TYQ Endocrine System Chp 11 A&P

What are the seven hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

1. Growth Hormone (GH) 2. Prolactin (PRL) 3. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) 4. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) 5. Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) 6. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) 7. Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

What is a hormone target?

A cell that has receptors for a particular hormone is referred to as a target of that hormone.

What is the hypothalamus? (Additional)

A part of the diencephalon of the brain. Located in the ventral part of the brain just caudal to the optic chiasma. It functions as appetite control, body temperature regulation, and control of wake-sleep cycles. It links the conscious mind with the rest of the body. The hypothalamus has control over the pituitary gland. This makes it a very important bridge between the nervous system and the endocrine system.

What is ACTH? What type of hormone is it? What does it do? (powerpoint)

ACTH = Adrenocorticotropic Hormone It is an anterior pituitary hormone. It stimulates the growth and development of the adrenal cortex and the release of it's (the adrenal cortex) hormones.

What is adrenocorticotropic hormone? (Additional) (delete?)

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the growth and development of the cortex (outer portion) of the adrenal gland and the release of some of its hormones. Its production is regulated by feedback from the hormones of the adrenal cortex.

What are the three endocrine components of the pancreas? (powerpoint)

Alpha cells - produce glucagon Beta cells - produce insulin Delta cells - produce somatostatin

Why are patients with kidney failure often anemic?

Anemia (the deficiency of red blood cells) often accompanies kidney disease or kidney failure is anemia. It results from the damaged kidneys inability to produce enough erythropoietin. The deficiency of erythropoietin causes the patient to become increasingly hypoxic because old red blood cells continue to die but new ones are not being produced. Blood transfusions are often necessary for patients with kidney failure.

What are the three main chemical groups of hormones?

Animal hormones can be categorized into three main groups: 1. Peptide Hormones 2. Steroid Hormones 3. Monoamine Hormones

Does ADH help promote or prevent the loss of large amounts of water in the urine? What effect would inhibition of ADH release have on the body?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) helps prevent the loss of large amounts of water in the urine (diuresis). Inhibition of ADH release would cause more water to flow out of the body in the urine. This worsens the hemoconcentration, making you extremely thirsty.

When is ADH released? (Additional)

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH). It is released when the hypothalamus detects a water shortage (dehydration) in the body.

Why are prostaglandins referred to as tissue hormones?

Because prostaglandins only travel a short distance from where they are produced, they are sometimes called tissue hormones. They regulate the activities of neighboring cells. Typical hormones regulate the activities of tissues and organs at some distance from where they are produced.

Acromegaly (additional)

Bones get wider and thicker. Head gets bigger.

Bradycardia vs. Tachycardia

Bradycardia = abnormally slow heart rate Tachycardia = abnormally fast heart rate

What two hormones play important roles in maintaining homeostasis of blood calcium levels in the body? Which one prevents hypercalcemia? Which prevents hypocalcemia?

Calcitonin and the parathyroid hormone (PTH aka parathormone) both help maintain homeostasis of blood calcium levels in the body. Calcitonin prevents hypercalcemia. Parathyroid hormone helps prevent hypocalcemia.

What causes diabetes insipidus? (powerpoint)

Deficiency of ADH (antidiueretic hormone)

What is diabetes insipidus? (Very important)

Diabetes Inispidus - A deficiency of ADH in the body causes the disease diabetes insipidus. Affected animals produce large quantities of very dilute urine (polyuria) and drink large quantities of water (polydipsia).

What is diabetes mellitus? (Very important)

Diabetes Mellitus - A disease caused by a deficiency of the hormone insulin. Signs include polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, and weakness.

What is the more common form of diabetes caused by? What is it called? (powerpoint)

Diabetes mellitus - hyperglycemia (too much glucose in the blood).

How do endocrine glands differ from exocrine glands?

Endocrine glands are "ductless glands" because they secrete tiny amounts of hormone directly into the bloodstream. Exocrine glands have ducts that secrete their products onto epithelial surfaces.

What is the basic unit of the endocrine system? (Additional)

Endocrine glands.

How do the basic actions and purposes of estrogens and progestins differ?

Estrogens are the female sex hormones. They are responsible for the physical and behavioral changes that prepare the female for breeding and pregnancy and signal the male that the time for breeding is approaching. It is part of ovulation. Progestin is produced by the corpus luteum. The principle progestin is progesterone which helps prepare the uterus to receive the fertilized ovum and is maintains pregnancy. The pregnancy hormone.

Polydipsia

Excessive drinking

Polyuria

Excessive urination

What is FSH? What type of hormone is it? What does it do? (powerpoint)

FSH = Follicle-Stimulating Hormone It is an anterior pituitary hormone. It stimulates oogenesis (development of the ovum) in the female and production and secretion of estrogen. In the male it stimulates spermatogenesis (production of sperm).

Why are FSH and LH sometimes grouped together under the term gonadotropins? (Additional)

FSH and LH are sometimes grouped together under the term gonadotropins because they stimulate the growth and development of the gonads (the ovaries and testes).

Hormone secretion is commonly controlled by what? (Additional)

Feedback systems. This means that the level of hormone in the blood directly or indirectly feeds back to the gland that produced it and affects the activity of the gland.

What does FSH do in a female? What does LH do in a female? (Additional)

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) in females stimulates the growth and development of follicles in the ovaries. Luteinizing hormone (LH) completes the process of follicle development in the ovary that was started by SH. In females it causes ovulation.

What is the hormone GH? What does it do? What type of hormone is it? (Additional - simple terms) (powerpoint)

GH = Growth Hormone Aka somatotropin and somatotropic hormone. It is an anterior pituitary hormone. It promotes body growth in young animals and helps regulate metabolism of proteins, lipids, and carbs in all body cells.

Glucagon vs. Insulin (powerpoint)

Glucagon prevents hypoglycemia (increases blood glucose levels) Insulin prevents hyperglycemia (decreases blood glucose levels - the only hormone that can do this)

Which four hormones have hyperglycemic effects in the body? What is the only hormone that acts to lower the blood glucose level?

Glucagon, growth hormone (GH), glucocorticoid hormones (from the adrenal cortex), and thyroid hormone all have similar hyperglycemic effects. Insulin is the only hormone that acts to lower the blood glucose level (hypoglycemic effects).

Other than promoting growth in young animals, what are some other effects of GH?

Growth Hormone (GH) (aka somatotropin and somatotropic hormone) effects the promotion of body growth in young animals. It also helps regulate the metabolism of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids in all of the body's cells.

What is a hormone?

Hormones are chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands and secreted directly into blood vessels. They travel in the bloodstream to all parts of the body and produce effects only when they bind to their particular receptors in or on cells.

The pituitary gland is also known as what? Where is it located? (additional)

Hypophysis. It is located in the sphenoid bone of the skull called the pituitary fossa.

How do the clinical signs of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism relate to the normal functions of thyroid hormone?

Hypothyroidism results from too little thyroid hormone production. Common clinical signs include alopecia, dry skin, lethargy, reluctance to exercise, and weight gain without any increase in appetite. Affected animals often seek out sources of heat because deficient thyroid hormone levels cause the animal to have difficulty maintaining its body temperature. Hyperthyroidism results from too much thyroid hormone production. Common clinical signs include nervousness, excitability, weight loss, increased appetite, tachycardia, vomiting, diarrhea, polyuria, and polydipsia.

What type of hormone is insulin? What does it tend to do? (additional)

Insulin is a pancreatic hormone that tends to lower blood glucose levels.

What is the hormone relaxin produced by? (Additional)

It is produced by the corpus luteum, the placenta, or the uterus depending on the species.

When milking a cow by hand, why does it take a minute or two of teat stimulation before milk starts to flow freely?

It takes a minute or two of stimulation before milk starts to flow freely because this is how long it takes for the sensory stimulation to reach the brain and signal the hypothalamus to release oxytocin from the posterior pituitary and for the oxytocin to reach the mammary gland via the blood circulation.

What is LH? What type of hormone is it? What does it do? (powerpoint)

LH = Luteinizing Hormone It is an anterior pituitary hormone. It stimulates ovulation and development of the CL (Corpus Luteum) in the female. In the male it stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone.

How does relaxin help prepare a pregnant animal for parturition?

Late in pregnancy, the hormone relaxin causes ligaments between the bones surrounding the birth canal to soften and relax in preparation for parturition (the birth process).

What is MSH? What type of hormone is it? what does it do? (powerpoint)

MSH = Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone It is an anterior pituitary hormone. It is associated with control of color changes in pigment cells.

How does the negative feedback system control the secretion of many hormones?

Negative Feedback - If the activity is decreased by rising levels of the hormone, the feedback is said to be negative feedback. Negative feedback is the most common type of feed back in the animal body. Positive Feedback - If the activity is increased by falling levels of the hormone, the feedback is said to be positive feedback.

What stimulates the continued release of prolactin during lactation?

Once lactation has begun, prolactin production and release by the anterior pituitary gland continue as long as the teat or nipple continues to be stimulated by nursing or milking. If nursing or milking ceases, the production of prolactin will cease as well.

What is one of the few hormones with positive feedback? (powerpoint)

Oxytocin - the uterine contractions are a form of positive feedback.

What is PRL? What does it do? What type of hormone is it? (powerpoint)

PRL = Prolactin It is an anterior pituitary hormone. It helps trigger and maintain lactation.

What does the prolactin hormone do? (Additional)

Prolactin helps trigger and maintain lactation.

Through what mechanisms does the hypothalamus control the production or release of hormones from the pituitary gland? How do its effects on the anterior and posterior portions of the pituitary differ?

Releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus travel to the anterior pituitary where they stimulate hormones which can indirectly affect the entire body. The effect of the hypothalamus on the posterior pituitary gland is more direct. Modified neurons in the hypothalamus produce hormones that are transported won nerve fibers to the posterior pituitary where they are stored.

What do releasing and inhibiting factors do? (Additional)

Releasing factors cause the anterior pituitary to produce and release a particular hormone. Inhibiting factors inhibit the production and release of a hormone.

In what ways are the functions and characteristics of the endocrine system similar to those of the nervous system? In what ways are they different?

Similar Because: -they help maintain homeostasis (balance) in the body -they constantly send instructions to the rest of the body telling it how to respond to changes in internal and external conditions -both systems use chemical messengers to transmit their messages but through different means They Differ Because: -endocrine system messengers are called hormones (produced by endocrine gland cells or modified neurons) -nervous system messengers are called neurotransmitters (produced by neurons) -endocrine system reacts slowly to changes but can sustain the response for long periods of time -the nervous system reacts quickly to changes but can only sustain the response for short periods of time

What does the body need more of, sodium or potassium? (Additional)

Sodium. The level of sodium in the body must be maintained at a fairly high level normally, but much less potassium is needed. Potassium can be toxic if it accumulates to a level that is too high.

Growth hormone is also known as what? (Additional)

Somatotropin / Somatotropic hormone

Growth hormone is also known as what?

Somatotropin or somatotropic hormone.

Glucocorticoid hormones, mineralocorticoid hormones, and sex hormones are all referred to as what? (Additional)

Steroids, because their chemical structure is based on cholesterol.

What is TSH? What type of hormone is it? What does it do? (powerpoint)

TSH = Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Aka thyrotropic hormone. It is an anterior pituitary hormone. It stimulates the growth and development of the thyroid gland and causes the thyroid gland to produce its hormones.

TSH is also known as what?

TSH = thyroid stimulating hormone or thyrotropic hormone.

What is testosterone? (Additional)

Testosterone is a steroid hormone with an overall anabolic effect in that it stimulates the buildup of proteins in muscle and bone.

Which hormone are anabolic steroid drugs related to?

Testosterone.

How are the hormones of the adrenal medulla involved in the fight-or-flight response?

The adrenal medulla (the inner gland) produces the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine. Hormone secretion by the adrenal medulla is under the control of the sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system (the threat-control system). When the adrenal medullary hormones (norepinephrine and epinephrine) circulate through the body it helps produce the fight-or-flight effect.

Why do hormone like drugs generally have a high potential for undesirable side effects?

The amounts of hormones used therapeutically are usually very large compared with the normal physiologic hormone levels in the body; therefore the potential for undesired side effects increased according.

What is anemia? (Additional)

The deficiency of red blood cells.

What is the effect of oxytocin on active mammary glands? (Additional)

The effect of oxytocin on active (milk-producing) mammary glands is to cause milk-let down (the movement of milk down to the lower parts of the gland). Stimulation of the teat or nipple by nursing or milking causes oxytocin to be released into the bloodstream.

What is erythropoietin? (Additional)

The hormone that stimulates red bone marrow to increase the production of oxygen-carrying red blood cells.

What is the organ that has both exocrine and endocrine functions that produces the hormone insulin? (Additional)

The pancreas.

Why is the pituitary gland referred to as the master endocrine gland?

The pituitary gland (aka the hypophysis) is often called the master endocrine gland because many of its hormones direct the activity of other endocrine glands around the body.

What links the hypothalamus with the anterior portion of the pituitary gland? (Additional)

The portal system (system of tiny blood vessels) links the hypothalamus with the anterior portion of the pituitary gland.

What are the two hormones stored in the posterior pituitary gland?

The posterior pituitary stores 2 hormones that are produced in the hypothalamus. 1. Antidiueretic Hormone - helps prevent diuresis 2. Oxytocin - causes uterine contractions and milk let down.

What are the two parts of the pituitary gland? How many hormones do each part produce? (Additional)

The rostral/front portion called the anterior pituitary (aka adenophypophysis). The more caudal/rear portion the posterior pituitary (aka neurophypophysis). The anterior produces seven known hormones, the posterior only stores and releases two hormones.

What are the two targets for the hormone oxytocin? (Additional)

The uterus and the mammary glands.

What three groups of hormones are produced in the adrenal cortex? What are their effects?

Three Main Groups of Hormones Produced by the Adrenal Cortex: 1. Glucocorticoid Hormones - Have a general hyperglycemic effect (cause the blood glucose levels to rise). Also help to maintain blood pressure and help the body resist the effects of stress. Includes hormones such as cortisone and cortisol. 2. Mineralocorticoid Hormones - Regulates the levels of some important electrolytes (especially sodium) in the body. The principal mineralocorticoid hormone is aldosterone, which affects the levels of sodium, potassium, and hydrogen ions in the body. 3. Sex Hormones - They have minimal, but reproductive effects. Female sex hormone is estrogen and the male sex hormone is androgens.

What two hormones does the thyroid gland produce? (Additional)

Thyroid hormone which helps regulate the body's metabolic rate, and calcitonin, which helps regulate blood calcium levels.

What hormone plays an important role in helping an animal maintain its body temperature under cold environmental conditions? How does it produce its effect?

Thyroid hormone's calorigenic effect helps heat the body. The production of thyroid hormone increases with exposure to cold temperatures. This response increases the body's metabolic rate, which generates more heat.

What is the thyroid-stimulating hormone? (Additional)

Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH) (aka thyrotropic hormone) stimulates the growth and development of the thyroid gland and causes it to produce hormones. TSH is regulated by feedback from the thyroid gland. Homeostasis of the thyroid hormone production is maintained through interaction with the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and the thyroid gland.