Cecily's fortune, she gives her consent to her engagement to Algernon; however, Jack's parentage is still a stumbling block to her blessings. Jack tells Lady Bracknell that he will not agree to Cecily's engagement until she is of age (35) unless he can marry Gwendolen. Dr. Chasuble arrives and announces that all is ready for the christenings. Jack explains that the christenings will no longer be necessary. Noting that Jack's present concerns are secular, the minister states that he will return to the church where Miss Prism is waiting to see him. Shocked at hearing the name "Prism," Lady Bracknell immediately calls for Prism and reveals her as the governess who lost Lady Bracknell's nephew 28 years earlier on a walk with the baby carriage. She demands to know where the baby is. Miss Prism explains that in a moment of distraction she placed the baby in her handbag and left him in Victoria Station, confusing him with her three-volume novel, which was placed in the baby carriage. After Jack asks for details, he quickly runs to his room and retrieves the handbag. Miss Prism identifies it, and Lady Bracknell reveals that Jack is Algernon's older brother, son of Ernest John Moncrieff, who died years ago in India. Jack now truly is Ernest, and Algernon/Cecily, Jack/Gwendolen, and Chasuble/Prism fall into each others' arms as Jack realizes the importance of being earnest.

Criticisms of victorian society that Oscar Wilde is grappling in this play

The play was a horatian satire, and criticized characteristics of England at the time in areas such class, countryside, marriage, love, women, and education. In The Importance of Being Earnest, Wilde mocks education in the upper Victorian society using satirical elements such as juxtaposition, extension, tone of mock seriousness, and irony. -Through the comparison of education of nobles and peasants, juxtaposition is woven throughout the play. Lady Bracknell is the main character to portray this satirical technique, as she believes the upper class to be much more educated than the lower class, purely because of social status. "The whole theory of modern education is radically unsound. Fortunately in England, at any rate, education produces no effect whatsoever. If it did, it would prove a serious danger to the upper classes, and probably lead to acts of violence in Grosvenor Square." [p. 13] Her saying this shows how she thinks the peasants should stay uneducated, for if they did receive an education, they would try to overtake the upper class, which, in her mind, are educated. Following Lady Bracknell's beliefs, those of the lower class should lack the intellect of the upper class. Instead, a member of the lower class, Miss Prism, is portrayed as being quite intelligent compared to those around them. Miss Prism, a governess, has her knowledge credited by her student, Cecily: "You know German, and geology, and things of that kind influence a man very much." [p. 22] Miss Prism's vocabulary is also larger than all of the other characters in the novel, commonly using words such as "misanthrope" and "vacillating." This comparison between what Lady Bracknell says and Miss Prism's nature, makes Lady Bracknell look badly and dim-witted. This is further proven by Cecily, a girl of higher class, who does not want anything to do with learning. From these comparisons, between the characters, Wilde tries to show us that the upper class is ignorant, and not educated through juxtaposition -From the satire, appearing in the form of juxtaposition, extension, tone of mock seriousness, and irony, Oscar Wilde successfully undermines education during the time of Victorian England in The Importance of Being Earnest. Lady Bracknell from which most of the satirical elements originated, due to her strong ideas that the upper class were more educated than the lower class. Juxtaposition was present by comparing her to Cecily and Miss Prism in the play. Her statements are exaggerated and ridiculous, showing both extension and tone of mock seriousness. Irony is shown when her views are countered by Miss Prism, Cecily, and even herself. This play exposed the flaws of Victorian England through comedy and horatian satire.

Jack worthing

The play's protagonist. Jack Worthing is a seemingly responsible and respectable young man who leads a double life. In Hertfordshire, where he has a country estate, Jack is known as Jack. In London he is known as Ernest. As a baby, Jack was discovered in a handbag in the cloakroom of Victoria Station by an old man who adopted him and subsequently made Jack guardian to his granddaughter, Cecily Cardew. Jack is in love with his friend Algernon's cousin, Gwendolen Fairfax. The initials after his name indicate that he is a Justice of the Peace.

Algernon Moncrieff

The play's secondary hero. Algernon is a charming, idle, decorative bachelor, nephew of Lady Bracknell, cousin of Gwendolen Fairfax, and best friend of Jack Worthing, whom he has known for years as Ernest. Algernon is brilliant, witty, selfish, amoral, and given to making delightful paradoxical and epigrammatic pronouncements. He has invented a fictional friend, "Bunbury," an invalid whose frequent sudden relapses allow Algernon to wriggle out of unpleasant or dull social obligations.

John(the Savage)

The son of the Director and Linda, John is the only major character to have grown up outside of the World State. The consummate outsider, he has spent his life alienated from his village on the New Mexico Savage Reservation, and he finds himself similarly unable to fit in to World State society. His entire worldview is based on his knowledge of Shakespeare's plays, which he can quote with great facility.

the sublime

The sublime natural world, embraced by Romanticism (late eighteenth century to mid-nineteenth century) as a source of unrestrained emotional experience for the individual, initially offers characters the possibility of spiritual renewal. Mired in depression and remorse after the deaths of William and Justine, for which he feels responsible, Victor heads to the mountains to lift his spirits. Likewise, after a hellish winter of cold and abandonment, the monster feels his heart lighten as spring arrives. The influence of nature on mood is evident throughout the novel, but for Victor, the natural world's power to console him wanes when he realizes that the monster will haunt him no matter where he goes. By the end, as Victor chases the monster obsessively, nature, in the form of the Arctic desert, functions simply as the symbolic backdrop for his primal struggle against the monster. -Seeing the beauty in dark things -All the storm scene in the Robert Walton letters--if the scene overwhelms us and our senses (usually scary like a thunderstorm or looking over a cliff) but it still appeals to humans then it's sublime

Knight dramatic irony

There is NO dramatic ironic

Allusions to Paradise Lost

Victor Frankenstein, playing God, resembles Satan from Milton's Paradise Lost, in which Satan is an archangel punished for his vanity, arrogance, and thirst for forbidden knowledge. Like him, Victor attempts to take over God's role as creator and master of the universe. This achievement, Victor imagines, will be a superior one, and the exuberant and admirable beings that he creates will worship and honor him like a most deserving father. The Romantics, especially Blake, Byron, and Percy Shelley, interpreted Milton's account of the biblical story of Genesis as a celebration of Satan — the rebellious hero who defies the power of God. They regarded Satan not as the embodiment of evil, but as a victim of the tyrannical power of the establishment. Like Milton's Satan, Victor Frankenstein is a rebellious character who has faith in his own creative powers and has the courage to aspire higher than his limited human condition allows. However, Mary Shelley does not present Victor's acts as positive or admirable. Victor's intellectual curiosity and ambition does not contribute to any scientific advancement or social progress. Instead, he destroys a family and, symbolically, populates the world with monstrous fantasies. *Significance of Paradise Lost in the Creature's education*: -One of the most telling instances of the influence of Milton upon Shelley, is in the midst of our novel, when Victor and the creature are reunited atop Mont Blanc. Within the very beginning of the conversation between the two the creature tells Victor: "I am thy creature: I ought to be thy Adam." (Shelley, 66) This statement becomes especially poignant when the creature tells the tale of his life after having been abandoned by Victor up until this point. We learn of his manner of self-education. Paradise Lost is among the books that he reads, and describes it as having "excited different and far deeper emotions [within him]." (Shelley, 87) The creature draws parallels between his existence and the story told in the poem, as well as contrasting his life with the poem.

bounds of science/creation

Victor overreached the bounds of science in order to create the Creature; this ended in disaster

Henry clerval

Victor's boyhood friend, who nurses Victor back to health in Ingolstadt. After working unhappily for his father, Henry begins to follow in Victor's footsteps as a scientist. His cheerfulness counters Victor's moroseness. (FOIL for Victor); ideal friend

Alphonse Frankenstein:

Victor's father, very sympathetic toward his son. Alphonse consoles Victor in moments of pain and encourages him to remember the importance of family.

William Frankenstein

Victor's youngest brother and the darling of the Frankenstein family; idealized brother. The monster strangles William in the woods outside Geneva in order to hurt Victor for abandoning him. William's death deeply saddens Victor and burdens him with tremendous guilt about having created the monster.

What does it mean to be monstrous? How/why do we become monsters?

We can become monsters due to tragic/unexpected events that occur in the course of our lives

What is the responsibility of a creator/parent?

When their child/ creation does not know any better, they bear the burden. They are to blame for the creatures actions because they have not taught them how to act or treat others.

significance of the title:

While the name of "Ernest" holds different values for each character, Wilde shows that a name, in of itself, is quite meaningless in comparison to the person who holds that name. Contrary to the play's title, in this dramatic world, being "earnest" is not nearly as important as being named "Ernest." Gwendolen does not accept Jack's proposal because he is earnestly in love with her, but she believes him to be named "Ernest," a name she find melodious, aesthetically pleasing, and irresistibly fascinating. Cecily in a similar manner commits to Algernon not because he is earnest, but because she believes him to be "Ernest," a man whom she has fantasized about in her diary and "girlish dream[s]." Because Gwendolen and Cecily are so enamored of the name "Ernest," they confuse the shared name of their lovers with their respective identities. Both women believe that they are engaged to a name rather than a person. Upon finding out that neither Jack, nor Algernon is named "Ernest," Gwendolen exclaims to Cecily, "neither of us is engaged to be married to anyone." Through this conflation Wilde shows the ridiculousness of marrying someone purely for his/her name alone. But in Wilde's world, it was an all too common practice for men and women to capitalize upon an advantageous family name through marriage. Wilde's play on the name of "Ernest" with the quality of being "earnest," turns this Victorian obsession with names and their social meaning on its head. Ultimately Jack gets the girl because he has the cash, acquires class and gains character by taking on the name of "Ernest," which validates his family ties and social standing. Yet Jack's new name—"Ernest John Moncrieff"—only has meaning because society assigns value to it; his name is verified in the Army List, a listing of the names of English generals. Wilde is quick to point out that this list is merely a piece of paper, whose authority is shoddy in comparison to Jack's earnestness to find his true identity. While Jack feverishly combs over volumes to uncover his lineage, Wilde refers to "wrong pages," antiquated books," and lists of "ghastly names," suggesting the piece of paper that Jack's new name is printed on is not much better than the woman who confuses a man named "Ernest" for a man in "earnest." Wilde's subtle jab at the ridiculousness of claiming one's name from a stack of books points to the relative meaningless of names in comparison to one's actions and the contents of one's character, thereby undermining the Victorians' marriage of class and character. -"The importance of being Earnest:" To be "Earnest" means to be honest, serious, sincere, diligent, etc. Jack was accidentally truthful in telling Gwendolen that his name was Ernest, but he was untruthful about saying that his younger brother was named Ernest. In this way, Jack was being earnest and dishonest at the same time. Jack and Algernon both realized that not being earnest would just chaos, but they were both afraid to admit what their real names were because they still wanted both Cecily and Gwendolen to love them. The importance of being 'Ernest:' The most obvious lie Jack told was claiming he was Ernest. He used this name because Gwendolen loved the named Ernest and claimed she wouldn't want to be engaged to anyone without the name Ernest. His fake name impressed her and he was afraid to tell her the truth.

Wife of bath (irony)

Wife of Bath says that each of her five husbands was happy to follow her rules and be nagged by her, it is irony. In reality, she manipulated each of them to get the upper hand .-she's very manipulative but she's described as being powerful

Act 3 scene 2 How does Macbeth persuade the murderers to undertake his task

he says that banquo is his enemy. Macbeth also says that the murderers are low and their lives are miserable because of Banquo

Act 3 scene 1 How does Macbeth feel about his position as king?

hes angry -theres a lack of legitimacy -he explains he can't even have a son to be king after him

video summaries

https://www.bbc.co.uk/teach/class-clips-video/english-ks2-macbeth/zdt42sg

First soliloquy translation

if this business would really be finished when I did the deed, then it would be best to get it over with quickly. If the assassination of the king could work like a net, sweeping up everything and preventing any consequences, then the murder would be the be-all and end-all of the whole affair, and I would gladly put my soul and the afterlife at risk to do it. But for crimes like these there are still punishments in this world. By committing violent crimes we only teach other people to commit violence, and the violence of our students will come back to plague us teachers. Justice, being equal to everyone, forces us to drink from the poisoned cup that we serve to others. The king trusts me in two ways. First of all, I am his kinsman and his subject, so I should always try to protect him. Second, I am his host, so I should be closing the door in his murderer's face, not trying to murder him myself. Besides, Duncan has been such a humble leader, so free of corruption, that his virtuous legacy will speak for him when he dies, as if angels were playing trumpets against the injustice of his murder. Pity, like an innocent newborn baby, will ride the wind with winged angels on invisible horses through the air to spread news of the horrible deed to everyone everywhere. People will shed a flood of tears that will drown the wind like a horrible downpour of rain. I can't spur myself to action. The only thing motivating me is ambition, which makes people rush ahead of themselves toward disaster.

Malthus

said human population cannot continue to increase exponentially; consequences will be war, famine & disease -English cleric and scholar -theory that population growth is always greater than the food supply, therefore limits on reproduction must be installed. We can't supply enough food for the growing population so we have to find ways to limit growth

Act 3 scene 2 What disturbing news does macbeth receive at the banquet

the murderers killed banquo but fleance escaped

Why are they telling the tales?

the pilgrim who tells the best tale wins a free dinner at the tavern at the journey's end and its a long journey and they're telling tales to pass time

Why are the people traveling?

travel to Canterbury to visit the relics of Saint Thomas Becket in Canterbury Cathedral

Dramatic Irony

when a reader is aware of something that a character isn't

Victor's Education and Romantic Childhood:

•Education: -Self-driven -Never forced to study; not disciplined -Latin and english -Heavily based on science classes, which indirectly caused him lack a moral compass -Didn't know consequences----Example: created a life without knowing the morality Romantic Childhood: -Idealized Close family and friends