Transcription & Translation xx

codons may be redundant but they are not AMBIGOUS one codon will not specify more than ___ amino acid(s)

1.

FREE RIBOSOMES MAKE PROTEINS FOR ___ AND BOUND RIBOSOMES MAKE PROTEINS FOR ___ SYSTEM ABD PROTEINS EJECTED FROM CELL

1. CYTOSOL 2. ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM

in insertions and deletions, there are _______ and ____ to nucleotide pairs in a gene. these mutations are ____ than substitutions what might be altered by these muations creating a ____ mutation

1. additions/losses 2. worse 3. reading frame altered creating a FRAMESHIFT mutation

the 5 cap and polyA tail have 3 imp functions which are

1. export mature MRNA out of nucleus 2. protect MRNA from degradation by hydrolytic enzymes 3. help ribosomes attach to 5 end of MRNA once it reaches cytoplasm

3 kinds of nucleotide pair substitutions in silent mutations, there is ___________ due to genetic redundancy in missense mutations, the _____ is coded in nonsense mutations, an amino acid codon is changed into a _____, creating a nonfunctional protein

1. no effect on amino acid made by codon 2. wrong amino acid 3. stop codon

InitIation of transcription is when transcription factors are added to the ____ and RNA POLYMERASE 2 BINDS TO IT. this is then called the transcription initation complex and is formed by _____ RNA POLYMERASE UNWINDS DNA STRANDS AND TRANSCRIBES a template strand at start protein (RNA SYNTHESIS)

1. promoter 2. TATA

NOT ALL PROTEINS ARE ENZYMES... MANY are made from 2 or more ___ chains have their own gene ex- keratin, insulin

2+ polypeptide chains that have their OWN GENE

In elongation of rna strand, RNA POLYMERASE ADDS TO THE ___ END OF GROWING RNA MOLECULE. many polymerase molecules may transcribe _______________

3 end of RNA A SINGLE GENE TO MAKE LOTS OF A CERTAIN PROTEIN

DNA IS read in the ____ orientation and ____ in a gene are what specify amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.

3 to 5 direction CODONS

in MRNA, the 5 end which is made first receives a ________ made of guanine. the 3 end has enzymes add ________ blocks to make a _____ tail.

5 cap adenine blocks, polyA tail

reading frame is important in translation, must be read in ___ direction

5-3

in transcription, a __ sets the order of nucleotide bases in the rna that is about to be synthesized. for every ___ , the _________ is transcribed.

A GENE SETS ORDER FOR EVERY GENE, THE TEMPLATE STRAND IS TRANSCRIBED.

what dictates synthesis of proteins/ other rna molecules involved in proteins synthesis

DNA

nucleic acid RNA is the bridge between _______ and ____________

DNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

what enzyme matches tRNA and AMINO ACIDS and catalyses the covalent bond of amino acid to tRNA from ATP hydrolysis

aminozcyl tRNA synthetases

IN PRE-MRNA SPLICING, A _________ REMOVES INTRONS AND JOINS EXONS

SPLICESOME

in translation, the ____ IS READ AS CODONS WHICH WAY IS MRNA READ?

THE MRNA IS READ AS CODONS MRNA IS READ IN 5 TO 3 DIRECTION

____ IS THE SYNTHESIS OF A POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN NEEDING ___ AND __/____

TRANSLATION protein factors energy / GTP

IN TERMINATION OF TRANSCRIPTION IN BACTERIA, POLYMERASE DOES WHAT?

detaches from DNA, releases transcript.

iN TERMINATION OF TRANSCRIPTION IN EUKARYOTES, POLYMERASE CONTINUES TRANSCRIBING UNTIL WHAT?

enzymes cause polymerase and dna to separate

genes can be transcribed/translated ______

from one species to another

what is the process by which dna directs protein synthesis through transcription and translation

gene expression

spontaneous mutations occur during DNA replication, recomposition, and repair what are the physical or chemical agents that cause mutations

mutagens

what affects protein structure and function, a change in the genetic material of a cell or virus

mutations

in eukaryotes, what separates translation and transcription?

nuclear envelope

because prokaryotes lack a __________ , transcription and translation are coupled.

nuclei ribosomes attach mRNA translation starts while transcription is in progress

what are the 2 Diff kinds of SMALL SCALE POINT mutations?

nucleotide pair substituions insertions/ deletions

what is an anticodon

nucleotide triplet on tRNA that base pairs to the codon of the mRNA so the amino acid can detach.

in a nucleotide pair substitution, what happens?

one nucleotide and its partner is replaced with another pair of nucleotides

in sickle cell there is a _____ mutation of a gene that encodes B global polypeptide of hemoglobin

point

what are chemical changes in just one base pair of a gene

point mutations

what is modified after translation?

polypeptide chains completed proteins sent to specific sites in cell

what is formed when lots of ribosomes translate a single MRNA at the same time enabling a cell to make lots of polypeptide copies?

polyribosomes

in transcription, the initial rna transcript that is not TRANSLATED INTO PROTEIN is a __________

primary transcript

the three stages of translation (initiation, elongation, and termination) all require what ?

protein factors

IN TRANSCRIPTION, mRNA carries the genetic message from DNA into ______________________________

protein making part of the cell

___ ARE THE LINK BETWEEN GENOTYPE/PHEOTYPE

proteins

what allows certain tRNAS to bind to more than one codon? flexible base pairing in 3rd nucleotide base in same codons for certain AA

wobble or flexible pairing on the 3rd codon base

what facilitates specific coupling of tRNA anticodons and MRNA codons in protein synthesis?

ribosomal subunits made of proteins and ribosomal rna

in prokaryotes, ____ attach to the MRNA while transcription is in progress?

ribosomes

ribosomes switch between free and bound. bound ribosomes are made by a _____ which EMERGES FROM RIBOSOME OF SRP(a protein rna complex) andtargets proteins to ER

signal peptide

start code AUG does what?

signals protein making machines to TRANSLATE MRNA

the change of just a _____ in the DNA template strand can make an abnormal protein

single nucleotide

in translation , what helps MRNA message translate into protein? each tRNA has a ____ 3' end and a ___ on the other end.

tRNA specific amino acid on 3' end anticodon on other end

_____ is making mRNA from DNA

transcription

in eukaryotes, transcription happens in ___ and translation happens in ___ at ___

transcription- happens in nucleus translation - happens in ribosomes at cytoplasm

__ IS MAKING A PROTEIN SEQUENCE FROM MRNA AT RIBOSOMES

translation.

the flow of info from gene to protein is based on the _____________ which is 3 nucleotides that are made into an amino acid chain

triplet code

IN ELONGATION, amino acids are added to the ___ terminus

C

a gene is a DNA SEQUENCE THAT __________ FOR A SPECIFIC POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN and can be expressed to make a polypeptide or an RNA molecule

CODES

noncoding chunks of nucleic acid in between coding regions are ______ regions that are EXPRESSED by being translated into AMINO ACID sequences are ____

INTRONS EXONS

TRANSCRIPTION IS MAKING ___ ON _____ . TRANSLATION IS TRANSLATING THE NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE OF mRNA INTO _____________________

IS MAKING RNA ON DNA AN AMINO ACID SEQUENCE OF A POLYPEPTIDE

the one gene, one _____ hypothesis states how each polypeptide has one gene. what is the exception to this rule when quite a few genes code for the RNA molecule.

ONE POLYPEPTIDE ALTERNATIVE SPLICING

in RNA processing in eukaryotic cells, RNA IS modified after transcription. both ends of the ____ transcript is altered and certain parts of RNA are cut with the rest spliced together. THIS happens to premrna in nucleus before genetic message is sent to cytoplasm

PRIMARY

in termination of translation, a ribosome reaches the stop codon on MRNA. what promotes hydrolysis and causes ribosomal subunits to disassociate

RELEASE FACTOR PROMOTES HYDROLYSIS

what are RNA molecules that act as enzymes ? intron rna is an example that acts as a ribozyme by _______________

RIBOZYMES catalyzing its own excision

3 prop of ribozymes that allow it to act as enzymes

RNA IS SINGLE STRANDED W A CERTAIN 3D STRUCTURE RNA BASES HAVE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS THAT MAY ACT AS CATALYSTS RNA CAN H BOND TO OTHER NUCLEIC ACIDS (RNA/DNA) WHICH ADDS SPECIFICITY TO ITS CATALYTIC ACTIVITY?

In making a primary transcript for a gene, __ TRANSCRIBES INTRONS AND EXONS FROM DNA but MRNA enters cytoplasm as an ABRIDGED VERSION. when introns are cut and exons joined, forming a ____ with a ______________

RNA POLYMERASE 2 MRNA with a continuous coding sequence

in the initiation step, a ____ binds to mRNA and a _____ completes the initiation complex. SOURCE IF ENERGY FOR INITIATION COMPLEX

a small ribosomal subunit a large ribosomal subunit hydrolysis of GTP

large scale mutations are ______________ that affect long segments of DNA small scale mutations are mutations of _____________________ and ________________ which are changes in single nucleotide pair of a gene

chromosomal rearrangements a few nucleotide pairs, point mutations

the nontemplate strand is also called a __ strand.

coding strand

in the elongation step are what 3 processes that are required in order for the ribosome to be ready for the next AMINOACYL TRNA AMINO END OF A POLYPEPTIDE.

codon recogition peptide bond formation translocation