Truck Loading Code

Steel drums - 200 L capacity 1

200 L steel drums on wooden pallets can only be carried on vehicles with headboards Pallets must be placed side by side across the vehicle deck, starting from the headboard and working to the rear of the deck Central pallets must be placed centrally across the vehicle deck

Trestle and bolster definition

A Trestle is a braced frame serving as a support (google) A bolster is that part of a machine or mechanism, which forms a hard support or base

Containers - without twist locks

A container without twist locks can be secured using pin securing devices Securing devices like ropes, chains or webbing should only be used for securing see freezer containers and newsprint bases

The safety problem 3

A load carried on a vehicle without restraining devices is not secure because fractional restraint between the load and the platform will be less than the dynamic forces that Tim to move the load

Load height

A person shouldn't operate any vehicle if the vehicle and/or its load rise to a height that is liable to cause damage to construction or wires lawfully over the roadway Maximum height for vehicle to have general access to roads is 4.3 m; this includes load and any load securing devices Heights above 4.3 m, but less than 5 m, refer to land transport rule: vehicle dimensions and mass 2016 For heights above 5 m, a permit is required from the New Zealand transport agency

Coils - carried crosswise, eye horizontal

A row of coils is one or more coils in a line, across or along the vehicle. All coils in a row must be of approximately equal diameter Coil should not be loaded more than one layer high Cradle coils in coil holder, positioned to distribute the load on vehicle and neatly fitting between coaming rails for lateral restraint Anchor chains to anchor points, not rope rail

Rated strength - friction

A slippery platform surface is dangerous Aim to obtain maximum advantage from the frictional restraint; keep both the base of the load and platform surface clean, dry and free from grease as possible Special precautions should be taken when metal to metal contact cannot be avoided

Containers - adaptor frames

Adaptor frames usually incorporate twist locks Adaptor frames should be suitably bolted or securely fixed through the chassis In an emergency where a container is carried on a vehicle not specifically designed for that purpose, the container must be secured in a manner defined for a large indivisible load

Carriage and towing of motor vehicles - tow trucks 3

Advantages and disadvantages of towing vehicles on their front wheels: On rear wheel drive vehicles, the chief advantage is that the vehicle's transmission will not limit either towing speed or distances. This can be a significant advantage when towing trucks. All passenger cars with automatic transmissions are generally towed on rear wheels at 40 km/h or less for a distance of 20 km unless specific factory recommendations allow higher limits Disadvantage of front wheel towing is if front wheels failed to remain in the straightahead position, allowing the disabled vehicle to swing; steering wheel locks, specifically designed for this purpose are available in the trade

Restraint devices - tarpaulins 5

After securing the front sheet, secure the size of the rear sheet to the rear most corners The rear of the load should be sheeted and folded as shown Things to check: Lights, reflectors, numberplates and bra marking should not be obscured Loose rope ends should be tied up No loose flaps or tears in the tarp shit should be liable to cause danger to other Road users when the vehicle is moving; damaged tarps that can't be replaced immediately must carry out temporary repairs and have additional lashings applied (figure 31)

Timber loads - restraint equipment 2 (chains)

All chains must be short link Chains securing loads must be tightened, tensioning devices securely locked, all loose ends secured and checked throughout journey Chains must extend over the load with anchor points opposite each other Chains must be secured to anchor points by either a permanent attachment or a suitable chain coupler; no chain must ever be knotted Chain systems and anchor points must be in good condition Claw hooks are preferable to grab hooks; grab hooks reduce chain strength by 25%

Securing metal sheet coils or rolls

All coils of metal or wire should be blocked each side, and chain drawn through the centre of the front and rear coils to stop movement May also require use of further binders as well as blocks and chains Coils should be transported on specially constructed vehicles

Rated strength - All items of equipment

All items of equipment, such as damage and chocs, must be securely restrained when not in use where ever they are placed

Filleting timber

All timber filleted and stacked with its greater dimension on the flat side; all fillets must be of even thickness Phillips and spacers should be long enough for the width of the stack; if shorter ones need to be used they must overlap (instead of end to end) so that two tears of timber are supported on each side of the overlap Fillets must not protrude more than 50 mm beyond the edge of the stack Fillets must be placed immediately above each other The narrower the dimension of the timber, the wider and more closely spaced the fillets should be; should never be placed over 1 m apart Piles of complete packets must have irregularities or unevenness (sagging ends) corrected by packing with spacers placed between packets

Packing timber

All types of packet binders are tensioned from the top; extremely important when packets are being assembled and bound, the bottom layers are mauled up tightly Binder fillets should be less than 1 m apart along the length of the packet; when an automated fillet system is used, a maximum spacing of 1.2 m is allowed Packaging timber spaces should be long enough and must not protrude over 50 mm beyond packet; packets should be placed immediately above each other in relation to stack bearers In packets of varied timber length, shorter lengths are to be securely housed within the body of the packet. All outside pieces must engage all of the fillets

Steel products - restraining devices

All vehicles use for steel cartage should have equipment including a binder, pins and chains In general, chains and tensioners are used to secure metal loads. Where ropes or weddings are used, must avoid contact with sharp edges

Carriage and towing of motor vehicles - anchor points

Anchor points on the carrier should be fixed securely to the metal members of the chassis and be capable of withstanding a force of at least 2 tonnes acting in any direction through which lashings or restraints may be attached. The number of anchor points on each side of the carrying vehicle should be related to the sum of the total number of axles of motor cars carried at a given time.

Load securing equipment - chains 2

Any distortion of low tensioning devices indicate severe overloading has occurred and should be removed from service Wielded repairs to turnbuckles all load binders are not permitted as it can result in subsequent failure Use of grab hooks reduces the strength of chains by 25%, therefore the lashing capacity of this type of system should be reduced by 25% Clevis claw hooks do not reduce chain strength and should be used in preference The hook of the binder should not be spread or distorted, bent, repaired by welding, or distorted that the chain cannot tension properly or retain tension in a secured position The attaching pin should not be bent, worn over 10% of a thickness or inadvertently secured to the hook

Flexible tanks - webbing arrangements 2

Any strainers, hooks or other fittings used in connection with lashings must be strong and fastened so that they will withstand a force of at least the same magnitude as the part of the lashing to which they are joined. A headboard must be fitted to the truck and any trailer used for the carriage of flexible tanks. Any side boards and tail boards fitted must reach at least 100mm above the highest point of the maximum width of the tank. In this case anchor points will have to be fitted on the deck of the vehicle within the side and tail boards

Asbestos or plastic pipe

Asbestos or plastic pipes are damage prone and loaded lengthwise Pipe manufacturers usually prepare these for transport by stacking in tears with timber spacers between layers and restrained with bands Leading ends of front tier of pipes located against headboard, tiers restrained by at least two chains intention is to each tier; approved webbing lashings may be used Lashings located close to timber spacers

Stack construction

Binder fillets are used to stabilise block stacks packets, and tie adjacent pieces together by friction. Those used to separate timber for drying our separation. Ties are equally important with stacks of packaged timber, as they stabilise adjacent packages and stacks Avoid staggered plank ends protruding from stacks; do not climb up the sides or ends of any timber stack, use a ladder or a forklift

Block stacking of packets

Block stacking consists of placing packets of timber already prepared one on top of the other Block stacking must never be higher than four times the width of the base; fewer fillets are used to provide binding of the stack and to compensate for irregularity Narrow packets can be bound together to make one packet, then stacked to 4 times the base width In storage sheds we are overhead cranes are used, packets can be stacks to 9. 7 m, as long as stable Stacked packets must be compatible in size and structure. Long length timber packets are not to be stacked on top of single short length packets. Any sag in packets should be corrected by spacers between packets

Binding packets

Blocks stacked timber must be suitably bound close to where they have been assembled Not necessary to find packets as effectively when transporting short distances on level ground (e.g. treatment plant, filleting bays), compared to greater distances transported on public roads Finders must be set square to the packet; some packets need to be re-bound after drying if finders have lost their tension

Loading methods - cartons and boxes

Boxes and cartons that are loaded must not move in any direction. If possible they must into locks and be loaded in uniform height Heavier boxes placed at the bottom of the load Tarpaulin can be used to secure very light bulb clothes. For heavier loads, must have one lashing for each row of boxes across the vehicle under the tarpaulin Any box that is above the general height of the load must have at least one cross lashings, and two if it weighs more than 0.5 tons

Steel products

Broad categories of steel products include: Metal plate and flat sheets Metal sheet in rolls Metal bars or billets Structural steel and pipes Large castings and fabricated units Wire coils Scrap metal Ingots Some types of light load such as small castings, maybe carried inside of vehicles without additional required restraint vehicle size are higher than the load

Carriage and towing of motor vehicles - loading ramps, hydraulic operated decking etc

Care should be taken to ensure that all loose loading ramps are safely secured. Hydraulic ramps and decks should be secured in the locked position.

Load securing equipment - chains 3

Chain securing loads should be tightened using turnbuckles or securely locked load binders; do not stand to close while operating them Chains should extend over the load with each end at opposite sides, secure to anchor points by either a permanent attachment, a shackle type coupler or by the use of a grab hook Must have sufficient number of chains in accordance with weight distribution of load and location and strength of anchor points Rope rails should not be used as anchor points, but stake pockets having an equal strength to the chain may be used Caution not to over strain chains or binders by the excessive use of pipe or pipe lever extensions

Equipment for cartage of finished reel products 1

Chains function to protect against rearward or forward loss of load and maintain whole load in compression to produce extra fractional resistance against sideways movement of reels Tendency of chains, as primary restraints, to lose tension is directly related to movement of length in contact with core protectors, tie rails and coaming; short links tend to move list and our preferred Core protectors, when required, should be flanged in a manner to protect the core and reel ends All edges and parts of core protectors that may come into contact with rope should be rounded and smooth

Chains - replacement

Chains, turnbuckles, load binder attachments and anchor points should be maintained in good condition. Condemn and replace when: Cracked links Bent, twisted, stretched or collapsed length Links weakened by gouges or pits reducing the diameter by 10% Chains repaired or join by repair length of a different type then those design for the purpose Knots in any portion of the chain Spread or distorted grab hooks Any evidence of loss of strength (cracks, breaks, distortion) by 10% or more

Stacking and securing timber in the open 1

Check ground is firm enough to support load before allowing stacks to be constructed in the open; Ascertain existence of drains, water pipes or electric supply mains under the proposed site Do not build stacks over manholes, stop valves, cable chambers and fire hydrants When stacking adjacent to a public access boundary, must be at least 1 m end on from the Boundary When stacking side on to the boundary, restraining devices of calculator strength must be provided to the full height of the stack

Coils - carried lengthwise, eye horizontal

Coils carried lengthwise is rare Rows are aligned along platform, and must be in contact along the centre of platform and of equal length Cradles and timber baulking bolted across both ends of cradle, hard against the end coils, should be used Front baulking may be removed if leading coil is hard against a substantial bulkhead Minimum of two transverse chains and tensioners across each coil Fit protectors between chains and load when necessary

Coils - eye vertical

Coils carried with eyes vertical are usually mounted on and strapped to wooden pallets by metal processors Restrain coils with coil inserts, chains and tensioners Coils strapped to pallets should be baulked or secured with front and back restraint chains

Load securing equipment - webbing and strapping 1

Commercial webbing and strapping is specially designed for lashing loads and incorporates quick fastening release hooks and tensioning devices; can include anti-chafing sleeves Webbing made from synthetic fibres are slightly elastic to prevent load from working loose Webbing as a primary form of restraint must not have damage, chafing, fraying or stitching failures Wedding and attachments complete with tensioner must comply with AS/NZS4380

Common knots 1

Common knots used with ropes and cordage for load securing purposes

Common knots 2

Common knots used with ropes and cordage for load securing purposes

Containers - twist locks

Containers have casting at each corner, enabling secure attachment to carrying vehicle by twist locks A vehicle equipped to carry containers has twist locks at appropriate spacings that line up with corner castings on the container it is designed to carry Twist locks that are fully engaged and properly locked are considered to be secure

Containers - selection and specification

Containers have nominal length of 12 m, 6 m and 3 m Nominal width of 2.4 m Nominal heights of 2.4 m, 2.6 m and 2.9 m Drivers must check overall height of vehicle from ground, with respect to bridge heights and overhead obstructions expected on route. Vehicles carrying empty containers ride higher than loaded containers Containers can be equipped with specially designed corner castings provided for both lifting purposes and for securing a container during transport. Containers not built to the standards need to be secured by specially designed restraint system

Packaging decorative boards

Decorative boards are slippery in nature; should be in cased in 7.5 mm plywood, or shrunken heavy duty polythene and secured with straps or wire For convenience and minimal damage, bearers may be incorporated with the packet

Steel drums - 200 L capacity 2

Drums on pallets must be secured to the deck by ropes or straps bearing on wooden corner boards Corner boards are, at minimum, 15 mm thickness, 1100 mm length and 100 mm width Drums must be secured by corner board at each side of the vehicle At least two ropes or straps must be are on each corner board as shown Corner boards must rest on at least two drums At least one rope or strap bearing on the corner board across each row of drums

Anchor points 2

Each anchor point must have a strength at least equal to the rated strength of the lashings secured load Anchorage points should suit the type and payload capacity of the vehicle and the nature of the load carried; twist locks for containers are not regarded as Anchorage points for other loads Trucks fitted with tipper bodies should have a clamping device to secure the front of the body to the Chasis when the vehicle is being used for general freight

Equipment for cartage of pipe 2

Each pipe carrying vehicle must be provided with adequate good quality cordage, webbing, steel wire rope or tested chain for securing the load. Minimum recommended sizes are: 12 mm diameter quarter edge, 100 mm webbing, 12 mm diameter steel wire rope, 8 mm diameter of links for tested chain Durable packing material such as belting, secondhand rope etc should be placed between ends of all pipes in the bottom layer to protect them coming into contact with each other. One continuous length over a whole layer is preferable for packing material; they should be placed between each layer of pipes loaded

Loading methods - steel drums 200 L capacity, individually loaded 6

Empty drums maybe double stacked, provided the vehicle is fitted with a specially constructed cage Double stacking of full 200 L drums are not allowed Steel drums are not to be carried on a metal dick without the use of close ordered dunnage or sheets of plywood as a base for the loan. Metal on metal slips when loading and during journey

Loading racks and headboards

Every vehicle should be fitted with a loading rack or headboard; otherwise twice the strength of lashings are required The design of the loading rake or headboard should be consistent with the type and nature of the load being carried Loading racks or headboards fitted to the front of the vehicle platform must be capable of with standing a horizontal force uniformly distributed over the vertical area equal to half the rated payload capacity of the vehicle

Flexible tanks 1

Flexible tanks do not rely on partial rigidity of the load to prevent forward and sideways movement. Thus, movement must be restrained by an extra high standard of lashings alone Tanks can be transported within a container or on a flat deck of a truck or trailer

Load arrangement 3

Following principles should be applied when arranging load: Heavy and solid articles should provide the base and forward parts of the load with light portions on top and to the rear Throughout journey at every stop, security and lashings should be tested and checked; weather conditions affect tension of ropes Small items should be central and larger items forming outer walls of load; small items should not be placed low because it can act as a pivot point for larger items around the edge to tip either way inwards or outwards Gas cylinders can you placed vertically in the centre of a mixed load Load must be packed tightly before applying restraint Keep a regular shaped items in the upper part of the load when unable to be placed centrally within load

Rated strength

For chains and steel wire ropes, the rated of strength must be equivalent to not more than the specified minimum breaking force For weddings and other ropes, the rated assembly strength must be equivalent to not more than half the breaking strength The restraining system is at all times fully effective, and essential that basic requirements are met (e.g. suitability of vehicle etc)

Pipe loads - securing methods on tray or platform vehicles 1

For cross loaded pipes, up to 1300 mm diameter, load secured by two parallel chains front and back; chains to be provided with load binders, turnbuckles or other tightening means For cross loaded pipes, greater then 1350 mm diameter, pipes should be secured by two parallel chains brought down to the vehicle platform between each pipe, and evenly tensioned over each pipe For Cross loaded pipes, greater than 450 mm diameter, at least two front and back ropes should be used (chain is preferable though). Should be supplemented by adequate random roping of individual pipes in each layer For Cross loaded pipes, less than 450 mm diameter, pipes in each layer are randomly roped through their barrels, and secured by 2 chains running front and back

Securing rigid load weighing over 0.5 tons

For packets transported on a vehicle platform, securing devices must pass from the deck on one side of the vehicle over the load to the anchor point on the other side of the deck Packets not loaded against the headboard must have securing devices with a combined rated strength of at least twice the weight secured Packets loaded against a headboard, and the top packet are supported by at least 150 mm, the securing device must have a combined rate of strength of at least the weight secured Packets loaded so that lower packets are supported by headboard, but upper packets are not supported, must be secured by securing device with a combined rated strength of at least 1.5 times the secured weight

Loading methods - steel drums 200 L capacity, individually loaded 5

For vehicles without headboards, side boards, Tailboard or stanchions carrying list and eight drums: Each rope should be wound around the group above the upper lip or be held up with hooks Only this method should be used when drums are carried on their own If drums are carried with different types of containers, they should be surrounded by other packages where possible. If packages are heavy enough, then use to help study the drums before other lashings are tied on

Loading methods - steel drums 200 L capacity, individually loaded 3

For vehicles without headboards, sideboard, tailboard or stanchions: Drums are to be loaded from the back and towards the front row to be lashed as follows: The Rope must pass along three drums so that the right there's at least one3 the way up the second drum The front row of the drums should be double lashed with the top rope thing at least 1/3 the way up the second drum The Rope must pass around the end drum in each case, above the upper lip will be held up with hooks

Forces involved

Forces from the celebration and acceleration are greatly increased if load is allowed to move (battering ram effect) The ram effect increases rapidly with the increase in distance that the load can move relative to the vehicle Loads located away from the headboard are hazardous, unless load restraints are adequate to prevent movement Failure of the load restraint system could result in load developing sufficient momentum, which could slide and demolish headboard or other abutment (things to lean on)

Timber loads- Restraining the load

Forces involved in restraining load during breaking depend on the deceleration and the weight of the load, and are not dependent on the speed of the vehicle A timber load without restraining devices will not be secure; frictional restraint between the load and the platform will be less than the dynamic forces which tend to move the load Total restraint to accommodate forces are obtained from combination of securing devices (chains fixed to anchor points), restraining arrangements (eg headboards), and friction between load and vehicle platform

Loading methods - steel drums 200 L capacity, individually loaded 4

Four vehicles with a headboard but no sideboard, tail board or Stantion, drums should be loaded from headboard and back

Steel products - friction

Friction within metal load is generally low When possible, use wooden chocs to avoid contact of steel on vehicle tray Metal strapped into units for ease of handling should have straps in good condition Increase friction by placing flat rubber under and between lips of clean dry sheet; improves longitudinal and lateral restraint

Carriage and towing of motor vehicles - Fuel tanks

Fuel tanks of motor cars being carried should contain only sufficient fuel for the motor car to be driven on and off the car carrier in the storage yards.

Loading methods - gas cylinders 1

Gas cylinders are long, narrow type, holding compressed gases or liquids under 250 L water capacity Note: some gas cylinders, such as those containing LPG, are required to be transported upright (i.e. with the long axis vertical) and therefore should be secured against the headboard similarly to steel drums

Loading methods - glass

Glass loads are normally carried on custom-built vehicles; sheet or plate glass carried on crates or timber pallets have general freight load restraint precautions Crates should be adequately restrained, unless they lean towards the centre of the vehicle in built in compartments. These vehicles should be fitted with substantial loading racks and tailgate Crated bottles and other glass containers should not be stacked on the platform to a height greater than the loading rack and tailgate

Chassis definition

Google - The base frame of a vehicle

Restraining machines - dragline excavator

H1 - height of dragline Check route and minimum clearance exceeds overall height of dragline mounted on a low loader H2 - width of dragline If overall with exceed limit, special permit should be obtained and any special conditions applicable rigidly applied H3 - length of dragline Check dragline manufacturers advice on transportation of the Jib. If possible, leave Gib or section of it attached to the superstructure during transit; the extreme end of gym should not overhang the front or rear of the low loader if possible (it increases the swept path of the combination) H4 - boom and superstructure movement relative to machine chassis Engage slew lock; if none provide independent restraint to prevent slewing H5 - forward, rear and side movement Where are low distributions permit, locate dragline tracks against gooseneck. Cradle the machine in individual chains each tensioned with individual tensioners (max length 4 m) H7 - detached bucket and other attachment movement Restrain with independent individual chain length no longer than necessary Follow recommend transportation of jibs, remove it from the machine and transport separately if required

Restraining machine - forklift truck

H1 - height of forklift Check route and determine minimum clearance of forklift mounted on a low loader H2 - forward, rearward, and side movement If possible, but the rear of the forklift hard against Gooseneck of the low loader. Lower the forks onto the deck Restrain with cradle chain and tensioner (max length 4 m)

Restraining machine - power grader

H1 - height of grader Check route and minimum clearance. If necessary remove the canopy, exhaust pipe or any component exceeding limit H2 - width of grader Angle grader blade to reduce overall width within legal limits, otherwise remove the blade H3 - forward and rearward movement of grader Locate front wheels or rear wheels against Gooseneck Lower blade onto trailer deck Restrain grader at front and rear; drawbar and front axle bolster our ideal anchor points H4 - side movement of grader Restrain with chains and tensioners on each side. If required, provide special anchor points on grader frame to facilitate side restraint Page 5 - detached blade movement and articulation of front part Restrain with independent individual chain length to prevent movement On graders with articulated steering, fit locking device to prevent articulation of the front part of the machine relative to the rear part; relieve hydraulic pressure

Restraining machine - pneumatic tired four-wheel-drive loader

H1 - height of loader Check route and minimum clearance exceeds height of loader mounted on low loader. Remove components exceeding the limit H2 - articulated steering On loaders with articulated steering, slew lock must be used to prevent articulation of the front, relative to the rear part; relieve hydraulic pressure H3 - forward and rearward movement of loader Restrain at rear with individual chains and tensioners; drawbar is ideal anchor point At front, locate a chain and tensioner over the bucket left arms (max length 4 m) H4 - sideways movement of loader Restrain with chains and tensioners on each side. When necessary provide special anchor points on the load of frame to facilitate side restraint

Restraining Machine - hydraulic excavator, crawler mounted

H1 - height of machine Check route and minimum clearance of excavator mounted on low loader H2 - boom and superstructure movement relative to chassis of machine Relieve hydraulic pressure and engage slew lock H3 - forward, Rearward and side movement of machine Where are load distribution permits, locate the rear of the excavator hard against Gooseneck. For forward and side movement, cradle the excavator in individual chains each tensioned with individual tensioners (max length 4 m) H5 - Movement of buckets and attachments detached from machine Restrain with independent individual length of chain no longer than necessary

Restraining machine - tractor dozers

H1 - height of machine Check route and minimum clearance. If necessary, remove the canopy, exhaust pipe or any component exceeding the limit H2 - width of machine Check overall width is within Legal limits or conditions of an overdimension permit "A" frame and dozer blade may need to be removed; depending on axle loads and space available, these components may need to be transported separately H3 - forward, rearward, side movement Restrain with a pair of individual chains and tensioners at the front, rear, and side of tractor dozer Suggested anchor points: drawbar at rear, tow hook in front, chain and tensioner on each side behind carrier roller brackets (desirable maximum length of chain 4 m) H5 - Movement of individual items Restrain dozer blade, A frame, side arms etc with independent individual length of chain, no longer than absolutely necessary. Locate chain to provide direct attention

Restraining machine - pneumatic tired roller

H1 - height of roller Check route and minimum clearance. If necessary remove the canopy, exhaust pipe, air cleaner or any component exceeding limit H2 - forward, rear and side movement Restrain with individual chains and tension is positioned on four corners of the body

Restraining machine - steel wheeled roller

H1 - height of roller Check route and minimum clearance. Remove components exceeding the limit H2 - Forward, rearward, and side movement Where load distribution permits, butt the rear of the roller hard against the Gooseneck and restrain with individual chains and tensioners to anchor points close to rear roll axle Alternatively, locate roller to meet load distribution and use drawbar as the rear anchor point Restrain front of machine using special anchor points to fit individual chains and tensioners Side movement is restrained by chains used to control forward and rearward movement

Restraining machine - rubber tired crane, rough terrain

H1 - height of the crane Check route and ensure minimum clearance exceeds maximum overall height of crane mounted on a low ladder H2 - boom and superstructure movement relative to chassis of machine Relieve hydraulic pressure. Engage slew lock fitted; if none fitted provide an independent restraint to prevent slowing motion H3 - forward, rearward and side movement of crane Restrain with chains and tensioners at front, rear and sides of crane When travelling over rough roads, remove the machine weight of vehicle tyres to prevent bounds effects; severe conditions may snap restraining chain Outriggers can be used to lift the crane and take weight off tyres. Wooden blocks must be packed between low loader deck and outrigger beams Outriggers must be fully retracted in both vertical and horizontal positions; chains and tensioners can then be applied to restrain crane

Restraining machine - pneumatic tired tractor

H1 - height of tractor Check route and minimum clearance H2 - forward, rearward and side movement of tractor Restrain with pairs of individual chains and tensioners. Ideal anchor point: drawbar at rear if front axle is unsuitable then special anchor points should be provided on the main frame Where necessary, special anchor points on tractor side frames

Headboard requirements

Headboard requirements: What should be at least equal to the width of the cab. And preferably equal to the width of the loading platform Height depends on the kind of load. Must be sufficient to obstruct forward movement during deceleration (minimum of 0.5 m high), unless adequate load restraint is provided by other means A Trestle type headboard or bolster fitted behind the drivers cab must be capable of resisting the combined effect of two forces, each equal to half the permissible payload acting forwards and downwards through the top of the trestle or bolster

Headboards and cab guards 3

Headboard should be of solid construction, without apertures, and made of steel, aluminium or wood In the case of closed vans of 3.5 tons gross weight or more, where the drivers cab is integral with the body, the transverse headboard behind the driver must be the full height of the low compartment and of sufficient width to afford adequate protection

Timber loads - restraint equipment 1

Headboards must with stand half the rated payload capacity of the vehicle. Headboard width should be at least equal to width of cab and loading platform; height at least equal to height of cab Cab guard must absorb impact of a load moving forward Side boards and tailgate must with stand uniformly distributed horizontal force equal to half the total payload weight of vehicle Side and centre posts must with stand horizontal force equal to half of total payload weight. All posts designed so that they cannot become detached from the holder. Side posts arranged so that width of vehicle when laden does not exceed legal limits Sisal and manila ropes should only be used for securing tarpaulins or loads of less than 0.5 ton; these ropes are easily damaged. Obtain the Rope standers from seller (material, construction, minimum breaking force). Avoid contact with chemicals oils and paint and avoid excessive knotting, sharp bends, chafing Also consider load Anchorage points, securing devices, tarpaulins and webbing

Construction equipment

Heavy construction equipment, such as both track and wheel types, is transported on vehicles designed specifically for that purpose and provision is made to facilitate loading, unloading and securing of the load Lighter machines may be transported on general-purpose vehicles provided the load restraint method is secure When vehicles are being driven onto a tilt bed, helpers should be cautioned to stand clear of the front of the tilt bed platform

Concrete pipes

If possible, concrete pipes are loaded barrel to barrel Spigot and socket pipes should be loaded with sockets at alternate ends, if only in one layer With multiple layers, sockets should be at the opposite end to those in the immediately lower layer, and spigots should not project beyond the sockets Before loading, place wedge shaped timber at the front end of the vehicle. Push the first pipe firmly against timber and chocked. Each pipe loaded there after should be pushed firmly against previous pipe and progressively chocked Pipes longer than 2.5 m should be loaded lengthwise along vehicle. Spigot and socket pipes loaded in the bottom layer should have sockets at the same end. When additional layers are loaded, sockets should be at opposite end of those immediate lower layer and spigots project beyond the spigots by those in the immediate lower layer

Loading method - drums, rolls or cylindrical loads

If the length of cylinders is less than twice the diameter they should be placed on end instructions are given to the contrary If the length is greater than twice the diameter, but less than the width of the vehicle, there must be positioned so as to roll forward Each row must contact the one in front, and the front and rear ones must be chopped to prevent rolling backwards or forwards

Loading methods - steel drums 200 L capacity, individually loaded 2

If vehicles aren't equipped with previously described restraints, then vehicle must be equipped with Cant rails and ropes Drums should be secured in groups of eight, and anchor points spaced no greater than 1 m apart All drums must be inside, not on the cant rail The cant rails show should be at least 3 cm above the deck The first row should be tied before placing the second row

Rated strength - tarpaulins

In cases of very lightbulb clothes (0.5 tons), sheets or tarpaulins should be regarded as providing no more than whether protection, and the loan must be independently restrained against movement

Loading methods - gas cylinders 3

In vehicle without sideboard, headboard or tail board: Spiked chocks must be used at both ends of a row and baulked against sideways movement along the entire length of the load There must be only one level, i.e. no stacking

The safety problem 1

It requires more force to stop a load that has started moving, then it does to prevent the movement in the first place Thus, it is essential that the vehicle is loaded and the load is restrained so that it can not move freely in any direction relative to the vehicle

Carriage and towing of motor vehicles - tow trucks 1

Jib towing of damaged or disabled motor vehicles: A towing sling and spacer bars should always be used. Safety chains are necessary to take the load of the winch and cable while the vehicle is under tow Slings should be hooks to the lower suspension arms; if towing on front wheels (rear is lifted) hooks and chains should be attached to the rear of the axle

Carriage and towing of motor vehicles - tow trucks 2

Jib towing of damaged or disabled motor vehicles: Wooden blocks, rubber cushions or fabric fenders should be used at splash pans, tail pipes, oil sumps and fuel tanks, to avoid damage to these components. Do not hook on to the tie rods, steering linkages or other parts that could be damaged by unusual pressure. Do not hook over the top of an axle or suspension member because the hook could become unfastened during travel. Make sure that spacer bars are retracted and locked before towing. Check that the car is in neutral gear and the parking brake released before towing.

Load distribution and arrangement on vehicles 1

Keep with and maximum legal weight limits and vehicle dimensions Load should be placed against the headboard, provided the handling of the vehicle is not impaired If load cannot be placed against the headboard, balking should be used, or twice the strength of lashings required A high load will affect stability of the vehicle; hi loads should be carried on vehicles of low platforms whenever possible; In general, the height of the load must not exceed the length of the load, will be twice the width of the load

Large castings and fabricated units

Large castings of fabricated units are usually carried in a custom-made cradle, strong enough to resist any forces This type of load often cannot be placed against headboard due to weight distribution reasons. So if no booking is provided, all the restraint comes from lashings and correspondingly greater number will be necessary Arrange flashings to prevent load toppling

Baulking definition

Large timber at least 100 mm x 100 mm, used to prevent longitudinal movement of the load under vehicle deceleration or acceleration, especially when the load cannot be placed against a headboard

Structural steel and pipes - lashing

Lashing for structural steel and pipes: Use stanchions for lateral restraint Stanchions should extend to the height of the load and be fitted with top chains If there are no stanchions, prevent lateral movement using baulking Avoid using dunnage Apply one chain and tensioner at least every 2 m along platform length

Rated strength - lashings

Lashings of fastening devices include twitches and chains, cables, clamps, load binders. They should be in sound condition and capable of transmitting all forces likely to be induced in them Flashings are to be properly tensioned at all times. Must be checked periodically to avoid load moving and keep it firmly against headboard or other obstacle Avoid over tensioning flashings or fastening devices, as it we convert Restraining system should be arranged so that the failure or slackening of a single component does not render the remainder of the system ineffective Lashings must not contact any shop edges on the vehicle or load

Live loads 1

Live loads can reduce vehicle cornering ability and cause rollover. If liquids are transported in partially filled tanks they should be baffled or have multiple compartments which are either essentially full or empty. If the rear compartment is full and the forward compartments empty, the loaded rear compartment will act as a pendulum (rearward amplification) and may pull the vehicle over. Where loads, such as meat, are hung in a vehicle, they must be closely packed to minimise movement or otherwise be restrained.

Live loads 2

Livestock is normally carried in purpose-built bodies or removable crates. Livestock should be loaded to minimise injury to individual animals and to prevent vehicle instability caused by the livestock moving during transport. Where livestock is carried on light vehicles, crates must be used or the livestock directly restrained (tethered) to minimise movement. Where livestock is carried in multiple deck crates, animals should not be transported in an upper deck until the lower levels are filled.

Load arrangement 1

Load in vehicle must: Not exceed maximum vehicle and axle weights There is maximum stability when vehicle is brakes, accelerated or changes direction Items that comprise total load need to be evenly spread to achieve minimum height and to form a unified hole so that no excessive stress is applied to whatever restraining device or used

Load distribution and arrangement on vehicles 5

Load must not exceed 3 m ahead of the drivers front seat or more then regulations allow behind the rear axis If load extends more than 1 m ahead or behind the body of the vehicle, it must have a clean white flag or a red, orange or yellow fluorescent flag attached to the end of the load (400 mm x 300 mm) Loads incorporating dangerous projections should be arranged to minimise risk to driver and other road users; if progressive unloading occurs, it is essential to resecure the load

Construction equipment - restraining devices 2

Load pegs can be fitted along each side of the vehicle to prevent transverse movement, particularly on tracked vehicles Lashings or security devices only attached to construction equipment compatible in strength with vehicles Anchorage points; should not be attached to any part of the machine where there is risk of damage when vehicle is in motion Flashings that provide front and back restraint should be near to horizontal, as more than 60° from horizontal increases stress exponentially and failure can occur A chain placed 60° from horizontal provides a front or back restraining force of 1/2 the chains rated strength; chain placed degrees to the horizontal and 60° across the vehicle has its strength reduced to 1/4 of original

Timber loads - restraint requirement

Load restraint system must be able to withstand: Full weight of the load forwards Half the weight of the load sideways Half the weight of the load backwards 1/5 of the weight of the load vertically upwards

Load restraint criteria

Load restraint systems should prevent movement of load under these conditions: During deceleration in the forward direction, when the restraining forces must be at least equal to the weight of the load (i.e. an acceleration of 1.0 g) During deceleration in the rearward direction, when restraining forces must be at least half the weight of the load (i.e. an acceleration of 0.5 g) During cornering, and load is subjected to lateral acceleration; restraining forces must be at least half the weight of the load When travelling over undulating roads, bumps and potholes; vertical restraining forces holding down the load must be at least 1/5 of the weight of a load (i.e. an acceleration of 0.2 g)

Load distribution and arrangement on vehicles 2

Load should be spread to keep centre of gravity as low as possible If the load is stacked, larger and heavier items should be placed at the bottom

Types of containers - tank containers

Loaded tank containers should be transported on low bed trailers Low bed trailers should be fitted with twist locks The stability of vehicles carrying liquids and especially dangerous goods and 10 containers is an important safety issue

Construction equipment - loading arrangement on the vehicle 1

Loading construction equipment onto vehicle: Clear debris on loading platform before loading Construction equipment arranged so that maximum vehicle and axle weights are not exceeded and safe handling of vehicle not impaired Clearance between the underside of low loading vehicles and the road surface should be checked before moving off where there is danger of grounding Ground clearance of any motor vehicle and any trailer attached is measured from the horizontal road surface to any point on the underside of the vehicle, except tyres, wheels and wheel hubs; should not be less than 1/20 of the distance between adjacent axles under any loading conditions

Headboards and cab guards 2

Loads should be placed tight against the headboard or a cab guard; if not, packing or chocks should be placed between the headboard or cab guard and the load to prevent initial movement headboards and God should be high enough to block forward motion of loaded item. They should extend from the platform of the vehicle to a height of 1 m and should be as wide as the vehicle itself Headboards and can guards should be secured to the platform structure to ensure adequate transfer of forces to the vehicle structure

Loose bulk loads

Loose bulk loads does not readily lend it self to any form of packaging or containerisation e.g. sand, rubbish, rubble Loads without a tarpaulin fitted should be 100 mm below any side of the vehicle These loads rely on vehicle body for restraint; insure all body to Chassis attachment points (e.g. hinge pins and brackets) are always secure Loads should be typed, netted or sheeted When permitted, body height extensions can be used in certain conditions and type of load; their supports must be adequately fixed to the existing body

Construction equipment - loading arrangement on the vehicle 2

Machine on vehicle should be positioned so forward movement is prevented by part of the main body (Gooseneck or headboard) or by an attached transverse member attached through the platform to the vehicle chassis All items such as buckets, grabs, blades, shovels and lifting appliances should be removed from the superstructure or chassis and secured to the deck of the vehicle Wheeled and light tracked machines need to be restrained and bouncing caused by road shocks, that can be amplified by machine tires or suspension units, is minimised; if possible, the suspension unit of the machine should be locked and vertical movement limited by lashings and other Street

Construction equipment - restraining devices 1

Materials use and tiedowns schemes for construction equipment are limited to chains, steel wire rope and the associated tensioning and coupling devices, and specialised fixing devices Where a transverse beam is used as a baulk, it should be securely fixed so that all loads imposed on it are transmitted to the carrying vehicles chassis When individual wheels or rolls are chocked with blocks or wedges, these must be robust enough to resist crushing and be securely attached to the vehicle platform

Metal bars or billets 2

Metal bar or billet loads must be stable without lashing If lower layers are lashed to prevent spreading, this must be done before next layer is put in place Lashings must not support the weight of the layers If bars are laid along the platform possible the front pile must be the largest; piles must be in contact or baulked to prevent forward motion Load may need front or lateral baulking

Metal bars or billets 1

Metal bars or billets pose a problem; one bar can easily penetrate a headboard if allowed to move Must be loaded to form a unit so that no bars can slip out of the load

Metal pipe loads

Metal pipe is loaded lengthwise Spigoted or flanged pipes should be stacked in tears with 100 X 100 mm hardwood spaces between each layer of pipe Four chocks on top of spacers between each layer used for lateral restraint The leading end of the front tier of pipes should be located against the headboard At least two chains or webbings and tensioners applied to each tier; with chains or webbings located over or adjacent to timber spacers Parallel pipe spacer arrangements will depend on the length and diameter of the pipe

Metal plates cut crosswise

Metal plates cut crosswise should: Apply same principles for metal sheets cut lengthwise Use beans with adjustable pegs, in conjunction with the chains and tensioners, provide effective longitudinal and lateral restraint

Metal plates cut lengthwise

Metal plates cut lengthwise should: Be placed against the headboard or walking with short plates on top and front of load so they cannot slide forwards Load consisting of two or more lifts, and if axle loading distribution allows, lift must be placed in contact OR Space is used to prevent rearmost left sliding into others Front lift should have tallest height Each sheet bundle should be restrained with a minimum of two chains and tensioners Use baulking spaces and protectors to prevent damage from contact with lashings And use the conveyor belting and sections of tyres make excellent protectors

Timber stacking

Methods for stacking and packaging timber depends on its end use and destination Large quantities of timber are fillet stacked for both kill an air drying. Air drying timber Cama mean up to one year in the state. Kiln drying period is usually shorter duration Stacked timber for any considerable period of time must be monitored to ensure stability Only carry loads that are supported by their carriage or a backrest extension

Timber loads - transportation on open platform 1

Minimum of two securing devices used to secure each section of load. When a third device is required, it should pass over the lower half of the load only; subsequent devices should be over the complete load Securing devices should be placed at points where a load is rigid, extending over the load to anchor points opposite each other Steel corners help to protect the load and reduce slackening as the securing device cuts into the timber

Containers - loading arrangements within container

Most cases, the driver will have no control over the packing of the container, nor will be able to inspect its contents Unevenly loaded container contents will have an offset centre of gravity, with a risk of tipping when lifted; this risks incorrectly loaded vehicle axles and vehicle stability and load shifting. If this is apparent, the container should not be accepted In general, light goods should be stored on top of heavy goods and weight of goods evenly distributed over the floor area. If container is fully loaded, internal securing arrangements must be suitable to restrain full weight of the load; if container is not fully stowed, goods must be strutted or otherwise restrained

Construction equipment - precautions 1

Movable assemblies (e.g. jibs, buckets, burns, slewing superstructures) must be left in the recommended transportation position by the manufacturer Movable assemblies must be secured to prevent movement relative to the main body of the machine; do not entirely rely on locking device is built into the machine Loaded machine should be inspected every hour or more during the journey Failure of one component of the restraining system should not lead to failure or reduction in effectiveness of the remainder

Timber loads - vehicle requirements

Must meet statutory requirements applicable to the construction, equipment and loading of motor vehicle Vehicles load space and condition of platform must be suitable for type and size of load Headboard or cab guard must be fitted between load and the cab; unless requirements for package is loaded without a headboard are fully met

Requirements for non-packeted timber

Non-packeted timber must be transported as if they were packeted of timber. Suitable centre or side posts must be used

Loading methods - bricks 2

Nowadays, bricks are bound in bundles or shrink-wrapped on pallets on a platform track with built in loading and unloading devices In these cases, pallets of bricks conform to pallet requirements, and bundle of bricks being constrained by steel bands Even though bundles of bricks are steel banded, individual bricks are liable to work loose during transport and create roadway hazard; drivers must be careful of load security

Rated strength - load Anchorage points

Number of Anchorage points fitted and used, and the strength should be suitable; in situations where this is impractical, adequate load restraint must be achieved through other means such as baulking Anchor points that are secure to wooden members only are not likely to be strong enough for restraint required and so should be designed to transmit the restraint forces to the vehicle Chassis

Carriage and towing of motor vehicles - winches 2

Number of winches used per car on the truck or trailer varies from 2 to 4. When only two winches are a fixed, must be capable (with chocks) to restrain car so that "G" Force criteria is met Ideally four winches should be supplied Most car manufacturers provide securing points (holes) in the chassis of their products for the attachment of chain hooks; these vary from 2 to 4 sites When securing points are not provided on the car, the chain or wire rope is wrapped around the axles at the front and rear end of the car; take care to ensure and avoid damage to brake hoses or other components

Construction equipment - anchor points on vehicle

Numbers anchor points used when devising a restraint system needs consideration of: Need to position machine to achieve the correct load distribution, and meet axle load requirements to ensure vehicle handling is not impaired The extent to which other load restraint features are incorporated in the design of the vehicle Whether the machine has wheels, tracks or rollers Mass of the machine to be carried There should be at least four points, unless loaded on special purpose vehicle

Breaking down stacks and packets

One person is responsible for breaking down stacks and packets Finders must not be cut by any person standing on a stack, unless adequately supported on both sides; everyone should be in a safe position in case stack collapses or part of binder flies back Packet should be taken down layer by layer, rather than tier by tier Fillets, spacers, wires and straps should not be left lying on the ground, they are tripping hazard

Dunnage definition

Packing placed between the base of the load and the surface of the vehicles load platform to level or cushion the load Dunnage may also be place between parts of the low to keep them steady

Pallets

Pallets are a portable platform or tray onto which loads are placed to facilitate mechanical handling Pallet load security should consider stability of items stacked on the palate as well as security of the pallet on the vehicle platform

Pallets - basic safety 3

Pallets must not carry: Metal or plastic drums of 50 or 200 L capacity; except when they are secured to the pallet or loaded suitably (see loading methods) Plastic containers; difficult to prevent sideways movement

Pallets - basic safety 1

Pallets must: Have sufficient strength to with stand the load In a good state of repair With stand sideways till angle of at least 26° before showing signs of significant distortion Full pallets must be constructed and bound to with stand a horizontal acceleration of half the weight of the pallet (0.5 g) If pallet capability is doubted, perform a simple tilt test

Pipe loads - securing methods on tray or platform vehicles 2

Pipes loaded lengthwise should be wedged by timbers along the barrels of the outside pipes, and the whole load secured by ropes passing over the pipes from one side of the vehicle to the other slings or other tackle placed around pipe so that height is horizontal when lifted. When chains are used, should provide padding between pipe and chain. Steel wire rope or chain slings should not be passed through the pipe for lashing or lifting Other tackle that will pass into or through the pipe must not touch the jointing surfaces of spigot. It should be rigid and extend far enough beyond the end of the pipe to ensure clearance of lifting wires or chains Pipes requiring to be laid in one position are marked by a band of black or coloured paint, or the word "top" painted on them Pipes with lifting hole provided should be lifted by passing a looped single sling (Snotter) through the hole into the bore of the pipe, then around the baulk of timber. Baulk should be at least one quarter of length of pipe to be lifted and a cross section not less than: For pipes up to 900 mm - 100 mm X 100 mm For pipes over 900 mm - 150 mm X 150 mm

Loading methods - plastic containers and plastic drums

Plastic containers are difficult to to secure and easily collapse To transport these, a vehicle fitted with a headboard, side boards and tail boards or any close vehicle must be used If plastic contains good form part of a load, stack other goods around them to provide barriers between the plastic container and the edge of the vehicle for steadiness Plastic containers must not be double stacked; bottom layer splitting under weight of top layer is risky

Types of containers - platform containers (flat racks) 3

Platform container must NOT: Driver must not except stack of empty platform containers that cannot be positively locked between every layer Be wielded together in an effort to avoid using double twist locks, or in an effort to secure incompatible bases together Fasten load using steel or PET strapping as the primary load restraint, unless the straps rated strength is readily identifiable. The efficiency of locking mechanism (crimp or seal) will dictate the straps rated strength

Types of containers - platform containers (flat racks) 1

Platform containers are primarily used for heavy lift and out of gauge cargoes Platform containers are equipped with corner castings designed to interlock with mating twist locks for either lifting or securing them for transport Platform containers have load anchor points to facilitate lashing of loads to platform; minimum rating of 3000kg for anchor points on base structure, and 1000kg for those located elsewhere (lashing rings on platform floor)

Types of containers - platform containers (flat racks) 2

Platform containers must: Be secured on vehicle Fitted with four compatible twist locks; These must be fully engaged and properly locked Transported only if all loads on platform are secured If unable to adequately secure load, additional lashings must be placed over the load and attached to vehicles anchor points Can be stacked and secured for transport when empty using built in positive lock fittings (usually twist locks or ring and bolt connections) Check containers are compatible to lock together Stacked containers must meet ISO standards using 4 interlocking double twist locks between each layer

Anchor points 1

Platform vehicles should be equipped with load Anchorage point, that are designed and integrated into the structure. The maximum forces to be imposed should be transmitted to the main Chassis frame It's common practice to utilise coaming tie rails; these must be tied in the vicinity of a crossmember and tie rail junctions to prevent distortion of the tie rail

Types of containers - enclosed bodied vehicles

Principles of packing and storing containers also apply to general freight vans and curtainsiders Enclosed bodied vehicles must: Have adequate side wall strength or curtain rating should be packed tightly together to prevent movement. If not, be restrained as if it was an open deck vehicle Loads further than 100 mm from side wall or curtain must be fully restrained; except one or two small items weighing less than 25kg Load separators (eg shoring bars) used to restrain individual items when needed Load should be rearranged and re-secured when parts of loads are added or removed during a journey to maintain correct low distribution and restraint

Reels - paper, newsprint, plastics

Protective sheeting should be laid down prior to loading When reels sit on raised coamings, levelling dunnage at least 100 mm wide end of coaming height should be used alongside the coamings. Two strips to be placed adjacent to the longitudinal centreline of the loading space When used, core plugs should be replaced in reels as each reel is delivered

Containers - securing devices

Purpose made restraining devices are suitable where special lifting pockets, brackets or attachments are fitted to the container Must have a minimum of four securing devices; if one fails, the other three should be strong enough to restrain the container In general, the deck of the vehicle should be reinforced in the vicinity of the device position to ensure weight is transferred to the vehicle chassis

Securing method for cartage of finished reel products 2

Reels stored on the barrel: <500kg - fit core protectors to each reel in the top row and apply 12 mm polypropylene ropes 500 - 1000 kg - fit core protectors. Apply chains to the top row; alternatively, apply ropes to each reel in both top and bottom rows >1000 kg - fit core protectors to all reels in the top row and apply chains to each of these reels Combined rated strength of chains and ropes used must equal at least the total weight of the load

Securing method for cartage of finished reel products 1

Reels stowed on barrel: <1000 mm diameter - secured in unitised modules, if loose, use larger reels securing principles 1000 mm - 1300 mm diameter - stowed 1 to 2 high on the barrel. Two large wooden chocks place behind each rear reel and in front of each front reel, unless permanent chocks provided. Secure main chocks by threading rope through chock holes and tied to tie rail. Core protectors inserted into outer facing ends of front and rear bottom reels and chains threaded through, tighter with turnbuckles diagonally to side rails (angled <45° to the horizontal) 1500 mm - 1730 mm dia - same securing methods as above, but should not be stowed two high Reels with width less than half the diameter should not be barrel stone more than one high. Otherwise, use same securing methods as above

Restraint devices

Restraint devices include rope, steel chain, steel wire rope and specially designed webbed strapping made up into a harness on it Shoring poles use with appropriate securing fixtures are suitable for securing loads inside van bodies and similar load containers

Carriage and towing of motor vehicles - vehicle restraint

Restraints must be attached to special underbody brackets, when fitted to the motor car. When special vehicle underbody brackets are not provided, lashing over the axle is acceptable. In this instance, care must be taken to ensure the freely sprung body cannot be damaged against adjacent fittings. Motor car manufacturers recommend that to avoid possible damage to the drive train of motor cars being carried, the parking brake should be firmly applied and manual and automatic gear boxes set at neutral. Automatic gearboxes should never be set at the 'low', 'second', 'drive', or 'reverse' positions. Front and rear lashing must be used in association with wheel chocks. At least two lashings should restrain each vehicle.

Construction equipment - precautions 2

Restraints must not be passed around or fastened to items that may move relative to the machine base Brakes of the machine should be applied, and left in gear provided that it is impossible for the engine to be accidentally started in this condition Bags, tool kits or heavy objects should not be left loose in the operators cab, in case they knock the control levers etc All twitches should be tied to prevent them releasing, causing a loss of tension in the chains, particularly when transporting rubber tyred equipment

Construction equipment - practices

Restraints should take the form of a lashing system and load is prevented from moving either forward or to the rear by an obstacle Restraints are securely fixed to the vehicle Restraints but against the wheels or tracks or some other part of the equipment carried It is in adequate for a wheeled or tracked vehicle to be positioned on a carrying trailer and not Lash down; the only restraint is by its own skidding resistance if the brakes are applied Must check clearance height and be aware of centre of gravity for high loads (eg high booms)

Securing rigid loads over 0.5 tons

Richard loads, such as whole bound packets, boxes or crates, must be secured Products not bound together in packets, such as loose timber, must be transported as if they were packaged. However, suitable centre or side posts and side gates nice also be used

Load securing equipment - inspection of ropes

Rope can be weakened by chemicals, heat, light and excessive nothing, bending or chafing; regularly inspect that all sides of the Rope is serviceable in intervals of 1 metre There is no strict standard to accept or reject a rope; this decision depends on general condition. If there are doubts about safety, the Rope should be withdrawn from service Fibre rope is easily damaged and potentially dangerous conditions are not always visible.

Load securing equipment - rope or cordage

Rope should comply with AS/NZS4345 Rope should be 12 mm in diameter and made from (in order of preference): polypropylene film polypropylene mono, or multi filament polyester filament polyamide filament (nylon) Light (UV) stabilise material should be used where available Manila ropes and 12 mm sisal should not be used other than for securing tarp Poland and loads less than 0.5 ton

Loading methods - sacks

Sacks should be laid flat with alternating layers in opposite directions No more than two successive layers should be in the same direction Load should be of uniform height when possible At least one cross lashing for each sack length; if covered with tarpaulin, fastened to anchor points, one cross lashing for each two sack length

Scrap metal and ingots

Scrap metal can be carried in sided vehicles Ingots can be carried in sided vehicles, or palletised on platform vehicles

Restraint devices - tarpaulins 3

Securing front of front sheet, method one Draw insert push sheet from sides, cross over the front and secure Fold the crossovers down. The remaining surplus sheet should form a full width flat front flap

Restraint devicea - Tarpaulins 4

Securing front of the front sheet, method two Draw down the front end of the sheet and secure along with the entire width of headboard or trailer body Draw the surplus sheet forward at the front corner until she lies flat against the load Secure one side of sheet from the front corner and repeat on other side drawing the sheet taut while tightening the second sheet Fold back the triangular shape surplus sheet along the side and secure

Pallets - basic safety 2

Securing method of pallets will depend on: type and size of vehicle the position and number of anchor points size, weight and number of pallets in the load Vertical and tipping motions should be prevented by securing a tarpaulin across the load and then by a rope placed across the top of the tarpaulin Forward and rearward movements prevented by restraints past around the base of the pallets The Rope should not be attached to or passed under the strapping or binding used to secure the load to the pallet Each pallet on the top layer should have at least one cross flashing; pallets above the general height of the load should have at least two cross lashings

Side and centre posts

Side and centre posts must be capable of with standing horizontal force uniformly distributed over the vertical area equal to half of the payload weight When the vehicle is laden, side posts should be arranged so that width of the vehicle does not exceed legal limits Posts should not unintentionally become detached from their holders

Side gate and rear gate

Side gate and rear gates must be capable of with standing a horizontal force uniformly distributed over the vertical area equal to half of the payload mass

Stacking and securing timber in the open 2

Site for timber stack should be selected for its ground stability, level, even contour and accessibility method (e.g. forklifts) Solid foundations must be provided otherwise the stack will be faulty from the start; this includes concrete and wood Stack foundations should be placed as evenly as possible and of appropriate strength and size for the weight of timber likely to be supported and prevent sagging of base packet Stacks should not be located to close to live powerlines (4 m or more away) Upper layers of stacks must be restrained to prevent dislodgement; tarpaulins can be used to protect from weather Stacks should slope slightly along the length so that rainwater will run off

Packaging small piece of timber products

Small piece of timber are packets so that under normal circumstances, stacks and packets are self-supporting Use cross stacking and interlocking techniques Some packets may need binding in three directions

Loading methods - small steel containers 50 L

Small steel containers use the same method of securing as 200 L drums The exception is where head, side and tail boards are fitted. In this case: Double stacking is permitted, as long as top layer is 50% below the top of the sideboard and the bottom layer of containers are capable of with standing the extra pressure from the weight of the top layer For larger steel drums a metal deck must be covered with wooden dunnage

Headboards and cab guards 1

Some loads (e.g. sheet steel, structural steel) are prone to movement under extreme circumstances; rapid deceleration can cause loads to shift and can lead to penetration or crushing of vehicle cab In addition to having load properly secured to Anchorage points, vehicle should be equipped with adequate headboard or cab guard Headboards and cab guards must be of sufficient strength to resist penetration or crushing of the drivers compartment when subjected to emergency breaking deceleration or in an accident

Load securing equipment - steel wire rope

Steel wire ropes are made up into special straps or slings; not as common as steel chains Strength depends on quality of steel, number of strands, number of wires in each strand, diameter of rope and method of construction Rope should be free from rust with no broken wires or strands If 10% or more broken wires are visible along a rope length (equivalent to 10 rope diameters) the right is unsafe and should be condemned Steel wire rope can be damaged if driven over or bent on a sharp corner, which can risk internal corrosion. Use of chain is preferable

Load securing equipment - chains 1

Strength of chain depends on size and grade of material, link dimension and heat treatment. Chains can be used for lashing loads and all chains must comply with AS/NZS43444 or BS4942 Chains used for load restraint must have links that show quality marks at regular intervals to prevent using chains of unknown quality Short link chains should be used because it is more resistant to deformations Load binders and turnbuckles used with chains should correspond in strength

Structural steel and pipes

Structural steel and pipes pose problem of maintaining load as a solid unit No layer should be bigger than the one beneath it If possible, load be placed against headboard or baulking, which should extend to the full height of the load

Chock definition

Suitable blocks used primarily to restrain loads that could move during transit. Also known as cleats or scotches

Symbols on the load

Symbols must be over 100 mm in height, either black on white or white on dark background. Can be a label or stencilled directly onto package Symbol should be on upper left and right hand corner of main vertical face of the package, repeated on each vertical face if possible; keep away from heat and fling hear signs are usually placed on lower vertical face Side gates or van bodies can provide some restraint to movement of load; additional load straining devices are required when: Risk of load breaking through wall or side gate Load height is higher than loading rakes or side gate Load is liable to be damaged due to movement during transport

Loading and offloading of heavy drum

Take care to avoid damage to vehicle or the drums to prevent spillage Suitable skids and/or protective cushioning should be employed. This applies in the absence of mechanical handling equipment

Restraint devices - Tarpaulins 1

Tarpaulins must be properly secured to the vehicle When several tarpaulins are required to cover one load, they should be put on at the rear of the load first This insures overlapping portion of tarpaulin faces rearward, preventing wind and driving rain penetrating between them Same principle must be applied to folds in the tarpaulin at the front or side of vehicle, so wind pressure is harnessed to close any gaps or folds

Loading method - bricks 1

The bulk mess of the brick load, as well as individual bricks must be restrained by load surrounding sides, headboard and tail board Load height should not exceed the height of the surrounding body Custom-made nets can secure this type of load, and requires strength of both the net and the securing points to equal the load being restrained Types are only used as where the protection

Flexible tanks - carriage with an iso type container

The container is to be designed to the standard specified by the International Organization for Standardisation (test recommendation R1496). This is the standard to which general ISO freight containers are designed. Anchorage rings designed for a safe working load of 5000kg are to be installed within the container to the base frame at intervals of not greater than 1.5 metres along each side. The lashing must be synthetic webbing strap with a rated strength of at least 2000kg.

Rated strength - Baulking

The front of the load should be leaning against the headboard, front rack, or an obstacle fitted transversely across the vehicle platform and firmly attached to the Chassis frame Blocks, wedges and chocs maybe use to prevent individual items of a load from moving and any horizontal direction Take care to ensure these are strong enough and adequately secured vehicle platform

Rated strength - security

The load securing system should be arranged so that it cannot be accidentally released by vibration or movement of the load while the vehicle is in motion

Load distribution and arrangement on vehicles 4

The load should be placed against the loading rack of the loading platform, or wedged against the rack The load should be re-distributed after each partial unloading to maintain overall balance and ensure maintenance of drive traction and steerability The load should not be leant against a rack not designed for that purpose Weight of heavy loads of small dimensions should be distributed on side members, a platform or a bearer cradle

Spigot definition

The male cylindrical end of a fitting which meets with a hole in another component thereby forming a joint

Load securing equipment - selection

The means of securing a load on a tray truck or trailer platform depends on the type and construction of the load to be carried These include clamps, special bolts, steel wire rope, chains, webbing straps, rope and cordage, and shoring bars Rope, cordage and whipping straps should be use with caution; their strength cannot readily be assessed and can be weakened by age, wear or incorrect use

Containers - anchor points

The number of anchor points is decided by: Position of container to achieve correct load distribution The design of other load restraint features on vehicle Weight of container to be carried There must be four or more anchor points in any circumstance (two per side) Stresses transmitted by securing devices must be absorbed by vehicle chassis frame Encourage must be capable of with standing it's rated capacity acting in the direction of the side members within and included angle of 10° to 60° to the horizontal. To achieve this, use of stays or bracing secured to the vehicle Chassis maybe necessary. Rope hooks are not strong enough for anchorages. Vehicles must not have containers chained to the Rope rail

Export packets of timber

The sizes of export packets of timber are determined by shipping and requirements of overseas buyer Typical sheet wood products like plywood, particleboard, veneer boards and hard board are usually 2400X1200 mm

Flexible tanks 2

The tanks are usually made of a fabric reinforced rubber and should have sufficient strength in fabric and seam joints to withstand dynamic surge loads up to 1 'g'. Reduction of surge can be achieved by ensuring that the tank is filled to the capacity as specified by the manufacturer. Any air is dispelled and the tank is tightly secured to the vehicle.

The safety problem 2

The total restraint required to accommodate the forces that arise will generally be obtained from a combination of: Lashings secured to the vehicle anchor points Baulking arrangements, including load racks, headboards, stakes in pockets, transverse beans, shoring bars, chocks and dunnage Friction between the load and the vehicle platform

Rated strength - suitability of vehicle

The vehicles load space and the condition of the platform must be suitable for the type and size of the load to be carried This is in addition to meeting statutory requirements applicable to the construction, equipment and loading of motor vehicles

Load securing equipment - clamps

The vicinity of the clamp should be reinforced, meet strength requirements of the necessary load restraint and compatible with structure of characteristics of the vehicle Where clamps are used, a minimum of four should be fitted and three of these must be strong enough to restrain the load if one clamp fails to function correctly

Flexible tanks - carriage on flat deck truck or trailer

The width of the flexible tank when full and secured to the deck is not to exceed 2.5 metres The lashing is to consist of synthetic webbing strap with a rated strength of not less than 2000kg. Chain is not recommended because of abrasion problems. However, if used, a protective covering between the flexible tank and chain must be used. There are two systems of arranging the lashings: individual straps and webbing arrangements

Equipment for cartage of pipe 1

Timber is used under pipe close to prevent movement and damage to concrete pipes; Must be of sufficient width and height to support All timbers used must be properly shaped and free of protruding nails. Must not use timbers made slippery by excess oil or grease Chocks cut from good quality timber in clean condition must be provided and sufficient numbers for the pipes being loaded; split chocs must be discarded

Securing timber packets 2

Timber packets loaded against the headboard, so that tops are supported by at least 150 mm, securing devices must have combined rated strength of at least the payload secured A 10 ton payload requires two chains, each having a rated strength of five tons

Securing timber packets 3

Timber packets that are loaded so that lower packets are supported by headboard, but upper packets are not supported, must be secured by securing device having combined strength of at least 1.5 times the payload secured A 10 tonne payload will require two chains each having a rated strength of 7.5 times

Securing timber packets 1

Timber packets which are not loaded against a headboard, must have securing devices with combined rated strength of at least twice the weight secured A 10 tonne payload will require two chains, each having a rated strength of 10 tons

Finding packets for transportation

Transported packets must be tightly put together, particularly at base. Must be bound with at least two strategically placed binders of equal or greater strength than 10 gauge 3.2 high tensile wire, with a breaking strain of 661 kg Constructed and bound packets must with stand horizontal acceleration equivalent to half the weight of the packet. The packet should be able to withstand a sideways tilt angle of at least 26° before showing significant distortion (simple tilt test)

Flexible tanks - webbing arrangements 3

Two smaller tanks should be carried in preference to one large tank to further decrease surging. A chain may then be securely fastened between the tanks to the deck of the vehicle so that any longitudinal lashings may be secured to this chain (refer figure 79). If the securing system is to retain the tank in an emergency situation, the hooks or tie-rails on the vehicle must be of a high standard. It must be realised that the combined weight on the hooks or tie-rail can be equivalent to half the total weight of the load in such a situation.

Rated strength - dunnage

Using loose dunnage between the load and the platform should be avoided when possible When dunnage must be used because of load shape and to provide adequate support, it should be selected and secured to prevent movement during the journey Timber dunnage should have uniform thickness and the maximum possible width; minimum width should be twice the thickness A single layer is preferred as opposed to double layer, between the base of the load and the body deck and between layers of load

Suggested methods for restraining machines

Variations of methods are acceptable, provided all basic safety precautions outlined have been applied Machines with articulated steering must have articulation of the front part of the machine relative to the rear part prevented by fixing a locking device All hydraulic pressure in the system must be relieved by operating all controls twice with the engine off

Load distribution and arrangement on vehicles 3

Vehicle should be loaded to give correct axle distribution and an even weight distribution over its floor area To maintain lateral stability, centre of gravity of load should be on, or as near as possible to, the centreline of the vehicle Heavier items should be carried on the centreline of the vehicle, rather than the sides Heavy solid items should where possible, be placed in front of light crushable ones or be restrained Part loads of heavy solid items should where possible, be placed over the region of the axles; do not exceed maximum permitted axle weights

Loading methods - gas cylinders 2

Vehicles carrying gas cylinders should be fitted with a valve cap or suitable guard to protect the valve from striking the road surface if ever in accident Gas cylinders placed with their long axis across the vehicle so that rolling tendencies will be to the front or rear Vehicles carrying gas cylinders should have headboards, side boards and tail boards; must not have a metal deck Cylinders must be laid against each other, against headboard and chocked at the back by a spiked chock Stanchions may be used at the back if they are close enough to prevent any forward or backward movement of cylinders Cylinders can be stacked on top of each other but cannot project above top of the sideboard

Loading methods - steel drums 200 L capacity, individually loaded 1

Vehicles carrying individually loaded 200 L drums should be equipped with either: Headboards, side boards and tail boards OR stanchions, ropes and hooks

Gate definition

Vertical frames used at the front, side and rear of the load carrying platform to contain the load Front gate is also known as loading rack or headboard

Load securing equipment - webbing and strapping 3

When Whippin is used, the vehicle should have at least one lashing every 1.5 m along the length of the load Complex loads require additional lashings. Each part load or load that is not loaded against a headboard or baulked must have a minimum of two lashings When rope is used, knots must be correctly made and failure of one length of rope does not lead to failure of entire lashing Rope made with natural fibres will stretch when dry, which allowed a load to move. When wet, it can shrink and risk damaging mode and jamming securing points

Loading methods - mixed loads

When a load is composed of different items, both goods and types of containers, each part of the load must be secured with cross lashings in a manner suitable to the type of load Longitudinal lashings should be adequate for the total weight of the load Separators must be used for that no part of the load can move forwards or backwards independently

Anchor points 3

When existing vehicles are modified to include anchor points, the mounting must not we can the chassis/body structure No holes should be drilled in the top or lower flanges of the chassis side members Welding to the chassis without the approval of the original manufacturer is not recommended

Timber loads - transportation on open platform 2

When possible, uneven ends should be at the rear of the vehicle. Any loose ends of timber should be secured, pulling them together to minimise whip If packets do not span the total width of the truck deck, spacers should be placed in the centre of the load to extend widthway and obtain maximum securing effect and minimise sideways movement Keep base of load and vehicle platform clean, dry and free from grease; slippery platform surface is dangerous When load is wrapped, timber bearers should be used to minimise movement on steel decks

Load securing equipment - webbing and strapping 2

When selecting webbing type restraint for use with palletised loads, consider: Adjustable in length, approximately 9 m with an incorporated tensioner; hook and keeper should be provided at each end Hook and keeper should be made of steel, hooking to 12 mm or 22 mm diameter rod, or rings (38 mm inside diameter formed of 12 mm diameter rod, 50 mm formed of 20 mm rod). Keeper prevents accidental release of hook. rubbing plates should be provided if there is a risk of webbing chafing where it passes through the hook and keeper Wedding should be at least 38 mm wide; stitching to be sound and ends are heat sealed Tensioner should be of a simple type, preferably without loose parts. It should take up a minimum of 76 mm of slack webbing and operated by one person. Should include anti-tension releasing mechanism when subjected to vibration from vehicle motion

Load arrangement 2

When there is a load that needs to be picked up or removed in the course of the journey, must consider: Gross vehicle weight Individual axle loading Securing and stability of the load being carried Removal of part of the load will reduce the aggregate vehicle weight, which may change the mass distribution; this should be considered during initial loading operation

Flexible tanks - individual straps

When these are used they should run from the anchor point at one side of the vehicle over and in a full circle around the tank, then down to an anchor point on the other side of the vehicle. Because the liquid is inclined to affect the shape of the tank during deceleration, the lashings should be distributed somewhat more closely at the forward part of the tank

Restraint devices - tarpaulins 2

When using multiple tarpaulins, position sheets on the load, making sure all parts are covered and sheets are equal on each side. Secure the front of the rear sheet, followed by the rear of the front sheet Do not overtighten or sheets will be drawn up to expose the load at the rear or at the front

Flexible tanks - webbing arrangements 1

Where a stitched net of synthetic fibre webbing is used, ropes or webbing straps may be used to complete the system of securing to the vehicle Any ropes used must be at least 16mm diameter. Chains may be used. However, if they come into contact with the surface of the flexible tank a protective covering must be used. Any chains used must be at least: Grade 30 mild steel 10mm diameter OR Grade 40 high tensile steel 8mm diameter.

Construction equipment - loading arrangement on the vehicle 3

Where possible the machines tyres, tracks or rolls should have full contact area resting on platform of carrying vehicle All the wheels or rolls of the machine should be prevented from rolling or sliding, relative to vehicle deck Machines restrained against any movement, attached to anchor points on vehicles Overall height of load of vehicle checked, however this can change since last transported (e.g. repositioning of pivot pin positions) With the engine turned off, the pressure in the machines hydraulic system should be relieved by moving all control levers through all positions when the machine is stowed; there should be done to at least twice. Exhaust stacks should be capped for turbocharger protection

Carriage and towing of motor vehicles - wheel chocks

Where wheel chocks are used they should be secured to the tray or the special wheel tracks by 10mm pins or bolts capable of being locked to prevent dislodgement by vibration. Chocks should be firmly placed on each side of all vehicle wheels. Some chocks incorporate the securing winches

Carriage and towing of motor vehicles - winches 1

Winches are load control device that uses chains, ropes or webbing flashings General practice to affix tensioning winches to car carrier trucks and trailers, wherever the design of the truck or trailer permits These comprise a winch and high tensile steel chain or 4 mm wire rope with hook at the attachment end of the chain or wire rope. When wire ropes are used, they must be directed around pulleys More elaborate winches are combined with wheel chocks and are fully adjustable up and down the length of the deck; this ensures there is pressure against the wheel and pulls the car down without bending car body

Wire coils

Wire coils are carried on custom-designed vehicles Wire coils carried vertical, front coils against headboard, and coils behind in contact with each other and kept vertical Coils are booked against sideways movement along entire length of the load. Rear coils baulked against rear movement

Equipment for cartage of finished reel products 2

Wooden chocks of at least 100 mm wide and 150 mm high should be provided. Ropes are threaded through holes in chocks, in sets of two or four to assist in securing them to side rails Chocks must not be left loose on the truck floor while truck is in motion When corners are plugged, corner boards should be used to restrain sideways movement of top reels; boards should be 150 mm X 40 mm timber and 2400 mm in length. When used, restraining lashings must have combine rated strength at least equal to the weight of the load Round pipes or bars with outside diameter of 32 mm or more are acceptable for general assistance in manoeuvering reels. One end should be flattened and smooth. A duralumin bar or other alloy bar of adequate strength is acceptable Ropes used should be 9 m or longer; requires enough ropes to meet all requirements for securing load

Securing methods for cartage of baled pulp 1

Woodpulp not unitised with wire or strapping: Restrict loading to less than four high Each lateral row of bales should be secured with one cross rope from side to side, and rear of load secured by pair of ropes cross diagonally from rear and then over the load will forward to the side tie rails Pulp must not overhang the rear of the vehicle Diagonal pair of ropes can be omitted when the vehicle is fitted with a rear load rack in position, provided the rear stack of pulp is located close to the rack and does not exceed the rack height

Securing methods for cartage of baled pulp 2

Woodpulps unitised with wire or strapping, up to 4 bales high: Secure each unit with cross ropes from side to side, with one rope per lateral row of bales Load where secured by diagonal pair of ropes Diagonal pair omitted when vehicle fitted with rear load rack and position and rear unit pulp is close to rack. Unitised pulp may exceed the rack in height

Loading methods - wool

Wool bales must be evenly distributed over the vehicle platform Aggregate weight of vehicle must not be exceeded Double ended spikes across the loading and firmly attached to the tiebars or egg points on each side of vehicle to secure bales during transport Ensure that all bales on the load are roped