U5: Agricultural and Rural Land-Use Patterns and Processes

Dispersed Settlements: - Advantages - Disadvantages - Common locations

Advantages: - Farmers live closer to their farmland. - Watching over crops/animals is easier. Disadvantages: - Families live distant from each other. Common locations: - large plains, plateaus, and different mountainous areas. - rural areas of the United States, but it is also an important characteristic for Canada, Iceland, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. This pattern dominates almost all lands colonized by Europeans who migrated overseas.

Clustered Settlements: - Advantages - Disadvantages - Common locations

Advantages: - Provides protection from unsafe conditions. - Historically, farmers could better defend themselves against outlaws and raiders by grouping together in villages. Disadvantages: - Farmers have to journey long distances to work on the farms each day. - Watching over crops/animals is difficult. Locations: - Plain areas with important water resources or in some hilly and mountainous depressions. - The most common form of agricultural settlement in much of Europe, many parts of Latin America, in the densely settled farming regions of Asia: many areas in India, China and Japan as well as in parts of Africa and the Middle East.

Linear Settlements: - Advantages - Disadvantages - Common locations

Advantages: - Provides each family with fertile valley land - Give access to transportation facilities/roads for ease of getting produce to market - Allows for the greatest number of farmers because it divides access to scarce resources equally rather than concentrating in the hands of a few. Disadvantages: - The organic shape of most meandering rivers can complicate the settlement. - One of the most serious drawbacks was related to inheritance. Farms were split right down the middle when the owner died, and farms that were already narrow became far too narrow when they were divided equally among the children. Common locations: - Germany, Hispanic settlers in the 1700's along the Rio Grande River, Areas settled by French colonists: West Africa, Southeast Asia, Quebec, Louisiana, areas along the Mississippi valley, St. Lawrence River Valley and Seaway*

Subsistence Agriculture

Agriculture designed primarily to provide food for direct consumption by the farmer and the farmer's family - Mostly in LDCS - Farmers do much of the work with their hands, the help of others, or with animals. - Farms average at about 2.5 acres - At times where there is a small surplus, a tie might form between a farmer and a market or another family.

Commercial Agriculture

Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm. - Farmers rely on machinery to efficiently perform work. The improvement of transportation also allows for farmers to transport crops and livestock farther and faster. They use scientific discoveries and advances to their advantage to increase crop yield. - Large farm size due to mechanization, increasing expenses. Average :449 acres (US) - Farming is tied to other businesses due to the needs of farmers and the use of their crops. Agribusiness creates jobs in food processing, retail etc.

The Columbian Exchange

An exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa. - The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages. Examples: 1.Coffee (from E. Africa) → tropical Americas 2.Bananas (New Guinea) → tropical Americas 3.Potatoes (nw South America) → Europe, Asia, Africa, Americas 4.Maize (southern Mexico) → Europe, Asia, Africa, Americas

slash and burn agriculture Advantages and Disadvantages

Another name for shifting cultivation, so named because fields are cleared by slashing the vegetation and burning the debris. - Farmers use this method so that they can replenish the soil with nutrients, which allows them to get a better harvest - Contributes to deforestation, destroys ecosystems, and puts excessive amounts of CO2 in the air.

Pesticides

Chemicals used on plants that do not harm the plants, but kill pests and have negative repercussions on other species who ingest the chemicals.

The Silk Road

Connected China, India, and the Middle East. Traded goods and helped to spread culture. - Silk, Rice, etc.

How are countries protecting their environment?

Countries protect their environments by restoring wetlands, protecting rainforests, regulating chemical use, replanting trees, and enforcing environmental protection laws.

Carl Sauer

Defined the concept of cultural landscape as the fundamental unit of geographical analysis. - First to observe vegetable planting

Origin of the Meats and Bounds System..

Early settlers in the Thirteen Colonies used the same method for dividing and describing land as they had in the Old World (especially England)

Norman Borlaug

Founder of Green Revolution: Increased wheat and maize yield worldwide, 1970 Nobel Peace Prize. - uplifted hundreds of thousands of the rural poor in Mexico and saved hundreds of millions form famine and outright starvation in India and Pakistan.

GMO

Genetically modified organism made when DNA is removed from one organism and placed within the DNA of what can be a very different organism. - Allowed for crops to be resistant to specific fertilizers and pesticides that farmers used. This contributed to a higher yield for farmers.

nomadic herding

Is a way of life where families move along with their herds according to the seasons and rely on their animals for food, shelter and clothing. They can tend to cattle, camels, goats, horses, reindeer, or sheep. - Middle East: Dry Climate The dry lands of North Africa and Asia - Extensive

How did the 2AR support the "big urban movement."

It supported all the new people who lived in urban cities with a stable food supply. Since those people did not have to rely on subsistence agriculture they could take on industrial jobs.

Carrying Capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

Impacts of the Green Revolution: - Positive - Negative

Positive: - Increased crop yield globally; produced a food surplus around the world. - Decreased selling price and manufacturing price of food. Negative: - Decrease in family farms. - Chemicals led to health concerns and contributed to air pollution. - Constant double cropping led to soil depletion and soil erosion. - Farming labor→ women; men dominate politically, socially, economically. Women often excluded from learning new methods & were further marginalized.

Aquaculture

Raising marine and freshwater fish in ponds and underwater cages

Dust Bowl

Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages. - Caused by shifting agriculture that used vegetation

Linear Settlements

Settlements arranged in a form of a line/lines following a major road, body of water, etc. - Roads were constructed in parallel to the river or waterway for access to inland farms.

All plants have certain requirements.... List the 5

Space: Need suitable room to grow Light: Need for photosynthesis Water: For absorbing nutrients Nutrients: For nourishment Suitable Temperature: Temp. suitable for growth

What encouraged the dispersed settlements?

Specifically, the conditions that foster dispersed settlements include peace and security in the countryside which eliminates the need for defense; colonization by individual pioneer families rather than by socially cohesive groups..

Irrigation Pro/Con

Supplying land with water through a network of canals - allows for the growing of crops in areas that traditionally do not have access to water. - It can deplete water from other areas that need the water. Irrigation systems also contribute to water pollution. As some of the chemicals - fertilizers and pesticides - make it into the water which flows into the villages main water source.

Agribusiness

System of commercial farming in the United States and other MDCs. - Related to: Food processing, packaging, storing, distributing, and retailing. Agribusiness encompasses enterprises such as tractor manufacturing, fertilizer production, and seed distribution.

Define Cultural Landscape.

The Cultural Landscape is a combination of cultural features such as language and religion, economic features such as agriculture and industry and physical features such as climate and vegetation.

Horticulture

The growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers. Cultivation of crops carried out with simple hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes.

wet rice farming

The practice of planting rice on dry land in a nursery and then moving the seedlings to a flooded field for growth - Southeastern China: Warm mid-latitude Climate -Intensive Subsistence

Crop rotation

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.

crop rotation

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil.- Dry winters with harsh winters - India, northeast China - Crops that can only be grown in the summer - wheat, barley, etc. - Intensive Subsistence

Transhumance

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures. - Extensive

Market Gardening/Fruit Farming/ Truck Farming/Commercial Gardening

The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers. Distinguishable by the large diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, during a single growing season. Labor is done manually. - Intensive

Effects of the Neolithic Revolution: Animal Domestication

When animals are tamed and used for food or protection.

Fertilizers

a chemical or natural substance added to soil or land to increase its fertility

dairy farming

a farm that produces milk or milk products, and are usually around big urban areas - America, England, much of Europe, etc. MDCs and areas with little engagement in agriculture. - Intensive Commercial

bid-rent curve

a geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the Central Business District (CBD) increases. It states that different land users will compete with one another for land close to the city centre. - 1. The Bid rent curve indicates the starting position for each land use relative to the market, as well as here the land use ends. Each line on the graph shows the farmers' willingness to pay for land and various distances relative to the market.

The Green Revolution

a large increase in crop production in developing countries achieved by the use of fertilizers, pesticides, and high-yield crop varieties. - Started in the mid 20th century

Green Revolution Poor Success in Africa

a. Reasons i. Climate & soil diversity=expensive fertilizers ii. Harsh conditions in some areas: insects, plants, viral strains, etc. are challenging to technologies and researchers iii. Large continent lacking sufficient transportation infrastructure=high cost of research and development iv. Staple crops (sorghum, millet, cassava, yams, cowpeas, peanuts) not always included in research seed hybridization programs. b. Green Revolution→ world population doubled i. Most growth in periphery (DEVELOPING) world ii. Highest growth population→ Africa iii. 30% of Africa still affected by food insecurity iv. Hopes to start a new Green Revolution in Africa

Shifting cultivation

clearing forests to plant fields for a few years and then abandoning them - Cutting vegetation then burning the land - - Central Africa: Tropical Climate - Tropical regions of South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia Small villages on the land that the village controls. - Extensive

Rural settlement patterns are classified as BLANK, BLANK, and BLANK.

clustered, dispersed, or linear.

Land Use patterns are shaped by....

cultural patterns and practices

Effects of the Neolithic Revolution: Plant Domestication

deliberately planted and tended by humans that is genetically distinct from its wild ancestors as a result of selective breeding.

Eutrophication

excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water, frequently due to runoff from the land, which causes a dense growth of plant life and death of animal life from lack of oxygen.

confined animal feeding operation (CAFO)

feeding large numbers of livestock at a high density in pens or barns - Led to a high concentration of manure

Salinization of soil

in arid regions, water evaporates leaving salts behind - Makes it difficult for plants to grow by since it kills their roots - Contributes to water runoff. The runoff water may contain chemicals that then leads into rivers and larger bodies of water.

Effects of the Neolithic Revolution:

increased population, permanent settlements, job specialization, social classes, government, etc.

CAFOs (concentrated animal feeding operations)

large structures where animals are being raised in high density numbers - US: Colorado, Wyoming - South America Regions with a high demand for meat, chicken, etc. - Intensive

List the three rural survey methods.

metes and bounds, township and range, and long lot

Non-Isotropic Plains

real land includes rivers, mountains, and other physical features that make it non-isotropic

Commodity Chain

series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the world market

Mediterranean agriculture

specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry-summer Mediterranean climate prevails Agriculture taking place right near a sea, which provides moisture and moderate winter temperatures. - Mediterranean Sea, western United States, and Chile - Extensive

Survey Method

systematic documentation of property ownership, shape, use and boundaries - once land is surveyed under a given system, that's it--the description of the land stays with it permanently

Herbicides

target plant species that compete with crops

Crop Yield

the amount of crops produced per acre or hectare in a certain amount of time

Desertification

the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture. - occurring in regions of Africa, North America, South America, Central America, Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. Ex: Pastoral nomad animals remove key vegetation from the land, leading to deforestation.

Land Subsidence

the sinking or settling of land to a lower level in response to various natural and human-caused factors

pesticide resistance

when there is a natural variation (mutation) in insects and the ones with the mutation become resistant to the pesticide; solution to the problem →make a new pesticide

Women in Agriculture

• In Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and North and Northeast Africa, the percent of women working in agriculture is greater than the percent of men working in agriculture -This means that if the female and male populations of those regions were equal and this statistic wasn't changed, more females would be working in agriculture than men. • Women in agriculture have unequal ( access to): -Pay -Training -Finance -Insurance -Education -Seeds -Rights -Water -Land -Tools -Livestock -Aid and resources in general • If women had the same access to resources as men, then it is speculated: -20-30% Farm yield increase -2.5-4% Total Agricultural output increase in developing countries -12-17% Hunger reduction of the world

Marxists - Argue....

⊶ no cause-and-effect relationship exists between population growth and economic development. ⊶Poverty, hunger and other social welfare problems associated with lack of economic development are a result of unjust social and economic institutions, not population growth or a lack of food. ⊶They argue that the world possesses sufficient resources to eliminate global hunger and poverty, if only these resources were shared equally. ⊶Furthermore, they argue that under Capitalism, workers do not have enough food because they do not control the production and distribution of food and are not paid sufficient wages to purchase it.

Thomas Malthus - Claimed.... - Concluded....

⊶He claimed that the population was growing much more rapidly than the Earth's food supply because population increased geometrically whereas food supply increases arithmetically ⊶He concluded that the population growth would press against the available resources in every country unless "moral restraint" produced lowered CBR's, or unless disease, famine, war or other disasters produced higher CDR's

Neo-Malthusians - Neo-Malthusians argue that two characteristics of recent population growth make Malthus's thesis more frightening than when it was first written more than 200 years ago:

⊸1. Malthus failed to anticipate that the LDC's would have the most rapid population growth because of the transfer of medical technology, but not wealth, from the MDC's. As a result, the gap between population growth and resources is wider in some countries than even Malthus anticipated. Although many LDC's have expanded their food production significantly in recent years, they have more poor people than ever before. ⊸2. World population growth is outstripping a wide variety or resources, not just food production. They assert that wars and civil violence will increase in the coming years because of scarcities of food as well as such resources as clean air, suitable farmland and fuel.

Define Metes. Define Bounds.

● Metes: short distances, "oak tree, 100 yards N to the corner of the barn" ● Bounds: cover larger areas, based on larger features like streams or road

DIFFUSION TYPES

● Relocation diffusion: The spread of an idea from a hearth through physical movement of people who migrate from one place to another and carry their cultural traits with them. ● Expansion diffusion: The spread of a feature from a hearth without migration through direct or indirect exchanges. ○ Contagious: The rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population ○ Hierarchical: The spread of an idea from important persons or from nodes of authority such as urban centers ○ Stimulus: The spread of an underlying principle, even though a characteristic itself fails to diffuse.

Neolithic Revolution (1st Agricultural Revolution)

(10,000 - 8,000 BCE) The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source. This led to the development of permanent settlements and the start of civilization.

Von Thünen Agricultural Model 1. When did he make it? 2. What did the model suggest?

- 1826 - pattern for the types of products that farmers would produce at different positions relative to the market where they sold their goods.

Von Thünen Agricultural Model Zone 2 - How close to the market? - Expensive? Land size? - Types of agricultural activities?

- 2nd closest to the market. - Expensive $$$. - Consisted of forests - Gathering of wood to sell as an energy source and building material. - Items were difficult to transport.

Von Thünen Agricultural Model Zone 3 - How close to the market? - Expensive? Land size? - Types of agricultural activities?

- 3rd furthest from the market. - Less expensive $$. Medium plots of land. - Grain agriculture: Monoculture, etc. - Items were not perishable and easy to transport.

Second Agricultural Revolution

- A series of innovations, improvements, and techniques used to improve the output of agricultural revolution.

Reductions in biodiversity from the Green Revolution.

- Advancements made with wheat allowed for the crop to replace other crops in a majority of farms. - Also, the increased use of chemicals made some crops impossible to grow

How does colonialism and neocolonialism affect global agricultural systems?

- Agribusinesses base din developed countries often control land and crop production in developing countries - Fair trad movements have tried to promote equality for the producers of crops in developing countries - Relationships between former colonies and their mother countries make trade easier.

Climate Type: Mediterranean - Location Example - Agricultural Products

- California, Childe, Mediterranean Sea area - Grapes, Olives, Dates

Von Thünen Agricultural Model Zone 1 - How close to the market? - Expensive? Land size? - Types of agricultural activities?

- Closest ring to the market - Extremely $$$$; small plots of land. - Fruit farming, dairy farming, etc. - Most perishable items. - Intensive

Disadvantages of the Metes and Bounds Survey Method include...

- Creates problems: since surveys were done as land was claimed, overlapping claims often resulted-- with lengthy court battles ensuing - boundary markers (oak tree, big rock) eventually are obliterated, with the boundaries becoming ambiguous.

Climate Type: - Location Example - Agricultural Products

- Equatorial Africa, Indonesia - coffee, sugar, tea, cacao, pineapple

Plantation Agriculture

- Exploits cheap labor in former colonies - Coffee, Cacao, sugar and other cash crops are raised and sold to developed areas - Intensive

Crop Hearths:

- Fertile Crescent/Southwest Asia: barley, wheat, olive and lentil. Cattle, goats, pig, sheep, and possibly dogs. - East Asia: rice and millet - Sub-Saharan Africa: sorghum, yams, possibly millet and rice - Latin America: beans, cotton, potato, and maize - Central Asia: the Horse

Von Thünen Agricultural Model Zone 4 - How close to the market? - Expensive? Land size? - Types of agricultural activities?

- Furthest from the market - Least expensive $. Large plots of land. - Ranching, CAFOs, Mixed crop and livestock - Animals were able to walk with the farmers to the market - Extensive

When did it occur? Give 2 examples of machinery that were developed.

- Happened around 1740-1900 and occurred during the Industrial Revolution. - Elon Whitney's the cotton gin. - Seed drill

Why is the isolated settlement dominated in the Midwest? What act encouraged this? How?

- Homestead Act of 1862:the government promoted westward expansion by giving farmers land if they agreed to reside on it for several years. - As people started to move westward, where land was plentiful, the isolated type of settlements became dominant

Climate Type: Sub-tropical - Location Example - Agricultural Products

- Indonesia, Wets Indies - Rice, Cotton, Tobacco

intensive agriculture

- Large amounts of labor - Small plots of land near large populations - High yield per acre Ex: Rice, Milk, Truck farming

extensive agriculture

- Low capital and labor inputs - Large plots of land away from population centers - Low yield per acre EX: Shifting Cultivation

The first steps of GLOBALIZATION occurred during the 2AR. Explain how.

- New means of transportation were made from the IR: Trains and ships - This allowed for international trade and quicker internal trade. It also helped with the diffusion of the new techniques and crops. - GDP went up

Climate Type: Cold-mid latitude - Location Example - Agricultural Products

- North Central US, Southern Canada, Eastern Europe - Wheat. Barley, Livestock, Dairy cows

Climate Type: Grasslands - Location Example - Agricultural Products

- Northern Africa, W USA, Mongolia - Cattle ranching, sheep, goats, horses, camels

double cropping

- Obtaining two harvests per year from only one field. - Places with warm winters: South China, Taiwan, etc. Rare in dry areas. - Intensive Subsistence

What was life like prior to the First Agricultural Revolution?

- People were nomadic hunters and gatherers - Traveled in groups of normally less than 50 people - Men→ hunted, women→ collected

What are some examples of where long lots are common? Who introduced the survey method?

- Quebec, Louisiana, Detroit, - Hispanic settlers introduced the long-lot system to New Mexico's Rio Grande Valley in the 1700's so that every farmstead would have direct access to water, either in canals or in natural watercourses. Water access was essential because the land is too arid to farm without irrigation.

Climate Type: Warm - mid latitude - Location Example - Agricultural Products

- Southern China, Southern USA - Vegetables, Fruit, Rice

Terrace Farming

- Terrace farming is when farmland on mountains is terraced so that crops are grown on flat surfaces, like steps. - allows for water to run down the mountain, which provides nutrients for the soil. Also, it makes it easier for the crops to dig into the soil. - increases the chance of a mudslide, transforms the natural landscape, and is extremely labor-intensive.

Enclosure Movement - What effects did it have on the crops

- The 18th century privatization of common lands in England, which contributed to the increase in population and the rise of industrialization. - Crop yield and output increased. - Farmers now had an incentive to take better care of their crops.

Define Agriculture Define Crop

- The deliberate modification of Earth's surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain. - Any plant cultivated by people.

Monocropping (monoculture)

- The practice of growing the same crop year after year. - Wheat - Dry Climates, US - Commercial

Deforestation

- The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves. Reasons: Create land for farms, new settlements, or to create goods for trade.

Other trades that helped diffuse agriculture...

- The slave trade diffused items and farming styles - Colonialism brought new items to areas and farming styles - Roman Empire→ trade in wheat & other agricultural products from England to Africa & SW Asia

The Public (Federal) Land Survey System = Township and Range Survey System

- Township and Range system divides most of the United States territory into a grid of square-shaped townships with 6-mile sides. - Created by the Land Ordinance of 1785

How have improvements in technology and transportation affected Thunens model?

- Transportation: Perishable food could be transported over longer distances - Technology: Fossil fuels and technology replaced the need for wood. This resulted in forests being located further from the city.

Increase in Grain Production

- Wheat: 208% - Corn: 157% - Rice: 109% - Potatoes: 78%

Dispersed settlements (isolated patterns)

- consists of separate farmsteads scattered throughout the countryside. - Farmers live on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than alongside other farmers in settlements. - Colonial agriculture developed this pattern as a result of the individual immigrants' arrivals

Specialized crops such as Mediterranean crops and tropical crops can only BE grown in certain areas because of BLANK

- economies of scale

Mixed crop and livestock farming

- farmers grow crops and raise livestock on the same land with most of the crops fed to the animals rather than people - Corn and soybeans - Intensive

Von Thünen Agricultural Model 3. What did he assume? 4. Which costs impacted farmers decisions when they decided what to produce?

- farming was an economic activity, - farmers were in business to make a profit - there was one market where farmers in the surrounding lands sold their products - market was situated in the center of a flat and featureless plain. 2. transportation cost, proportional to the distance from the market, and cost based on distance decay impacted farmers decisions.

The Agricultural landscape is made up of..

- fields, barns, farmhouses, silos and grain elevators

What type of shapes does the Township system make? Where in the US is it common?

- rectangular plots of consistent size, ignoring the physical geography. - Geometric, ordered landscape - Started in the Midwest and moved further West

Define settlement patterns. What are settlement patterns influenced by?

- the ways in which people organize themselves on the land - land prices, transportation, infrastructure, public policy, and social and ecological processes.

Long-lot system

- unit-block survey system whose basic unit is a rectangle, typically 10 times longer than it is wide. - appeared in rows along streams because waterways provided the chief means of transportation.

The Metes-and-Bounds Land Survey Method:

- uses natural features such as trees, boulders and streams to define and delimit property boundaries - farms are much less regular in shape that those in which rectangular surveying was used.

Why did it occur? Give 3 reasons

1. End of the last Ice Age allowed population growth. It also caused a mass redistribution of animals and people. 2. Human desire to live in a fixed place. 3. Evolution of accidental plantings to deliberate attempts to cultivate.

Wetlands

18. The wetlands act as a filtering system for larger bodies of water. They filter out the water runoff. 19. Draining wetlands can cause pollution. Instead of the wetlands receiving all the contamination in the water, it instead flows into larger rivers, lakes, etc. Also, draining wetlands is technically destroying a unique ecosystem that helps farmers. This puts farmers crops at risk of receiving the unfiltered runoff water.

9. Describe the changes in farm production methods:

9. For the U.S, a lot of farmers started to use GMO's. Farm production methods became more reliant on machines than humans. This allowed for farms to be more efficient and have higher yields. Also, globalization was apparent as international agriculture trade became more frequent.

Clustered settlement

A clustered rural settlement is a rural settlement where a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings. - Sometimes designed to conserve land for farming.

Hybrid Plant: Dwarf Varieties

A common example of crossbreeding, with half the genes coming from one plant and half the genes coming from another plant. Benefits: 1. Hybrid plants are resistant to insects. 2. The hybrid plants had shorter growing seasons. 3. The plants could survive particular environments that the previous plants could not. 4. Hybrid plants allowed for double cropping. This increased the farmers yield.

Ranching

A form of commercial agriculture in which livestock graze over an extensive area. - land is less expensive - The drylands of western U.S., southeastern South America, Central Asia, southern Africa, and Australia. - Extensive

Greenbelt

A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area.