tragedy and hope (part 1)

mainstay

a chief supporter a prominent supporter "the father is the mainstay of the family. " A mainstay is something that acts as a source of support for a community. If your hometown's economy depends on tourists visiting every summer, you could say that tourism is the mainstay of your town. A mainstay holds everything together, whether it's your grandmother who acts as the anchor of your whole crazy family, a pillar that physically keeps a building from falling down, or the job that enables you to pay your rent every month. The noun mainstay is originally a nautical term meaning the rope that stabilizes two masts on a sailboat, and since the 1780s it's been used to mean "chief support."

behest

a command urgent request, order "at stalin's behest, Trotsky and Zinoviev were expelled from the party."

wooping cough

a contagious bacterial disease chiefly affecting children, characterized by convulsive coughs followed by a whoop. . سعال ديكي

oration

a formal speech funeral oration. "there is nothing quite like his messianic oration"

Shogun

a general A general who ruled Japan in the emperor's name

subsidiary

a subordinate company A finance subsidiary is a separate legal entity created for the sole purpose of carrying out certain financial activities on behalf of its parent company. ... To treat another company as its subsidiary, the parent company must own more than 50 percent of that company's interests.

moratorium

a suspension of activity postponement, stay, stoppage, halt freeze, standstill, respite "Germany demanded a moratorium on all cash payments of reparations for the next thirty months." A moratorium is the suspension of a particular activity--you could have a moratorium on fishing, baking, the use of candles, the wearing of matching socks. Generally, moratoriums go into effect when something becomes seen as being not okay for now, but might go back to being okay later. After the water fountain started to burble up green sludge, the principal put a moratorium on drinking any water at school until the fountains were fixed and the water tested.

vestige

a trace; remnant "the last vestiges of colonialism"

in league with

collaborating with cooperating with in cooperation with in alliance with allied with conspiring with leagued with linked with hand in glove with in collusion with conspiring with another or others. "he is in league with the devil"

consummate

complete perfect "a consummate performance" "the alliance was agreed on in May 1900, and consummated in in December 1902." Consummate means complete, finished, or masterful. If you refer to someone as a consummate chef, then you are saying he is the ultimate chef. If you say someone is a consummate jerk, then you are saying he is the ultimate jerk. Consummate can be used to describe something good or bad: consummate joy, a consummate liar. To consummate means to bring something to completion, but it often refers specifically to making a marriage complete by having sexual relations. The adjective is pronounced KÄN-sə-mit, but the verb is pronounced KÄN-sə-māt.

denounce

condemn openly speak out against "He denounced the government action" To denounce is to tattle, rat out, or speak out against something. When you stand on your desk and tell the class that your partner is cheating, you denounce him or her. The prefix de- means "down," as in destroy or demolish (tear down). Add that to the Latin root nuntiare, meaning "announce," and de- plus announce equals denounce. It's a word that shows up in the headlines often, as a country might denounce a corrupt election. Politicians love to denounce the shady behavior or their opponents. Denounce can also mean the official end of something, like a treaty.

substantive

considerable the government has a substantive power. that's so wrong. When you talk about substantive change, you mean change that really makes a difference. After a substantive discussion, you will have an in-depth understanding of what you are talking about. When something is substantive, there is a lot of there there, be it meaning or volume of things. The word brings a serious tone. While it is often used to talk about problems and their solutions, a big steak dinner could be called substantive as could a very long piece of writing. In any case, you use it when there is a lot of substance involved.

connivance

conspiracy collusion, cahoot "the corrupted tycoons looted the country with the connivance of the king." your principal overlooks cheating on standardized tests because it makes his school look better, he is guilty of connivance, or allowing an unethical act to take place. If your siblings conspire to play a prank on you, you could say they are conniving to trick you. If your mother knew about it, but chose to allow the act to happen, you'd probably be pretty angry at her connivance. Or you could follow the old saying, "Don't get mad, get even!" Definitions ofconnivance agreement on a secret plot collusion, cahoot (law) tacit approval of someone's wrongdoing secret approval, tacit consent

expedient

convenient; practical. نفعي advantageous "either side could break the agreement if it were expedient to do so" measure means method "the current policy is a political expedient" he tried two expedients in sequence; the first one succeeded and he didn't have to test the second expedient.

simmer

cook slowly to cook in liquid just below the boiling point. "discontent continued to simmer in Ireland."

expense

cost price charge the expense of the project is a considerable burden on the average person.

garb

costume garment clothing clothing of a distinctive style or for a particular occasion. the tribe members had distinctive marks or garb.

whitewash

cover up to cancel defects, to give a falsely virtuous appearance to something. he wanted to whitewash his reputation but everybody knows the truth.

fissure

crack an opening; a groove; a split A long fine crack in the surface of something is called a fissure. If you see a fissure in the ice on a frozen lake, you'll want to take off your skates and head back to the car. Fissure has its roots in the Latin word fissura, meaning a cleft or crack. If something breaks into fine cracks, you can describe the action with the verb form of fissure. For example, "She watched in horror as the earth fissured beneath her feet, recognizing the signs of an earthquake but powerless to do anything to save herself except throw herself to the ground and hang on."

at breakneck speed

dangerously fast extremely fast dangerous, unsafe involving or causing danger or risk; liable to hurt or harm "a breakneck pace"

impasse

deadlock dead end مأزق blocked path; dilemma with no solution

stalmate

deadlock impass checkmate A situation with no chance for progress "the war had again reached stalemate"

pernicious

deadly, fatal, extremely harmful خبيث، مهلك "the pernicious influence of Rasputin and the czarina on the czar." Pernicious means harmful and subtle, such as a poison gas that causes illness in those exposed to it over the course of years. Pernicious comes from the Latin perniciosus, "destructive," which in turn comes from pernicies, "death" or "ruin." You might have heard your parents and teachers talk about the pernicious effects of watching too much TV and playing video games all day — they'll turn your brain to mush (allegedly).

demise

death "the demise of financial capitalism was superseded by monopoly capitalism."

obituary

death notice a notice of someone's death, such as in a newspaper, usually with a brief summary of that person's life they wrote an elaborate obituary on the newspaper.

moot

debatable unresolved , arguable open to discussion arguable, debatable, disputablecontroversial "the whole matter is becoming increasingly moot"

proclaim

declare publicly announce "he proclaimed James II as King of England"

ebb

decline recession in a poor state When something ebbs, it is declining, falling, or flowing away. The best time to look for sea creatures in tidal pools is when the tide is on the ebb — meaning it has receded from the shore. Ebb is often used in the phrase, "ebb and flow," referring to the cyclical changing of the tides from low to high and back to low again. This sense of cyclical change can also be applied to other things. If you want to make money investing, you have to weather the ebb and flow of the stock market.

edict

decree an official order the rogue king issue edicts based on his whims.

vanquished

defeated conquered, overpowered. "the criticism was ardent from the victors as from the vanquished. "

tenable

defensible defendable, can sustain attack "the theory or the narrative was perfectly tenable until the advent of alternative media. "

deprecate

denounce disapprove of, reprove, reprobate استنكر

contingent

dependent on group of soldiers The adjective contingent can be used to describe something that can occur only when something else happens first. Making money is contingent on finding a good-paying job. When an event or situation is contingent, it means that it depends on some other event or fact. For example, sometimes buying a new house has to be contingent upon someone else buying your old house first. That way you don't end up owning two houses! As a noun, contingent means either "a group of soldiers that joins a larger force," like a contingent of British troops sent to assist American soldiers, or "a group of people with something in common," like the contingent of folks dressed as Batman at Comic-Con.

dissimilar

different "a group of very dissimilar people" "a pump not dissimilar to those once found on every farm" "their understanding of the world is not so dissimilar from our own" "took different (or dissimilar) approaches to the problem"

taper off

diminishing gradually يضمحل become smaller or less active "Business tapered off" contract, narrow To taper is to gradually grow smaller or more narrow or less intense. Taper is often used with the word "off." Part of the power of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial is how the two walls appear to taper off into infinity. As a verb, taper can refer not just to physical objects that narrow: the weather forecast might call for heavy snow that will taper off at the end of the day, and public interest in a political scandal might taper off over time. As a noun, taper refers to a shape that narrows at one end, and it's also another word for a candle that is smaller at one end than the other. "Narrow candle" is the original meaning of the word, and it seems to derive from the Latin papyrus, which was once used to make candle wicks.

drawback

disadvantage the main drawback of the electric car is its battery range.

prejudice

disadvantage by prejudice judge in advance. influence (somebody's) opinion in advance. a partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation "Lawyers are not allowed to bring certain types of evidence such as rumors into a trial because it might prejudice the jury."

disillusion

disappoint

Dislocation

displacement

discontent

dissatisfaction resentment "the discontents and anxieties of the working class" "they expressed their discontent by protesting against their political leaders. "

faction

dissension dissent A group with a distinct political interest. "the anti-bolshevik factions were defeated because they didn't fit the strategic agenda of the west, which is the importing and hugging of communism." a political party often starts with a large group but has some members who disagree with a belief or direction. These members separate from the larger party and become a faction of their own, with many of the same beliefs as the original group but with a few new differences, too.

dissident

dissenter objector protester insurgent منشق the party had dissident elements because of inequality.

separatist

dissident dissenter A separatist is someone who believes certain groups of people should live independently from the larger group. Often religious separatists form new denominations after they break off from a church. Separatists are typically members of a minority group that wishes to protect itself or its identity from the majority group. There are political separatist movements all around the world, including Catalan separatists in Spain, who believe that Catalonia should be an independent nation, and French-Canadian separatists in Quebec.

tenet

doctrine dogma عقيدة "people raised in a religion tend to accept its tenets, often without independent examination."

doctrinaire

dogmatist partisan, inflexible, rigid, dogmatic intolerant, fanatical "the monarchy intelligence divided the party in doctrinaire cliques fighting against each other." You've doubtless met someone doctrinaire at some point. You know them by their complete unwillingness to accept any belief other than their own. If you're familiar with the noun "doctrine" — a formal idea or system of belief — you'll have no problem with the adjective doctrinaire. It's a just a way of describing a person or group of people who are set in their ways. Parents can start out doctrinaire, but children soon force them to be flexible in how they bring them up.

imbibe

drink absorb take in what should we imbibe from this educational system?

ram

drive into run into, slam into, smash into. "British merchant ships received instructions to attack German submarines at site, by ramming if possible."

hinge

elbow and knee joint on a lid or door that allows it to swing open or shut

Electrolysis

electrical chemical decomposition reaction chemical decomposition produced by passing an electric current through a liquid or solution containing ions.

call forth

elicit evoke , invoke, cause to make something happen.. "turkish nationalism called forth a spirit of Arabic nationalism as a reaction to it."

evasive

elusive equivocal deliberately vague or ambiguous. "she was evasive about her phone number"

acerbate

embitter, vex, irritate; to make bad tasting back then social tensions were acerbated between British and Indians.

Encyclical

encyclical letter a letter from the pope sent to all Roman Catholic bishops throughout the world a papal letter sent to all bishops of the Roman Catholic Church.

enmesh

entangle Tangle or involve, ensnare, trap "whales enmeshed in drift nets" "he is enmeshed in an adulterous affair" "they became enmeshed in their own propaganda that it became impossible to admit publicly one's readiness to accept lesser aims such as negotiated peace."

consevationist

environmentalist " an army of consevationist mobilized to save the day."

desertion

escape abandonment, cowardice. sometimes wtf! you have to...

flight

escape, breakout, getaway "the flight of bela kun before te Romanian invasion of Hungary. "

Vernacular

everyday language العامية

expansible

extendible قابل للتمدد، قابل للتوسع. elastic able to be made longer or larger. "the rolling bag comes with an extendable handle"

prohibitive

extortionate exorbitant "prohibitive legislation" proscriptive prohibitory restrictive suppressive repressive restraining inhibitory That expensive Ferrari in the showroom? You may want it, but its price is prohibitive — which means the price is discouragingly high and likely to deter you from buying. "To some, the cost of child care is prohibitive."

disintegrate

fall apart to decay; decompose; break up "the marriage disintegrated amid allegations that she was having an affair" "when the missile struck, the car disintegrated in a sheet of searing flame"

lag

fall behind delay, fall back, linger. "they stopped to wait for one of the children who was lagging behind"

lag

fall behind slow, linger, decelerate "payments continue to lag behind, and she had to find a second job to catch up with her installments.

screen out

filter out remove, eliminate unwanted applicants. "the educational system that screens out the poor."

flotation

financing a commercial enterprise by bond or stock shares Synonyms:floatation Type of:finance the commercial activity of providing funds and capital. the floatation of government bonds.

largesse

generosity munificence magnanimity the force of finance and industry were forced to contribute ever-increasing largesse to the political machine.

apportion

allocate allot, assign, portion distribute according to a plan " the coach tried to apportion the blame for failure on every individual in the team."

Manorial System

an economic system built around large estates called manors.

claimant

applicant supplicant someone who claims a benefit or right or title "claimants of unemployment compensation"

Ratify

approve, give formal approval to, confirm. the Portuguese agreement of 1891 was never ratified.

unwieldy

awkward, cumbersome unmanageable clumsy If you see an unwieldy person coming down the aisle of the bus with an unwieldy box, you may want to step aside because that's a double dose of clumsy. It's an awkward person carrying a box that is difficult to manage. Something that is wieldy is easy to control or handle, so something unwieldy is not. However, the un- form of the word is much more common. The base word wieldy has its roots in Old English, meaning "to handle or control" — used usually in reference to a weapon. You would not want an unwieldy person attempting to wield an unwieldy sword!

belligerent

given to fighting, hostile warlike; combative, aggressive; (n.) one at war, one engaged in war

lattice

grid structure grid-like structure of atoms. framework a structure supporting or containing something "intricate lattice structure" "Those atoms will diffuse through the metal lattice, then combine to form hydrogen gas again on the other side."

quintet

group of five When five people do something together, you can refer to them as a quintet. If only there were that fifth Beatle, then they would have been considered a quintet. Sigh. The most common kind of quintet is a five-person musical group. A string quintet might be made up of two violinists, a viola player, and two cellists, while your cousin's a cappella quintet will have five harmonizing singers. If you can usually be found hanging out with your four best friends, people might call the five of you a quintet. The original meaning was "musical composition for five voices," from the Latin quintus, "the fifth."and quinque, "five."

obstruct

block put obstacles in the way.

directorate

board a group of persons chosen to govern the affairs of a corporation or other large institution Synonyms:board of directors " financial control exercised through credit control and interlocking directorates."

quackery

charlatanism knavery , dishonesty dishonest practices and claims to have special knowledge and skill in some field, typically medicine. "a website dedicated to exposing medical quackery"

power politics

gunboat diplomacy political action by a person or group which makes use of or is intended to increase their power or influence. 1. سياسة القوة diplomacy in which the nations threaten to use force in order to obtain their objectives.

crowning

icing cap

ape

imitate or mimic

Viceroy

in place of king a ruler exercising authority in a colony on behalf of a sovereign.

turnover

income turnover tax = sales tax

incapacity

incompetence debility "they can be fired only for incapacity or misbehavior" n. the inability to do something;

untenable

indefensible unreasonable "this argument is clearly untenable" "the USA and UK financial pressure in 1934 made the position of the "gold bloc" untenable; they had to drop the gold standard." If something is untenable, you can't defend it or justify it. If your disagreement with your teacher puts you in an untenable position, you better just admit you made a mistake and get on with it. When untenable entered English in the 17th century it meant "unable to be held against attack." That sense still holds true: you can use the adjective untenable to describe any situation, position, or theory that simply can't be defended. Untenable is a great word to use when you want to criticize something, whether it's a flawed system or a referee's bad call.

signify

indicate "the last point signified in the contract was the one that raised tension." "signify your agreement by signing the letter below"

influx

inflow an inward flow the country was open to the influx of new talents.

grievances

injustice unjust act. مظالِم wrong injury offense unfairness outrage atrocity damage affront insult Grievances listed in the Declaration of Independence grievances against the king. Ireland was agitated by grievances of long standing.

iniquity

injustice transgression misconduct , wrongdoing immoral or grossly unfair behavior. "Britain emphasized the iniquity of the German attack on Belgium." An iniquity is a really unfair or really immoral act. If you're a journalist, you may uncover a terrible iniquity that forces a famous politician to step down. Iniquity comes from Latin, combining the prefix in-, "not," and aequus, which means "equal" or "just." So iniquity literally means "not just." Iniquity can also be used to say that something lacks moral or spiritual principles. Some would call Las Vegas a "den of iniquity," implying that sinful or wicked behavior occurs there. Others would just call it a vacation.

Superscription

inscription of official reference عنوان الرسالة، التعريف الرسمي The patient's name, address, date, and Rx symbol on a prescription

interlude

interval intermission "the romantic interlude withered rapidly once he was back in town" "enjoying a lunchtime interlude"

wire-puller

intriguer a person who uses secret means to direct and control the actions of others, especially for selfish ends; . the wire-puller is not trump or obama but the one who put them there.

preliminary

introductory, preparatory initial "she began speaking, without preliminaries" "a preliminary investigation" "training is a necessary preliminary to employment"

overrun

invade storm march into, occupy, infest. "the Mediterranean has been overrun by tourists" run beyond or past "The plane overran the runway"

fief

land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service. اقطاعية

horde

large crowd mob, throng حشد a large group or crowd, especially one on the move

sledgehammer

large heavy hammer

subsistence

livelihood the minimum amount to sustain life. "farming is a hard means of subsistence"

resemble

look like

slack

loose "slack and wrinkled skin" "slack sails" "a slack rope" lack of tension, lull, relaxation; sluggish If you slow down at the end of a race, you slack off. When you use slack this way, it means to reduce your speed, to be sluggish, or to be negligent. If something is loose, it's also said to be slack. A clothesline, for example, is slack if it is just hanging loosely between two trees. If you pull the clothesline tight, you reduce the slack. The root word of slack is the Old English word slæc, which means "loose or careless." When you scold your friend for being careless about his responsibilities, you can say, "Pick up the slack!"

wastage

loss casualties Term for the daily deaths and other casualties in military units, whether or not in battle

anglophilism

love of Britain also anglophilia admiration for Britain and British customs Anglophilia is strong throughout the US; its presence is reflected in Americans' appetite for British television and film, football, music and more.

derate

lower lower the rated electrical capability of electrical apparatus reduce the power rating of (a component or device). "the engines were derated to 90 horse power"

abase

lower; degrade; humiliate

staunch

loyal loyal and committed in attitude. "a staunch defender of free speech"

personal fealty

loyalty

upkeep

maintenance

upkeep

maintenance sustainment, sustenance,

ceremonious

marked by formality "he was dismissed unceremoniously" "their ceremonious greetings did not seem heartfelt" Don't confuse ceremonious with ceremonial. Ceremonial means "by ceremony." If, after signing a peace agreement, two presidents exchange a ceremonial handshake in front of reporters, that's different from the ceremonious manner they maintain while doing so.

medley

mixture assortment "an interesting medley of flavors" "a medley range of vague and variable impressions"

Remittances

money order Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries.

budge

move very slightly

quadruple

multiply by four increase fourfold " coal production doubled, and the production of cotton textiles quadrupled."

quick turnover

quick sale quick profit unnecessary quick turnover middlemen.

uprising

rebellion; revolt "the uprising of people after mistreatment."

revolt

rebellion; uprising "the Arab revolt against Turkey on June 5 1916."

Salvation

redemption انقاذ خلاص deliverance saving "he thought his degree was a salvation from drudgery." (Christianity) the act of delivering from sin or saving from evil.

demotion

reduction in rank or status. "too many demotions would weaken morale" opposite: promotion

undiminished

not lessened not diminished "his enthusiasm for the game remains undiminished"

Inelastic

not necessary ECONOMICS (of demand or supply) insensitive to changes in price or income. A product is considered to be elastic if the quantity demand of the product changes drastically when its price increases or decreases. Conversely, a product is considered to be inelastic if the quantity demand of the product changes very little when its price fluctuates.

blunt

not sharp dull "the political force from above had been diffused, dispersed, blunted by the time it reached down to the peasant villages." A blunt object is rounded — it isn't very pointy. A blunt comment is candid — it isn't very subtle. When we blunt things we make them less lively, sharp, or intense. Blunt and blunder ("make a stupid mistake") may have the same origins — the Old Norse blundra, meaning "to shut one's eyes." So don't be blunt ("dull" or "obtuse") — here are a few things you probably don't want to do: 1) use a blunt ("dull") knife to cut your tomatoes; 2) make a blunt ("outspoken") comment that might hurt someone's feelings; or 3) blunt ("deaden") the sound of your favorite music by sticking cotton balls in your ears.

renunciation

rejection abandonment forsaking forswearing If you reject something or disown it, you can call this renunciation. Sorry, your renunciation of your membership in the American Association of Retired People will not make you any younger. Use the noun renunciation especially when you mean you have given up your religious or political beliefs or some cause you previously supported. When you drop a political party to become an independent, you mean it to be a renunciation of all the infighting, backstabbing, and finger pointing that have become "politics as usual."

rebuff

rejection snub repulse refusal repulsion cold-shouldering brush-off knock-back "any attempt to win her friendship was met with rebuffs"

insular

related to island isolated england derived its greatest security from its insular position.

Anglican

relating to the Church of England

hang back

remain behind. stay back, hold back, stay in the background. "Stephen hung back for fear of being seen" "the army was wise and hung back." show reluctance to act or move. "they were hanging back, each unwilling to speak first"

Antisepsis

removal of pathogens from living tissue. تعقيم antiseptic the discovery of antisepsis in the 19 century saved lot of lives.

reprisal

retaliation revenge a retaliation for an injury a retaliatory action against an enemy in wartime " the witness declined to provide his full name for fear of reprisal by security forces.

countermand

revoke cancel issue a contrary order to cancel or reverse one order or command with another that is contrary to the first an order to arrest the strike leaders had been countermanded" "the election commission has countermanded voting on the grounds of intimidation"

regent

ruler trustee a member of the governing body of a university or other academic institution. "he was the main figure on the board of regents of the bank of France.

pastoral

rural

plight

predicament dilemma trouble. محنة ورطة "the woeful plight of homeless people"

gestation

pregnancy incubation formation growth process from conception to birth

acquiescence

pressured acceptance the reluctant acceptance of something without protest but after pressure. "they acquiesced to avoid more sanctions."

price segmentation

price discrimination Price segmentation is simply charging different prices to different people for the same or similar product or service. You see examples every time you go shopping: student prices at movie theaters, senior prices for coffee at McDonald's, people who use coupons and many more.

run off

print reproduce by xerography Synonyms:photocopy, xerox "the first Treasury Notes were run off the presses at Waterlow & Sons on July 28th 1914."

conclave

private meeting secret meeting they met in formal conclaves to decide the fate of the empire.

as likely as not

probable might happen = 1/2 = 50% chance

protracted

prolonged Extended in time, drawn-out, extended, lengthy, prolonged, long. "protracted negotiations" Something protracted has been drawn out, usually in a tedious way. Protracted things are long and seem like they're never going to end. Anything protracted is lasting longer than you would like. A speech that seems to go on forever is protracted. If an employer and a union can't reach an agreement, there could be a protracted strike. Before a movie, the previews are almost always protracted — they never seem to stop. If something is long and annoying, and there's no good reason it couldn't be shorter, it's protracted.

mongering

promoting; trading or dealing person who promote something undesirable. A monger is a seller, especially of something specific like a fish monger or an iron monger. You can use the noun monger as a word on its own, although it frequently shows up as a suffix, in words like cheesemonger. Monger can also be used as a verb meaning "to sell or peddle." In both cases, the word is a bit old fashioned, used more often these days to describe a person who promotes something hurtful, as in warmonger. The Old English root word is mangere, "merchant or broker," from the Latin mango, "dealer or trader."

enunciate

pronounce articulate state clearly and distinctly "a prophet enunciating the Lord's wisdom" "the declaration enunciated the seamy ambitions of the colonialists.

Wheeling

propelling propelling something on wheels. "a young woman is wheeled into the operating room" the act of propelling

protege

pupil a person under the guidance or training of another. "he was an aide and protégé of the former Tennessee senator"

ominous

of bad omen unfavorable, threatening, "the growing militarization in 1918 had ominous implications for the future. "

Underemployed

overqualified working at a job for which one is overqualified, or working part-time when full-time work is desired

depose

overthrow topple from power

procession

parade A group that moves together

ardent

passionate, enthusiastic, fervent "the criticism was ardent from the victors as from the vanquished. "

auspices

patronage protection or support. industrialism was achieved under state auspices rather than true liberalism.

permeate

penetrate spread throughout

fare

perform "the party fared badly in the spring elections"

Apostle

pioneer messenger follower Jesus disciple Although an apostle might be a pioneering supporter of any new cause, the word is most often used to refer to the twelve original disciples of Jesus who went on to spread the gospel. When used as a title, it's capitalized. The Greek word apóstolos means "one who is sent out," giving it a proper connection with the word apostle. The word's original English meaning of "messenger" referred to the followers of Jesus. The modern meaning can be more secular, with the word appropriately being applied to any leader breaking new ground or supporting an important new idea. As an apostle of the latest developments in good nutrition, you were outraged at the sight of french fries. Clearly, you had no choice but to make them disappear.

freebooter

pirate bondit, privateer , looter, raider.. Unlike sea pirates, Facebook freebooters don't directly profit from their plundering.

freebooter

pirate plunderer who makes war in order to grow rich

shrine

place of worship Set up some candles and a photograph of someone important in your life in the corner of a room where you spend time reflecting silently, and you've created a shrine. Shrine comes from the Latin scrinium meaning "case or box for keeping papers." Think of a shrine as a niche or case in which the spirit of someone special is kept. It could be a statue or some other form of commemoration to either a person or a relic. A shrine can be as small as a tiny mantel in your house or it can be as massive as a building commemorating, or shrining, a sacred person.

entrench

place within a trench fix firmly or securely "entrenched bourgeoisie" = "established bourgeoisie"

sow

plant seeds seed "the corn had just been sown" "the field used to be sown with oats" "reap what you've sown."

extoll

praise highly praise enthusiastically glorify. مجّد

weakling

weak person frail pussy a person who lacks physical strength. the eighty-four old man was a weakling.

pervasive

widespread prevalent, permeant, permeating the pervasive odor of garlic" When something is pervasive, it's everywhere. Common things are pervasive — like greed and cheap perfume. Ever notice how certain trends seem to spread all over the place? When something — like a hairstyle — is super-common, it's pervasive. Pervasive things can't be escaped. Playing video games is pervasive among kids. Talking about the weather is pervasive among adults. Ideas, diseases, habits, and all sorts of things can be pervasive. If you're sick of seeing something because you're seeing it again and again, it must be pervasive.

Suttee

widow the Hindu custom of cremating a widow on her husband's funeral pyre.

Seceed

withdraw leave the gentleman seceded from the party after corruption findings.

summarily

without formality without procedures or bureaucracy without delay or formality. for whatever you want to do as a citizen, you have to go mazes of bureaucracy but satan's servants can suspend your license summarily.

valueless

worthless

perusal

scrutiny a careful examination, review The perusal of a book could be so intense that it wears the book out! nothing escapes the lawyer's perusal.

fracas

scuffle brawl theodor roosevelt plotted how he could best get the United states into the fracas.

dregs

sediment deposit, residue, remains, accumulation, slops, sludge, scum, debris تفل، حثالة the remnants of a liquid left in a container, together with any sediment or grounds. "coffee dregs" the most worthless part or parts of something. "the dregs of society"

Asceticism

self denial austerity زهد severe self-discipline and avoidance of all forms of indulgence, typically for religious reasons.

Aximoatic

self-evident unquestionable. self-evident. بديهي unquestionable, undeniable. "it became almost axiomatic that -who is not with me is against me-. " "it is axiomatic that dividends have to be financed" MATHEMATICS relating to or containing axioms.

pomposity

self-important behavior التباهي acting like a stuffed shirt excessive self esteem. "Arabs got a reputation for arrogance and pomposity."

dispose

sell or give away. "the have the right to own or dispose of a property. "

undersell

sell at a lower price " the Japanese were able to undersell European exporters of cotton in the markets of Asia."

Secessionists

separatist separationist These people believed that since the states voluntarily joined the Union, they can also choose to leave.

relapse

setback revert, regress, worsen, deteriorate degenerate, take a turn for the worse return to (a less active or a worse state). "he relapsed into silence" "he responded well to treatment, but then suffered a relapse"

diffidence

shyness lack of confidence, reserve modesty or shyness resulting from a lack of self-confidence. "I say this with some diffidence"

flank

side side of the body between the ribs and ilium. the side of a military formation. "they came down on the flank and rear of the other army. "

contiguous

side by side, touching; neighboring near; adjacent in time "the 48 contiguous states"

subpart

smaller part a chief part is divided into two subparts.

Caste

social class a rigid and hereditary social class "those educated in private schools belong to a privileged caste"

seamy

sordid; base; filthy; unwholesome; morally degraded Ex. "seamy side of city life" the seamy side of human nature.. the seamy side of big business.

tinsel

spangle glitter,metallic yarn " the had created a facade of cardboard and tinsel which had a vague resemblance to the old system. " The shiny silver strands hanging from the branches of a Christmas tree are called tinsel. Tinsel is older than you might think—it was invented in 1610! Tinsel was designed to mimic the way ice looks, and the earliest tinsel was made from strips of real silver (today's tinsel is PVC plastic with a metallic coating). It's a traditional Christmas decoration that is also frequently used in India for wedding celebrations and other ceremonies. You can also use the word tinsel to refer to things that look fancy but are actually worthless—which is where Hollywood's nickname, Tinseltown, comes from.

prong

spike " a fork has four prongs." " a fou-pronged defense tactic." A prong, like a spike, a tine, or a spoke, is something that sticks out and is pointy. The prongs of your fork are useful for spearing food and delivering it to your mouth. Besides forks, many other objects have prongs, from hoes and rakes to electrical plugs to an animal's horns or antlers (in fact there's a specific group of antelopes commonly called pronghorns). Before it was spelled prong, the word was prange, "pointed instrument," from the Anglo-Latin pronga, "pointed tool," and possibly the Germanic prange, "stick."

morale

spirit, confidence. its vigor and morale have weakened.

Deposition

statement overthrow depositing A deposition is a statement made in court. A deposition can be made outside of court, too — after a crime, a witness might give a deposition. Then that written or recorded deposition can be used as evidence in the courtroom. The word deposition is often used in a legal context, but a deposition can also be more like a deposit, as in the deposition of sediment on the bottom of a lake. And in the sense of depose, a deposition can refer to getting rid of a person of authority. The deposition of a king is the same thing as a dethronement. Deposition is a busy word, but it's most often used in court.

deduction

taking away "wage deduction" خصم، اقتطاع conclusion استدلال، استنتاج reasoning down from principles If you get a tax deduction it means you get to reduce the amount of your income that is subject to tax. If something's on sale, you might get a percentage deduction from the original price. Deduction means taking away, or an amount taken away. If you're a fan of Sherlock Holmes, you already know that the process of logical deduction helps to solve crimes--you take away the information you do know to deduce the answer to what you don't. In figure skating, every mistake on the ice results in a point deduction--the judges take points away.

retroactive

taking effect from a date in the past for ex: the law was just passed today and they convicted the unwitting victims of last year.

sparce

thin not dense Something that's sparse is thin, not dense. If you're looking for the perfect place to build a tree house, a sparse forest is probably not your best bet. From the Latin sparsus, meaning "scattered," we get the adjective sparse, which means "few and scattered." Thinning hair is sparse, as is the population of an endangered species. Or a small and scattered crowd for an unpopular band. Synonyms include dispersed, infrequent, and scanty. Antonyms, on the other hand, include full, lush, and plentiful.

intensive

thorough, deep showing great effort; concentrated. they shifted from extensive to intensive development.

ominous

threatening of bad omen. مشؤوم "the spectre of communism is haunting the world: this is an ominous sentence."

glut

too much of something surfeit the alterations of scarcity and glut. A glut is too much of something. A glut of gas in the marketplace can lower its price. A glut of heavy metal T-shirts in your dresser, however, has nothing to do with the economy but might be a signal that it's time to clean your room. Glut comes from the Old French gloter, meaning "to swallow too much." The glottis is the part of your body where your vocal folds reside and where you swallow. If you go to the movies alone and get the family tub of popcorn, you are glutting yourself on the salty snack, but do try not to get any popcorn stuck in your glottis. Glut is used more commonly in reference to the economics of the marketplace, where an oversupply of one thing lowers prices.

Conversion

transition switch, sift, changeover, exchange. "the conversion of a house into apartments" Something that is transformed from one state or form to another has had a conversion. The twentieth century saw the conversion from outhouses to indoor plumbing. You may oversee the conversion of your attic into an extra bedroom. The noun conversion can be used to describe some very specific transformations. If you exchange euros for dollars, you have made a monetary conversion. If your Canadian friend tells you, "It was warm today! It got up to 28!" and you figure out that 28 degrees in Celsius is the same as 82 degrees in Fahrenheit, then you have made a mathematical conversion. If you change your religion, you've had a religious conversion.

roughshod

tyrannical adj (of persons or their actions) able or disposed to inflict pain or suffering "Stalin's roughshod treatment of the kulaks" Synonyms:barbarous, brutal, cruel, savage, vicious , inhumane lacking and reflecting lack of pity or compassion adj. unjustly domineering "a manager who rode roughshod over all opposition" heavy-handeddomineering tending to domineer roughshod the "roughshod" family adj (of a horse) having horseshoes with projecting nails to prevent slipping Synonyms:shod, shodden, shoed wearing footgear Usage Examples The heavily armed cartels terrorize and run roughshod over Mexican citizens. Schiff is a master at manipulating media that are complicit in running roughshod over constitutional norms requiring an accused to be able to face and confront his or her accusers. It's a lot more fun when teams aren't running roughshod over you. But he's made his disgust with impeachment and would-be turncoats plain, saying Republicans must not allow Democrats to run roughshod over him.

intangible

unable to be touched غير ملموس not able to be touched or sensed

indecisive

unable to make a decision

insolvent

unable to pay bankrupt "the insolvent bank couldn't cash any check after the crisis." .Piggy bank empty? Nothing but lint in your pockets? Then you're probably unable to meet any financial obligations. In other words, you are insolvent. Being insolvent isn't just about being poor. A person or business that's insolvent has no resources, no assets and no way to pay any of the bills. This adjective insolvent is a synonym for bankrupt, and surely the last thing anyone wants to be. The only way to solve the problem of insolvency? Start saving your pennies again from scratch.

intelligible

understandable, comprehensible When your goal is to make your writing intelligible to anyone who reads it, you chose clear, precise words and give details that tell more about what you mean.

conception

understanding grasp. تصوّر conceiving of an idea pregnancy "he had no conception of politics" "the conception of a balance of power" they had no clear conception of where they were going.

halfhearted

unenthusiastic lukewarm cool apathetic perfunctory cursory superficial desultory feeble faint weak tepid indifferent exhibiting little interest or enthusiasm

windfall

unexpected good fortune jackpot, Godsend "the first world war was a splendid windfall for some governments."

inequitable

unfair, unjust an inequitable distribution of the social economic income.

unpegged

unfastened unchained, unattached, cease to maintain a fixed relationship between (a currency) and another currency. "currency exchanges which had been controlled during the war were unpegged in March 1919."

adverse

unfavorable, not helpful negative; working against, hostile "taxes are having an adverse effect on production"

uneventful

unimportant; insignificant without important happenings

peculiar

unique strange odd; unusual "his accent was a peculiar mixture of Cockney and Irish"

integrity

unity honesty a man of integrity. "upholding territorial integrity and national sovereignty" "the structural integrity of the novel"

unwarranted

unjustified undue, unjustifiable not justified or authorized. "I am sure your fears are unwarranted"

erratic

unpredictable inconsistent , odd, irregular fickle, protean. "erratic behavior. " The adjective erratic describes things that are unpredictable, unusual, and that deviate from the norm. An erratic quarterback might completely confuse his receivers waiting for a pass. Like its linguistic relative, error, the adjective erratic means "deviating from the norm," or "wrong." It also implies behavior or qualities that are unpredictable or odd. The word comes from the Latin verb errare, or "to wander" off course. In the field of geology, a rock that is erratic is unlike others in its environment because it has been transported by glacial activity. Likewise, someone driving a car that veers out of its lane is said to be driving erratically.

abortive

unsuccessful unfinished "an abortive revolt" Did you ever start something and not finish it? If so, that was an abortive project. Abortive things don't get finished. Abortive is a variation of abort, which means to end something, so something abortive never reaches its end point. If you tried like crazy to run a marathon but couldn't finish, your efforts were abortive. If someone tripped you during the marathon, their efforts were abortive too. Abortive things always lead to the words "The end." Abortive can also be a way of avoiding the word unsuccessful.

untutored

untrained inexperienced no schooled "an untutored genius"

hun

1. a member of a warlike Asiatic nomadic people who ravaged Europe in the 4th-5th centuries. a reckless or uncivilized destroyer. "corporate huns masquerading as white knights" 2. INFORMAL•DEROGATORY a German (especially in military contexts during World War I and World War II). Germans collectively. noun: the Hun

Yellow Press

A deliberately sensational journalism of scandal and exposure designed to attract an urban mass audience and increase advertising revenues.

profusion

abundance "a rich profusion of wildflowers"

thereafter

after that

as it stands

as it is in its present condition. "they agreed finally to sign the treaty as it stood." "there are no merits in the proposal as it stands" in the present circumstances. "the country would struggle, as it stands, to host the next Winter Olympic Games"

Appraiser

assessor An independent person trained to provide an unbiased estimate of value.

diligent

assiduous punctilious meticulous conscientious hardworking, industrious, not lazy "a diligent detective investigates all clues" "a diligent search of the files"

lopsided

asymmetrical asymmetric, unbalanced, off-balance crooked, skewed, askew Something that's lopsided is crooked or off-balance, like your grandma's lopsided hat, which sits askew on her head. You can use the adjective lopsided to describe things that are crooked or asymmetrical. A bad toothache might cause one side of your jaw to swell, leaving your face feeling — and looking — lopsided. You might say that your school's student council election is lopsided if one candidate is clearly more qualified than the other. The word lopsided was originally lapsided, and in the early 1700s it almost always referred to a tilting ship.

avail

benefit help, aid, be of use 2. use to one's advantage "He availed himself of the available resources" utilize

squabble

bicker quarrel to engage in a minor quarrel; to argue noisily over a small matter

onerous

burdensome heavy hard to endure "an onerous lease" "he found his duties increasingly onerous"

in an airy manner

casual nonchalant "the satanic committee tells us in an airy manner that no better plan can be conceived"

give rise to

cause something

equanimity

composure calmness mental calmness, composure, and evenness of temper, especially in a difficult situation. "she accepted both the good and the bad with equanimity" "if he didn't lose his equanimity, he would have won."

overtone

connotation a subtle or subsidiary quality, implication, or connotation. "the decision may have political overtones" hidden meaning, secondary meaning, implication

Plotters

conspirators planners

carry on

continue continue an activity or task. "carry on with what you were doing"

disciplined

controlled obeying the rules restrained or managed or kept within certain bounds "the party members are disciplined."

Peonage

debt slavery debt servitude, is a system where an employer compels a worker to pay off a debt with work. although slavery was abolished in 1843 people are reduced to peonage by contracting debts at unfair terms by the creditors.

desolate

deserted lonely; forlorn; uninhabited; barren

dinginess

dirtiness uncleanness , dinge, shabbiness discoloration due to dirtiness. "money that wiped away the dinginess of the parvenu."

disillusion

disabuse undeceive enlighten "disillusioned with economic weapons of class conflict, discarded the strike from its arsenal."

disillusionment

disappointment disenchantment a feeling of disappointment resulting from the discovery that something is not as good as one believed it to be every immigrant go through that feeling of disillusionment with the west.

Sedentary Agriculture

domestication of plants and animals Farming system in which the farmer remains settled in one place

evade

elude escape or avoid

apparatus

equipment "the dictator controls the party and the state apparatus." Your apparatus is the collective equipment you use for specific purposes. For example, the apparatus used for scuba diving includes goggles, flippers, and a breathing tank, while a surgeon's apparatus includes various scalpels and clamps. Different activities, different apparatuses. The noun apparatus evolved from the Latin apparātus, meaning "equipment or preparation." It might refer to one item, (a breathing apparatus) or a group of items (sports apparatus). Here's a spelling tip: often, when a word ends in -us, the plural ending changes to i — "alumnus/alumni," "focus/foci." However, apparatus is part of the group that doesn't change — words like "virus/viruses" or "census/censuses." This means the plural is either apparatus or apparatuses, though the latter is more common.

procedural

executive اجرائي

wield

exert exercise hold handle If you wield a tool or a weapon, you handle it effectively. Picture a gallant knight wielding a sword or a skillful chef wielding a whisk. You don't just have to wield something physical; you can also wield or exert influence or authority. Wield is frequently followed by the word power. If you were a king, you could wield great power in your kingdom —

imperative

exigent extremely necessary "as nuclear weapons proliferate, preventing war becomes imperative" "requests that grew more and more imperative" " a real understanding of the economic history of twentieth century Europe is imperative to any understanding of the events of the period." When something absolutely has to be done and cannot be put off, use the adjective imperative. Imperative is from Latin imperare, "to command," and its original use was for a verb form expressing a command: "Do it!" is an imperative sentence. The word is still used that way, but it's more commonly applied to something so pressing it cannot be put off: "It's imperative that we hire more workers if we want to complete the job on time." Imperative has more immediate force than pressing but less than urgent.

outgoes

expenditures

expenditure

expense "by skillful expenditure of money, the entente governments were able to win considerable support." it reeks of bribes to me...

defunct

extinct, nonexistent, inoperative "that evil institution and its newspaper is defunct now; thank God." Defunct describes something that used to exist, but is now gone. A magazine that no longer publishes, like Sassy, the girl-power mag from the '90s, is defunct, for example. Although defunct comes from the Latin word defunctus meaning "dead," it's not usually used to describe a person who's no longer with us, but rather institutions, projects, companies and political parties — you know, the boring stuff. Keep digging and you'll find that defunctus comes from defungi, meaning, "to finish," which is closer to how it's used today. Defunct can also refer to a rule or law that's no longer used or has become inactive, like prohibition.

exalted

extolled glorified "that political move was an insult to the exalted sanctity of the imperial position."

exaction

extortion

sumptuous

extravagant extravagantly splendid or costly; luxurious. مترف و باذخ "the banquet was a sumptuous, luxurious meal" " a sumptuous house with a 24 carat gold toilet." Sumptuous could be used to describe a room appointed with the finest furniture, a lush orchestra playing a beautiful symphony, or a meal meant for a king. Sumptuous describes something that costs a lot and imparts sensory pleasure. Sumptuous comes from the Latin sumptus which means expensive. Sumptus is related to sumere which means to consume. The word sumptuous carries both meanings with it. It is a pricey, high quality thing that's meant to be consumed or enjoyed. You wouldn't use sumptuous to describe a tractor, even if it has leather seats and cost more than your house.

fall through

fail to happen "the project fell through due to lack of money"

lunatic fringe

fanatics aficionados, nergumen extremists, fanatical group a political unit with extreme and fanatical views.

lot

fate destiny, fortune, doom a person's luck or condition in life, particularly as determined by fate or destiny. "plans to improve the lot of the disadvantaged"

exploits

feats accomplishment, achievements "the most heroic and secretive exploits of the war" "the company was exploiting a legal loophole" An exploit is a heroic act or notable deed. The King Arthur legends are full of stories of the exploits of the Knights of the Round Table, including Sir Lancelot and King Arthur himself. This noun is from Middle English expleit, "outcome," from Latin explicitus, "unfolded, set forth." The verb exploit means to use someone or something, usually selfishly or for profit. Workers who are tired of being exploited by factory owners form unions that allow them to stand together as a powerful force.

barbed wire

fence wire

replenish

fill up again

impell

force urge drive to take action "financial difficulties impelled him to desperate measures"

brow

forehead eyebrow the vile people derived their income from from the sweat of the collective brows of peasants.

spectre

ghost

rant

go on and on a long, angry, and impassioned speech. "the reactionary rantings of an embittered old man" adjective adjective: ranting speaking at length in an angry and impassioned way. "ranting shock jocks"

Dyarchy system

government by 2 authorities

revulsion

great disgust loathing, distaste, repulsion abhorrence, repugnance "news of the attack will be met with sorrow and revulsion"

cupidity

greed strong desire for wealth "Wall Street's unbridled cupidity"

acquisitive

greedy hoarding covetous excessively interested in acquiring money or material things. "we live in a competitive and acquisitive society"

musket

gun a muzzle-loading shoulder gun with a long barrel

drudgery

hard work menial work كدح dull work mining is drudgery.

reap

harvest

agrarian

having to do with farming

preponderance

heaviness ترجيح، تفوق، رُجحان weightiness, prevalence, predominance, supremacy, paramountcy. "a preponderance of evidence against the defendant" "the preponderance of good over evil" "the preponderance of wealth and power" the least preponderance in either pan will unbalance the scale" If there's a preponderance of something, there is A LOT of it. If you are a prosecutor, you are looking for a preponderance of evidence to convince the jury that the defendant is guilty. The noun preponderance can also mean "superiority in weight or significance." This meaning is particularly reflective of the word's Latin roots in the word praeponderare, which means "outweigh." The noun can also mean "superiority in influence or importance." A country's economic preponderance, for example, might give it greater influence in international relations.

call to account

hold responsible hold accountable To make someone face their responsibilities / to blame " debtors were were called to account and found deficient."

tenure

holding of an office. Take the noun tenure for the period of time a person holds a position or office. Your tenure as a student ends when you graduate high school — unless, of course, you go on to college. Tenure from the Latin tenere means "to hold" and refers to the period of time a person works at a particular job or in an office. A president might have to deal with a recession during his tenure in the White House. In university jargon, if you have tenure, you have a permanent teaching position or professorship. In this sense, tenure can also be used as a verb. You've got it made if you're tenured at age 29.

inimical

hostile unfriendly "actions inimical to our interests"

envisage

imagine to conceive of, form a mental picture. "Martin Luther King Jr. envisaged a time when black and white Americans would no longer be segregated by race. To envisage is to imagine something that does not yet exist."

insatiable

impossible to satisfy insatiable demand.

affiliate

join partner , associate with, be in league with . "the state prohibited its employees from affiliating with other workers. strikes are contagious."

fit for

match appropriate for the old language was not fitted for abstract discussion.

conterpart

match parallel، equivalent نظير "the minister held talks with his French counterpart"

prospector

miner someone who explores an area for mineral deposits. "American oil prospectors in the middle east; actually allover the world. "

initiate

novice starter beginner a person who has been initiated into an organization or activity, typically recently. "initiates of the Shiva cult"

level up

pump up increase raise the system is leveling up poor countries but leveling down rich countries. in other words satan is just making a third world of the whole planet earth.

bicker

quarrel engage in petty quarreling

regimental

relating to a regiment فيلقي ، فوجي regiment فيلق عسكري a permanent unit of an army typically commanded by a colonel and divided into several companies, squadrons, or batteries and often into two battalions. "two or three miles inland a highly experienced artillery regiment had established a defensive position" regimental election: انتخبات عسكرية

comparative

relative relational "because of the comparative complexity of their political system few nations avoided to deal with them.

expropriate

seize take over, take away, confiscate take possession of صادر

amorphous

shapeless, formless, vague

barter

swap trade, exchange to trade without using money

Suffrage

the right to vote he was elected by complicated procedures and on a restricted suffrage.

Metallurgy

the science of working with metals

ominous

threatening of bad omen, unfavorable

bewail

to lament, cry over "the German violation of Belgium neutrality was constantly bewailed, while nothing was said of the Entente violation of Greek neutrality. " The verb bewail means to lament or express great sorrow. When your big brother or sister starts kindergarten, you may bewail the fact that they can't play with you all day anymore but you'll be excited when you get to go to school also! The verb bewail is from the Old Norse word væla, meaning to lament. The prefix be- is added when you want to make something stronger or more intense. So bewail means to greatly lament and when compared to bemoan, a word with similar meaning, bewailing would be louder and more intense. You can bewail the death of a friend, but if you bewail a minor irritation like a broken nail, people will accuse you of being overly dramatic.

insofar

to the extent that as long as بقدر ما " but let's admit it: foreigners get interested in Egyptian education only insofar as it's good for business." Use insofar to mean "as much" or "to the extent." You might, for example, say, "I will get my math homework done insofar as I can. The adverb insofar is somewhat old fashioned and uncommon these days, but it's a good way to talk about doing something to a certain degree or extent. You might accuse your boss of treating her employees well only insofar that it improves her business, or decide that math is only interesting to you insofar as it seems useful in daily life. The British form of insofar is in so far.

NEPmen

traders made fortunes in commerce Traders and middlemen who began to grow wealthy under the NEP in The USSR.

Armistice

truce, agreement to end an armed conflict. a temporary battle timeout. The armistice to end the Great War was signed in November 1918, but the 339th was not immediately withdrawn and the fighting continued.

precarious

uncertain democracy is living a precarious existence.

Insoluble

unsolvable insolvable unresolvable incapable of being dissolved impossible to solve or fix; unable to be dissolved. "insoluble problems"

tacit

unspoken silent; implied, inferred tacit agreement. tacit understanding.

customary

usual routine When a bride walks down the aisle, it's customary for everyone at the wedding to rise out of respect. "took his customary morning walk" "sealed the deal with the customary handshake"

halting

vacilante broken, not continuous "uttered a few halting words of sorrow" The adjective halting is used to describe something that is fragmentary or prone to interruptions. If you are overcome with emotion at your wedding, you may choke out your vows in a halting voice. The adjective halting can describe something or someone with limping or disabled legs or feet. If you have sprained your ankle and it's icy out this winter, you will probably walk with a halting gait and walk slowly and carefully. The word halting in this sense comes from the Old English word lemphalt, which means "limping."

utterance

vocalization auditory communication any expression any saying a spoken word, statement, or vocal sound "if satan's servants had you in an interrogation, they want explanation for any anti system utterances you said."

gentry

A class of powerful, well-to-do people who enjoy a high social status

Manor

A large estate, often including farms and a village, ruled by a lord.

garrison

A military post base station

lever

A rigid bar that is free to move around a fixed point

three-field system

A rotational system for agriculture in which one field grows grain, one grows legumes, and one lies fallow. It gradually replaced two-field system in medieval Europe.

Unicameral

A single-chamber legislature a unicameral government.

Pikeman

A soldier who carries a pike

Subsistence economy

A subsistence economy is a non-monetary economy which relies on natural resources to provide for basic needs, through hunting, gathering, and subsistence agriculture.

Coolie

An unskilled Asian laborer DATED•OFFENSIVE an unskilled native laborer in India, China, and some other Asian countries. "the import of Chinese coolies to work in mines led to widespread charges of reviving slavery. "

indivisible

Cannot be divided "an indivisible union of states" "one nation indivisible" "We are all an indivisible unit." Something indivisible cannot be broken up or divided: it's rock solid. The most common use of the word indivisible is in the Pledge of Allegiance, where it is used to show how our country is united and can't be broken up. But you can use this word for any group or organization that seems indestructible. Anything that can be broken up, separated, or smashed into pieces is divisible, not indivisible. In math, you can say that the number 9 is indivisible by 2: it can't be divided by 2 evenly.

antithetical

Directly opposed, opposite; involving antithesis (the rhetorical act of placing two phrases opposite one another for contrast, as in love me or hate me) "people whose religious beliefs are antithetical to mine"

Dyarchy

Dyarchy, also spelled diarchy, system of double government introduced by the Government of India Act (1919) for the provinces of British India. ... The principle of dyarchy was a division of the executive branch of each provincial government into authoritarian and popularly responsible sections.

delimit

Fix boundaries mark, or define the boundaries of. they delimited the territorial claims of Portugal in Africa.

lip service

Insincere allegiance مداهنة تملق an expression of agreement that is not supported by real conviction Synonyms:hypocrisyTypes:crocodile tears a hypocritical display of sorrow; false or insincere weeping Type of:dissembling, feigning, pretence, pretense pretending with intention to deceive

extensive

Large in space or amount covering a large area

Mittel Europa

Literally, "central Europe," but used by military leaders in Germany before World War I to refer to land in both central and eastern Europe that they hoped to acquire.

Hot money

Money changing hands quickly In economics, hot money is the flow of funds (or capital) from one country to another in order to earn a short-term profit on interest rate differences and/or anticipated exchange rate shifts.

holdings

Property, such as land, capital, and stock

secularist (secular)

Someone who rejects all forms of religion and worship and believes.

Smuts

South African statesman and soldier (1870-1950) the real master of the government was Smuts.

inventiveness

The quality of being inventive; creativity

claimant

a person making a claim "claimants of unemployment compensation" "he was a claimant to the throne" "the court divided the land between the two claimants. "

faddist

a person who subscribes to a variety of fads

tread

a step a step in walking or running "the administration had to tread carefully so as not to offend the judiciary"

bristle

a stiff animal hair, or a man-made substitute, used to make a brush. "a toothbrush with nylon bristles"

viscount

a title of nobility

level down

abase pull down lower degrade To remove layers from the surface of something in order to make it level or smooth.

reducible

able to be reduced it could be made smaller. "all are reducible to two fundamental types."

concomitant

accompanying something that is concomitant is like the companion of the main event. If you start training really hard at the gym, the main effect is that you become stronger, but there are concomitant effects, like better circulation, or a rosy glow, or getting happy from all those endorphins you're releasing.

salient

acute pointed adj. (of angles) pointing outward at an angle of less than 180 degrees. n. (military) the part of the line of battle that projects closest to the enemy.

diphteria

acute infection of the throat and upper respiratory tract caused by the diphtheria bacterium

accession

addition، acquisition something added to what you already have. "the accession of Bulgaria by Germany in wwı was a smart move. " "the librarian shelved the new accessions"

Grace

adorn beautify, decorate, embellish, ornament make more attractive by adding ornament, colour, etc. "thecnames of private banker's agents still graced the list of directors of the new financial enterprises." no one care anymore if there conflict of interests...

assent

agreement, approval Assent means agreement. If you nod your head in assent, you agree to something or you assent to it. Choose Your Words ascent / assent Assent refers to agreement, while an ascent is a climb. Before we make our way to the top of Mount Everest, we need to make sure our guides assent to our ascent. As a verb, assent is generally followed by a phrase beginning with the word "to:" You assent to a plan, an agreement, or to an idea. Assent is also something that you can give. You can give your assent to marry your partner if he or she asks really nicely. The opposite of assent is dissent -- which means disagreeing, or even protesting in a formal way.

deed

an action an action that is done on purpose, could bad or good.

mandate

an authoritative command تفويض "the conservatives announced a General election and asked a popular mandate to support collective security and rearmament."

industrial capitalism

an economic system based on industrial production or manufacturing

throes

anguish; pangs throes of birth a new civilization in the throes of birth.

ostensibly

apparently supposedly; but not actually purportedly; allegedly he went to Africa, ostensibly to pacify it, but he was caught selling weapons to extremists.

Ratify

approve confirm

at par

at face value

in full blossom

at its pinnacle the business is in full blossom in this season.

in full swing

at the height of activity at a very lively stage/point the train started slow but after few minutes it was in full swing.

evasion

avoidance dodging escape "tax evasion" sounds like a real crime but it's immoral and illegal to tax people to begin with.

to and fro

back and forth in a constant movement backward and forward or from side to side. "she cradled him, rocking him to and fro"

thuggery

banditry violent or brutal acts as of thugs

borne

bear verb: bear; 3rd person present: bears; past tense: bore; gerund or present participle: bearing; past participle: borne

onset

beginning or start

salutary

beneficial helpful; healthful, wholesome صحي، مفيد "the salutary influence of pure air" "the argument the the creation of fiat money by the government is bad while the creation of fiat money by the banks is salutary drives me insane. "

Guano

bird poop bird deposits. A highly effective fertilizer made from bird or bat poop. It became a major commodity traded globally in the 19th century.

seething

boiling angry "his seething resentment finally reached boiling point" "the brew foamed and seethed"

valiantly

bravely, courageously with determination this group worked valiantly to extend the British empire.

carrion

cadaver corpse carcass corpus decaying flesh of dead animals جيفة، ميْتة

call into the fray

call to join a fight.

vocation

calling purpose, pursuit, occupation a strong feeling of suitability for a particular career or occupation. "not all of us have a vocation to be nurses or doctors"

amalgamate

combine mix together

precede

come before A short speech will precede the dinner. radio preceded television.

tumult

commotion babel turmoil confusion disorder a loud, confused noise, especially one caused by a large mass of people. "the whole neighborhood was in a state of fear and tumult"

admission

confession admission of guilt. entrance, acceptance "the country's admission to the UN"

ramification

consequence تداعيات aftermath, complications

rectify

correct make right "mistakes made now cannot be rectified later"

wrack

destroy ruin

discord

disagreement conflict, dissonance, discordance "the discord between indigenous and Western cultures" "we discorded commonly on two points"

schism

division, split the schism between the Latin church and the Greek church.

brink

edge verge, margin, rim "the brink of the cliffs"

accentuate

emphasize stress; highlight "a light blue sweater that accentuated his dark complexion."

Blockade

encirclement besieging, siege

elation

euphoria happiness exhilaration, joy, joyousness, delight, excitement, exultation, ecstasy, great happiness and exhilaration. "Richard's elation at regaining his health was short-lived" "In my elation of the good news today, I forgot to confirm the reservation."

shrapnel

fragments fragments of a bomb, shell, or other object thrown out by an explosion.

esprit de corps

group spirit team spirit

retain

hold or keep

grandiose

impressive; showy; magnificent

Reflation

inflation increase the money supply and reduce taxes to accelerate economic activity. inflation of currency after a period of deflation; restore the system to a previous state.

discount rate

interest rate the minimum interest rate set by the Federal Reserve for lending to other banks.

complicity

involvement in wrongdoing the state of being an accomplice.

gang plow

machine that turned several furrows at a time

bayonet

musket

peerage

nobility "he was elevated to the peerage two years ago"

objectionable

offensive arousing disapproval repulsive unpleasant

Flukes

parasite One of a group of parasitic flatworms

tenacious

persistent resolute Holding fast; holding together firmly; persistent. "tenacious defense."

forbid

prohibit disallow forbade, forbidden. "My sense of tact forbids an honest answer"

instigate

provoke urge on; stir up, incite violence instigated by gangs.

rabid

raging; furious, fanatical. مسعور "the war criminal was a rabid socialist. " i'm not surprised...

mutiny

rebellion by soldiers insurrection

anchor

secure firmly

foundry

smelter

sop

soak dip, steep "sop bread into the sauce" a concession given to mollify or placate "the offer was a sop to my feelings" "rises in prices were controlled by sopping up excess purchasing power by compulsory or semi compulsory saving.

drench

soak , wet thoroughly, saturate "I fell in the stream and got drenched" "in there retreat they drenched the ground they evacuated with mustard gas in order to slow up the Entente pursuit."

namely

specifically

expeditious

speedy swift quick rapid done with speed and efficiency. "an expeditious investigation"

totter

stagger walk unsteadily the tottering imperial regime recalled the general to take command of the anti-revolutionary armies.

resumption

taking up again; recommencement after they left he resumed...

stationmaster

the person in charge of a railway station

Confucianism

the teachings of Confucius emphasizing love for humanity; high value given to learning and to devotion to family (including ancestors); peace; justice; influenced the traditional culture of China. "In Confucianism, one's adherence to traditional roles eclipses any concerns with individuality."

eschew

to avoid, shun, keep away from abstain from "he appealed to the crowd to eschew violence"

drift

to be carried away by water or air deviation

disaffect

to cause to lose affection or loyalty; to estrange; to alienate verb (used with object) to alienate the affection, sympathy, or support of; make discontented or disloyal: The dictator's policies had soon disaffected the people. .

stratagem

trick, ploy, subterfuge intrigue "he had to use subterfuge and bluff on many occasions"

invariable

unchanging

without a hitch

without a problem to go off without a hitch: to go as planned, to happen without difficulties. The wedding went off without a hitch: we were lucky not to encounter any problems. a hitch: a problem, a difficulty.

unprincipled

without morals or principles One memo describes King as an "unprincipled opportunistic individual,"

Monroe Doctrine

1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.

degenerate

A corrupt wrongdoer

Coke Furnace

Coke is a grey, hard, and porous fuel with a high carbon content and few impurities, made by heating coal or oil in the absence of air — a destructive distillation process. It is an important industrial product, used mainly in iron ore smelting, but also as a fuel in stoves and forges when air pollution is a concern.

expel

eject throw out dismiss , discharge ostrasize. "she was expelled from school" "He was expelled from his native country"

expulsion

ejection exclusion, forcing out طرد "the expulsion of pus from the pimple" extrusion Don't ever make a joke about a bomb on an airplane, if you don't want to risk expulsion. Expulsion is being kicked out of something, like a club, a school, or an airplane. If a Girl Scout ate all the cookies she'd already sold, she might face expulsion from her Girl Scout troop, and an unruly high school student who threatens to hit a teacher risks expulsion from school. Historically, many religious and minority groups faced expulsion from countries where their beliefs weren't tolerated. In fact, the Latin root word of expulsion is expellere, "to drive out."

denigrate

disparage deprecate, belittle يحط من قدر speak illl of, to attack the character of; to mock slurs someone's reputation. "there is a tendency to denigrate the poor" "This is not to denigrate the importance of these documents." To denigrate is to say bad things — true or false — about a person or thing. Your reputation as a math whiz might be hurt if your jealous classmate manages to denigrate you, even though the accusations are unfounded. The verb denigrate comes from the Latin word denigrare, which means "to blacken." To sully or defame someone's reputation, or to spread negative or hurtful information about a company or a situation, is to denigrate it. Your neighbors may denigrate your proposal for mandatory recycling in an attempt to stop your plan. Denigrate can also mean that you're making something seem less important, like when your brother tries to denigrate your athletic achievements.

liquidation

disposal of killing termination of a business operation by using its assets to discharge its liabilities settlement, termination "liquidations took placein the cells of the secret police in the middle of the night "

condone

disregard to overlook, pardon. "the united states continued to. insiste that Germany obey the old laws , while condoning British violations of the same laws."

riding the crest of a wave

doing great on the crest of a wave. If you say that you are on the crest of a wave, you mean that you are feeling very happy and confident because things are going well for you. "The band is riding on the crest of a wave with the worldwide success of their number-one-selling single."

Steppes

Treeless plains, especially the high, flat expanses of northern Eurasia, which usually have little rain and are covered with coarse grass. They are good lands for nomads and their herds. Good for breeding horses: essential to Mongol military. سهوب

corollary

a natural consequence something that follows "a corollary to fortune is fame." Math enthusiasts may already be familiar with the word corollary, which can be used more formally to describe a new proof or proposition that follows naturally from an established one.

proclivity

a natural inclination "he has a proclivity for exaggeration" "the bureaucracy and its well known antidemocratic proclivities."

proclivity

a natural inclination disposition, inclination, tendency leaning, propensity. "he has a proclivity for exaggeration" "human proclivity to regard necessities as unimportant when they are present, (like oxygen, food, security..), but to think of nothing else when they are lacking." When you have a proclivity, it feels automatic — you like what you like; you don't even have to think about it. The origin of the word proclivity supports this feeling. Proclivity comes from the Latin word proclivis, which literally means "sloping forward." You slide toward a proclivity — no effort is needed. You just give in to it, since you're headed in that direction naturally.

a score of

a number of a large number of. "he is a director of this company and of a score of other important firms.

peg

a pin a stick "He lifted his hat from a peg on the wall and shrugged into his coat." Hang your idea on a peg that all can read. Arthur Brisbane Nominal damages are in effect, only a peg to hang costs on. William Henry Maule A peg is a bolt or pin that holds something in place or marks a location. When you use peg as a verb, it means to identify someone or something: "I pegged you as a word lover, the first time I laid eyes on you." A coat rack might consist of a line of wooden pegs, and you might also secure a tent by driving metal pegs into the ground to hold it there. When you fasten or pierce something with a peg, you can say you peg it. Informally, if you peg a person, you make a judgment about them: "I'd peg him as a messy housekeeper based on the way his dorm room looks."

Conduits

a pipe, channel, for conveying fluids The noun conduit comes from root words meaning "pipe," and the word retains this definition. For example, a channel between a reservoir and a water treatment plant could be called a conduit. Conduit can also be used in a figurative sense to refer to someone or something that conveys goods, information, or ideas. For instance, a religious leader might be seen as a conduit who brings divine messages to the people.

partisan

advocate supporter, champion. Devoted to or biased in support of a party, group, or cause

tap

draining (of fluid) bleed draw liquid from the west tapped a region of great mineral and agricultural resources and gave locals nothing.

retract

draw back; withdraw, rescind, take back "she retracted her hand as if she'd been burned" "he retracted his allegations"

assessor

appraiser an official who evaluates property for the purpose of taxing it.

approximate

approach border قارَبَ come near. come close to. "a leasing agreement approximating to ownership" estimate or calculate (a quantity) fairly accurately. "I had to approximate the weight of my horse" "financial capitalism approximated a feudal structure in which two great powers dominated the whole country. "

stem from

arise from, originate from, derive from some argue that evil stemmed from the west.

Penance

atonement expiation. كفّارة voluntary self-punishment inflicted as an outward expression of repentance for having done wrong. "he inflicted a 72-hour fast on himself as a penance."

shirk

avoid or neglect (a duty or responsibility). to avoid or get out of doing work, neglect a duty; to sneak, slink "their sole motive is to shirk responsibility and rip off the company"

setback

blow, reversal, reverse, retrogression , relapse, miscarriage. ارتداد "a serious setback for the peace process" an unfortunate happening that hinders or impedes; something that is thwarting or frustrating A setback is an event that makes you lose progress or keeps you from gaining ground. If you're knitting a sweater, dropping a bunch of stitches would be a big setback. If warring countries are negotiating a treaty, a sudden resurgence of fighting would be a huge setback for their peace plan. And if you're trying to finish baking in time for you friend's birthday party, knocking the frosted cake onto the floor would also be a setback. Setbacks are always frustrating — unless you're talking about the kind of setback that's defined as "a building's distance from the street."

broach

bring up a subject for discussion the subject was broached at the end of the meeting.

incur

bring upon oneself "People who smoke incur a great danger to their health" To incur is to get or receive — and usually it's something you brought upon yourself. If you don't pay your credit card bills on time, you'll likely incur lots of fees and some serious debt. Generally, when you incur something, that something is undesirable. You can incur penalties, expenses, a parking ticket, or a friend's wrath, for example. But it's pretty unlikely that you'd incur free tickets to the World Series. Frederick Douglass once famously said, "I prefer to be true to myself, even at the hazard of incurring the ridicule of others, rather than to be false, and to incur my own abhorrence."

hatch

brood حاضنة او حضّانة. افقس " the adventurer doesn't mind to travel through the freight hatch." "the eggs are best hatched under broody hens or in incubators" A bird such as a hen that sits on eggs to incubate them can be said to hatch the eggs. Then, when the chick emerges from the egg, you can also say it hatched. Humans don't hatch eggs like birds do, but they can still incubate and then hatch a plan, invention, or idea. You may hatch a plan to surprise a friend for her thirtieth birthday party, but to ensure you don't end up with egg on your face, you should verify your friend isn't actually twenty-nine for the third year in a row! As a noun, a hatch is a trapdoor or other opening in the floor, ceiling, or wall that allows access.

procedural

bureaucratic "a procedural violation" "a procedural rule." "a procedural delay." If you have to follow so many rules at work that it seems like nothing ever gets done, you could say that the procedural requirements of your job are getting you down. The adjective procedural describes something related to a required or standard course of action. Legal types are probably already familiar with the word procedural, which is often used to describe matters related to the law. The Senate, for example, may cite procedural roadblocks as the reason why nothing has been accomplish in a session. So that would give the Senate something in common with your workplace: having too many rules to follow — "procedural overload" — makes things take a long time.

smoldering

burning slowly without flame seething fuming When a fire is smoking but not in flame, it is smoldering. If you're silently angry, your contained rage is smoldering, too. Just like a fire that doesn't go out completely, this word is used for emotions that also refuse to die out — they just keep going, though under the surface. If you keep a lid on your feelings, but are mad at someone, your feelings are smoldering. People often talk about smoldering feelings of love or lust: in romance novels and romantic comedies, there will be smoldering feelings and smoldering looks. This is a word for emotional heat that keeps burning.

discrepancy

difference; a lack of agreement A discrepancy is a lack of agreement or balance. If there is a discrepancy between the money you earned and the number on your paycheck, you should complain to your boss. There is a discrepancy when there is a difference between two things that should be alike. For example, there can be a wide discrepancy or a slight discrepancy between two objects, stories, or facts. The noun discrepancy is from Latin discrepare "to sound differently," from the prefix dis- "from" plus crepare "to rattle, creak."

legation

consulate embassy a permanent diplomatic mission headed by a minister "the native didn't permit foreign legations, bu the imperialists did it anyway."

coronation

crowning enthroning, enthronement the ceremony of crowning a sovereign or a sovereign's consort. "the Queen's coronation"

quash

crush cancel, reverse, rescind, repeal put down completely, suppress. "his conviction was quashed on appeal" "a hospital executive quashed rumors that nursing staff will lose jobs" "they decided to investigate the quashing of the prosecution."

elaborate

ornate decorated embellished adorned ornamented fancy intricate

inhibition

restraint a feeling that makes one self-conscious and unable to act in a relaxed and natural way A synaptic message that prevents a recipient neuron from firing. the system put all kind of inhibitions on your spiritual life.

Sectionalism

restriction of interest to a narrow group Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole

redress

set right remedy, rectify , correct "the power to redress the grievances of our citizens" "some ambitious architect being called to redress a leaning wall"

sorely

severely greatly, seriously, very much "she would sorely miss his company" "he sorely lacked popular support." "sorely needed"

Utilities

sevices A term used to reference electric, water, gas, and other services.

Kulaks

wealthy peasants a peasant in Russia wealthy enough to own a farm and hire labor. Emerging after the emancipation of serfs in the 19th century the kulaks resisted Stalin's forced collectivization, but millions were arrested, exiled, or killed.

attrition

wearing down the action or process of gradually reducing the strength or effectiveness of someone or something through sustained attack or pressure. "the council is trying to wear down the opposition by attrition" 2. wearing away by friction; abrasion. "the skull shows attrition of the edges of the teeth"

dole

welfare unemployment benefit INFORMAL•BRITISH benefit paid by the government to the unemployed. "she is drawing on the dole"

forestry

what has to do with forest.

prevalent

widespread; generally accepted. such feelings are prevalent among people. they know deep down that their government is their enemy.

hinterland

wilderness backwoods, boondocks country, rural area. "the Alaskan hinterland." The hinterlands are affectionately called "the sticks," or the "boonies," short for "boondocks." Use it to specify an area that is far away from a city or town, or even civilization as we know it. Cell-phone reception and cable television aren't guaranteed. The noun hinterland comes to the English language via Germany: hinter is "behind" + land is, well, "land." It actually refers to the land lying inland — or behind — an ocean coast or river shore, which is why backwaters and hinterlands are used interchangeably. Use hinterlands when you want to make fun of an area's backwardness, or to celebrate its natural beauty: "Coming from the unspoiled hinterlands of Louisiana, she found it hard to adjust to the sights and sounds of the big city."

hinterland

wilderness remote areas المناطق النائية عن اامدن. "any reform of wall street practices came from pressure from the hinterlands especially from the farming west."

resolutely

with determination. he faced his suffering resolutely.

in regard to

with respect to regarding concerning

weather

withstand survive a situation, a storm. "the weren't able to weather the assault of Hitler. "

temporal

worldly secular, mundane, earthly دنيوي، علماني, من الناحية الزمنية. The spatial point of view refers to the viewing position assumed by the narrator of a story and the temporal point of view refers to the temporal dimension in which the subject of the fiction is framed. of or relating to or limited by time "temporal processing" "temporal dimensions" "temporal and spacial boundaries" "music is a temporal art" not eternal "" temporal matters of but fleeting moment"- F.D.Roosevelt" Synonyms:impermanent, temporary not permanent; not lasting

deteriorate

worsen decline, fall apart "relations between the countries had deteriorated sharply" "Her condition deteriorated" When something gets worse due to neglect or an unfortunate health problem, stuff starts to deteriorate — or fall apart. The word deteriorate describes anytime something gets worse. Due to neglect, a relationship can deteriorate but so can the American highway system. Sadly, there seems to be no end to applications for the word deteriorate. And, the truth is at a certain age we all start deteriorating too.

vested

entrust to bestow on If you have a vested interest in something, you have a personal stake in its success. You have a vested interest in your science project — if your invention works, you could be rich and famous. Vested can also refer to something assigned to you. When a minister says "by the power vested in me by the State of Ohio, I now pronounce you husband and wife," he's referring to the legal authority he's been given to marry people. Vested can also be a financial term. If you're vested in your company's pension plan after working there 5 years, then even if you quit at 5 years, that pension money is yours to take with you.

invidious

envy that causee people to say hateful things. invidious is something offensive or defamatory. Something can be described as invidious when it is resentful, discriminatory or envious, as in: "Fred was angered by the invidious gossip about his divorce being spread by his ex-wife's allies." The adjective invidious is used to describe an act, thought, opinion or critique that is full of ill will or prejudice. It comes from a Latin word that means "hostile." When the captain of a cheerleading squad says nasty things about an opposing cheer captain's new party dress, those are invidious comments.

parity

equality, as in amount, status, or value. "parity of incomes between rural workers and those in industrial occupations"

counterpoise

equilibrium, balance. توازن القوى "the military base served as counterpoise to Soviet power in the region.

fraught

filled with "words fraught with meaning" "a choice fraught with danger" "a fraught mother-daughter relationship" Synonyms:troubled, distressed "marketing any new product is fraught with danger" Fraught means filled with something — often something bad. Your Thanksgiving was fraught with awkward moments when your family saw your blue hair, and it only got worse when you told them you'd quit law school to join the circus. Fraught is related to the word freight, and comes from the Middle English fraughten, meaning "to load with cargo." Think of a cargo ship loaded up with freight for a journey — it's full of supplies, just like Thanksgiving was filled with — or fraught with — awkward moments. Fraught can also describe a situation filled with distress. If relations between two countries are fraught, they are not getting along with each other.

pyre

fire pile of wood for burning a dead body the Hindu custom of cremating a widow on her husband's funeral pyre.

initial

first The first letter of your name is your initial. The first thing you say to someone is your initial greeting. Initial is something that occurs first or at the beginning. If someone asks you to initial a form, they're asking you to sign by writing your initials on it. If your name is Inna Instant, you would write I.I., and you'd probably write it really quick! The first draft of a paper might be called your initial pass at getting your ideas down. If you say that these are your initial ideas, it implies that you will be coming up with more.

proto

first primary (prototype) indicating the first or earliest or original "` proto' is a combining form in a word like `protolanguage' that refers to the hypothetical ancestor of another language or group of languages" Synonyms:early at or near the beginning of a period of time or course of events or before the usual or expected time "the behavior of that party was the proto-Fascism of what came later."

incendiary

flammable حارق، او محرقة incendiary grenades" combustible، inflammable، fire-producing tending to stir up conflict. "incendiary rhetoric" inflammatory, rabble-rousing، provocative، agitational causing to excite or inflame. tending to stir up conflict. "incendiary rhetoric" very exciting. "an incendiary live performer"

tenuous

flimsy fragile If something is tenuous it's thin, either literally or metaphorically. If you try to learn a complicated mathematical concept by cramming for 45 minutes, you will have a tenuous grasp of that concept, at best. Tenuous comes from the Latin word tenuis, for thin, and is related to our word tender. Something can be physically tenuous, like a spiderweb or ice on a pond. We more often use it in a metaphorical sense, to talk about weak ideas. Tenuous arguments won't win any debate tournaments. Synonyms for tenuous, also used physically or metaphorically, are flimsy and shaky.

tenuous

flimsy weak fragile thin, slender, not dense; If you try to learn a complicated mathematical concept by cramming for 45 minutes, you will have a tenuous grasp of that concept, at best.

float

fluctuate trade in sth allow (currencies) to fluctuate "The government floated the ruble for a few months" Type of: value fix or determine the value of; assign a value to. " financiers desired to float issues of securities not to invest in the real creation of goods and services."

bridgehead

foothold a strong position secured by an army inside enemy territory from which to advance or attack. an area in hostile territory that has been captured and is held awaiting further troops and supplies. "an attempt to secure a bridgehead behind enemy lines"

impel

force compel "financial difficulties impelled him to desperate measures"

interstice

gap فجوة space, interval, opening, hole, slit, crack "sunshine filtered through the interstices of the arching trees" "it was impossible for democracy to function in the interstices between the monarchy quartet: army, bureaucracy, industrialists and landlords." Use the noun interstice to mean a tiny gap, like the interstice between your curtains which lets in a thin slice of morning sunlight. An interstice in the clouds might reveal blue sky, and an interstice in your kitchen wall could account for the mouse problem you've had lately. Though interstice is useful for talking about these narrow spaces or openings between things, it's much more commonly used in its plural form. For example, you might complain that in the interstices of your busy day you have to catch up on returning phone calls. The Latin root is interstitium, which literally means "space between."

provide

give allow, supply "The Constitution provides for protected freedom of speech." "The will provides that each child should receive half of the money" "This procedure provides for lots of leeway" "We provided the room with an electrical heater" To provide means to give or supply. When you stay in a bed and breakfast, the innkeeper will generally provide you with a meal in the morning as part of the price of the room. The verb provide generally means to make available or even to allow. The Constitution, for example, provides for protected freedom of speech. But you've probably also heard people talking about getting a job to provide for their family — in that case, to provide means to make money to pay for food and bills, or in other words, bring home the bacon.

to give free rein

give unrestricted liberty of action or decision If you give free rein to someone, you give them a lot of freedom to do what they want. The government continued to believe it should give free rein to the private sector in transportation.

sporadic

irregular spasmodic, unpredictable, occasional "a city subjected to sporadic bombing raids"

extraneous

irrelevant inessential; not constituting a vital part. "one is obliged to wade through many pages of extraneous material" external "when the transmitter pack is turned off, no extraneous noise is heard" "other insects attach extraneous objects or material to themselves"

exasperate

irritate, annoy, frustrate anger exacerbate "politicians exasperate the public with their futile solutions to everyday problems. on the other hand I'm not exasperated for i know that's their initial plan: to make you lose hope in prosperity." To exasperate someone is to annoy him or her to the point of impatience, frustration and irritation, like when you exasperate a busy waiter by asking questions like "what are all the ingredients in the salad dressing?" and making him repeat the specials five times. The verb exasperate comes from the Latin word exasperatus, which means "to roughen," "irritate," or "provoke." To exasperate is to make something that is already bad even worse, like when sitting in traffic that is sure to make you late, you exasperate the person who is driving by bringing up an unpleasant topic, or the addition of twenty more students that exasperates the crowding in the cafeteria.

countermand

issue a contrary order cancel; revoke (an order) "an order to arrest the strike leaders had been countermanded"

convergence

joining of parts Convergence is when two or more things come together to form a new whole, like the convergence of roads. "convergence of opinions."

condominium

joint control of a country's or territory's affairs by other countries. the creation of an Anglo-French condominium to manage the Egyptian foreign debt.

scrap

junk discard, get rid of, annihilate, recycle discard or remove from service (a retired, old, or inoperative vehicle, vessel, or machine), especially so as to convert it to scrap metal. "the decision was made to scrap the entire fleet"

discrepancy

lack of compatibility or similarity conflict, disagreement, variance "there's a discrepancy between your account and his"

licentiousness

lack of moral restraint, especially sexually; a disregard for accepted rules خلاعة عهر they rejected vice and licentiousness.

Motion

legal permission to do something. "as soon as he heard the motions he wanted, he jammed through the terms he desired, and answered protests by outright threats."

whetted

sharpened excited aroused the butcher is always whetting his knife. the new land whetted the appetite of the. imperialists.

freight

shipment You pay freight for the freight of your freight. goods transported in bulk by truck, train, ship, or aircraft. "a decline in the amount of freight carried by rail" "we pay the freight" "the freight rate is usually cheaper" cargo, load, haul, consignment delivery, shipment, merchandise goods, lading Like many nouns that can mean an action as well as an actual thing, freight refers to either the sending of goods or the goods themselves. It can also mean the charge for sending goods. You pay freight for the freight of your freight. Freight can also be used as a verb. If you freight a train with goods, you load it up with items to be shipped, and if you freight your furniture to your new home in another state, you send it there. Use freight like this only if you are sending your things a long distance. If you your new apartment is only across town, you would say that you're moving your things to your new place.

permissive

lenient emollient parents submit to their children's desires. they are permissive in one direction and compulsive in the other.

abate

lessen to lessen in violence or intensity

spindle

mandrel مغزل cotton mill A spindle is a narrow wooden rod that's used when spinning wool. If your aunt has a spinning wheel for making yarn from the wool of her sheep, it must have a spindle on it for twisting the fibers.

outposts

military bases, usually located on the frontier مخفر عسكري "the community is the last outpost of civilization in the far north"

riddance

the action of getting rid of sth Riddance is the act of getting rid of something. People say "Good riddance!" when they're happy someone or something is gone. When you're rid of something, it's gone. You're rid of a cold when it's over. Similarly, riddance is the action of getting rid of something. The police are dedicated to the riddance of crime. Librarians want riddance of noise so people can read. If you have bugs where you live, you're going to be interested in their riddance: they will have to be exterminated. Good riddance!

abrogate

abolish (v.) to repeal, cancel, declare null and void, revoke. "the abrogation of the treaty of Versailles."

parish

A local church community A local district in the Christian Church) a small administrative district typically having its own church and a priest or pastor. "a parish church"

nexus

A nexus is a central link or connection. If you happen to be at the nexus of something, you are right in the middle of it, like standing in the middle of an intersection. Nexus entered English during the seventeenth century from the Latin word nectere, meaning "to bind or tie." People tend to use this word to describe the point where different things or ideas come together or intersect. In the field of cell biology, a nexus refers to "a specialized area of the cell membrane involved in intercellular communication and adhesion," and implies that the nexus of a cell facilitates communication among the various parts and allows it to work properly.

disposition

Attitude mood Someone's disposition is their mood or general attitude about life. If your friend woke up on the wrong side of the bed, tell her that she might need a disposition makeover. Disposition means the positive or negative way a person views the world. In contrast, your character is determined by your inner moral values, and your personality reflects what you're like as an individual. An animal with an excellent disposition is friendly towards people. If you are cheerful, you're often said to have a sunny disposition. Disposition can also mean "getting rid of something," so cleaning your room might involve the disposition of empty pizza boxes and soda cans.

platoon

Normally, a platoon includes 16 to 44 soldiers and is led by a lieutenant with an NCO as second in command. A platoon usually consists of three to four squads or sections.

Heresy

heresies are beliefs said to be contrary to official church teachings هرطقة

tentatively

hesitantly uncertainly in a way that lacks confidence; hesitantly. ""Are you all right?" Claire asked tentatively"

clamor

To clamor is to make a demand — LOUDLY. It's usually a group that clamors — like Americans might clamor for comprehensive health care coverage. The noun clamor is often used specifically to describe a noisy outcry from a group of people, but more generally, the word means any loud, harsh sound. You could describe the clamor of sirens in the night or the clamor of the approaching subway in the tunnel.

sanctity

holiness

loss of face

humiliation public disgrace "sensible approach was regarded as loss of face and unseemly compromise of exalted moral principles. "

dump

abandon "other countries dump steel in the US at below-market prices" desert, leave leave in the lurch leave high and dry turn one's back on jilt, break up with, finish with, cast aside, throw over, walk out on, run out on. rat on, drop, ditch, chuck give someone the elbow give someone the old heave-ho leave someone holding the baby give someone the push give someone the big E forsake send (goods unsalable in the home market) to a foreign market for sale at a low price. "other countries dump steel in the US at below-market prices"

pernicious

hurtful harmful damaging detrimental having a harmful effect, especially in a gradual or subtle way "the pernicious influences of the mass media" Pernicious means harmful and subtle, such as a poison gas that causes illness in those exposed to it over the course of years. Pernicious comes from the Latin perniciosus, "destructive," which in turn comes from pernicies, "death" or "ruin." You might have heard your parents and teachers talk about the pernicious effects of watching too much TV and playing video games all day — they'll turn your brain to mush (allegedly).

ensue

follow come immediately after When a sneeze comes out, and he hears the "Achoo!," a "Bless you" soon will ensue.

delirium

hallucination هذيان

maul

hammer sledge beat repeatedly Nurmagomedov mauled McGregor. Maul is both the name of a heavy hammer, and also a verb meaning beating and scratching. Tigers, lions, bears--animals with powerful paws and sharp claws, will maul their victims. The maul came to be used as a weapon in the late Middle Ages--if your opponent is wearing armor that a steel sword-blade can't penetrate, you can still inflict damage by mauling them with a hammer. You might not be able to stab your opponent, but at least you can maul them.

Weild

handle maintain, hold "wield power and authority"

strain

struggle strive. tension overtax. tightness exhaust. tensity injury "his voice was so quiet that I had to strain to hear it" "the barbed wire fence was strained to posts six feet high" "she strained his tolerance to the limit" "on cold days you are more likely to strain a muscle"

smother

suffocate stifle, asphyxiate

recapitulate

summarize

tract of land

territory terrain Large piece of land

conclave

secret meeting private meeting "the president and his cabal prepare for a new conclave to pick an equally evil successor."

denominational

sectarian طائفية "denominational politics" "they established denominational schools to hurm national unity." according to the principles of a certain religion relating to or according to the principles of a particular religious denomination.

axiomatic

self-evident evident without proof or argument "an axiomatic truth" , taken for grantedobvious easily perceived by the senses or grasped by the mind adjof or relating to or derived from axioms "axiomatic physics" Synonyms:axiomatical, postulational containing aphorisms or maxims "axiomatic wisdom" Synonyms:aphoristic An axiom is a self-evident truth. The authors of the Declaration of Independence could have written, "We hold these truths to be axiomatic," but it wouldn't have the same ring. The root word of axiomatic, axiom, derives from the Greek axioma, meaning "authority," or "that which is thought worthy or fit." We use it to describe statements that have the authority of truth about them, or that seem worthy of the truth, or fit to be described as such. That is, an axiom is a proposition that we don't generally question because it seems plain enough that it's true. And axiomatic means evident without proof or argument.

diverge

separate go in different directions "The two paths diverge here" "The lines start to diverge here" "Their interests diverged" antonym: converge When two roads diverge, they split and go in different directions. If your opinion diverges from mine, we do not agree. To diverge means to move apart or be separate. The poet, Robert Frost, wrote: "Two roads diverged in a wood, and I -/ I took the one less traveled by / And that has made all the difference." The word diverge in the poem carries both the meaning of separating and of being apart from the main. As a poet, it was Frost's job to use words properly. Here he does not diverge from this role.

detach

separate disconnect, segregate "the earthquake detached the city and made a new island."

Vassal

serf slave, subject. دولة تابعة "a much stronger nation can also turn a weaker one into a vassal state" If this were Medieval Europe, you would probably be a vassal — like most everyone else. Vassals were people who worked the vast plots of land that were held by lords, who though much fewer in number, held all the wealth and power. In days of yore, vassals pledged devotion to feudal lords, who were the landowners, in exchange for protection and use of the land—-called a fief. Use vassal when referring to a servant, or anyone wholly dependent on another, or to describe a place that is controlled by one that is more powerful. For example, during World War II, Poland was a vassal of Germany.

weak-willed

weak personality the weakwilled king.

embroil

involve in a quarrel entangle Europe embroil itself in squabble.

morass

swamp quagmire chaos a wet swampy bog; figuratively, something that traps and confuses.

showdown

a hostile disagreement a hostile disagreement face-to-face. confrontation, face-off, clash. " the intence showdown between the rivals."

bonfire

a large outdoor fire a large outdoor fire that is lighted as a signal or in celebration

ordinance

a law a regulation An ordinance is a local law. Many cities have recently passed ordinances making it illegal to smoke indoors or mandatory for pet owners to curb their dogs.

Triumvirate

A group of three rulers "at first, he rules as one of the triumvirate but he soon executed one and exiled the other one to become the absolute dictator." A triumvirate is a group of three people who share power. In America's early days, George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison were a triumvirate — three men whose leadership helped shape America. The prefix tri means "three," so it makes sense that triumvirate refers to a group of three. In this case, the three in question are powerful men who share authority. The word comes to us from ancient Rome, where two groups of three important men shared power over the Roman Republic. The First Triumvirate was made up of Julius Caesar, Pompey the Great, and Marcus Licinius Crassus, and the Second Triumvirate consisted of Marc Antony, Lepidus, and Octavian.

ordinance

a law or regulation. "the Ministry of Church Affairs has the power to issue Church ordinances. "

Correlation

Correlation is something that scientists are often trying to show--is there a correlation between smoking and poor health or between napping and productivity? How about daily flossing and good grades? Correlation derives from the Latin cor- 'together' and -relatio 'relation'--the word is all about things that go together. But beware: just because a study shows a correlation between two variables, it doesn't mean one necessarily causes the other. There is a significant correlation between going to high school and being a teenager, but that doesn't mean that going to high school causes you to be a teenager.

Secession

Formal withdrawal England wants to secede from the European union and Turkey wish to join. The noun secession refers to a big break-up — a formal split, an official "Good-bye to you!" — among political entities. If France has really, truly had it with the European Union, then a French secession movement may be in order. You could think of secession as a kind of divorce for governments, an official and often lasting split between an alliance, federation, or other political group. Secession is the noun version of the verb secede (meaning to withdraw from an organization), and when a secession takes place the group doing the seceding makes a formal departure from the original group. A famous example of political secession happened right before the American Civil War, when eleven southern states withdrew from the U.S. government over the issue of slavery.

kerosene

a light fuel oil obtained by distilling petroleum, used especially in jet engines and domestic heaters and lamps and as a cleaning solvent.

tribute

Money paid for protection جزية، اتاوة they imposed tribute on the conquered people.

fray

The word fray is all about friction. A frayed rope has been rubbed so much its fibers are wearing away. People experiencing friction are involved in a fray, or a noisy fight. If you have had a long day and feel like you're about to break down, you might say you are frayed. If students are arguing in class about whether nature or nurture is to blame for human problems, a teacher might stay out of the fray, letting the students reach their own conclusions.

till the soil

Tillage is the agricultural preparation of soil by mechanical agitation of various types, such as digging, stirring, and overturning. Examples of human-powered tilling methods using hand tools include shovelling, picking, mattock work, hoeing, and raking. ... "Tillage" can also mean the land that is tilled.

outflank

To move around the side of an enemy in battle. to move around the side of an enemy or opponent, especially in order to attack them from behind. "a succession of futile efforts to outflank each other failed."

Merchantalism

Trade to benefit the mother country. government dominated economy that strives for a trade balance

groundswell

a buildup of opinion or feeling in a large section of the population. "an unexpected groundswell of opposition developed" upsurge, wave, rise. "they faced a great groundswell of labor discontent. "

Plebian

a common man a commoner an ordinary citizen in the ancient Roman republic

holding company

a company created to buy and possess the shares of other companies, which it then controls.

modus vivendi

a compromise a practical compromise or arrangement that is acceptable to all concerned. " a modus vivendi was worked out by the two powers. "the two states have with difficulty reached a modus vivendi, though hardly friendship" a way of life

bulwark

a defensive wall bastion wall rampart parapet the car's bulletproof exterior will act as a bulwark.

impetus

a drive a moving force, impulse, stimulus "the prize money was a great impetus for contenders." An impetus is the force behind something, whether it's a boulder rolling down a hill or a person making a decision. Very little would get done if there were no such thing as an impetus: an impetus is some kind of force that gets something or somebody moving. If you push a car that's out of gas, you're the impetus that's getting it moving. An impetus doesn't have to be physical. Advertisers hope their commercials will be an impetus to buy the product.

monopoly capitalism

a form of capitalism in which huge corporations monopolize the market the last stage before the downfall of the whole capitalist system

Privateer

a privately owned warship commissioned to prey on the commercial shipping or warships of an enemy nation. English privateer involved in the slave trade; later helped build the fleet that in 1588 defeated the Spanish Armada (1532-1595)

respite

a rest a relief a break; intermission "a temporary respite"

porthole

a round window A circular window on a boat or ship

Dividends

a share profit earnings distributed to stockholders. a sum of money paid regularly (typically quarterly) by a company to its shareholders out of its profits (or reserves).

glimmering

a slight suggestion or vague understanding glimmer, inkling, intimation suggestion an idea that is suggested. "when the experts began to have a vague glimmering of this last fact, they began to modify their goals. "

buffer state

a small neutral state between two rival powers.

pittance

a small payment an inadequate payment "they work all day for a mere pittance" A pittance is a tiny payment or small reimbursement for work — generally an amount that's inadequate. The restaurant may pay you a pittance, but you can do well if you get a lot of good tips. The word pittance came into English from the Old French word pitance, meaning "allowance of food to a monk or poor person," which in turn came from the Latin word pietas, meaning "pity." Although a pittance may have originally meant that you were taking pity on someone with less wealth by giving them money or food, these days when you get a pittance it means that you earn a pitiful wage.

vested interest

a special interest in an existing system, arrangement, or institution for particular personal reasons. a permanent right given to an employee under a pension plan. vested interests, the persons, groups, etc., who benefit the most from existing business or financial systems.

eulogy

a speech praising a dead person At every funeral, there comes a moment when someone speaks about the life of the person who died. The speaker is delivering what is known as a eulogy. A eulogy is a formal speech that praises a person who has died. Usually a eulogy makes the dead person sound a lot more impressive than they really were. A couple of less common synonyms for this kind of "praise the dead" speech are panegyric and encomium. Sometimes the dead person was so unimpressive that there's nothing nice to say. And sometimes they were so awful that the only appropriate speech is a dyslogy that describes their faults and failings.

incantation

a spell a chant a recited magical spell. "I'm not afraid of any devil or demon or incantation," she said. "Double, double toil and trouble / Fire burn, and cauldron bubble." These lines, cackled by the Weird Sisters in Shakespeare's Macbeth, are part of the most famous incantation — or magic spell made of words — in English literature. Incantation shares a Latin source with enchant, both of which are related to chant. An incantation, then, summons a thing or action into being with words that are sung, spoken, or written. Long before it became the catchword of stage magicians, abracadabra was regarded as a powerful incantation capable of warding off serious disease. The phrase hocus pocus may be a corruption of a seventeenth-century incantation spoken during the Roman Catholic liturgy of the Eucharist, "hoc est corpus meum" ("this is my body").

quartet

a team of four A quartet is a musical group with four members. If you play the viola, you might form a string quartet with two violinists and a cellist. "the monarchy body was supported by four legs: the army, the landlords, the bureaucracy and the industrialists. " four people considered as a unit "he joined a barbershop quartet" Synonyms:foursome, quartetteTypes:quadrumvirate a group of four men Type of:assemblage, gathering a group of persons together in one place

rent

a tear a rip rend verb past tense: rent; past participle: rent tear (something) into two or more pieces. "snapping teeth that would rend human flesh to shreds" the country was rent with color hatred and group animosities. tear/rip apart tear/rip in two You don't own things you rent — you just use them temporarily. A rent is also a rip: "She fell and tore a big rent in one knee of her jeans."

earl

a title of nobility An earl is a member of the British nobility. An earl is ranked above a viscount or a baron, in case you know those titles. Earl certainly carries more clout than "Mister"! One of the ceremonial titles given to noblemen in the United Kingdom is earl. Being an earl used to come with a great deal of power and control over a certain region, including the authority to pass judgment in courts of law. While it's still prestigious to be an earl, there's less actual power involved in the position. The word itself comes from the Old English word eorl, "brave man, warrior, leader, or chief."

latrine

a toilet, especially a communal one at a military base

Concordat

a treaty a written agreement , covenant "Napoleon I's concordat with the papacy" A concordat is an agreement between parties, especially between nations or between a church and a nation. A concordat is official, written, and signed. When there is concord, there is agreement. That can help you remember that a concordat is a type of agreement between two or more parties. The earliest concordats were between the Roman Catholic Church and various governments, but a concordat can exist between any two entities, including two nations. When there's a concordat, the parties sign a contract and agree to do something. A treaty is a type of concordat.

attrition

a wearing down over time a war of attrition. Attrition is a gradual process of wearing down, weakening, or destroying something. When a company wants to reduce its payroll without firing anyone, it will sometimes do so through attrition; that is, by waiting for people to retire or quit without hiring anyone new to replace them. In a more general sense, the word means break down, wear out, or reduce in numbers. A triple overtime basketball game, with many players fouling out, is a war of attrition. When you see the word attrition, think "Gradually chipping away."

aberration

abnormalcy, abnormality aberrance, aberrancy, deviance "in 1920 people thought of wwı as a temporary wartime aberration that won't happen again at least any time soon. " An aberration is something strange that rarely occurs. An example of an aberration is when the temperature hits 90 degrees in January — it's nice and warm, but it's really strange. The noun aberration often refers to something that doesn't fit with current moral standards, or is something that shows a mental lack of control.

derelict

abandoned run-down, dilapidated مهجور ، مهمل "the cities were derelict and dying" "he was derelict in his duty to his country" If something has been abandoned, you can call it derelict. Even if a person has abandoned his responsibilities, you can say that he is derelict in his duties. But don't call a lost child derelict — unless, of course, he has neglected his chores. As an adjective, derelict describes something that is rundown, neglected, or in deplorable condition, but the word can also mean "negligent in duty." The politician was so busy using his office for personal gain that he was derelict in his duty to the people who voted for him; he hadn't been present at a vote in months. As a noun, a derelict means a homeless person.

Solvency

ability to pay debt when it's due the ability to meet maturing obligations as they come due. capacity to pay. "There are serious doubts as to the company's solvency."

extralegal

above the law "there were only extralegal recourses for their grievances" "all governments of the world are extralegal; the law applies only to you and me."

indispensable

absolutely necessary. essential. if you have asthma, your inhaler is indispensable. Indispensable is a strong adjective for something that you couldn't do without. If you have asthma and you're packing for summer vacation, your inhaler is indispensable, unless you enjoy gasping on the beach. Something that is dispensable is something you could get rid of, like that box of yogurt-covered zucchini snacks that's been in the pantry for a year.

attainment

achievement accomplishment realization, realizing, fulfillment, fulfilling, effecting, completion, consummation, securing, gaining, gain, procurement, procuring, acquiring, acquisition "the existing conditions made the attainment of their goals impossible. " The effort put into something and the pay-off when the work is over is called attainment. Attainment of your goal of learning to make the perfect omelet requires breaking a lot of eggs. An attainment isn't just handed to you — you have to earn it through skill and hard work. In fact, in slang, attainment is used interchangeably with skill. You might say that the inventiveness and originality of a particular rapper is his attainment, just as his fame, fortune, and respect in the hip-hop community is also his attainment.

apex

acme peak " the apex of the system is the bank." When there's no mountain left to climb and nothing but blue sky above, you know you've reached the highest peak — the apex. Apex can mean the highest point in a literal sense, like climbing to the apex of the Eiffel Tower for a fabulous view of Paris. It also can be used to mean the highest point in a figurative sense. An actor who wins an Oscar can say she's reached the apex of her career. If you're describing more than one high point, you could add an -es to form the plural apexes, but apices would also be correct. And if you're a botanist, you'd probably use apex to describe the tip of a flower or leaf.

counteract

act against. supposedly police act against crime but in reality they are an arm of the mafia.

adjoining

adjacent; connecting; contiguous; neighboring; touching Two adjoining states are neighbors. The United States adjoins Canada. If two rooms adjoin, they are connected by a door or they share a wall. When things adjoin, they have a physical connection.

deal

administer or bestow, as in small portions "deal a blow to someone" "inflation dealt a fatal blow to the middle class." administer, allot, deal out, dish out, dispense, distribute, dole out, lot, mete out, parcel out, shell out

concede

admit submit surrender "At midnight, the candidate finally conceded defeat." If you concede something, you admit that it is true, proper, or certain — usually in an unwilling way and often in the context of a competition, as in "At midnight, the candidate finally conceded defeat." In its most common senses, a near synonym of concede is acknowledge — if your mom is pointing out that you need sleep before the test, you should concede the truth of what she's saying. But another meaning of concede is to give away or grant something, as when an unpopular leader is unwilling to concede power. Concede is from Latin concēdere, from the prefix com-, "completely," plus cēdere, "to go along, grant, yield." The corresponding noun is concession.

upswing

advance advancement, amelioration تحسن ملحوظ، ازدياد ملحوظ an increase in strength or quantity; an upward trend. "cigar smoking has been on the upswing"

assertion

affirmation declaration, contention statement, claim "his assertion that his father had deserted the family" "the assertion of his legal rights" "the United states and the assertion of a right to protect the belligerent ships of Britain in wwı...so pathetic." An assertion is a declaration that's made emphatically, especially as part of an argument or as if it's to be understood as a statement of fact. To assert is to state with force. So if someone makes an assertion, they're not just trying out an idea — they really mean it. An assertion can also be an act that seems to make a statement without words. When your dog urinates in multiple places up and down your block, he's making an assertion of his dominance (also called "marking") over his "territory."

antivivisection

against animal experimentation against the cutting up of living creatures the practice is known as vivisection. Vivisection means literally "to cut up something that's alive," and it's the term used for operating on live animals for scientific research. The word is usually used by people who oppose the practice. You can see how the word would be an inflammatory way of describing experimentation on animals, as the root vivi-, meaning "alive," makes the practice sound all the more gruesome. Surgery on a (living) person would not be called vivisection. You can also use the word vivisection metaphorically, as you might write a review of a rap concert and perform a ruthless vivisection of the artist's rendition of "Somewhere Over the Rainbow."

exacerbate

aggravate; make worse worsen Poverty and homelessness often exacerbate mental health issues.

racking

agonizing tormenting "debt is nerve racking" "the lived in racking internal tensions under communism."

Covenant

agreement (Bible) an agreement between God and his people in which God makes certain promises and requires certain behavior from them in return. agreement, understanding the statement (oral or written) of an exchange of promises na signed written agreement between two or more parties (nations) to perform some action compact, concordat, Treaty "The nations covenanted to fight terrorism around the world" a ninety-nine-year covenant forbidding resale to anyone not approved by the neighborhood. "I think there's a covenant of trust with the audience," he told me. What we need is a new social covenant that affirms the value of decent treatment in the workplace and that punishes abusive behavior even when it isn't discriminatory in nature. A covenant is an agreement between two people, or companies, or even countries. It is formal, solemn, sometimes even sacred. There are some places where you'll hear covenant get used. It's a little old fashioned and formal, but marriage is often referred to as a covenant. The most famous covenant appears in the Bible — God tells a shepherd named Abraham to follow God's instructions in exchange for making Abraham's descendants as numerous as the stars in the sky.

allotment

allocation, "the allotment for healthcare was zero dollars but it was millions for sport. " ration, share apportioning, apportionment, assignation, parceling, parcelling Say you're stranded on an island with a group of people and you divide your limited food supply. The portion you each receive is your share, also called your allotment. No fighting over the coconuts! The word allotment shows how languages intertwined through the ages. We can see the word's origins in several languages, including the Old English hlot, the Gothic hlauts, the Old High German hloz, and the Old French aloter. All referred to dividing something into groups, or "lots." A "lot" refers to a group of things — stores refer to shipments of goods as being divided into "lots." That idea of grouping will help you remember the meaning of allotment.

falsify

alter To falsify is to alter or mangle something, like a message or document, in a way that distorts the meaning. Since false things aren't true, to falsify something is to dishonestly change its meaning. If a friend tells you a story, and then you retell the story but change important facts, you falsified the story. If you lie in court — commit perjury — you're falsifying the facts. Faking someone else's signature is another type of falsifying, as is lying on your resume. Anytime you misrepresent the truth, you're falsifying.

dilettante

amateur non specialist Though dilettante might sound like a nice French word, don't use it on your friend who thinks he can play the guitar after several short lessons. A dilettante is an amateur, often one who pretends to be very knowledgeable. The meaning of dilettante has changed since it was borrowed from the Italian in the mid 1700s. Originally, it meant "lover of the arts," but began to take on a negative slant as the idea of doing something as a professional took hold strongly during the 18th century. A dilettante was a mere lover of art as opposed to one who did it professionally. Today, the word implies you're pretending to be more of an artist than you're interested in or capable of being, so if you call your friend who likes to paint a dilettante, it's like you're calling him or her a poser.

Patrician

an aristocrat a noble, a grandee a member of a noble family or class in ancient Rome. That refined gentleman over there with the excellent manners, the elegant suit, and the beautiful home on Park Avenue? He's a patrician, a member of the upper classes. In ancient Rome, the word patrician referred to members of the aristocracy, but its meaning has evolved to include those who belong to the upper classes. The adjective form of patrician describes things that are associated with the upper class, like a patrician assumption that all children should go to boarding school. Someone who enjoys refined dinners might be described as having patrician taste.

sinecure

an easy lucrative job easy job , soft option a position requiring little or no work but giving the holder status or financial benefit. "political sinecures for the supporters of ministers" If you have a cushy job — one that pays, but involves minimal work — then you have a sinecure. "Because he was the brother of the CEO, he was offered a sinecure in the company: he showed up each day and collected a pay check, but others actually did his work." The noun sinecure comes from the Latin root words sine cura meaning "without care." It originally was used to describe a church position that did not include caring for the souls of parishioners, but that meaning is considered archaic now. The word is now usually associated with political appointments.

forgone conclusion

an obvious outcome; a result which can be predicted in advance Because of the home team's superior defense, it was a ____ that they would win.

fissure

an opening; a groove; a split, gap, rapture شق، صدع، شرخ a state of incompatibility or disagreement. "the fissure between private sector business and the newly expanding public sector"

pariah

an outcast a social outcast "In a single moment Web London goes from hero to pariah." A pariah is someone that has been soundly rejected by their community. Your constant gossiping might make you a pariah on campus. Pariah takes its name from a tribe in Southeast India. The pariahs were drummers, sorcerers, and servants who became untouchables in Indian society because of the unsanitary jobs they did. Pariah maintains this sense of untouchableness. Pariahs are not just unliked, they are avoided at all costs. Imagine how a once popular restaurant could gain pariah status if it fails health inspections three times in a row.

Disgrantled

angry disatisfied discontent A disgruntled citizen starts a global campaign to stop GMOs. Disgruntled sounds like what it is — dissatisfied, grunting and grumbling. You could become a disgruntled employee if your boss swipes all your best ideas without giving you credit (or a raise). Disgruntled actually comes from gruntle, an old verb meaning, not so surprisingly, "to grunt." When you're disgruntled, you might grunt with dissatisfaction and anger. If you are a disgruntled customer, why not ask to speak to a manager? Unless you'd rather just stand there grunting.

obliteration

annihilation total destruction eradication erasing the ultimate goal of TV programs is the complete obliteration of your true personality. it gives you a personality before you grow up and make your own.

coordinate

arrange restructure, structure, organize "religion was coordinated in various ways. the evangelical church was reorganized." "These activities coordinate well" Type of:conform to, fit, meet The word coordinate is all about getting things in order. Are your ducks in a row? Well, then you know what it means to coordinate something. And if you know exactly where to drop the bomb, then you know what the coordinates are. Coordinate is one of those words that can mean very different things but is rarely misunderstood in context. It's a great way to describe the work of organizing, planning, and strategizing. When synchronizing the needs of two distinct groups, for instance, it is necessary to coordinate priorities and schedules. And as you speed down the highway, listening to the serene voice on your GPS announce the coordinates of your destination, chances are you don't think she's organizing resources.

artificial conventions

artificial social norms we are hoping for a society freed from corruption and artificial conventions.

Caucus

assembly meeting the party caucus of legislative assemblies for nomination to public office. A meeting of local party members to choose party officials or candidates for public office and to decide the platform.

capital goods

assets and tools of production ادوات الانتاج Capital goods are man-made, durable items businesses use to produce goods and services. They include tools, buildings, vehicles, machinery, and equipment. Capital goods are also called durable goods, real capital, and economic capital. ... Capital goods are one of the four factors of production.

allot

assign allocate, devote "equal time was allotted to each in the debate" When you allot something, you are giving out portions: "Becky was able to allot five snacks per employee, but in the afternoon some workers sneaked back into the break room for more." Be careful not to mistake allot for "a lot" (a large number), which has a similar spelling and the same pronunciation. Use the verb allot when you need to describe the act of assigning portions of something — be it snacks, time, or blame. The word is often used in the sense of an official group, such as a government or a corporation, dividing up and distributing small portions of something desirable, such as funding, shares, or land: "Zenitech Corporation was able to allot land rights to four groups in the area."

beseach

beg ask earnestly , entreat , plead "he was beseeched by the chairman to show a more constructive spirit in the future. If you're begging for something but you want to sound formal and a little old-fashioned, say "I beseech you!" It really captures how urgent and desperate you are, yet perhaps saves a shred of your dignity. Beseech sounds a little like seek, which is appropriate. To beseech is to seek for something, or for permission. It is commonly used when people have an urgent request of clergy, or of a formal elder. It definitely adds dramatic undertones to whatever you're talking about. When your very life is on the line, it's your last hope, and you have nowhere else to turn, it's time to start beseeching.

onset

beginning early stage " the onset of war affected people's psychology." " the onset of monopoly capitalism was retarded by antimonopoly legislation." When something is at its onset, it's at the beginning, just getting started, and it's often something that's not so pleasant. The onset of hurricane season is probably not the best time to visit the beach. If you catch an infection right at the onset and treat it immediately, the infection may not last so long. You can also have an early onset of something, and that usually means something you'd rather not have at all, as with early-onset Alzheimer's, a disease that usually appears after age 65. If you begin showing signs of the disease at a younger age than usual, you're said to have early-onset Alzheimer's.

security

bond a formal declaration that documents a fact of relevance to finance and investment; the holder has a right to receive interest or dividends "he held several valuable securities" Synonyms:certificateTypes:hide 34 types...agency security, government security a security issued by United States government agencies or the Farm Credit System mortgage-backed security a security created when a group of mortgages are gathered together and bonds are sold to other institutions or the public; investors receive a portion of the interest payments on the mortgages as well as the principal payments; usually guaranteed by the government registered security a security whose owner's name is recorded on the books of the issuer (or issuer's agent) scrip a certificate whose value is recognized by the payer and payee; scrip is not currency but may be convertible into currency stock, stock certificate a certificate documenting the shareholder's ownership in the corporation tax-exempt, tax-exempt security a security that is not subject to taxation bond, bond certificate a certificate of debt (usually interest-bearing or discounted) that is issued by a government or corporation in order to raise money; the issuer is required to pay a fixed sum annually until maturity and then a fixed sum to repay the principal

security

bond ضمانات guarantee, collateral surety, pledge, hostage a thing deposited or pledged as a guarantee of the fulfillment of an undertaking or the repayment of a loan, to be forfeited in case of default. a certificate attesting credit, the ownership of stocks or bonds, or the right to ownership connected with tradable derivatives. A security, in a financial context, is a certificate or other financial instrument that has monetary value and can be traded. Securities are generally classified as either equity securities, such as stocks and debt securities, such as bonds and debentures. Securities include bonds, debentures, notes, options, shares, and warrants but not insurance policies, and may be traded in financial markets such as stock exchanges. Banking: An asset pledged to guaranty the repayment of a loan, satisfaction of an obligation, or in compliance of an agreement. Securities are broadly categorized into: debt securities (e.g., banknotes, bonds and debentures) equity securities (e.g., common stocks) derivatives (e.g., forwards, futures, options, and swaps).

Indentured

bound by a contract, obligated, enslaved "indentured worker" "indentured labor" To be indentured is to be forced to work by some contract. It started out as a word for a contract between masters and apprentices. Now it describes anyone bound to work, like it or not, because of some deal. Use the adjective indentured to describe someone who's bound or attached in a legal sense. If you're an indentured plumber's apprentice, you have guaranteed that you'll do that job in a particular way, for a specific length of time. If you're indentured to your grandmother, you may have promised to feed her cat every day for a month. When the word is used in this casual way, it implies a sense of duty that's become a burden.

fringe

boundary, edge if you make cutoffs from jeans, the little white strings around the edges of the legs make a fringe. A fringe is a decorative edge made of hanging strings of fabric. You know how fringe hangs on the edge of fabric and clothing? Think of this picture when you see fringe used metaphorically to mean something that is on the outer boundaries of something else. Many cities hold events called fringe festivals that celebrate art created on the fringe of the established art world. A group of people whose beliefs place them on the outskirts of a social group is called a fringe group. And beware of the lunatic fringe — they are the extremists and fanatics of a social or political movement.

boast

brag show off "the hotel boasts high standards of comfort" "I said I would score, and it wasn't an idle boast" When you boast you are bragging about yourself and your accomplishments (or maybe those of your family), often to the boredom and annoyance of your audience. Used as either a noun or a verb, boast usually suggests exaggeration, vanity, or pride. Along those lines, English poet Sir Thomas Overbury, who died in 1613, once said, "The man who has nothing to boast of but his illustrious ancestry is like the potato — the best part underground." However, the word can also be used in a positive way: a town can boast a new library, or a school can boast a high graduation rate.

stump

butt tail end "because of the weakened economic condition of that stump of the Habsburg Empire, it couldn't pay war reparations." the bottom part of a tree left projecting from the ground after most of the trunk has fallen or been cut down.

redeem

buy back rectify reestablish, reinstate, restore bring back into original existence, use, function, or position "they redeemed themselves by their courage." If you redeem yourself, you make up for wrongs by doing something that makes you seem good again, like when after being irritable and snappy with your grandmother, you redeem yourself by bringing her flowers and apologizing. Redeem comes from the French rédimer, which means "to deliver," and which in turn comes from the Latin for "buy back." In Christianity you can be redeemed by renouncing your sins. Classic heroes fail and then redeem themselves with valiant acts. But redeem doesn't have to be religious or moral. When you turn in a glass bottle for recycling, you redeem it, just as you redeem your coupon for 20% off your next hamburger.

drive

campaign حملة crusade, movement, effort, push,surge. "a drive was made by lanor groups." an organized effort by a number of people to achieve a particular purpose, often to raise money. "we're planning a massive membership drive"

Nulify

cancel annul, avoid, invalidate, quash, void "The radical left Democrats are trying to nullify an election and overthrow a democracy." To nullify something means to make it invalid or ineffective. A peace treaty is an attempt to nullify aggression and division within a region. If you take a null, or a zero, and make it into an action you can take, and you've got nullify — the act of making something void or zero-like. If you have an argument with your friend, it might nullify the fun you had together that day. This word is particularly used in legal language — a divorce nullifies a marriage — or in business disputes where you are trying to nullify someone else's actions or plans.

nominee

candidate مرشح " an oscar nominee. " A nominee is someone running for office. You could be a nominee for student council or for the presidency. To nominate is to name or select someone as a candidate for office. In the United States, the primary elections help each party figure out who to nominate to run for office. That candidate is called the nominee. Once a nominee is selected, he or she runs against the sitting president. There are nominees at every level of government. Being a nominee is quite an honor, but it's not the ultimate goal: a nominee could still win or lose the election.

apprehending

capturing seizing " Apprehending and trying those implicated in the plot." To apprehend is to capture or arrest, as when the police try to apprehend criminals and bring them to justice. You also apprehend a concept when you understand it, grasping or capturing its meaning. The verb apprehend has remained much the same since the original Latin, both in form and meaning. It comes from apprehendere "to grasp or seize." The word came to refer to learning — "grasping or seizing with the mind" — but then came to mean "seize in the name of the law" or "arrest" around the 1540s, a meaning that remains to this day. The word can also be used to suggest an anxious feeling about something about to happen.

Carryover

carried characteristic صفة وروثة something transferred or resulting from a previous situation or context. "the slow trading was a carryover from the big losses of last week" "a second notable carryover from childhood to adulthood was egocentricity."

detribalize

cause members of a tribe to lose their cultural identity the natives were steadily detribalized abandoning allegiance to their own customs.

verbiage

choice of words , circumlocution. "he drafted a covenant full of loopholes cleverly concealed under a mass of impressive verbiage. " Verbiage is what it sounds like — a lot of words: verbs, nouns, adjectives and all the other parts of speech. Usually, verbiage means a few too many words — like the excessive verbiage in a legal document. Verbiage comes from the 18th-century French verbier, meaning "to chatter." Verbiage can mean just the words being used to communicate, or a bunch of empty words used to obscure communication. Someone long-winded might receive a sarcastic "compliment" about his verbiage, while another speaker might receive genuine applause for intelligent verbiage, or choice of words.

enclose

close in; to surround on all sides "the entire estate was enclosed with walls"

guild

club syndicate, association a formal association of people with similar interests. 1. In order to be a member of the Pharmacist Guild, you must be a nationally licensed pharmacist. 2. The teacher's union is a type of guild that protects the interests of educators. 3. As the leader of the local guild of police officers, Ted works to ensure the group's members receive fair compensation packages. Another word for a club, group, or society is guild, meaning a group of people who have joined together in pursuit of a common interest. Many fraternal and theatrical organizations still maintain buildings called guild halls for meetings and activities. The earliest guilds were for religious purposes as burial societies and offering financial support. In the later Middle Ages, they became organizations to support various trades and crafts. As the forerunners of modern unions, they provided support for their members and were charged with assuring quality in each member's products. The word guild comes originally from the Scandinavian, with roots that mean "payment of tribute," similar to the German gelt ("money"), possibly to reflect the dues paid by members.

unweildy

clumsy awkward , cumbersome , impractical, heavy "the first mechanical clocks were large and unwieldy" If you see an unwieldy person coming down the aisle of the bus with an unwieldy box, you may want to step aside because that's , a double dose of clumsy. It's an awkward person carrying a box that is difficult to manage. Something that is wieldy is easy to control or handle, so something unwieldy is not. However, the un- form of the word is much more common. The base word wieldy has its roots in Old English, meaning "to handle or control" — used usually in reference to a weapon. You would not want an unwieldy person attempting to wield an unwieldy sword!

crass

coarse insensitive unfeeling lacking sensitivity, refinement, or intelligence. "he must apologise for these crass and insensitive comments ." "crass caricature. " "politicians pander to the most irrational and crass motivations of the electorate in order to insure future election."

inveigle

coax cajole, sweet-talk, wheedle, soft-soap influence or urge by gentle urging, caressing, or flattering. "the United states was inveigled into the war by a conspiracy of international bankers." When you tell your boyfriend he's not just the best boyfriend ever but also the world's best driver, and this makes him offer to drive the whole way on your upcoming road trip, then congratulations. You know how to inveigle, or use charm to coax someone into doing something. If you successfully inveigle your sister to doing something for you, she must be so caught up in your flattering that she is blind to your true intention. In fact, inveigle comes from the Middle French word aveugler, meaning "delude, make blind," which can be traced back to the Medieval Latin word ab oculis, or "lacking eyes." The people you inveigle don't see what you are really up to.

compulsion

coercion obligation, constraint, force "the payment was made under compulsion" "the use of voluntary method was removed and replaced by compulsion." The word gained a more psychological meaning in 1909 in a translation of Freud's studies, suggesting a type of neurosis that impels a person to do things in an obsessive manner.

behest

command order "they had assembled at his behest" Behest is an authoritative command or request. If your boss or principal asks to see you, you go to their office at their behest. Behest rhymes with "request" and they almost mean the same thing, if you give your request a little authoritative oomph, just a tad bit of "or else." Another difference between these words is that you can't use behest as a verb: You can't behest someone. You act according to their behest. The root word here is the Old English hehaes, means "a vow."

striction

constriction تدييق تدييقات "these new strictions were administered by the crooked politicians. " Striction(noun) the act of constricting, or the state of being constricted.

plenary

comprehensive complete "a plenary session of the legislature" "a diplomat with plenary powers" Cobb was invited to be the plenary speaker wrapping up a major ocean sciences conference next year in San Diego. General Assembly plenary session that commemorates the passage of the U.N. If something is full or complete, you can describe it as plenary. When you get to be a teenager, your parents can give you plenary responsibility for your siblings when they go out. They pay pretty well to boss the kids around! Although the adjective plenary can be used to describe anything that is full or complete, it most often describes a full meeting session, as in a political meeting or a board meeting. The school board met in a plenary session today to discuss the purchase of land for a new high school. When you got asked to be the plenary speaker at the board meeting, you made sure to put it on your resume right away.

incognito

concealed disguised, camouflaged, anonymously " traveling incognito." "in Holland he lived incognito as a carpenter in the shipyards of the East India company" with your identity concealed without revealing one's identity When you want to do something and not be recognized, go incognito — hiding your true identity. It is funny that the words, recognize and incognito, are both related to the Latin verb, cognoscere, "to get to know" because when you do something incognito, you do not want to be recognized. Celebrities often try to go out or travel incognito so that they may have some privacy, whereas an average person might want to remain incognito in order to observe something they might not otherwise be able to see (like a celebrity).

requisition

confiscation seizure, expropriation, forfeiture مصادرة ، استيلاء "agricultural requisition in communist Russia." Requisition is a very official-sounding word that usually means "to take or seize." We're sorry that your luxury suite has been requisitioned by the mayor's office. No, we have no idea what he's doing in there. Requisition looks a little like "request" and, in fact, it comes from the Old French word meaning exactly that. It can still be used that way, like when you make a requisition for a new office desk because the old one has three broken drawers. If a police officer requisitions your car for use in a high speed chase, it will initially require less paperwork.

contention

conflict struggle, competition, rivalry argument, dispute "the captured territory was one of the main areas of contention between the two countries" There is nothing "content," or satisfying, about being in contention, and that's probably because the word contention means being in a competition that ends with one side, usually the winning one, being content. "And in this corner, the contender" is heard at most boxing matches to describe each of the fighters about to go into contention in the ring. Sometimes, though, a contention can be a battle of words or a struggle between two parties over a single point. The expression "bone of contention" describes a narrow object of disagreement that reaches the level of strife, or contention. For two hungry dogs, though, the bone of contention might be a serious matter.

nexus

connection liaison, link رابطة، وشائج web, network "the nexus dominate a network of business firms."

overtone

connotation implication tone "the decision may have political overtones" hidden meaning

reprecussion

consequence actions have reprecussions

retrench

conserve cut down ,economize, scrimp and save. tighten one's belt; use resources carefully "corporations tells governments to tax and retrench to pass the crisis. Guess who didn't pass the crisis? you...I'm just kidding you fine; just keep paying your taxes. When times are tight, it's time to retrench. That means rethink your budget, cut back on the spending, and use your pennies wisely. Usually when you have to retrench, it's not a good thing. Companies in the process of retrenching are usually laying off staff or cutting back on employee benefits. But even if you're making gobs of money and your bank account is full of cash, it might be wise to save for a rainy day — that way you won't have to retrench when the going gets tough.

all in all

considering everything "All in all, he could look with profound satisfaction on his progress. "

dichotomy

contrast chasm, difference, split, discrepancy "the dichotomy between appearance and reality." A dichotomy is an idea or classification split in two. When you point out a dichotomy, you draw a clear distinction between two things. A dichotomy is a contrast between two things. When there are two ideas, especially two opposed ideas — like war and peace, or love and hate — you have a dichotomy. You often hear about a "false dichotomy," which occurs when a situation is unfairly represented as an "either/or" scenario. For example, the statement "All cars are either small and efficient or large and polluting" creates a false dichotomy because there are some cars that don't fit into either category.

adverse

counteractive opposite, opposing, counter معاكس "cabinets are overthrown by adverse votes in parliament."

counterproposal

counteroffer "the treaty terms were so harsh on the Germans, and the counterproposals of the latter were unsatisfying."

cloak-and-dagger

covert undercover, underground involving or characteristic of mystery, intrigue, or espionage. "a cloak-and-dagger operation" "he viewed his life as a kind of cloak and dagger struggle with the other forces." "cloak-and-dagger activities behind enemy lines"

fad

craze trend If it's all the rage, everybody's into it, your parents don't get it, and teenage girls across the globe are trying to outdo each other with it, it's officially a fad. From hairstyles to hula hoops to saying "that's hot," fads are known to rise to crazed levels of popularity seemingly overnight. But they fade out just as fast, leaving late adopters with outdated sayings and some seriously uncool shoes. Much like a fad itself, no one has any real idea where this word came from. But it's still in fashion some 144 years later.

animadversion

criticism censure. criticism or censure. "her animadversion against science" "the dishonesties of the financial practitioner were as socially acceptable as their wealth entitled them to be, without any animadversions."

postponement

delaying "that would force postponement of their dream and they don't accept it."

laconic

curt brief and to the point; effectively cut short "the laconic reply" crisp, terse, concise, brief, succinct expressing much in few words Laconic is an adjective that describes a style of speaking or writing that uses only a few words, often to express complex thoughts and ideas. A more laconic way to write that last sentence might be this: laconic means brief. There's a friend of yours who doesn't talk very much, and when he does, he says maybe three words and then becomes quiet again. You could describe that friend as laconic. The word comes from Laconia, a region in ancient Greece where the local Spartan rulers gave very short speeches. Being laconic can be bad when it sounds rude to be so brief, but it can be good if you're in a rush to get somewhere.

sever

cut off from a whole "His head was severed from his body" To sever something is to cut it off from the whole. If your girlfriend breaks up with you on your anniversary, you might respond by severing the blossoms off the roses you were planning to give her. (Just an idea.) Sever rhymes with ever, but it looks like the word severe, which means "harsh." The similarity between sever and severe is a good reminder to reserve sever for harsh, unpleasant circumstances. If you're trimming your fingernails, you might use the word clip, but sever wouldn't be appropriate. If, however, you somehow cut off your finger while clipping your fingernails, you're free to use the word sever — or any other word you like — on your way to the hospital.

decadent

decaying declining A decadent person or group has low moral standards: the decadent powers of the old empires.

mulct

defraud swindle. يغرّم ، يسرق بالقانون extract money from (someone) by fine or taxation. "no government dared propose to mulct the taxpayer for such a purpose" deprive someone of (money or possessions) by fraudulent means. "he mulcted Shelly of $75,000"

degrade

demean debase cheapen devalue prostitute lower the status of To degrade means to reduce the worth of something, as when smoke and pollution degrade the environment. The word can also mean to disrespect or insult: thoughtless comments can degrade a person. Degrade also means to break down. Old paper or photographs can degrade when left in the light — their material breaks down so that they crumble at a touch.

disvow

deny renounce. تنكّر ، تنصل من to deny responsibility for or connection with. refuse to acknowledge; disclaim knowledge of; responsibility for, or association with "he appears to be in denial of his own past, which he continually disavows" "Her husband disavowed her after 30 years of marriage and six children" To disavow is to deny support for someone or something. You might feel dissed if your biggest donor decides to suddenly disavow you in your run for president. Disavow comes from a combination of the Old French prefix des- meaning "opposite of" and the word avoer meaning to "acknowledge, accept, recognize." When you disavow, you are doing the opposite of acknowledging or accepting. You're rejecting or denying. When you disavow something you've done in the past, you reject or deny what you've done.

doom

destine fate predestine condemn to certain destruction or death. cause to have an unfortunate and inescapable outcome. "her plan was doomed to failure"

saboteur

destroyer wrecker "early saboteurs used to put their sabots inside factory machinery to cause it to stop functioning. this action used to be a form a strike." A saboteur is a person who makes a mess of a situation on purpose. You might call your little brother a saboteur for letting the air out of your bicycle tires, but you could be a saboteur in return by filling his shoes with cold spaghetti. Saboteur is a noun that is fairly new to the English language; it was first used in the early 1900s, and it refers to a person who deliberately destroys or obstructs something. It comes from the French word, saboter, which really and truly means to kick something with an old-fashioned wooden shoe. We can only hope that one day the word Nikeur might enter the English language to mean a person who kicks something with a sneaker.

retrogression

deterioration degeneration act of going from a better to a worse state انتكاس او نكوص تراجع تقهقر the retrogression of democracy. the retrogression of human values.

Resolution

determination decision solution "he always wrote down his New Year's resolutions" "they never did achieve a final resolution of their differences" "it was his unshakeable resolution to finish the work" The noun resolution has a few related meanings having to do with being firmly determined about something. If you lack determination, you'll never fulfill your New Year's resolutions. Resolution is the noun form of the verb resolve, which comes from Latin resolvere, "to loosen, undo, settle." We can still see this meaning in resolution, in the sense of "an explanation" or "a solution"; when a problem, conflict or mystery reaches its resolution, it has been "undone," so to speak. Another common meaning is "determination, resolve": "Jose approached the task with resolution." A related sense is "a decision to do something": "My resolution is to go to the gym three times a week."

well stated

determined by agreement; fixed. explicitly formulated or narrateda stated argument. "well stated objective"

formulate

devise construct, create , phrase, forge. "the lawyer formulated a better agreement." come up with (an idea, plan, explanation, theory, or principle) after a mental effort contrive, devise, excogitate, forge, invent create by mental act, create mentally create mentally and abstractly rather than with one's hands put into words or an expression "He formulated his concerns to the board of trustees"

appropriate

devote (money or assets) to a special purpose. "there can be problems in appropriating funds for legal expenses" allocate assign allot devote budget Something appropriate is correct and fits the situation. A sweater-vest with reindeer on it is appropriate holiday apparel, even if it's totally embarrassing. The adjective appropriate is used when something is suitable or fitting. It comes from the Latin appropriare, which means "to make something fit, to make something one's own." Going back even further, appropriate is related to the Latin word proprius, "to belong to a person, thing, or group." Another appropriate way to use this word is as a verb, meaning to steal or seize something, the way you'd appropriate your sister's sandwich if she left it sitting near you.

dispersal

diffusion dispersion, dissemination the act of dispersing or diffusing something " dispersal of a crowd." Dispersal is the act of spreading something around. This could be positive (like a dispersal of money) or negative (like a dispersal of a crowd because of a bomb). If you know that dispersing is when something spreads out or separates, then you have a headstart to understanding dispersal. Dispersal causes something to be diffused or disseminated, like the dispersal of seeds in a garden. A strong wind could cause the dispersal of someone's homework. A tear gas bomb causes the dispersal of tear gas, which in turn will cause the dispersal of a crowd. Anytime something is spreading out or becoming widespread, there's a dispersal at play.

ramshackle

dilapidated Is your house in terrible condition? Does the roof leak? Is it half tumbling down? Congratulations! It's ramshackle — in other words, in terrible condition and barely holding together. New York highways are ramshackle.

dim memory

dim recollection. i have a dim memory of that childhood cartoon.

discretion

discernment judgement. تمييز confidentiality, delicacy knowing how to avoid embarrassment or distress "the servants showed great tact and discretion" If you have the freedom to decide something on your own, the decision is left to your discretion. You're in charge. Discretion traces back to the Latin verb discernere "to separate, to discern" from the prefix dis- "off, away" plus cernere "separate, sift." If you use discretion, you sift away what is not desirable, keeping only the good. If you have the freedom to choose, something is "at your discretion." Watch out when you hear the phrase, "viewer discretion advised" on TV or at the movies, you will be watching something quite violent or explicitly sexual.

disaffection

discontent dissatisfaction, frustration استياء a state or feeling of being dissatisfied with the people in authority and no longer willing to support them. "there is growing disaffection with large corporations"

deter

discourage disused, frighten away "Halloween decorations that are too scary might deter trick-or-treaters." "some countries want to procure nuclear weapons as a deterrent against USA or UK or France." " retaliation is a serious deterrent."

rehash

discuss again to bring up again in a new form that is very similar to, but usually better than, the original form. "the whole affair has been rehashed endlessly since 1931 to the accompaniment of claims and counterclaims to the league of nations. "

revulsion

disgust distaste "news of the attack were met sorrow and revulsion.

sicken

disgust repulse . "Hussein didn't get the concessions he was promised; Lawrence sickened of the whole affair, changed his name to Shaw and tried to vanish from public view."

line one's own pocket(s)

dishonesty making money Fig. to make money for oneself in a greedy or dishonest fashion. They are interested in lining their pockets first and serving the people second. You can't blame them for wanting to line their own pockets.

disabuse

disillusion enlighten, correct, inform shatter the illusion of. "he quickly disabused me of my fanciful notions" "the red pill documentary will disabuse you." Disabuse means to free someone of a belief that is not true. Many teachers of health find that when they teach, they spend as much energy disabusing kids of false beliefs as they do giving them the facts. Disabuse is often connected to the word notion or idea. In singing lessons, you must disabuse young singers of the idea that they can sing better by singing louder. In the first year of college, many people are disabused of the notion that their experiences are universal — by meeting so many people who have had different experiences or come from different backgrounds.

slouch

droop sag stoop. مترهّل " slouch hat" "he's traveling incognito, concealed by a black slouch hat." To slouch is to sit or stand with your shoulders hunched. Most people are more likely to slouch when they're tired or bored. You might tend to slouch in math class but sit up straight and tall when your favorite art teacher invites you to enter a piece in an art show. Your math class posture can itself be described as a slouch as well. Yet another meaning of slouch is a person who's lazy or useless — this is actually the word's original definition, from the 1500's. It's thought to be rooted in the Old Norse word slokr, "lazy fellow."

toil

drudge labor, hard work كدح If you'd lived during the Great Depression, you might have toiled on roadwork and conservation projects. Your toils would have created roads in the. millions toiled in mines, logging camps and slave-labor camps.

peon

drudge menial Pity the poor peon. He exists at the very bottom of the food chain of servitude, beneath wage-slaves, underlings, drudges, or even minions. His boss doesn't even know he exists. Peon was a Mexican word originally, meaning an agricultural worker in servitude to his landlord. Today, peon has a more comic ring to it and is usually used in fun — though if you are a personal assistant to a tyrannical Hollywood star, for example, it's probably no laughing matter.

tinder

dry and flammable "they were tinder for the spark of a revolution." Tinder is one of the things you need to start a fire — it's the extremely dry stuff, like wood or paper, that catches easily and helps get your fire going. To build a campfire, you need both logs and tinder. You might also call tinder kindling. This material is so dry and flammable that it quickly catches on fire and burns long enough to ignite the larger pieces of wood in your fireplace or outdoor fire pit. The word stems from the Old English tynder, from a Proto-Germanic root meaning "ignite" or "kindle."

drab

dull dreary; monotonous قاتم "drab camouflage uniforms" "the landscape was drab and gray"

waned

dwindle grow gradually less. "confidence in the dollar waned" "the epidemic was on the wane"

dyestuff

dye صبغ a substance that yields a dye or that can be used as a dye, especially when in solution.

Autarky

economic independence or self-sufficiency. economic independence as a national policy "rural community autarchy is a Utopian dream but for a big country is doable."

commercial capitalism

economic system in which people invest in trade or goods to make profits

chagrin

embarrassment distress after failure. غم Chagrin is a noun that represents an emotion or feeling and it's an uncomfortable one. If you feel chagrin, it means that you are embarrassed or distressed as a result of a failure. To the viewer's chagrin, the final episode of the television series ended with several unanswered questions. . To his chagrin, the president realized his bill would not have the public's approval. To his chagrin he found that Rita was right all along.

discomfiture

embarrassment unease the many-eyed gaze of the class was the prime cause of his discomfiture and embarrassment. after he lost the match you could see the amount of discomfiture in his eyes.

impinge

encroach trespass infringe take advantage "This impinges on my rights as an individual" Whether you have a habit of standing too close when talking to others or bringing luggage on a crowded rush-hour subway car, you'll find people don't like it when you impinge on their personal space. When you impinge, you intrude on something, whether it's someone else's space, time, or rights. Think of it as moving in on someone's territory. The word also can be used in the sense of affecting something, usually negatively, often by restricting it. For example, constantly inviting your friend to go shopping and meet you in nice restaurants might impinge on her desire to save money.

fizzle out

end weakly die off the revolt started strong but it soon fizzled out.

feud

enmity hostility a bitter, long-term argument or hostility the feud between good and evil.

feud

enmity hostility, vendetta, conflict, strife ضغينة ، حقد، عداء "Hoover feuded with the CIA for decades"

adequate

enough sufficient. كافٍ suitable, appropriate. proper. "she had adequate training" "her training was adequate" "she was adequate to the job" "an adequate income" "the food was adequate" "more than adequate as a secretary"

mired

entangled stuck (morass, quag, quagmire) "Our people should not be mired in the past" "brilliant leadership mired in details and confusion" "went wrong in Afghanistan and how the United States became mired in nearly two decades of warfarem?" When you're mired in something, you're stuck or entangled in it. You can't get out. Sometimes, being mired means to be literally trapped in the mire, which is like a swamp or muck. But usually when people are mired, it's in something less icky but equally hard to get out of. You could be mired in six hours of homework. Congress could be mired in discussions that are going nowhere. A bad relationship could be mired in arguments. When you're mired, it feels like you're sinking in quicksand.

patent

evident or obvious adj: clearly revealed to the mind or the senses or judgment "patent advantages" "the Soviet-German relations shifted from violent animosity in 1933-39 to patent friendship and cooperation in 1939-41." Synonyms:apparent, evident, manifest, plain, unmistakableobvious easily perceived by the senses or grasped by the mind

plums

excellent INFORMAL a highly desirable attainment, accomplishment, or acquisition, typically a job. "he landed a plum assistant producer's job" excellent very good wonderful marvelous

orgy

excess spree, surfeit, overindulgence, overconsumption, splurge, binge "an orgy of shopping." "some day she will have to face the consequences of her orgy or borrowing." If you have an orgy of presents or snacks or even new ideas, you have so many it's almost obscene. In this figurative use, orgy means an event where there is just too much of a good thing! The word orgy comes from the Greek orgia meaning "secret rites" which referred to the secret rites of Dionysus, the Greek god of wine and love-making. An orgy is a gathering of a number of people that involves sex and drinking. You can use the word orgy to refer to any intense, excessive activity. Before school starts in the fall, most kids get to go on an orgy of shopping for clothes and school supplies.

commentary

explanation interpretation "eventhough the table looked self explanatory, it needed a long commentary.

expressly

explicitly; clearly. plainly, openly, publicly, "she was expressly forbidden to use the stove"

articulate

expressive demanding, eloquent, clear " their productive capacity can satisfy the articulate domestic demand in almost all fields of economic activity.

exaction

extortion exorbitant demand; "he supervised the exaction of tolls at various ports" "exaction of tribute" "exaction of various dues and fees"

wrath

extreme anger "the wrath of the proletariat." Wrath is great anger that expresses itself in a desire to punish someone: Noah saw the flood as a sign of the wrath of God. Wrath is also used figuratively of things that behave in a violent way: Earthquakes are the wrath of the sea. This noun and the corresponding adjective wrathful are in literary use but are formal or old-fashioned words, that crop up in fantasy fiction or movies set in prehistoric times.

infinitesimal

extremely small "the bolsheviks had no illusions about their position, they knew they formed an infinitesimal group in a vast country."

pet

favorite he couldn't achieve his pet scheme.

impel

force drive forward Impel means to force to move forward. A person sleep walking might move as if impelled by a force beyond their control. Loneliness might impel you to talk to someone you don't know. Impel derives from the Latin in- "toward" + pellere "to drive," which also brings us compel "to force" and propel "to drive forward." The boy was propelled by his fears, but when he said fear of bullies impelled him to stay home on Halloween, his mother compelled him to dress and go outside.

obligate

force, coerce, compel, constrain "the contract obligates you to pay your dues, but you are not obliged to give tips." To obligate is to either force someone to do something or be compelled to do something. You're obligated to get to work on time if you want to keep your job. Obligating has to do with responsibilities. When you have a job, you're obligated to show up and do your work. You could also say the job obligates you to do these things. Obligate, which is about obligations (duties), can be used another way - to commit as security. Money would be obligated, or put up as security. Obligate is not the same thing as oblige, which is like doing a favor. To obligate is meaner, it means "to force."

Buy on Margin

fractional trading paying a small percentage of a stock's price as a down payment and borrowing the rest. Practice of buying stocks by paying 10 to 50 percent of the full price and borrowing the rest; common practice in the 1920s before the stock market crash of 1929. The act of borrowing money to buy stock. The money was usually paid back from the profits of the stock. Practice of buying stocks by paying 10 to 50 percent of the full price and borrowing the rest; common practice in the 1920s before the stock market crash of 1929. The act of borrowing money to buy stock. The money was usually paid back from the profits of the stock.

wisp

fragment trace "a wisp of grass or hay." A wisp is a thin bit or thread of something. Even after you put out a campfire, there may be little wisps of smoke in the air above it. Tiny pieces of hair escaping your ponytail are wisps, and tufts of clouds or fog are also wisps. A more figurative kind of wisp, like a wisp of memory or sadness, is just the barest snippet of emotion. A wisp of a child is a tiny girl or boy, and a wisp of hay is used to dry a horse — this is actually the original, 14th century meaning of wisp, related to the Swedish visp, "bundle of hay."

on the face of it

from appearances alone judging by how sth appears used when you are describing how a situation seems on the surface. "on the face of it the problem seems minor"

disfavor

hate dislike, aversion, contempt. كراهية، ازدراء "raises could be taken away if an employee fell into disfavor"

forfeit

give up lose sth as a penalty; surrender. "you've forfeited your right to name your successor" "forfeited property" "the contract specified forfeits if the work was not completed on time" Forfeit means to lose or give up something, usually as a penalty. An adjective, noun, and verb all rolled into one, forfeit came into existence around 1300 meaning "to lose by misconduct." To forfeit is to lose or give up something as punishment for making an error. A forfeit is what is lost. You've probably heard of forfeiting a game or match — like when you don't show up with enough players or pick one too many fights with the opposing team. Surrender or lose as a result of an error, crime, or failure to fulfill an obligation

abdication

giving up the throne stepping down from kingship. a formal resignation and renunciation of powers. "the ultimatum included the abdication of the king before the onslaught stops."

glimmer

gleam inkling "Still, there is at least a glimmer of optimism" A glimmer is a tiny glint of light or the sliver of an idea. Either way, it's a sign of a lot more going on behind the scenes. A glimmer of light is just a little bit of light, maybe sneaking through the curtains enough to make a flicker on the floor. A glimmer of an idea is just a small inkling of an idea. When someone doesn't understand something, you could make them feel worse by saying, "You don't have a glimmer of what I'm talking about, do you?" When it comes to light, you can also say light is glimmering, or gleaming. People often say stars are glimmering.

against the trend of

going against stream " they stabilized the exchange rates by buying and selling foriegn exchange against the trend of the market."

obsolescent

going out of use becoming obsolete "the custom is now obsolescent"

plutocracy

government by the wealthy

Outlays

government expenditures النفقات including purchases, interest payments, and transfer payments. "the process required very considerable outlays to finish the project."

plutocracy

government of the wealthy

encroachment

gradual intrusion; trespassing "urban encroachment of habitat" "major encroachments on our individual liberties" Ex. I resent all these encroachments on my valuable time; V. encroach: take another's possessions or right gradually or stealthily; intrude; Ex. encroach on/upon

rye

grain a type of grain

clasp

grasp grip, clutch, hold tight, interlock .. "ancient and deadly political rivals clasped hands and pledged a united front against their common enemy. " A bracelet is held together by a clasp. A girl who gets a nice one from her boyfriend might clasp her arms around him. A clasp is a fastener. To clasp is to hold tightly. In all uses of the word, clasp means to hold together tightly. You want your bracelet or belt clasp to be strong so it doesn't come apart. And when you take a child on a walk across a busy intersection, you clasp their hand tightly. The word is not related to the word clap, but if you clap your hands together, then keep them there, you turn a clap to a clasp.

collateral

guarantee security pledged for the repayment of a loan "governments sell collateral as bonds, which means they can also print money based on that as if it were a back up like gold or silver." guaranty a collateral agreement to answer for the debt of another in case that person defaults Type of:security interest any interest in a property that secures the payment of an obligation It's what you promise to give someone if you don't repay a loan, like the car you put up as collateral when you take a loan out from the bank. As an adjective, collateral can refer to something indirect or off to the side, like collateral damage. Collateral is the watch you put on the table in a poker game, or the shoes you trade in at the bowling alley. If you pay back your debts, you get your goods back. As an adjective, collateral describes something indirect, like collateral damage (non-soldiers inadvertently killed in war) or collateral relatives such as your second-cousin-once-removed that your mother keeps bugging you to call.

tutelage

guardianship tutorship, charge "a mandate is a territory surrendered by Turkey or Germany after World War I and put under the tutelage of some other European power until they are able to stand by themselves." ... nowadays nobody buys this nonsense. If you babysit and tutor younger children after school, the kids are under your tutelage. You are responsible for their care and education. Tutelage can mean guardianship as well as teaching and sometimes it's difficult to tell which sense is meant. If an athlete is under the tutelage of his coach, the coach teaches him but is also responsible for the athlete's health and well-being. When the word describes a situation where one country or culture takes charge of another, it's more clear that management and guardianship are meant.

credulity

gullibility, naivete, "the relative innocence and credulity of the average person, who was not yet immunized to. propaganda assaults through mediums of mass communication in 1914." Did you know that if you say credulity ten times fast it starts to sound like orange? If you believe that, then you have a lot of credulity. Credulity means gullibility, or a willingness to believe anything. Credulity is a tendency to believe in things too easily and without evidence. If a swindler is trying to sell you fake medicine, then he is "preying on your credulity." This noun is associated with being naïve, gullible or innocent. It shouldn't be confused with credibility, which means "believability," although it is often misused in this way. You might hear someone say, "the farfetched plot of that movie strained credulity," but what he or she really means is "believability," or "credibility."

spurt

gush Things that spurt gush, stream, or flow rapidly. If you laugh too hard while drinking a Coke, soda might spurt out of your nose. Ouch! Spurt is also a noun: "A spurt of water erupted from the hole in the water balloon before she had a chance to throw it." Though a jet of liquid is usually what spurts, the word is also used for quick bursts of speed, like a race car that spurts forward suddenly, winning at the last second. The origin of spurt isn't certain, but it may be related to the German spürzen, "to spit" and sprützen, "to squirt."

longhand

handwriting his inaugural lecture was copied out in longhand by one undergraduate, Cecil Rhodes.

deleterious

harmful, injurious causing harm or damage If something is deleterious, it does harm or makes things worse. Smoking has obvious deleterious effects on your health, not to mention your social life. My parents were worried that their divorce would have a deleterious effect on us kids, but in the end it was less harmful than watching them fight all the time. For most plants, a lack of sunlight has very deleterious consequences, but there are some plants that actually do very well in the dark. It's a wonder, given how well-established the science is, that we continue to do things that are deleterious to the fragile ecosystem. We must be willing to live with the deleterious effects.

combine

harvester reaper " harvesting was increasingly done by combines." Hiram Moore's combine (the noun is pronounced COM-bine) was a machine that combined reaping, binding, and threshing into one machine, saving farmers a lot of work.

impress

have an impact on make an impression on. "the magnitude of the war was impressed upon them gradually. when they realized how big was the impact it was too late to pull back." Think of the verb impress as "leaving a mark." You might impress a print onto canvas, or you might impress prospective employers in a job interview. Whether that impression will be good or bad is up to you! The past participle of the Latin verb imprimere, "to press," is impressus, which evolved in the 14th Century to the meaning "to make a permanent image." That meaning included a figurative meaning of "to impress upon the mind or heart." Impress also means conscription into the military, or taking people to serve against their will — in other words, the draft.

have one's hand on the tiller

have things under control If you have a steady hand on the tiller, you are keeping control of a situation in a calm and reliable way. ... He was convinced that the job of those in power was to keep a firm hand on the tiller guiding the course of national development. Note: In a boat, the tiller is the handle with which you steer.

long-standing

having existed for a long time Ireland was agitated by grievances of long standing.

good faith

having honest intentions "he acted in good faith" "doubt was expressed as to the good faith of the immigrants" Synonyms:straightnessType of:honestness, honesty the quality of being honest the opposite "having a bad faith" = bad intentions.

haltingly

hesitantly or limping, broken, not continuously "after war, the system worked only haltingly."

cling

hold on tightly to hold onto, clutch "the smell of smoke clung to their clothes" "she clung resolutely to her convictions"

smarting

hurting feeling pain. "in 1920 France was still smarting from wwı."

hail

ice pellets "politicians were hailed by the public as cowards." Hail is when chunks of ice fall from the sky. Also, to hail someone is to greet them or say good things about them. Or it can be a way to tell people of your homeland, as in: "I hail from the Moon." Choose Your Words hale / hail Hale describes someone hearty and healthy. Rarr. All hail the next word! To hail is to greet enthusiastically. And when it hails, ice falls from the sky and hits those hale people on the head. Continue reading... If twenty third-graders all sent spit-balls up in the air at once, the spit-balls would then hail down on the class. If a presidential candidate has an idea for fixing the nation's woes, many people will hail that idea. If you see your former prom date walking down the street, you may want to hail them to say hello — or perhaps you'll want to hail a cab and get out of there as fast as you can.

obtrusive

imposing itself showy, pronounced, protruding, thrusting, striking out. "obtrusive antenna" "the obtrusive behavior of a spoiled child" "equally obtrusive was the graffiti" noticeable or prominent in an unwelcome or intrusive way.

pig iron

impure iron a type of iron produced by smelting iron ore with coke; of lower quality than wrought iron.

headlong

in a rush; with reckless haste. a reckless head first attack regardless of the consequences. "a headlong dash through the house" Headlong describes something done headfirst, rashly, or really quickly. Headlong can refer to hasty actions, but it can also be used more figuratively to describe decisions are reckless or made in hurry. Your sister may tend to weigh all the options, but you make headlong decisions. When you decided headlong to move to Florida for a chance to play professionally, your sister thought you'd gone off your rocker — but the day you sign a major contract, she'll be singing a different tune.

sparcely

in a small number in a sparse manner "sparsely inhabited"

in force

in effect operative "the policies are in force since last week. " "the treaty failed but both sides continued to act as if it were in force."

de facto

in reality in actuality "a de facto one-party system" " your country is democratic on paper but a brutal fascist de facto." "the island has been de facto divided into two countries" De facto is Latin for "of fact," meaning "in reality," and it's usually contrasted with "de jure," which means "of law," or "officially." If you're the de facto mayor of your town, you're acting as mayor, even though you weren't legally elected. You may be just helping out while the official mayor — the de jure mayor, the person who was officially elected — is out of town or ill. Or it might be more sinister — you seized power from the true mayor and locked him in the basement of town hall, and now you've made yourself the de facto mayor.

vestigial

in the religion of evolution (of an organ or part of the body) degenerate, rudimentary, or atrophied, having become functionless in the course of evolution.

idly

inactive doing nothing, lazily, in an idle manner "this is what I always imagined myself doing in the south of France, sitting idly, drinking coffee, watching the people"

instigate

incite urge on; to stir up, , start, provoke "false flag is the instigation of war using fake attacks. sometimes real attacks with casualties so they can set up two parties." When you instigate something, you start it, but the word carries conflict with it. If you are suspended for wearing a political t-shirt, the incident might instigate days of protest by students and faculty. Instigate comes from the Latin word instigare "to incite." People who are instigators often begin trouble but then back off and let others break the rules. If you instigate a food fight in the cafeteria, you might throw the first spoonful of mashed potatoes, but then you stop and let all the other students carry on the chaos. When something is instigated, the outcome tends to be unknown. The plan you instigate might not lead to the desired result.

exhortation

incitement an earnest attempt at persuasion pep talk, urging 1. The book is essentially an exhortation to religious tolerance. 2. The government has moved beyond exhortation to compulsion and thus removed yet another strand of local discretion. When you were little, heading out the door on a freezing cold day, your mom probably made an exhortation to put on your hat and zip your coat up all the way. An exhortation is a loud or enthusiastic urging. Use an exhortation any time you really want to encourage someone to do something. It's a way of communicating that's persuasive and powerful — an exhortation might come from a government in the form of a speech encouraging people to get flu shots, or it might be a teacher urging his students to sit quietly. Whether it comes in the form of a warning or encouragement, an exhortation strongly advises people to take some particular action.

sedition

incitement (to riot/rebellion) Sedition is the illegal act of inciting people to resist or rebel against the government in power. It's what the southern states did at the start of the Civil War. Sedition is the rebellious talk and encouragement that might lead to a mutiny, and can be charged as a crime, like treason. The Alien and Sedition Acts passed into law in the late 1700s were challenged by none other than Thomas Jefferson as a violation of Americans' First Amendment rights to free speech. The Sedition Act quietly expired a few years later but was essentially replaced in the early 1900s by what is called the Espionage Act, which was later repealed as well. Proving sedition can become a murky business: when should the expression of one's activism be considered free speech and when should it be considered sedition?

spotty

inconsistent "the wall had a spotty speckled effect" "She has a fairly spotty work record" Something that's spotty is uneven or inconsistent, especially in quality. If you can never rely on your internet connection when you're trying to watch a movie, you can call the connection spotty. The spotty reporting of your local newspaper means that every once in a while it publishes a well-written, newsworthy article, but often it's not worth reading. And your spotty attention during biology class probably means you'll need extra review sessions before you take the final exam. You can also use this adjective to mean "spotted" or "covered with spots," like your spotty Dalmatian puppy.

increment

increase physical process, process a sustained phenomenon or one marked by gradual changes through a series of states "your enemy pass laws in small increment until you acquiesce and then they pass more until you find yourself in 1984. Q: how did we get here?! A: incrementally." Consider expanding your vocabulary by a small increment, or increase, each day. Increasing your vocabulary by an increment of just two words a day means you'll learn more than 700 new words a year! Increment is often used in the context of a series of regular increases, so this word comes in handy whenever you're expanding or improving something over time. Maybe you contribute to your bank account in modest increments each week. Or, when working out at the gym, perhaps you increase the number of sit-ups you do by a small increment each day.

appreciate

increase in value gain in value "The yen appreciated again!" Synonyms:apprise, apprize, revalueapprise, apprize increase the value of Antonyms:depreciate, devaluate, devalue, undervalue lose in value depreciate lower the value of something Type of:increase become bigger or greater in amount vincrease the value of "The Germans want to appreciate the Deutsche Mark" Synonyms:apprise, apprizeapprise, apprize, revalue gain in value Antonyms:depreciate lower the value of something depreciate, devaluate, devalue, undervalue lose in value Type of:revalue value anew

wax

increase, grow wax and wane: undergo alternate increases and decreases. "companies whose fortunes wax and wane with the economic cycle" "the tide of the battle waxes and wanes."

index

indicator plural: indices. مؤشر indicant "this can be seen from the following table of indices of average stock prices for both countries in 1924." Can't find any information on the yellow-eyed junco in your guide to rare birds? Check out your bird book's index. It's an alphabetical list in the back of the book that catalogs all of the subjects covered by page number. In financial terms, an index is a list of stocks that are traded on the stock market, such as the Dow Jones Indexes. "Index cards" were once used to catalog books in a library, but now they're mostly used to prepare for a test or a presentation, thanks to computers. As a verb, index describes the action of creating an index, such as, "I'm going to index my photo collection on my computer, so I can find what I'm looking for."

requisite

indispensable necessary, required "the application will not be processed until the requisite fee is paid" "she believed privacy to be a requisite for a peaceful life" Requisite is a formal or fancy word for indispensable. During your punk phase, you refused to leave the house without the requisite leather jacket, black boots, and mohawk. To remember this word, notice how similar it is to required. College students looking to sign up for classes they find interesting often bump up against the word prerequisite, which refers to a list of classes they will need to take before the one they're interested in.

pander to

indulge please, kiss ass gratify, satisfy, cater to fulfill, yield to, bow to, humor accommodate, comply with go along with "newspapers are pandering to people's baser instincts" "politicians pander to corporations."

disparity

inequality discrepancy, injustice. تفاوت، تباين "the disparity in the distribution of income."

disparity

inequality noticeable difference "economic disparities between different regions of the country" If there is a disparity between how great you think you are at tennis and how you actually play, you are probably surprised by how often you lose. Disparity is the condition of being unequal, and a disparity is a noticeable difference. Disparity usually refers to a difference that is unfair: economic disparities exist among ethnic groups, there is a disparity between what men and women earn in the same job. This noun derives from Latin dispar "unequal." The opposite of disparity is parity, the condition of being equal or the same.

bequest

inheritance legacy heritage إرث "her $135,000 was the largest bequest the library ever has received"

hereditary

inherited, وِراثي passed from parents to children "members of the ancient Polish aristocracy who had hereditary right to elect the king"

preliminary

initial, first, introductory "a preliminary investigation" "training is a necessary preliminary to employment" Preliminary means something that comes before something else. If you want to run in the race, you have to place in the top third of the preliminary round. It can also mean "early" — the preliminary results are in, and you've won! Preliminary is often used euphemistically, as in, "There are a few preliminaries we'll need to take care of before you start your new job. First, sign over all your worldly goods to the company, then write a letter to your family explaining that you will never see them again. All set?"

foment

instigate incite, provoke, agitate stir up; to incite "they accused him of fomenting political unrest" Stand outside the school cafeteria passing out flyers with nutritional details on school food, and you may foment a revolution — foment means stirring up something undesirable, such as trouble. Choose Your Words ferment / foment When change is a brewin', remember: to ferment is to cause a chemical change to food or drink, like turning grapes into wine, but to foment is to stir up trouble, like turning a group of people into an angry mob. You would never say, "Hooray, we fomented a revolution." Instead you'd say, "Those good for nothing scalawags fomented the rebellion." Don't confuse foment and ferment. Ferment can mean "to stir up" in a good way — a football game can ferment excitement in a town, or foment trouble through traffic tie-ups and litter.

Endogamy

interbreeding the custom of marrying only within the limits of a local community, clan, or tribe. BIOLOGY the fusion of reproductive cells from related individuals; inbreeding; self-pollination. Rothschilds are famous for endogamy.

punctuate

interrupt or intersperse (an activity) with. "the country's history has been punctuated by coups" "she punctuates her conversation with snatches of song" to add marks such as commas and periods to writing to make the meaning clear.

bewail

lament bemoan The verb bewail means to lament or express great sorrow. When your big brother or sister starts kindergarten, you may bewail the fact that they can't play with you all day anymore but you'll be excited when you get to go to school also! The verb bewail is from the Old Norse word væla, meaning to lament. The prefix be- is added when you want to make something stronger or more intense. So bewail means to greatly lament and when compared to bemoan, a word with similar meaning, bewailing would be louder and more intense. You can bewail the death of a friend, but if you bewail a minor irritation like a broken nail, people will accuse you of being overly dramatic.

hordes

large moving crowds جحافل ، حشود "the growth of the Soviet industry was disrupted by the invasion of Hitler's hordes in the summer of 1941." i think Germany knew that the masons created that demon of communism to swallow her so she had to interrup that creation. Use the word horde to describe a large crowd: "A horde of people followed Newman as he left the airport in Helsinki." Choose Your Words hoard / horde To hoard is to squirrel stuff away, like gold bricks or candy wrappers. A horde is a crowd of people, usually, but it can also be a gang of mosquitoes, robots, or rabid zombie kittens. The noun horde is not for the sedate — the word typically is used to describe a group that is in motion, maybe even a little unruly, such as a horde of fans pursuing a film star or a horde of ants invading a picnic. If you are describing a calm, orderly gathering, the word group or crowd may be a better choice. You can save horde for the next time you need to describe, for example, your experience at a pre-Christmas sale ("A horde of holiday shoppers rushed toward the last discounted television set").

long-drawn

lasted a long time. the long-drawn agony of the age of conflict finally ended.

arrears

late dues unpaid or overdue debts; an unfinished duty. the bank was threatening to take immediate measuresto collect all the arrears.

Outlawry

lawlessness illegality, the action of making something outlawed. "the draft stated clearly the outlawry of nonpeaceful procedures."

litigation

lawsuit the process of taking legal action legal proceedings . to kill his idea, he was tightly wrapped in litigation.

indolent

lazy An indolent person is slow and lazy — not the type of person you'd want running your corporation or competing with you in a relay race. Doctors use the word indolent to describe medical conditions that are slow to progress. If you're diagnosed with an illness, you'd prefer an indolent one over one that spreads quickly.

peel off

leave formation (army) cause to disperse "the brutal attack peeled off some divisions and weakened the enemy. " Leave a group by moving in a different direction.

wreckage

leftover bits of something that is ruined the remains of something that has been destroyed. the wreckage of the ottoman empire was caused by the was and scrapped by them.

de jure

legal of law, legitimate, official, on paper only "de jure recognition of the new government" "he had been de jure king since his father's death" Use the adjective de jure to describe something that exists legally, like a law which specifies that companies can't discriminate against disabled people when they're hiring workers. The phrase de jure is often used to emphasize the opposite of de facto, which means "by fact, or "by practice." For example, de facto practices at companies are sometimes discriminatory despite de jure regulations against those practices. The Latin phrase literally means "of law," and it's been used since the 1600s to mean "legitimate or legal," especially by those in the legal profession.

relinquish

let go of "relinquish the old ideas" Synonyms: dispense with, forego, foreswear, forgo, waive give up If you relinquish something, you let it go. You relinquish control of the army when you resign as general. You relinquish your plan to sneak into town when your parents find out what's going on. Relinquish is also commonly used to mean physically letting go of something: The monkey wouldn't relinquish its grasp on the banana. Relinquish descends from Latin relinquere, from the prefix re- "again" plus linquere "to leave."

plateau

level level up " Eventually the depreciation will plateau and be on par with the depreciation of comparable vehicles." A plateau is a high, flat area of land. The word has also been stretched to include a leveling off of progress. At first the children at the sleepover were running wild, but then their energy level reached a plateau. You can see the word plate inside plateau. Think flat like a plate, or think about mountains that look like tables you could set with plates--so flat the plates won't fall off. If you're a French speaker, this will be easier, as plateau derives from the French plat, "level."

lurk

lie hidden lie in wait, lurch, ambush "stalin lurked in the background and waited for the perfect moment to swoop on the party leadership." To lurk is to creep around, hide out, and wait to attack. Your team's strategy for winning capture the flag might be to lurk in the bushes for an hour until the opposing side thinks you gave up and went home. The verb lurk means to move furtively or sneak around, usually while you wait to pounce. Tigers lurk through the jungle, stalking their prey, and creepy characters are always lurking in the shadows in horror movies. Perhaps that's why you'll often hear people describe not-so-safe places by saying that danger lurks at every turn. Other words for lurk include creep, prowl, and snoop.

scratch plow

lightway wooden plow

liaison

link love affair

interlock

link, تشابك connect, join "their fingers interlocked"

Liquefaction

liquifaction turn into liquid the process of making something, especially a gas, liquid. "helium can be obtained from the liquefaction of natural gas"

roll

list listing a database containing an ordered array of items (names or topics) "the party has huge members base but later a purge began which reduced the party rolls." "his name was struck off the rolls"

wrought iron

malleable iron a tough malleable form of iron suitable for forging or rolling rather than casting, obtained by puddling pig iron while molten. It is nearly pure but contains some slag in the form of filaments. الحديد المطاوع

rein

long strap restrain "by that time he held the reins of government firmly in his own hands." "he took up the reins of government" "rein a horse" "He reined in his horses in front of the post office" "But if the problems were so evident so early, why didn't governments rein the industry in? Rein is both a noun and a verb for guiding and restraining. You can use the long strap, or rein, on a horse to control its speed and direction, and you can rein in your own tongue by closing your mouth. Rein rhymes with rain but the two words describe very different things. Rain comes down all over the place, uncontrolled, while a rein holds things in place or controls what comes out. As a noun, rein is often used as a plural word "reins" when talking about actual leather restraints used in horse riding, but a rein also is something non-physical like when you put a rein on spending by shopping less.

fealty

loyalty fidelity allegiance the fidelity of a vassal or feudal tenant to his lord. b : the obligation of such fidelity The vassal vowed fealty to the king. 2 : intense fidelity the fealty of country music fans to their favorite stars—

prostrate

lying flat overwhelmed "his wife was prostrate with shock" "she prostrated herself on the bare floor of the church"

mania

madness "the activist has a positive mania for constitution-mongering."

gist

main point, essence. "He watched the trailer, but he still didn't get the gist of the movie." Or, "She was having trouble writing a headline that conveyed the gist of her article." "the gist of the prosecutor's argument"

crux

main point; the heart of the matter the real crux of controversy was the issue of self-government.

gloss

make glossy shine , give a shine to glaze, polish 2. conceal , cover up , hide the true face of sth. "the social costs of this growth are glossed over" 3. explanation A gloss is a shiny finish on an object. It's also an explanation about a word or phrase. Right now, you're reading a gloss on the word gloss. Gloss has a number of meanings, so it's a good idea to read our gloss on this word. Gloss can refer to the shine or polish on a smooth surface. A gloss can also be a definition or explanation. A book may have glosses that explain what unusual or technical terms mean. Sometimes gloss has a negative sense: if you leave out important information when discussing something, you could be accused of glossing over those details.

wend one's way

make his way meander "the diplomat is wending his way from Germany to Rome and Paris in an effort to obtain their consent. "

rejuvenate

make young again make youthful again.

monolithic

massive and uniform inflexible "the monolithic proportions of Stalinist architecture" "a monolithic society" "a monolithic worldwide movement" Synonyms:undiversified When something is monolithic it's big, and made of one thing. A large piece of stone jutting from the earth is a monolith, and Detroit's economy when it depended entirely on the auto industry was monolithic. Broken into its roots mono and lithic, monolithic means simply "one stone." When monolithic is used to describe something societal — like a religion or an organization — it has a slightly negative connotation. For example, a monolithic society is rigid and homogenous, not open to new ideas. Being monolithic is good for rocks, but not so good for groups of people.

Animism

matter has soul The belief that bodies of water, animals, trees, and other natural objects have spirits. مذهب حيوية المادة Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life. the attribution of a soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena. the belief in a supernatural power that organizes and animates the material universe. "a village steeped in ancient animism and rituals"

machinery

mechanism "his victory is due to his ability to control the administrative machinery of the party." Machinery refers to specific machines or machines in general. A farmer has lots of farm machinery, like tractors and plows. Machinery is also the inner workings of something — the machinery of a society is how a society works. You can refer to a group of machines as machinery, such as the machinery in a factory or the machinery in a laboratory. It's also the inner workings of a particular machine, like the machinery that keeps your computer running. Machinery has to do with how something works or functions. The government, media, business, and family are all part of the machinery of society. The word machinery originally referred to the devices used for creating stage effects in the theater.

geriatrics

medical treatment and care of old age. geriatrician. gerontology

parishioner

member of the church

Psychoanalysis

mental illness "France fear of Germany gave her a feeling of insecurity wich practically became a psychosis." If your Uncle Marvin starts talking to his furniture and sewing his own clothes out of newspapers, he may be suffering from psychosis, which is a serious psychiatric illness in which a person loses touch with reality. The Greek psykhe, or "mind" combines with the Latin suffix -osis, "abnormal condition," to form the word psychosis. An "abnormal condition of the mind" sounds like it could describe a lot of mental conditions, and in fact psychosis is a broad term that covers many different disorders. The symptom that those who suffer from psychosis have in common is that they don't experience reality in the same way that most people do; they may hallucinate, or see and hear things that aren't really there.

senility

mental infirmity as a consequence of old age

envoy

messenger representative don't kill the envoy. An envoy is someone sent out as a messenger to represent another person or group, such as a country or business. The saying "Don't kill the messenger" could easily be "Don't kill the envoy," because an envoy is a messenger. The U.S. government has many envoys, as do other countries and many organizations and businesses. In government, an envoy has much less power than an ambassador. The word envoy is also used to describe a brief postscript in poetry or prose that explains or ties up the previous piece before "sending it to readers," so that's messenger-like too.

Ferrous metals

metals containing iron

Phalanx

military unit any closely ranked crowd of people. any of the bones of the fingers or toes. "Moments later, he's surrounded by a phalanx of security, radios squawking. "a phalanx of law enforcement officers" A phalanx is a tightly knit group of people or things, like an army troop or a bunch of fans of the same band. Phalanx refers to any tightly formed group of soldiers or officers, and historically defines a body of Macedonian infantry whose shields overlapped. From that sense, it came to mean any close-knit group. Another definition of phalanx — any bone in a finger or toe — also came out of the military sense: these bones work together closely, just like a military phalanx. The plural for these bones is phalanges, while the plural for the other senses is phalanxes.

play dow

minimize the importance of make something appear less important he played down his role in the problem. he played down his involvement/ implication..

cynical

misanthropic negative, pessimistic "most people are cynical about politicians. " If you think public officials are nothing but a bunch of greedy buffoons, you have a cynical attitude about politics. believing the worst of human nature and motives; having a sneering disbelief in e.g. selflessness of others A cynical person has a bleak outlook about others, always imagining that people are ruled by their worst instincts. H.L. Mencken was famous for saying cynical things like, "Nobody ever went broke underestimating the intelligence of the American public." The original Cynics were ancient Greek philosophers who never had a good word to say about anyone. The Greek word kynikos actually means "canine," maybe because all of that sneering seemed a little dog-like.

deplorable

miserable distressing, condemnable, مؤسف بائس "deplorable housing conditions in the inner city" "a deplorable act of violence" "my finances were in a deplorable state" Deplorable is an adjective used to describe something extremely bad or unfortunate, like the deplorable destruction and loss of life in Japan after the earthquake and tsunami. Deplorable comes from the French word déplorer meaning "to give up as hopeless," meaning something is so bad, there is no hope of improvement like the deplorable actions of the arsonist who burned down the museum filled with priceless antiques. Deplorable can also describe something that is of terrible quality or unhealthful, like the deplorable state of the area under your bed — is that a moldy sandwich under there?

bungle

mismanage miscarry handle badly; to botch or mess up. Saying the wrong thing at the wrong time, dropping something, tripping and falling: these are some classic bungles — and they're always embarrassing. Bungles are bummers, it's true. Ever said something awkward in front of a grandparent or dropped a cake on someone's lap? Those are bungles — accidents that make you blush. Bungle can also be used as a verb when someone acts like a fool or simply messes everything up, as in "The teacher bungled her lecture because she left her notes at home," or "My bungling dad fell into the punch bowl. Again."

erroneously

mistakenly inaccurately " it was erroneously regarded as a good sign." If you've done something erroneously, you've made a mistake or accidentally given out wrong information. If you erroneously accuse your brother of eating the last slice of your pecan pie, then you're wrong: he didn't do it. Erroneously traces back to the Latin word errare, meaning "to stray, err." If something's done erroneously, you can think of it as straying from the right path and ending up going in the wrong direction. If you erroneously report to the IRS that you only made $500 last year and you really made $10,000, well, that's a big mistake. If you do something erroneously, it's typically by accident — you think it's right but it isn't.

disposition

mood attitude 2. riddance distribution disposal "this is a tax that affects the disposition of assets on death" 3. arrangement "the prerogative gives the state widespread powers regarding the disposition and control of the armed forces" Someone's disposition is their mood or general attitude about life. If your friend woke up on the wrong side of the bed, tell her that she might need a disposition makeover. An animal with an excellent disposition is friendly towards people. If you are cheerful, you're often said to have a sunny disposition. Disposition can also mean "getting rid of something," so cleaning your room might involve the disposition of empty pizza boxes and soda cans.

paramount

most important saving the planet from chemtrail, nuclear pollution and GMOs should be paramount.

proliferation

multiplication growth, expansion "we attempted to measure cell proliferation" "a continuing threat of nuclear proliferation" Proliferation is a rapid multiplication of parts or the increase in the number of something. Nuclear proliferation is a rapid increase of nuclear weapons. The proliferation of any living thing will often create an overpopulation problem and cause an environmental imbalance. A proliferation of fuzzy koala bears might seem kind of nice, but these cute little creatures would soon eat up all the eucalyptus, running out of food and causing problems for other species. We almost always use this word to describe stuff we don't want to increase rapidly. The excessive proliferation of mutated cells, for instance, is how cancer grows.

rally

muster your strength summon, pull together, strive "she rallied her intellect" "he feared the rallying of their troops for a counterattack" Use the verb rally to describe that last push to finish a difficult something. When you hit that last mile in the race and are so tired you want to quit, that's when you rally, finding the strength to pick up the pace. The verb rally is often used to describe a physical effort that has been renewed, but it can describe anything that involves bouncing back from a setback. For example, if something makes you feel disappointed, you rally to get your positive attitude back. Rally can also describe bringing people together, often to support a cause. The event itself is also called a rally, like pep rally in which students boost the confidence of their team as it heads into the championship game.

rally try

muster, muster up, summon, assemble collect, garner, gather, pull together "she rallied her intellect" "the separatists were not expected to rally with much enthusiasm to the cause of the empire." "he feared the rallying of their troops for a counterattack" return to a former condition "The jilted lover soon rallied and found new friends" "The stock market rallied" rebound, recover, recuperate regain a former condition after a financial loss Use the verb rally to describe that last push to finish a difficult something. When you hit that last mile in the race and are so tired you want to quit, that's when you rally, finding the strength to pick up the pace. The verb rally is often used to describe a physical effort that has been renewed, but it can describe anything that involves bouncing back from a setback. For example, if something makes you feel disappointed, you rally to get your positive attitude back. Rally can also describe bringing people together, often to support a cause. The event itself is also called a rally, like pep rally in which students boost the confidence of their team as it heads into the championship game.

untended

not cared for not looked after; neglected they dispersed the peaceful protest leaving the wounded untended on the ground.

indefinite

not clearly defined "they were indefinite about their plans" "plans are indefinite" "their promise was vague and at somme indefinite date."

recrimination

mutual accusations Three years on, the atmosphere is still full of aggression and mutual recrimination. Sometimes you accuse your opponent of refusing to compromise and he accuses you of the same thing. That's a recrimination, an accusation or insult that's hurled back at someone. If you've ever been in a verbal disagreement with someone, odds are that you've experienced recriminations. You can remember it by noticing that crim as in "crime" is part of the word. When recriminations fly back and forth between two sides, each accuses the other of crimes in the metaphorical sense. Once the emergencies of a disaster have been taken care of, recriminations are sometimes hurled at those in charge for the way the crisis was handled.

gag

muzzle muffle "The press was gagged" "governments are perfect in gagging the opposition." "The burglars gagged the home owner and tied him to a chair" "he swallowed a fishbone and gagged" A gag is a piece of cloth that's tied around a person's face to keep them from speaking or being heard. Cartoon bad guys often tie up their victims and put gags over their mouths. To use a gag for shutting someone up is to gag them. Both the noun and verb forms of gag can also be figurative: "Her government is trying to gag her by censoring her," or "The lack of a right to free speech in some countries is a gag." Another way to gag is to retch, or begin to vomit. The root of gag is probably the Old Norse gag-hals, "with head thrown back."

autarchy

na political system governed by a single individual. economic independence as a national policy. The end of the Cold War was in many respects a victory for open trade versus autarchy. The Fascist states of the present time exhibit a definite drift from free trade to autarchy.

constriction

narrowing tightening تدييق narrowing shrinking the action of making something narrower by pressure or of becoming narrower; tightening. "asthma is a constriction of the airways"

adversely

negatively "that may adversely affect the government plans."

Successor States

new state This was the name given to the new national states (Yugoslavia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria and Hungary) whose existence was confirmed by the Paris peace settlement. Succession of states is a theory and practice in international relations regarding successor states. A successor state is a sovereign state over a territory and populace that was previously under the sovereignty of another state. The theory has its root in 19th-century diplomacy. - - a new smaller country formed after a larger country has been divided up: Russia, Georgia and Ukraine are three of the successor states to the Soviet Union.

pluralist economy

non-governmental groups use their resources to exert influence. a theory of democracy that holds that citizen membership in groups is the key to political power

unseemly

not suitable inappropriate improper unbecoming it is unseemly to use foul language at your grandmother's tea party.

bound

obligated tied adjective: bound going or ready to go toward a specified place. "the three moon-bound astronauts" destined or likely to have a specified experience. "they were bound for disaster" "after too many crises, everyone knew that war was bound to come."

fetish

obsession compulsion, mania, fancy, fascination, craze. "both enemies were attached to the fetish of total victory. " A fetish is an extremely strong devotion to something. There are sexual fetishes and nonsexual fetishes: both are obsessive interests. The most common use of the word fetish is probably the sexual meaning. Someone with a foot fetish is abnormally interested in feet and gets sexual pleasure from seeing, being around, and even thinking about feet. There are probably thousands of sexual fetishes, most of which are too inappropriate to write about here. A non-sexual fetish is just an excessive interest in something, like a football fan who lives and breathes everything NFL.

monomania

obsession with one thing possession "she has an obsession with her dream that verges on monomania" Someone who suffers from monomania is unhealthily preoccupied with something. If your sister talks about nothing but her collection of vintage lunch boxes, you could call it monomania. It's one thing to be excited about playing Scrabble or preoccupied with local politics, but when any interest gets out of hand, you can call it monomania. The word monomania, from the Greek mono, "one" and mania, "madness," was coined by a French psychiatrist in the early 1800s. One of the most famous literary cases of monomania is that of Captain Ahab, obsessed with his pursuit of Moby Dick.

piecemeal

one piece at a time; gradually a little at a time "the village is slowly being killed off by piecemeal development" "they begin to install the system piecemeal."

squatter

occupier settler a settler on unoccupied land without legal claim A squatter is someone who lives on unoccupied land or in a vacant building without permission from the owner. Some squatters move into abandoned homes because they have nowhere else to live, while others are part of social movements that see squatting as a response to political and economic systems that have made housing inaccessible for many. While in some places it's a crime to be a squatter, other jurisdictions view squatting as a conflict between the squatter and the owner. An earlier definition of squatter was "settler who doesn't (yet) have a title to the land."

Incidence

occurrence حدوث، طروء rate, or frequency of a disease, crime, or something else undesirable. the way in which the burden of a tax falls upon the population. "the entire incidence falls on the workers"

alternate

occurring by turns; first one and then the other. alternating, rotating, in rotation. "alternating feelings of love and hate" "an alternate periods of elation and discouragement. " alternatingcyclic, cyclical recurring in cycles On a checkerboard, black squares alternate with white ones. As a verb, alternate means to do something in turns. As a noun, an alternate is a replacement. Choose Your Words alternate / alternative To alternate is to take turns; an alternative is an option. When you wear your checkered blazer, the black and white squares alternate. But if you're not feeling like an '80s guitar hero, the green plaid jacket is a nice alternative. While the noun and verb seem not to mean the same thing, think of it this way: If you are brought on in a game to be someone's alternate, you are there to take their turn. Alternate can also be used as an adjective, meaning different or other. An alternate view of history is one that looks at the past from an uncommon perspective. Pay attention to the pronunciation of alternate: as a verb the end is pronounced "-nāt" and as a noun or adjective "-nət."

lowly

of low rank humble "lowly position" "from the king to lowly positions; everyone was corrupted."

mandate

official command a document giving an official instruction or command. "a mandate to seek the release of political prisoners" "the government began mandating better car safety" a territory surrendered by Turkey or Germany after World War I and put under the tutelage of some other European power until they are able to stand by themselves. "the conflict held the area as a mandate of the League of Nations after 1923." with this same trick Palestine got stolen.

Encyclical

official letter An official letter from the pope, usually addressed to all Church members. the Pope issued an encyclical ordering all members to strictly follow the teachings of the establishment.

sanction

official permission or approval punishment the person who invented this word should be publicly sanctioned! Before invading Iraq, the U.S. and its allies first imposed sanctions on the country.

on one's merits

on its intrinsic value on one's merits or according to one's merits. With regard only to the intrinsic quality of something or someone. For example, Who supports it doesn't matter; we have to consider the idea solely on its merits, or The agency doesn't care about her references but wants to hire candidates according to their merits.

position

opining view " Montagu Norman's position was gathered from different sources and based on long years of experience."

averse to

opposed to some few true gentlemen were averse to colonial expansion.

injunction

order command an authoritative command or order Christ's injunctions.

enjoin

order command, instruct "the code enjoined members to trade fairly" To enjoin is to issue an urgent and official order. If the government tells loggers to stop cutting down trees, they are enjoining the loggers to stop. Enjoin looks like it should mean bring together, and at one time, it did have that meaning. But in current usage, the only thing enjoin brings together is a command and the person on the receiving end of that order. If your doctor enjoins you to stop smoking, he is suggesting strongly that you quit.

rescript

order, decree edict, announcement the last imperial rescript was rejected by the people.

tabulate

organize (data) in tables and columns if we tabulate data, a pattern will emerge.

vascillate

oscillate; fluctuate waver or be indecisive; Vacillate means to waver back and forth, unable to decide. You might vacillate between ordering waffles and pancakes at your favorite diner — it's hard to pick just one when both are so tasty! Something that vacillates sways or fluctuates, often quite unsteadily. So use this verb to describe the staggering motions of a person who has had too much to drink, as well as the opinions of someone who can't make up her mind. Synonyms include vibrate, hesitate, and waver. A wise Ethiopian proverb advises, "Do not vacillate or you will be left in between doing something, having something, and being nothing."

gregarious

outgoing; sociable "he is a gregarious person who avoids solitude" If you know someone who's outgoing, sociable, and fond of the company of others, you might want to call her gregarious. The word was originally used to describe animals that live in flocks — it's from the Latin word grex, meaning "herd." Not surprisingly, people began using it to describe humans who liked being in groups. Today biologists still speak of gregarious species, but you're more likely to hear it in reference to people. Despite what you might suspect, it has no historical connection to the name Gregory — but if you know an outgoing fellow with that name, you could call him Greg-arious.

far-reaching

overarching having important and widely applicable effects or implications. "a series of far-reaching political reforms" extensive wide-ranging comprehensive all-embracing across the board ambitious momentous

congestion

overcrowding clogging "the new bridge should ease congestion in the area" "there is a congestion of legislation that excludes almost all people because they can't follow the fast pace of their crooked government."

lavish

overly generous, extravagant; abundant; to spend or give freely or without limit. "he has an immense fortune and a lavish land.

eclipse

overshadow the threat of war quite eclipsed the other domestic controversies .

placate

pacify appease sooth "they attempted to placate the students with promises"

parcel

package

piecwork

paid based on task done work paid for according to the amount produced. "workers did piecework at home"

potash

potassium compound a mineral used in explosives and fertilizer. a potassium compound often used in agriculture and industry.

fowl

poultry domestic fowl any other domesticated bird kept for its eggs or flesh, e.g., the turkey, duck, goose, and guineafowl.

prospectuses

pamphlets advertisements, brochure, catalogue "a prospectus should contain the facts that an investor needs to make an informed decision" A prospectus is a written catalog or brochure that offers a plan, as of school courses to take or stocks to buy. The idea of a prospectus is to offer a variety of options and a plan of action. One goal of a prospectus is to present the positive features of something in order to attract a desired participant. When a new company wants to attract investors or a stock brokerage wants to attract new clients, each offers a prospectus specific to its goals. The word is from the Latin verb specere, "to look," which is combined with the prefix prō-, "forward" — giving us a verb meaning "to look forward" to something that is coming. The modern word appeared first in France in the 18th century.

nostrum

panacea an alleged cure-all; a remedy or scheme of questionable effectiveness. "a charlatan who sells nostrums"

upstart

parvenu arrivist suddenly risen to wealth or power "the upstarts who dare to challenge the legitimacy of his rule"

heed

pay attention to "he should have heeded the warnings"

remuneration

payment for work or service. the discrepancy in remuneration led to protests.

pinnacle

peak the highest point he reached the pinnacle of his career.

fare

perform perform in a specified way in a particular situation or over a particular period of time. "the party fared badly in the spring elections" "the negotiations fared very poorly. " It's not fair that fare means three unrelated things. As a verb, it means to proceed or get along, as in "Fare thee well." As a noun, it can refer to the cost of travel ("Train fare is ten dollars") or to food ("Tatertots are typical cafeteria fare"). To remember fare's different meanings, think of how, for people living close to the bone, the question "How are you eating/faring?" is not so different from "How are you getting along/faring?" And when you pay plane fare and fly to France, you will most assuredly be eating French fare once you get there.

reenact

perform again recreate To reenact something is to authorize it again, or to act something out, like a war. Sometimes grown people dress as Confederate or Union soldiers to reenact the American Civil War. Big bushy 1860s beards and all. Legislators might work to reenact a law that has expired. You can also reenact something by performing or acting it out, the way you'd reenact the battle of Yorktown with your friends playing the roles of British and Continental Army soldiers. People who are involved in historical reenactment reenact such battles with great enthusiasm and authentic costumes and props. The legal meaning came first, from the "decree, sanction, or establish" meaning of enact and the "again" prefix, re-.

session

period seance, setting, meeting "it was the opening session of the legislature" "a filming session" "a gossip session" A session is a specific block of time dedicated to something. Court may be in session, or school may be in session, or you just might find yourself enjoying a massage therapy session. The noun session also means a meeting of a board or committee to conduct business. The school board, for example, may hold a special session to discuss budget issues. Session can also refer to a gathering of spiritualists at a séance or a meeting with a psychic. You might have a session with a medium who claims she's delivering a message to you from your great-great-grandmother.

plots

piece of land a secret plan made for a specific purpose, to bring about a certain outcome

swine

pig hog

project

plan jut out send out "they were forced to abort ans scrap the already built ships and the projected ones." A project is a piece of work that is planned or intended. Plan a little extra time for your gingerbread house project — gluing the walls and roof can take a while. If you call a person your project, pronounced PRAH-jekt, it means you are trying to improve them by telling them how to behave, etc. As a verb, pronounced pro-JEKT, it means to jut out literally — The fireplace projects into the dining room — or figuratively — Try to project your ideas forcefully. If you assume another person is feeling the same things you are, you are projecting your feelings onto them.

two-field system

planting crops on only half of the cultivated land, leaving the other half to lie fallow for a year to recover its fertility

slump

plummet sink, plunge, drop, collapse, decline "He slumped onto the couch" "the team went into a slump" "prices slumped" "a slump in annual profits" To slump is to fall or slouch down. It's also a downturn in performance — a struggling ballplayer and a sinking economy are both in a slump. There are many kinds of slumps, but they all involve things going downhill. If you slide down in your chair, you slump. Other slumps are less physical. If a successful quarterback starts losing games and throwing interceptions, that's a slump. The original meaning of slump, back in the 1670s, was "fall or sink into a muddy place," while the more figurative meanings came much later.

outlook

point of view attitude vision "each political party follows his own political outlook." The word outlook describes a belief about the future. Your outlook on the awful present situation might make your outlook for the future turn grim. The noun outlook can also mean the practice of looking out. A guard's outlook on the bank vault must stay watchful and attentive in case there's an attempted robbery. Your outlook on your first job out of college was one of promise and excitement. The word can also mean a characteristic mental attitude that determines how you will handle situations. A pessimistic outlook on life will make you see only the negative.

constable

police officer a peace officer with limited policing authority, typically in a small town

maladjusted

poorly adjusted " the maladjusted economic conditions was kept concealed for so many years because of foreign lending."

entail

precondition ييتلزم ، يتطلب, يوجب necessitate "a situation that entails considerable risks" LAW settle the inheritance of (property) over a number of generations so that ownership remains within a particular group, usually one family. وقف الاملاك، املاك غير قابلة للتصرف "her father's estate was entailed on a cousin" "the impossibility of of raising capital by mortgages where estates were entailed." To entail is to involve. A job at a movie theater might entail sweeping popcorn off the floor, probably because watching a movie entails eating popcorn in the dark. It's a small price to pay! The word entail, which comes from Latin, is connected to the idea of preconditions. If you want something, you better figure out what it entails. If it's only 8 o'clock and you want to see a movie at 9, that will entail waiting for an hour. If you want to stay out of trouble, that will entail calling your parents and letting them know you're going to be late. That's what being responsible entails!

straits

predicament narrow passage "he is in dire straits; financial straits..." A strait is a narrow sea channel or a difficult situation — remember that both are difficult to navigate. If you're stranded on a strait off the Black Sea, you might also say that you're in dire straits. The noun strait comes from the Latin word strictus, meaning "to bind or draw tight." Whether you're describing a narrow passage of water or a tricky situation, a strait will make you feel like you're in tight quarters. You might be familiar with the term "dire straits," which refers an urgent or drastic situation. If all the dorms are overbooked for the fall semester and the off-campus apartments are all rented, you might find yourself in dire straits.

ubiquitous

present everywhere appearing, or found everywhere "Cities like Singapore aim to cloak themselves in ubiquitous, free Wi-Fi in the next few years,"

Weight

present with a bias slant angle "the balance of power is weighted in favor of the government" "the suffrage system was weighted to gove undue importance to the same group." be planned or arranged so as to put a specified person, group, or factor in a position of advantage or disadvantage.

semblance

pretense appearance, resemblance "semblance of order," when, underneath, everything is out of control." "the government's efforts to act with a certain semblance of neutrality." "he hoped his claims would have a semblance of authenticity" Semblance is all about illusion. Cramming all of your dirty clothes into the closet gives the semblance, or false appearance, that you've done your laundry — but the stench might give you away. Semblance comes from the 14th-century French word for "resemble," and it is a noun for things that look one way on the outside but are very different on the inside. A popular combination is to say that a person or place has the "semblance of order," when, underneath, everything is out of control.

Endimic

prevalent "the islands have a number of interesting endemic species" "diseases endemic to the tropics" "endemic malaria" "food shortages and starvation are endemic in certain parts of the world" the protests did not cleanse UK of endemic corruption that was a catalyst for the demonstrations.

pervasive

prevalent pervading penetrating permeating widespread spread throughout every part When something is pervasive, it's everywhere. Common things are pervasive — like greed and cheap perfume. Ever notice how certain trends seem to spread all over the place? When something — like a hairstyle — is super-common, it's pervasive. Pervasive things can't be escaped. Playing video games is pervasive among kids. Talking about the weather is pervasive among adults. Ideas, diseases, habits, and all sorts of things can be pervasive. If you're sick of seeing something because you're seeing it again and again, it must be pervasive.

taproot

primary root main root business leaders determined to make an end to this situation by cutting with one blow the taproot of the system of party machine. primary root found in some plants that grows longer and thicker than other roots

premier

prime minister head of government "eighteen cabinets with nine premiers."

hitch

problem snag A hitch is an obstacle or hindrance. You might be late because of a last minute hitch, like waiting for a family of ducks to cross the road. If things go well, they go off without a hitch. The word hitch has a gazillion meanings — it's a hook, a limp, short for hitchhiking, slang for getting married — but the most common meaning is that a hitch is a little problem. If you've packed a picnic and then it rains, the weather is a hitch in your plans. Hitches include hang-ups, snafus, impediments, and other things that interfere. Often this term is used in the phrase "without a hitch" for things that go smoothly.

headway

progress forward movement "I have been trying to write this novel for three years, but I'm just not making any headway." When you're rowing a boat on a very windy day, it can be hard to make any headway.

pluralist economy

progressive (as new liberal) someone who believes that distinct ethnic or cultural or religious groups can exist together in society Type of:liberal, liberalist, progressive a person who favors a political philosophy of progress and reform and the protection of civil liberties

forbade

prohibit verb: forbid; 3rd person present: forbids; past tense: forbade; past tense: forbad; gerund or present participle: forbidding; past participle: forbidden

protract

prolong extend "the protracted and frustrating civil war. "

protract

prolong extend, elongate طالَ "the protracted civil war unfortunately."

salient

prominent; protruding noticeable of notable significance "it succinctly covered all the salient points of the case" If something stands out in a very obvious way, it can be called salient. It's time to find new friends if the differences between you and your current friends are becoming more and more salient. Salient, from the Latin verb salire "to leap," was originally used in English to refer to leaping animals such as a frog or deer and may still be used this way. Often, however, it is used in math or geography to mean protruding. A salient angle juts outward rather than inward. Figuratively, it means noticeable or prominent. When giving an argument, make your most salient points at the beginning or the end.

indemnity

protection against future loss insurance. تعويض في حالة الخسارة security Indemnity is protection against loss or harm — it is most often used in insurance. Members of the Senate and of the House of Commons receive an annual indemnity of $250o, with a travelling allowance. Huxley gave it as his opinion that it was sufficient to cover the whole cost of the war indemnity paid by France to Germany in 1870. If you suffer an injury or there's damage to your house, an indemnity makes up for the loss — if it's part of your insurance. An indemnity may also keep something or someone from being held responsible for harm. Protection indemnity is mainly offered for unlikely events. If you regularly crash hot-air balloons, you won't get indemnity for the next one you rent. In fact, the balloon rental company will probably demand their own indemnity in case you crash again.

expeditionary force

quick reaction force, Expeditionary Force is a generic name sometimes applied to a military force dispatched to fight in a foreign country. Notable early adaptations include World War I and World War II elements deployed in abundance to support global combat operations.

endowed

provided equipped When you're stuck on a really tricky math problem, you might ask your best friend for help, especially if she happens to be endowed with impressive mathematical skills. Endowed means "provided or equipped with". When you have a special ability, you can say you're endowed with it. You can also be endowed with a quality, like beauty. Endowed is often used to describe something you're born with, though it can also refer to something that's been learned. Endowed traditionally meant "provided with money," especially when it came to a woman's dowry, the money she brought into a marriage. It's still used this way when someone donates, or endows, money to an institution.

incitement

provoking unlawful behavior urging, instigating. تحريض

fanfare

publicity fuss,commotion, stir, show, showiness, display, ostentation, flashiness, sensationalism a spectacular public display. "her arrival was greeted with a rousing fanfare" Fanfare is a loud, proud burst of something to get attention. If you open up a carpet store with one of those sky-sweeping lights, lots of balloons, and a brass band, you're doing it with great fanfare. Originally fanfare meant a short burst of music played by trumpeters, usually when someone important entered a room. But these days we describe anything as fanfare that has the same feeling as a burst of trumpets. If you're a TV executive with a new show you think is going to be a big hit, roll it out with fanfare-—ad campaigns, billboards, celebrity parties!

prick

puncture pierce sting "prick the potatoes with a fork"

exorcise

purify drive out, cast out, expel, rid, deliver, free, cleanse, purge "infants were exorcised prior to baptism" To exorcise is to cast out a devil or evil spirit, using prayer and other religious tools. You're probably familiar with the name of the person who does this: an exorcist. Don't try to exorcise a demon yourself. Call an exorcist. Choose Your Words exercise / exorcise While both words can refer to ways to get rid of something — belly fat, Satan — that's where the similarities end. Exercise is physical activity but to exorcise is to cast out evil. One way to remember the word exorcise is that it sounds like "exercise," which means to work out or train your body or mind. Casting out devils is hard work, so be sure to exercise before you exorcise. A boxer doesn't box without exercising first. And an exorcist doesn't exorcise without getting ready first either. The devil is a tough opponent, so you'd better get warmed up before you try to exorcise him from that little girl.

jettison

push to the side toss away, get rid of "the monarchy was jettisoned to save the country from chaos." jettison means to push to the side or toss away. If a boat is leaking or an airplane is running out of fuel, you can buy more time by jettisoning cargo, or throwing it overboard. The word jettison — dating, in its nautical meaning, from the 15th century in English — is commonly used figuratively as well as literally. You can jettison a friendship or an attitude. During the month that the Winter Olympics are aired on TV, figure-skating fans across the country jettison homework and other responsibilities in order to watch.

shunt

put aside bypass, divert, deviate "The R.S.S. was temporarily banned and shunted to the fringes of public life, but the group gradually reëstablished itself." "the survey results were shunted aside because they did fit corporate agenda." A shunt is a small tube that goes inside the body to drain fluid. It also means to divert in a general way, like if you shunt the thought of tubes in your body, you think about rainbows and kittens instead. Although shunt usually refers to a tube that drains blood or other fluid out of a part of the body, shunt also means to bypass. If a train is shunted, it's diverted from the main track onto a side track. The word may have come from shun, as in "turn away," which is what a shunt essentially does. It turns something away from where it was headed.

bear on

put pressure on be a burden on (someone). "a tax that will bear heavily on poorer households" "all the lies and propaganda brought weight to bear on the American decision to enter the war."

rear

raise children or cattle the back part of something

exalted

raised in status or rank; "a caste based on exalted birth " overjoyed with excitement; elevated in style or tone

scrap

recycle abandon your plan fight "the treaty required the vanquished to scrap their battleships." "the unhappy couple got into a terrible scrap" A scrap is a little leftover bit of something. You might jot down notes on a scrap of paper, or you might toss a scrap of food to your happy dog. A scrap is typically a small item that originally was part of something larger, like a scrap of fabric that was once part of a larger piece. Scrap can also describe something that's no longer useful. For example, you might take scrap metal to the recycling center. A final meaning of the noun scrap is "fight," as in "I got into a scrap with my brother." Scrap also has a verb form that means "discard." When you scrap your plan to move to the Bahamas, that means you're abandoning the plan.

reitirate

repeat restate retell "She kept reiterating her request" The leaked document does reiterate concern in the US over drug prices. On Wednesday , the Scottish National party reiterated its demand for this to happen in 2020.

supplant

replace substitute

Plebiscite

referendum vote "they decided that a plebiscite would determine the future of the state." A plebiscite is a direct vote by eligible voters to decide an important public question, such as a change to the constitution, secession, or a similar issue of national or regional importance. The word plebiscite comes from the Latin word plebiscitum, meaning "a decree of the people," with the roots plebs, "the common people," and scitum, "decree." A plebiscite can also be called a referendum. Periodically, for example, Quebec separatists hold a plebiscite to determine whether Quebec should secede from Canada. So far, the secessionists have not prevailed at the polls.

replenish

refill recharge, reload "all creatures need sleep to replenish their energies" To replenish something is to refill it. If you have a pet pooch, you're probably obligated to replenish his food bowl to avoid being barked at incessantly. Use replenish when talking about something valuable or desirable, such as money or food. For example, you might discuss replenishing your bank account, but you wouldn't speak of replenishing a trash can. You can also use replenish in a joking way to show that something is of value to you; by noting that the jar of jellybeans on your desk needs to be replenished, you indicate that you require jellybeans to survive your day at the office. We get that.

abstain from

refrain from, hold back, eschew . "he asked his new friend to abstain from supporting his enemy."

repudiate

refuse to recognize or pay "repudiate a debt" "She repudiated the accusations" To repudiate something is to reject it, or to refuse to accept or support it. If you grow up religious, but repudiate all organized religion as an adult, you might start spending holidays at the movies, or just going to work. This verb usually refers to rejecting something that has authority, such as a legal contract, doctrine, or claim. In connection with debts or other obligations, repudiate is used in the specialized sense "to refuse to recognize or pay." If referring to a child or a lover, repudiate is used in the sense "to disown, cast off." This verb is derived from Latin repudiare "to put away, divorce."

repudiate

reject renounce deny "he has repudiated policies associated with previous party leaders" "breach of a condition gives the other party the right to repudiate a contract"

assuage

relieve mollify ease, alleviate, soothe "The report assuaged the concerns of the middle class. " If you assuage an unpleasant feeling, you make it go away. Assuaging your hunger by eating a bag of marshmallows may cause you other unpleasant feelings. The most common things that we assuage are fears, concerns, guilt, grief, anxiety, and anger. That makes a lot of sense — these are all things we seek relief from. The word comes from Old French assouagier, from the Latin root suavis, "sweet" — think of adding a bit of honey to something unpleasant. A word with a similar meaning is mollify.

signally

remarkably notably "signally inappropriate methods" "the west failed signally in establishing world peace, instead they kept advancing their lethal nuclear weapons."

dislodge

remove displace, force out. "the hoofs of their horses dislodged loose stones" "the French army tried to dislodge the Germans from their position.

unseat

remove from political office "The Republicans are trying to unseat the liberal Democrat" Type of:remove remove from a position or an office

delegate

representative a person appointed or elected to represent others A person appointed or elected to represent others If you don't like cleaning the bathroom, you can try to delegate that task to your little brother. A delegate is also an elected official, or the person who is doing the task you delegated them to do. In presidential primaries in the United States, you do not vote for a candidate, you vote for a delegate whose job it is to vote for that candidate at a convention. Be careful with how you pronounce the end of the word. The elected official is pronounced DE-lə-git whereas delegate as a verb should be DE-lə-gāt.

rebuke

reprimand, reproof, scold, berate If you receive a rebuke, it means that you have been reprimanded, or scolded. You're sure to get a rebuke if you forget to do your math homework four days in a row. The word rebuke can be a verb, meaning to sternly reprimand or scold, but it can also be a noun, because a rebuke is the result of being scolded. The root comes from the Old French rebuchier and means "to hack down," or "beat back." A rebuke, then, is meant to be critical and to chide — in today's terms, a rebuke is verbal smack-down!

entail

require necessitate; involve يستلزم an entail = will وصية وصية حيث الاملاك غير قابلة للتصرف.

earmark

reserve mark, set aside, allot, appropriate, designate, assign. "I will earmark this money for your research" To earmark something is to set it aside for a specific purpose. If you're saving money to spend it in a particular way — whether it's for college or a fancy new pair of shoes — you have earmarked that money. Originally, an earmark was a mark on the ear of an animal — such as a sheep — that indicated ownership. Similarly, when government officials earmark a resource, they're indicating what the resource will be used for. Earmarking is usually about money. $10,000 could be earmarked for cancer research. A grant could be earmarked for a children's hospital. Earmarking is a way of stating how something will be used.

remainder

residue rest, remnant Amount left over after dividing a number. "the result of the plebiscite was 70% no , 20% yes and the remainder voted neutral."

recourse

resort refuge a source of help in a difficult situation "a means of solving disputes without recourse to courts of law" "surgery may be the only recourse"

Reparations

restitution amends, redress, compensation, recompense, repayment, atonement, indemnification, indemnity, damages. the making of amends for a wrong one has done, by paying money to or otherwise helping those who have been wronged. "the courts required a convicted offender to make financial reparation to his victim" the compensation for war damage paid by a defeated state.

restive

restless edgy anxious they been waiting so long, now they are restive. the horses became restive after the gun shot. they become restive under pressure.

sumptuary

restrictive "after the crisis they pursued policies of economic nationalism. this took the form of tariffs increases, quotas, sumptuary laws and restrictive licensing." Use the adjective sumptuary to talk about rules that control spending. You're most likely to see it in historical documents, in the context of "sumptuary laws" or "sumptuary regulations." This adjective denoting restrictiveness in spending or behavior has fallen out of fashion in the modern age, and perhaps just as well: it looks confusingly similar to sumptuous, whose meaning is opposite in spirit. Both words are derived from Latin sumptus, which means "expense or expensive."

Recession

retreat a going back, receding, withdrawal "they are selling a lot less than last year; it's a bad recession for businesses." Jobs being cut? Houses not selling? Everyone talking about the poor sales of everything from cars to bouquets of flowers? That's a recession, a time of economic decline. Recession comes from the Latin word recessus, meaning "a going back, retreat." Think of all the things that get made and sold in a country. When fewer people buy things, orders for them slow down. The sales "go back" to a lower amount. This is an economic recession. This noun can also describe other kinds of "going back," like the recession of floodwaters that enable people to begin cleaning up their homes that had been filled with water.

retaliatory

retributory, vindicatorypunitive, punitory relatiative, retributive, avenging A retaliatory act is one that attempts to get even with someone or to punish them for some wrongdoing. When you shove your brother because he shoved you, that's retaliatory. Sometimes, wars are avoided because one country or group hesitates to attack another out of fear of a retaliatory strike. In fact, most wars consist of a long series of retaliatory actions — a bomb dropped to pay the enemy back for the bomb they dropped, and so on. Retaliatory comes from the verb retaliate, and the Latin root retaliare, "pay back in kind."

Recall

retrieve summon to return "The ambassador was recalled to his country" Synonyms:call backType of:call, send for order, request, or command to come "to discourage their union, France recalled funds from both Austria and Germany."

rehabilitate

return to normal life restore to normal.

oracle

revelation inspiration, divination, prophecy a DIVINER " can we say that George Orwell was an oracle? you can be too, if you. read lot of books ;) " Back in ancient times, an oracle was someone who offered advice or a prophecy thought to have come directly from a divine source. In modern usage, any good source of information can be called an oracle. In his Apology, Plato claims that the oracle at Delphi played a vital role in the career of the philosopher Socrates, and a Delphic prophecy sets the tragedy of Sophocles' Oedipus Rex in motion. The word oracle can also be used to describe the utterances of a seer or anyone else who is pretty darn good at predicting the future.

Primogeniture

right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son.

rise to prominence

rise to be dominant

jute

rope قنّب a fiber used to make string, rope, and cloth

frills

ruffle Use the noun frill when you talk about a decorative strip used as trim. You might have a frill along the bottom of your favorite skirt. The pleated trim or ruffle at the hem of a sweater or along the bottom of a sofa slipcover can be called a frill. You can also use the word in a more figurative way, to describe anything that's merely extra or for decoration: "The beginning of his speech was nothing but a frill," or "We need to work on our budget — first, let's cut out the frills, like getting our shoes shined and eating out every night."

incidental

secondary occurring as a minor consequence of something more important "for the fieldworker who deals with real problems, paperwork is incidental"

Hearsay

rumor "hearsay information" Ever hear someone say something so juicy you decide to tell other people about it, even if you don't know if it's true or not? Admit it. That hearsay, or gossip, is precisely how rumors get started. Hearsay is one of those awesome words that tell us its definition right up front. You don't have to figure it out by hearsay, or word of mouth, the definition is right there — when you hear someone say a rumor, that's hearsay.

scurry

run quickly run hastily hurry "pedestrians scurried for cover after the strange noise"

emolument

salary; payment for an office; compensation. "a clause in the U.S. constitution prevents sitting legislators from receiving emoluments from their own votes" The Constitution prohibits presidents from taking "emoluments," or payments, from the U.S. government beyond their official presidential salary.

satiate

satisfy satiate your craving satiate your thirst satiate your desire for travel

bestial

savage; brutal beastly few remote tribes practice some of the most degraded and bestial activities based on superstitions.

panicky

scared "I started to feel panicky and breathless"

disseminate

scatter spread widely Disseminate means to spread information, knowledge, opinions widely. Semin- derives from the Latin word for seed; the idea with disseminate is that information travels like seeds sown by a farmer. Think about a teacher distributing a hand out at the beginning of a class. The dis- of disseminate and distribute come from the same Latin prefix which means "apart, in a different direction." But unlike papers distributed in class, information, once spread around in all directions, cannot be pulled back in. Think about false rumors or political smear campaigns and you'll understand that dissemination is usually a one-way process.

berate

scold sharply "the manager berated him excessively by declaring him worthless and weak." وبخ ،قرّع A strong verb for harshly cutting someone down with words is berate. "He didn't just correct the cashier who gave him the wrong change — he started to berate her, calling her names in front of the whole store." When you berate someone, you do more than just raise your voice at them; berate implies putting someone down by insulting their character. This word comes from a 16th-century English and French root meaning "to scold or blame." Often the anger behind the scolding seems over-the-top, as in "When the young man behind the counter dropped the scoop of vanilla, the manager berated him excessively by declaring him worthless and weak."

upbraid

scold, find fault with, blame , reproach "Early in his training, he was upbraided for failing to follow the chain of command." (2) His wife set about upbraiding him for neglecting the children. (3) The captain upbraid his men for falling asleep. (4) In newspaper articles she consistently upbraided those in authority who overstepped their limits. (5) I was in no mood to be upbraided about my stupidity. No, upbraid isn't an elaborate hairdo. When you upbraid people, you scold them, tell them off, and criticize them. (You could, however, upbraid your stylist after a bad haircut.) The word upbraid comes from the Old English word upbregdan, which literally means "bring up quickly." Although this word doesn't have anything to do with hair, upbraid and braid are, in fact, related. The original meaning of braid was "to move quickly from side to side," which is what you do with your fingers when you're braiding someone's hair. When you upbraid someone, you're quickly bringing up different reasons why you're mad at them.

monsoon rains

seasonal rains الامطار الموسمية seasonal winds crossing the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia during the summertime that bring extreme rain and flooding

scuttle

sink sink (one's own ship) deliberately by holing it or opening its seacocks to let water in. deliberately cause (a scheme) to fail. "some of the stockholders are threatening to scuttle the deal" "a mouse scuttled across the floor" "I heard the scuttle of rats across the room" When you scuttle, you move with quick anxious steps, like a bug running for cover when a light is turned on. Use the word scuttle when you want to describe running or fast walking that's characterized by short, hasty steps, like someone or something that tries to hurry — a person who is late for work scuttling through a crowd of slow-moving pedestrians — but can't. It is also found in these well-known lines from T.S. Eliot's poem "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock": "I should have been a pair of ragged claws / Scuttling across the floors of silent seas."

sagged

sink, subside, or bulge downward under weight or pressure or through lack of strength. the domestic currency sagged below normal.

sedentary

sitting stationary

splinter

sliver chip a small, thin, sharp piece of wood, glass, or similar material broken off from a larger piece. "a splinter of ice" the political crisis gave three liberal splinters."

slant

slope tilt incline bias "a plowed field slanted up to the skyline" "the early sun slanted across the mountains" "slanted news coverage" To slant is to tilt or slope sharply to one side. Many streets in San Francisco are so steep that they slant dramatically upward. You can slant the brim of your hat down to keep the sun out of your eyes, and the sun itself can slant at a lower angle (or slant), forcing you to put on your dark sunglasses. There's also the slant that means "show bias," the way a newspaper reporter does when she slants a story in favor of one political party over another. Slant was originally slenten, "slip sideways," from a Germanic root.

sluggish

slow " a sluggish market; a sluggish economy.." When you are feeling draggy — positively slug-like — you are sluggish, or slow. If cookie sales are sluggish at your bake sale, you are selling very few treats. Just about anything can be sluggish. An old computer that takes forever to load a piece of software is sluggish, as is a car that can't quite make it up a big hill. And who isn't sluggish in the morning before the first cup of coffee?! Picture a slug moving its heavy little body across a basketball court... Still going? Yes. It will take that slug forever to get to the foul line at the sluggish pace it's moving.

slight

small "there's a slight chance it will work" "slight evidence"flimsy, fragile, tenuous, thin, insignificant "watched her slight figure cross the street" slender, slim, svelte insult "not mentioning your producer in your acknowledgement is quite a slight. " Anything slight is very small. There's a slight chance you'll run into a celebrity in New York City — in other words, don't count on it. A slight is also an insult, like giving someone the cold shoulder. Burr. Every meaning of slight stems from the Old Norse for "small or flimsy." If you have a slight build, you're slim with small bones. A slight deviation from your plan is a tiny adjustment. As a verb, to slight means to ignore or be indifferent toward someone; it's also the noun for the act of ignoring. If you direct a movie and the star doesn't thank you in her award acceptance speech, you'll be offended at the slight.

pinprick

small puncture (as if made by a pin) وخزة دبوس minor irritation

Cyanide

sodium or potassium cyanide used as a poison or in the extraction of gold and silver. the new cyanide method of refining gold.

booty

spoils of war loot; the spoils of war; goods or property seized by force; a valuable prize

Pump Priming

stimulation of economy الضخ الاقتصادي او المالي Government action taken to stimulate the economy, as spending money in the commercial sector, cutting taxes, or reducing interest rates.

askanse

suspiciously with suspicion dubious with an attitude or look of suspicion or disapproval. "the reformers looked askance at the mystical tradition"

propagate

spread out reproduce, transmit "propagate sound or light through air" "This great civilization was propagated throughout the land" To propagate is to be fruitful and multiply, by the usual routes of reproduction, or by spreading something around — like a rumor. Propagate comes from the Latin word propagare, which means "to reproduce plants, breed." Plants love to propagate, especially when someone with a green thumb starts off with a jade plant stem in water and ends up with a garden full of the succulents. Plants aren't the only things to propagate like bunnies: in some apocalyptic movies, a virus propagates quickly, killing almost everyone in the world. Sound and light can also spread, or propagate, through the air.

fanned

spread out disperse spread out, (e.g. the army fanned out) Things that are fanned have the spread-out, winglike shape of an open fan. A peacock's fanned tail feathers are pretty spectacular to see. You might browse through fanned scarves on a table at a craft fair, or choose one from the fanned playing cards that a magician offers you. In either case, the things that are fanned are spread out and shaped like a fan. The adjective fanned comes from the verb fan, which gained the meaning "spread like a hand-held fan" in the late 16th century, when hand-held fans were quite common.

rage through

spread through with destructive force satanic feminism is raging through the world for the past 60 years.

propagate

spread, Reproduce, increase, multiply To propagate is to be fruitful and multiply, by the usual routes of reproduction, or by spreading something around — like a rumor. Propagate comes from the Latin word propagare, which means "to reproduce plants, breed." Plants love to propagate, especially when someone with a green thumb starts off with a jade plant stem in water and ends up with a garden full of the succulents. Plants aren't the only things to propagate like bunnies: in some apocalyptic movies, a virus propagates quickly, killing almost everyone in the world. Sound and light can also spread, or propagate, through the air.

mole

spy You may have never seen the fuzzy, pointy-nosed animal called a mole even if you know what a mole is, since it lives underground most of the time. One mole is the mammal with beady little eyes that burrows underground eating earthworms. This mole doesn't need much oxygen to breathe and has big paws for digging tunnels. Another type of mole is basically a large, sometimes raised freckle on the skin; a third is a spy, especially a double agent who pretends to work for one country while sending secret information to another. The burrowing type of mole comes from an obsolete English word, moldwarp, or "earth thrower."

bicker

squabble argue quarrel argue about petty and trivial matters. "whenever the phone rings, they bicker over who must answer it" When you bicker, you argue in a petty way, like two kids squabbling in the backseat on a long car trip, or politicians taking cheap shots at each other but avoiding discussion of important issues. It's impossible to bicker in a dignified way, as the word always suggests pettiness and an unpleasant experience for anyone within earshot. If, for instance, you've listened for years to your ill-tempered aunt from Boise bicker with your uncle from Dubuque over how the Thanksgiving turkey should be carved, you might want to book a trip to Tierra del Fuego and avoid the holiday altogether.

withstand

stand up against resist, hold out against, bear put up with "France couldn't withstand the initial German assault"

prestige

status a high standing achieved through success or influence or wealth etc.

rolling mill

steel mill

gradation

step range scale gamut spectrum hierarchy a subtle gradations of colors... "within the woodpecker family, there is a gradation of drilling ability"

gradation

step by step تدرّج regular progress (step by step) regular progression (n) a progression, a process taking place gradually, in stages; one of these stages

terrace

steps like a raised, flat mound of earth (dirt) that looks like a platform with sloping sides.

spur

stimulate incite "The Academy was formed to spur research" To spur something on is to get it going, to encourage it, to hasten it or stimulate. Cowboys wear spiky metal tools called spurs on their boots to kick their horses and spur them to greater speed. Economists talk of lowering interest rates to spur spending. A new source of funding for research will hopefully spur new proposals for research from scientists. An earthquake in China might spur cities in California to a higher standard of earthquake preparedness. You might spur your team on to victory by cheering from the sidelines.

foster

stimulate, promote, encourage "the teacher's task is to foster learning" bring up rear raise foster parents foster care

moral fiber

strength of character resolution, fortitude, resolve moral fiber, backbone, spine mettle, firmness of purpose toughness of spirit, steel Dunkirk spirit Opposite: weakness cowardice noun: moral fiber "a weak person with no moral fiber" "your government has had destroyed your moral fiber by years of social engineering."

extend

stretch out. hold out "The war extended over five years" "My land extends over the hills on the horizon" The verb extend can have several related meanings, including thrust out, continue, broaden, expand, unfold, span, or increase in scope. Extend, as a verb, is used in many ways. You extend (hold out) your hand when you offer to shake. You extend (push forward) a deadline when you add a few days to it. Your belly might extend (broaden) after a holiday dinner. A telescope extends (expands) your range of vision. If the list of definitions for extend were infinite, you could extend (add to) that list forever and ever. But your patience might not extend that far.

stringent

strict severe, rigorous " the triumphant imposed stringent treaty restrictions. " "stringent measures are necessary. " That teacher's demands are stringent — she wants the homework typed in her favorite font, on special paper, and each essay must be exactly 45 lines! While the word stringent might seem foreign, if you're afflicted with pimples, you'll know the word astringent. An astringent causes your skin to tighten like it's shrinking your pores. This tightening, constricting feel describes stringent with regard to rules. Stringent safety procedures prevent accidents in a dangerous work environment. And restaurants must adhere to stringent health regulations. adj demanding strict attention to rules and procedures "stringent safety measures" Synonyms:rigorous, tight

picket

strike demonstrate, protest, form a blockade. "strikers picketed the newspaper's main building" a person or group of people standing outside a place of work or other venue, protesting something or trying to persuade others not to enter during a strike.

sturdy

strong firmly or solidly built; determined متين

imperceptibly

subtle not to be noticed impossible to perceive "Gid says if you look at the mountains, you will think they are still, but they are imperceptibly moving similar to the way clouds move. The word imperceptibly is used for things that are hardly happening at all or happening to such a small degree that you barely notice. If something is imperceptibly moving, then it's barely moving — or not moving enough for you to really see it moving. It's imperceptible, or not perceptible. An imperceptibly whining dog is hardly whining at all. An imperceptibly flapping flag is nearly still. This word is the opposite of dramatically or extremely, when there's a lot of activity.

fawning

sucking up to seeking flavor by flattering. bootlicking, sycophantic, obsequious "congressmen fawn over the President"يتملقون Use fawning to describe someone who's over the top in the flattery department. Like a fawning admirer who just won't stop complimenting your looks, showering you with gifts and otherwise kissing the ground you walk on. From the Old English fægnian, meaning "rejoice, exult, be glad," fawning can be both an adjective and a noun form of the verb fawn. Fawning people are often trying to win favor with the person being flattered, and it sometimes comes off as sucking up. So do everyone a favor and don't try to boost your poor grades by fawning over your professor's every word.

jolt

sudden jerk or bump. "the economy received a terrible jolt in depression.

suddenness

suddenness

smother

suffocate, stifle, asphyxiate If you've ever had a boyfriend or girlfriend who calls you twenty five times an hour to check up on you, then you know what it means to be smothered by someone.

arable

suitable for growing crops. arable land = fertile land

Crest

summit tuft, peak, comb of a rooster. "he reached the crest of the hill" "his helmet was crested with a fan of spikes" A crest is a showy tuft of feathers on the head of a bird. It's easy to identify a male cardinal by its bright red color and the tufted crest on its head. The Latin word crista, which crest comes from, means "tuft or comb." An animal's crest can be feathers, fur, skin, or a comb like a rooster's. Something that resembles such a feature can also be called a crest, such as a plume on an old-fashioned helmet. The top or highest part of something is also a crest, like the crest of a hill or the crest of a wave. As a verb, crest means "to reach the top" like when you crest a mountain.

munificence

super generosity If you give your best friend a bracelet for her birthday, then you're a good friend. If you give her a diamond bracelet, a racehorse, and an oil well, then you're a munificent friend, meaning you are very lavish when it comes to giving gifts. (And it's possible you may also be broke.)

Paternalistic

superior treatment relating to or characterized by the restriction of the freedom and responsibilities of subordinates or dependents in their supposed interest. "the paternalistic attitude of colonial Victorians"

preeminence

superiority to all others top position

transcendental

supernatural beyond human conception "God is awesome and transcendental." "find transcendental motives for sublunary action"-Aldous Huxley" Transcendental describes anything that has to do with the spiritual, non-physical world. You could describe the time you spend in the woods hiking as a physical and a transcendental experience. When something is transcendental, it's beyond ordinary, everyday experience. It might be religious, spiritual, or otherworldly, but if it's transcendental, it transcends — or goes beyond — the regular physical realm. The adjective transcendental is used to describe a particular kind of meditation, a specific school of philosophy, and even a type of number in mathematics. Transcendental and transcend come from the Latin word transcendere, or climb over or beyond.

Trusteeship

supervisorship Commission from the United Nations to a country to look after a region, territory, or colony until the people of that land are believed ready for independence and self-government. One of the principal organs of the United Nations, was established to help ensure that non-self-governing territories were administered in the best interests of the inhabitants and of international peace and security.

adjunct

supplement مساعد مُلحق Adjunct means something added on, but not part of the whole. An adjunct professor is someone who is hired by a college to teach but isn't a full member of the faculty. This is a word you can figure out by taking it apart. From ad- "to" and -junct "join" (think "junction"), you can see that this is about joining something to another. "During lunch, Tim always sat at the girls' lacrosse-team lunch table, and they joked that he was an adjunct member of the team."

uphold

support maintain "many furniture makers uphold the tradition of fine design"

bolster

support reinforce prop up give boost to Monday's announcement was the latest move by the Trump administration to bolster Israel's position and undermine Palestinian claims regarding land sought for a future state. monsters bolstering each others...your brave new world...

imperium

supreme authority absolute dominion She lambasts the American imperium and its souped-up capitalism, multinational institutions like the World Bank, and corporate greed.

outdo

surpass, excel, exceed, outmatch Not to be outdone, he put all that he got in the combat.

capitulation

surrender ending resistance "they were protected until the capitulation of the fort" Capitulation is the act of surrendering or giving up. If you enter a pie eating contest when you're already full, you'll probably have to end up in a state of capitulation. The original meaning of capitulation is "the formal terms of surrender between governments." The word comes from the Latin capitulāre, with a root in capital, or "the head of state." You can use capitulation for any act of surrender. If you're stuck in an endless argument with your neighbor over the exact boundary between your properties, only the original deeds to the land will bring about a capitulation.

bulge

swell adjective: bulging swelling outward; protruding. "he stared with bulging eyes" full or distended. "my bulging suitcase is sitting by the door" gerund or present participle: bulging swell or protrude to an unnatural or incongruous extent. "the veins in his neck bulged" puff up/out, stick out, balloon up/out fill out, bag, belly. project, protrude, jut (out), stand out, expand, inflate, dilate, enlarge, bloat Opposite: contract be full of and distended with. "a briefcase bulging with documents"

appendage

tailpiece attachment, tail "they treat Scotland as a mere appendage of England" "the United states with Canada as an appendage and France with Belgium as an appendage. Use the noun appendage to describe something that's attached to something larger. Your arm is an appendage to your body. Appendage often describes body parts, either on humans or animals. If it's something that sticks out — like a finger, tail, or leg — chances are it can be called an appendage. The word can also be used figuratively to refer to something that's associated with something larger or more important, like a husband who's a mere appendage to his famous wife. In this sense, the word takes on a negative connotation: the appendage is not important.

take (something) to heart

take (something) to heart (idiomatic) To take something seriously; to internalize or live according to something (e.g. advice.) He really took it to heart when I asked him to reconsider. (idiomatic) To feel keenly; be greatly grieved at; be much affected by something.

make killings out of

take advantage of informal. to earn a lot of money in a short time and with little effort: " they made killings out of bankruptcies." " they made killings out of issuing securities and through fees and commissions."

commandeer

take control of by force hijack, seize, take over "telegraph and telephone lines were commandeered by the generals" What is that person doing, interrupting everyone and changing the subject every minute? He is trying to commandeer, or take control, of the conversation. You can probably tell from the look of the word that commandeer is somehow related to commander in meaning. A commander is someone who is officially in charge, giving orders and making decisions for a group such as a nation or a military. Many groups don't have a commander, but this doesn't stop some people from trying to take charge. If you commandeer something — whether it's a car or a conversation — you use force to try to take over.

volubly

talking incessantly fluently , chattily Use the adverb volubly to describe the way a chatterbox talks. You could talk about your uncle Bill's habit of speaking so volubly that no one else can get a word in. If you know someone who talks incessantly, you can say that she chatters volubly. A whole roomful of preschoolers sometimes talks volubly, and a talk show host might be hired because of her ability to speak volubly on a wide variety of subjects. The Latin root word is volubilis, "that turns around, rolling, flowing, or fluent," which in turn comes from volvere, "to turn around or roll."

regency

temporary rule A government or period of time in which a regent rules in place of a king or queen.

regent

temporary ruler a person appointed to administer a country because the monarch is a minor or is absent or incapacitated.

incumbent

the current officeholder 2. binding obligatory mandatory compulsory imperative "it is incumbent on all decent people to concentrate on destroying this evil" "the incumbent is seeking reelection." "the incumbent president had been defeated"

vanguard

the foremost part of an army; the leading position in any field. kent and his friends constitute an intellectual vanguard.

Pan-Germanism

the idea or principle of a political unification of all Europeans speaking German or a Germanic language.

spearhead

the leader of spear tip , spear edge "she became the spearhead of a health education program"

moral

the lesson a story teaches. the moral and physical aspects of something. If you have a strong moral character, you are a good member of society. If someone is a cheat and a liar, you might say, "She is not a moral person."

fulcrum

the pivot point of a lever A fulcrum is the supporting point of a lever. The first fulcrum you encountered was probably on the playground — right underneath the see-saw. Back in the 17th century, a fulcrum referred to any general prop or support. Today it's taken on more scientific connotations, thanks to physics class. However, people still use fulcrum to describe something that plays an essential role or serves as the center of an activity or situation, such as "the fulcrum of the debate." That dad who organizes everybody's playdates? He's the fulcrum of the playground social circle.

obstructionism

the practice of deliberately impeding or delaying the course of legal, legislative, or other procedures

banditry

the practice of plundering in gangs The practice of forming groups of armed outlaws and thieves to plunder and steal, especially in the countryside. قطع الطريق حِرابة

Assemblage

the process of assembling The process of merging two separately owned lots under one owner "after the armies converged, it was impossible to stop the forward thrust of the whole assemblage."

Antisepsis

the process of inhibiting the growth and multiplication of microorganisms. Complete antisepsis in the surgical environment is a must.

embezzelement

theft misappropriation اختلاس "charges of fraud and embezzlement"

unconscious hypocrisy

there was a great deal. of unconscious hypocrisy in many of his resounding speeches.

Tertiary

third "secondary and tertiary types of products.

skein

thread yarn a length of thread or yarn, loosely coiled and knotted. a tangled or complicated arrangement, state, or situation. "the skeins of her long hair"

hurl

throw "the army hurled itself on the other army." throw (an object) with great force. "rioters hurled a brick through the windshield of a car" Similar: throw toss fling pitch cast lob launch push or impel (someone) violently. "I seized Nathan and hurled him into the lobby" utter (abuse) vehemently. "they were hurling insults over a back fence" INFORMAL vomit. "it made me want to hurl"

fling

throw toss, hurl , sling throw with force or recklessness. "the army lost its morale and was willing to fling itself headlong on the enemy."

eject

throw out, evict

taut

tight tense Pulled or drawn tight "taut sails" "her nerves were taut as the strings of a bow"

disintegrate

to decay; decompose; break up; fall apart. the disintegration of the team, the party...

churn

to stir agitate or shake يمخض اللبن "the seas churned" "in high winds most of the lake is churned up" "the earth had been churned up where vehicles had passed through"

befit

to suit, be appropriate for, be suitable for.

to the brink of

to the edge of "political crises wich brought Europe periodically to the brink of war." "overhunting brought some animals to the brink of extinction."

tenor

tone sense, meaning, theme, thread, tendency. Direction "there was a sharp contrast between the tenor of the British negotiations with the Jews and those with the Arabs regarding the disposition of Palestine." Think of a tenor as a tone — in music, it's the range between baritone and alto in the human voice or in an instrument such as a tenor saxophone. It also is the "tone" or meaning of a spoken comment. The meaning of the Latin word tenere, was "to hold to a course." Then the Old French took the word tenour in the 14th Century, giving it the meaning of "sense," or a general feeling of a comment. But that same century, the original meaning resurfaced when the word entered the musical lexicon as the Italian tenore, or tenor, the name given to the high male voice because that was the voice that carried, or "held on to" the melody.

scant

too little Not enough or barely enough. "they received scant respect for their achievement." "companies with scant regard for the safety of future generations"

tatters

torn pieces; shreds "the treaty of Sevres, already in tatters, had to be discarded and substituted by a moderate one." A tatter is a raggedy end or scrap of something, particularly paper or fabric. Your crazy cat might climb the curtains every night, until there's nothing left hanging from the rod but tatters. It's most common to find this word in its plural form, tatters. A homeless person might dress in tatters, and a serious hiker might wear a pair of socks until they're just tatters, then throw them away and put on a new pair. Tatter comes from an earlier word, tatrys, "slashed garments," which has a Scandinavian root and is related to words like the Old Norse töturr, "rags."

racked

tortured; strained; tormented. racked by internal struggles.

aggregate

total

aggregate

total totality to collect into a mass or whole. To aggregate is to collect many units into one. If you're writing a novel, you might create a character who is an aggregate of five or six real people. Aggregate comes from the Latin verb aggregare, which means to add to. As a verb it means to collect into a mass or whole. You can also use it as an adjective, as in your aggregate sales for February, March and April. It can also be a noun. The mountain of foam in bubble bath is an aggregate of small bubbles. If you plan to work in economics or business, expect to see the word aggregate quite a lot.

seaward

toward the sea. "Tarik ibn Ziad faced seaward and didn't look back."

Trump

trick " they were falsely charged and trumped up to provide labor in remote areas. we're talking about communism." To trump is to outrank or defeat someone or something, often in a highly public way. Safety might trump appearance when you're buying a car, or your desires may trump your brother's when it comes to making weekend plans. In the card game bridge, the trump card is the most powerful card in a particular round and defeats all the others — sort of like when your needs or wishes trump someone else's. Originally trump implied a deceptive form of victory involving cheating, but that sense has been largely lost, though it's still around in the term trumped up, meaning something that's been falsely made up. A politician may face trumped up charges that could ruin his career.

hoax

trick dupe, deceive, delude, play a joke on, pull someone's leg, cozen, lead on, be false to; be dishonest with "the fact that they have been hoaxed gave rise to skepticism toward all government communications." If you put on big fake feet, stomp through your muddy backyard and tell everyone you saw Bigfoot fixing a steak on your grill, you are playing a hoax on your friends. Hoax is believed to be a shortened version of hocus pocus, thus conveying the feeling of trickery and sleight of hand. April First, also known as April Fools' Day, is a day of hoaxes. Successful hoaxes in history: Orson Welles' War-of-the-Worlds radio broadcast in 1938 and the alien autopsy film footage made public in the 1990s. Do you believe the American moon landing in 1969 was a hoax? You're not alone. Six percent of Americans believe this event was staged.

chicanery

trickery deception, deceit, shenanigans dupery, fraud, fraudulence, hoax "governments use legal chicanery to rob people of their wealth." Have you ever gotten the sense that politicians or corporate leaders will say anything to turn public opinion their way? This tricky kind of deceit and manipulation is called chicanery. Besides chicanery, another funny-sounding word for trickery is shenanigans. Whereas the former is always used in the singular and involves deceptive language, the latter is usually used in the plural and refers to the actions of a person. Your crazy neighbor is up to his old shenanigans if he has begun doing weird stuff again, but if a politician's chicanery is exposed, he will lose public trust and not be returned to office in the next election cycle.

Limited Liability Company

type of business enterprise that protects members against losing all of their personal wealth; members are taxed as if they were in a partnership

Entente

understanding or agreement between governments A friendly understanding between political powers nonbinding agreement to follow common policies. the Entente Powers forced a settlement upon the Germans.

halfhearted

unenthusiastic exhibiting little interest or enthusiasm lukewarm cool apathetic perfunctory cursory superficial desultory feeble faint weak tepid indifferent

implications

unstated consequences unstated ramifications unstated reprecussions "a victory that had important political implications" involvement "our implication in the problems"

hitherto

until now until now or until the point in time under discussion

adamant

unyielding; firm in opinion "he is adamant in his refusal to change his mind" If you stubbornly refuse to change your mind about something, you are adamant about it. This word's story begins in ancient Greece, where philosophers spoke about a legendary unbreakable stone or metal they called adamas (literally, "invincible"). In English, people began to use the word to refer to something that cannot be altered, and then in the twentieth century — after adamant had been in English for about a thousand years — it came to be used as an adjective to mean "unyielding as stone." If you're adamant about something, no amount of persuasion is going to convince you otherwise.

distress

upset disturb trouble cause mental pain to "The news of her child's illness distressed the mother" cause to feel distressed or worried move deeply

exigency

urgency, pressure; urgent demand, pressing need; an emergency. "the exigency of war changes everything."

vicissitudes

variation A change or تقلبات fluctuation unexpected changes in life. "the vicissitudes of the seasons. " When you talk of the vicissitudes of life, you're referring to the difficult times that we all go through: sickness, job loss, and other unwelcome episodes. No one can escape the vicissitudes of life. While vicissitude comes from the Latin vicis, which means "change" and technically can mean a change of any kind, you'll find that vicissitude is almost always used to talk about an unfortunate event or circumstance. Losing a pet, crashing the car, being called in for jury duty: these are examples of vicissitudes — chapters in one's life that one would rather avoid but must get through. Some lives have more vicissitudes than others, to be sure, but no life is without events that test and challenge us.

revile

vilify criticize in an abusive or angrily insulting manner. "he was now reviled by the party that he had helped to lead" If something is reviled, you alone don't dislike it; a whole community of like-minded souls has to hate its guts. For instance, spam is widely reviled. (The junk e-mails, not the potted meat. Somebody out there really does like that potted meat.) If you're the only one who hates, say, your math teacher, it's not fair to say that person is reviled. If she is majestically unpopular with the entire senior class and is routinely the butt of geometry-themed insults, well then sadly, this instructor is indeed reviled. Generally, when someone or something is reviled, much of the poison aimed is in print, such as critical reviews or insulting editorials.

dastardly

villainous wicked and cruel, despicable خسيس Someone who's dastardly is a scoundrel or a cowardly villain. A superhero might try to protect a city from a dastardly criminal mastermind. Use the adjective dastardly to describe a person or action that's underhanded and mean. Criminals, pirates, and bullies are all frequently called dastardly. An unprovoked military strike is also sometimes described as dastardly, referencing President Franklin Roosevelt's famous 1941 speech after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, which he called an "unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan." In the 1500s, dastardly meant "dull," from the now-obsolete dastard, "one who is lazy or dull."

breach

violation; a gap or break. A breach is a violation of a law, duty, or promise. If you'd contracted to mow your neighbor's lawn and don't do it, he can sue you for breach of contract. Or he can mow the lawn himself. Choose Your Words breach / breech If you break a contract, it's a breach. If you're talking about pantaloons, guns, or feet-first babies, use breech with a double "e." Breach traces back to the Old English verb: brecan, "to break," which is what breach really means — "a breaking of something." Breach of contract is a legal way of saying you broke a promise. If your great aunt Edna is a stickler for propriety, she may be horrified when you eat your meat with the salad fork, considering it a breach of good manners.

rouse

wake provoke awaken Wilson roused a good deal of popular enthusiasm with his talk of "new freedom "

trample

walk over tread on and crush, tramp, stamp "the fence had been trampled down" "a drug-testing device that doesn't trample on employees' civil liberties" To trample is to forcefully walk right over something or someone. If you fall down during a footrace, another runner might trample you. When you trample, you're stomping or stamping: it's the opposite of walking on tippy toes. A dog might trample a flower garden while chasing a ball, and an angry child might deliberately trample her sister's sandcastle, flattening it with her feet. The verb trample comes from tramp, "walk heavily or stamp," which is rooted in the Middle Low German word trampen, "to tramp, stamp, or press upon."

wade

walk through water يخوض walk in long strides "firefighters waded the waist-deep flood water"

worm

weak person A worm is a small, tube-shaped invertebrate with no arms or legs. The worms that hang out in your garden are very helpful, keeping the soil rich and fertile.

shrouded

wrapped envelop, clock, veil "mountains shrouded by cloud" "The origins of this civilization are shrouded in mystery" Are the rules of calculus shrouded in mystery to you? The verb shroud means to hide or cover something or someone. The fog might shroud the valley, or that long-sleeved, ankle-length dress might shroud the tan you worked so hard on in Mexico over Christmas break. It used to be that corpses were dressed for burial not in person's best outfit but in a shroud — a garment, often white, made to cover the body. When ghosts, zombies or mummies are depicted in rags, they are wearing the remains of their burial shrouds. If you should hide from them by covering yourself with an abandoned tarp, you will be shrouding yourself from sight.

proceeds

yield imcome, earnings, returns "proceeds will help purchase new equipment" "the proceeds were put into nonproductive constructions." sometimes you wonder who the f@@k is making our decision? Proceeds are the money brought in from a transaction or event. The money you make from your lemonade stand are the proceeds from lemonade sales. You'll often hear something like, all proceeds from this raffle will go to help the Save the Puppies Charity. Proceeds can mean either the gross money earned (all that was brought in) or the net (the money left after expenses). If you are very concerned about where the money you donate to charity goes, this is a good question to ask.