UH Manoa — PH 420 (M. Tagorda) — WEEK 7 : Social-Cognitive Theory

In accordance to a systemic literature review, behavioral factors involve health-related knowledge and skills referred to as ______[1]_______ and skills in regulating and taking action, whereas external factors that can affect health behaviors of individuals such as the physical and social environments are called _______[2]_______.

1 = behavioral capabilities 2 = environmental factors

According to a systemic literature review, what are the 3 forms of OUTCOME EXPECTATIONS that is being focused on when applying the Social-Cognitive Theory onto the interventions of nutrition & physical activity?

1. Physical Outcomes 2. Social Outcomes 3. Self-Evaluative Outcomes

According to Social Cognitive Theory, people can increase their perceived self-efficacy through four methods of learning about a behavior. What are these methods?

1. Physiological State 2. Verbal Persuasion 3. Vicarious Experience 4. Enactive Attainment

Observational Learning is affected by ... A. Appeal of the model, which is someone who is valued, or someone to whom observer can relate B. A model's belief that influences the behavior C. An individual's motivation to learn the behavior D. Complexity of the behavior, in which people look for role models when the new behavior is difficult or complex E. Subjective norms based on the behavior

A. Appeal of the model, which is someone who is valued, or someone to whom observer can relate C. An individual's motivation to learn the behavior D. Complexity of the behavior, in which people look for role models when the new behavior is difficult or complex

What is the potential change strategy of SELF-EFFICACY? A. Approach behavior change in small steps to ensure success B. Be specific about the desired change C. Consider multiple ways to promote behavior change, such as making adjustments to the environment or influencing personal attitudes D. Model positive outcomes of healthful behavior E. Offer credible role models who perform the targeted behavior F. Promote mastery learning through skills training G. Promote self-initiated rewards and incentives

A. Approach behavior change in small steps to ensure success B. Be specific about the desired change

What are the constructs of the Social-Cognitive Theory? A. Behavioral Capability B. Contemplation C. Expectations D. Intentions E. Maintenance F. Observational Learning (Modeling) G. Perceived Benefits H. Processes Of Change I. Reciprocal Determinism J. Reinforcements K. Self-Efficacy L. Self Liberation M. Stimulus Control N. Vicarious Experience

A. Behavioral Capability C. Expectations F. Observational Learning (Modeling) I. Reciprocal Determinism J. Reinforcements

A person's self-efficacy for performing a new behavior is affected by ... A. How they feel when they think about or try the behavior B. Getting verbal support and encouragement from others about their capability to do it C. Seeing other people like themselves do it D. Having actually done the behavior with support and guidance

A. How they feel when they think about or try the behavior B. Getting verbal support and encouragement from others about their capability to do it C. Seeing other people like themselves do it D. Having actually done the behavior with support and guidance

State the possible intentions and reasons as to why "It's Your Turn" — a COVID-19 public service announcement created by Kokua Kalihi Valley — was made. What lessons can we learn from this public service announcement and what are some key take-away points? A. In Oahu, Kalihi has been one of the communities with the highest rates of COVID-19, which lead to numerous health promotion programs. B. Even in times of COVID-19, regardless of which island in Hawaii an individual resides in, they can still continue to share the love for Mauna Kea as a highly devoted kia'i (protector). C. In order to be able to increase and address societal efforts to get people to adopt different health practices or change of behavior, health campaigns should focus on reaching people to help them improve self-efficacy. D. It encourages people that they can change and self-manage to reach different positive outcomes and positive expectations. E. Changes can occur, and individuals can improve health F. With Hawai'i being affected by COVID-19, there is nothing that can solve the issue other than being isolated from family members and living in silence. G. Helping people to reduce risky behaviors through health communication requires us to emphasize less on scaring people into doing the right/healthy behavior H. Changing the health behavior in times uncertainty is optional, although it is highly recommended

A. In Oahu, Kalihi has been one of the communities with the highest rates of COVID-19, which lead to numerous health promotion programs. C. In order to be able to increase and address societal efforts to get people to adopt different health practices or change of behavior, health campaigns should focus on reaching people to help them improve self-efficacy. D. It encourages people that they can change and self-manage to reach different positive outcomes and positive expectations. E. Changes can occur, and individuals can improve health G. Helping people to reduce risky behaviors through health communication requires us to emphasize less on scaring people into doing the right/healthy behavior

Models are used to help individuals achieve a behavior or take action, and they are someone that the observer can connect with in some way. Such models can also be celebrities or any famous stars past or present. What are some GOOD examples? A. Michael Jordan encourages individuals to stay hydrated with Gatorade, presumably after playing sports B. Miley Cyrus encourages individuals to lick hammers to look cool and famous C. R. Kelly encourages individuals to urinate on random people to build self-esteem and to understand the physiological functions of the urinary system D. Serena Williams on a Wheaties cereal box encourages individuals to eat Wheaties and carry out the same energy as her E. Jennifer Aniston holds a SmartWater bottle after her workout in the magazine may encourage individuals to hydrate smart, even after exercising F. Cardi B twerking in her music video WAP encourages individuals to perform physical activity in a seductive way

A. Michael Jordan encourages individuals to stay hydrated with Gatorade, presumably after playing sports D. Serena Williams on a Wheaties cereal box encourages individuals to eat Wheaties and carry out the same energy as her E. Jennifer Aniston holds a SmartWater bottle after her workout in the magazine may encourage individuals to hydrate smart, even after exercising

According to a systematic literature review, the SOCIAL-COGNITIVE THEORY is a well-known theory for designing nutrition education and physical activity programs for adolescents to alleviate obesity. A. True B. False

A. True

Behavior change is best achieved by breaking goals down into progressive series of sub-goals, and well-defined and easy-to-measure behaviors should be the sub-goals that lead to long-term outcomes. A. True B. False

A. True

Expectancies are related to the concept of reinforcement, which can take the form of adding something good — through positive reinforcement — or subtracting something bad — through negative reinforcement. A. True B. False

A. True

In health communication and health promotion, models are used to help individuals achieve a behavior or take action. These models are someone that the observer can connect with in some way. A. True B. False

A. True

Low self-efficacy generates fleeting or no efforts to perform a behavior, whereas resilient self efficacy generates perseverance despite that conditions are not ideal. A. True B. False

A. True

Modeling is most successful when the model is close in characteristics to the target. A. True B. False

A. True

Outcome expectations can range from highly observable and immediate to not observable and long-term. A. True B. False

A. True

Reinforcement is a system of rewards and punishments in response to behavior, and behavior occurs because people what the reward or want to avoid the punishment. A. True B. False

A. True

Self-efficacy can be built through diminishing one's fear and negative emotions associated with the behavior. A. True B. False

A. True

The Reciprocal Triadic Causation concept is central to the Social Cognitive Theory. A. True B. False

A. True

The social-cognitive theory is a system with intersecting factors. A. True B. False

A. True

The stronger a person's self-efficacy, the higher the goals a person set for himself/herself, and the person will be more committed to his/her goals. A. True B. False

A. True

There must be a belief that the behavior will "pay off" in order for a behavior change to occur. A. True B. False

A. True

Under reciprocal determination, behavior is influenced by the social environment. A. True B. False

A. True

A common misuse of the Social Cognitive Theory is to use isolated parts and pieces of the theory instead of using it as a whole. A. True B. False

A. True Always keep in mind that the Social Cognitive Theory is a SYSTEM and should be utilized as a WHOLE!!

Concerning prevention paradox, it can be difficult to convince people that their actions are paying off because seemingly nothing is happening. A. True B. False

A. True Therefore, people may not want to change their behaviors or participate in the right action because they think that they do not see the payoffs until later on in life or they think that the method is not working. This is one of the barriers in health promotion.

Extrinsic Motivation looks at social approval or social disapproval, whereas Intrinsic Motivation looks at self-evaluation. A. True B. False

A. True Think "extrinsic" as outside — the society — and "intrinsic" as inside — the individual self.

Social Cognitive Theory suggests that when people first try to change behavior, initial intervention efforts should focus on increasing both self-efficacy & behavioral capability. A. True B. False

A. True This is considered as a "FRAGILE PERIOD" in the change process that can benefit greatly from intervention design.

Concerning the environmental factors, how a person can or cannot do a particular behavior may be out of their own control. A. True B. False

A. True It can be based on where an individual geographically lives in and the impediments in the health systems such as social structures and economical structures.

In terms of behavioral capability, knowledge is ... A. a precondition for behavior change. B. a necessary, but not sufficient, basis for behavior change. C. considered as a "gateway". D. power!

A. a precondition for behavior change B. a necessary, but not sufficient, basis for behavior change C. considered as a "gateway"

In accordance to a systemic literature review, using behavioral theories can ... A. be highly suggested for obesity prevention and treatment rather than atheoretical interventions B. enhance communication between professionals C. enhance self-efficacy and reinforcements D. help in choosing right mix of strategies E. help in discerning measurable program outcomes F. help in changing a person's beliefs and attitudes G. improve program efficiency and effectiveness H. improve public health I. improve replication (performing an experiment or procedure more than once) J. specify methods for behavior change

A. be highly suggested for obesity prevention and treatment rather than atheoretical interventions B. enhance communication between professionals D. help in choosing right mix of strategies E. help in discerning measurable program outcomes G. improve program efficiency and effectiveness I. improve replication (performing an experiment or procedure more than once) J. specify methods for behavior change

What are the 2 types of knowledge? A. content & procedural B. behavioral & motivational C. positive & negative D. normal & attitudinal E. linear & cyclical F. common & complex

A. content & procedural

What are some examples of REASONABLE negative reinforcement? A. driving under the influence leads to an arrest B. being spanked as a kid for doing something immoral C. children eating their vegetables will have desert at the end D. not wearing a mask in public during the COVID-19 pandemic will lead to a $5,000 fine E. doing all the coursework at school will lead to a good grade F. get a good workout and treat yourself to pizza G. maintain a healthy diet and treat yourself to a staycation at the Disney Aulani or a vacation to Cancun H. being written up at work for being late I. point deductions for turning in late assignments J. doing drugs such as meth or heroin and you will experience the detrimental side effects such as hallucinations and chronic diarrhea K. masturbate frequently and you will get a circumcision or have your genitals removed L. if an individual partakes in the behavioral change of properly managing type 2 diabetes through physical activity and good dieting habits, he/she can discontinue the medications M. when an individual keeps on ordering coffee or other food products from Starbucks, he/she will earn stars and probably get freebies the next time he/she stops by N. not drinking alcohol for a week and treating yourself to a trip to France for a wine-tasting event O. eating too much candy leads to cavities P. running 3 to 4 times a week creates a "runner's high" — the "feel-good feeling" after putting a good run-in Q. getting a $102 ticket for not wearing a seat belt R. not studying for the exam will yield to poor performance and a failing grade S. rehearsing for a presentation 2 weeks in advance will make an individual less nervous on the day of the presentation T. if a female individual fails to use a vaginal condom, she will have chocolate cysts later on

A. driving under the influence leads to an arrest B. being spanked as a kid for doing something immoral D. not wearing a mask in public during the COVID-19 pandemic will lead to a $5,000 fine H. being written up at work for being late I. point deductions for turning in late assignments J. doing drugs such as meth or heroin and you will experience the detrimental side effects such as hallucinations and chronic diarrhea O. eating too much candy leads to cavities Q. getting a $102 ticket for not wearing a seat belt R. not studying for the exam will yield to poor performance and a failing grade

What are some examples of content knowledge? A. knowing the facts and statistics of obesity and how to control it B. knowing how to select and put on a size-appropriate condom C. learning the startling details of diabetes, including why a person should be worried about it D. understanding more about COVID-19 and how to prevent the spread E. learning how to put on a certain mask — either a surgical, handmade (cloth), and/or N95 mask F. knowing the risky behaviors from alcohol use G. getting the facts straight about HIV and AIDS H. knowing how to put on a helmet I. learning more about head injuries J. knowing how to purchase and cook nutritious foods K. knowing the health benefits of masturbation L. following the tips on how to cope with depression

A. knowing the facts and statistics of obesity and how to control it C. learning the startling details of diabetes, including why a person should be worried about it D. understanding more about COVID-19 and how to prevent the spread F. knowing the risky behaviors from alcohol use G. getting the facts straight about HIV and AIDS I. learning more about head injuries K. knowing the health benefits of masturbation

Which of the following is considered an environmental factor? A. physical environments B. self-reliance C. social environments D. self-regulation E. self-reward F. modeling G. observational learning H. self-efficacy

A. physical environments C. social environments F. modeling G. observational learning

Which of the following is true in regards to self-efficacy? A. self-efficacy is helpful in reaching different outcomes because people are more likely to put in the effort to reach the outcome to be able to achieve the outcome B. self-efficacy is task-specific C. self-efficacy is the enemy of subjective norms D. self-efficacy is a perception E. self-efficacy is maintained through self-pleasure and intense orgasms F. self-efficacy is the only way to behavior change

A. self-efficacy is helpful in reaching different outcomes because people are more likely to put in the effort to reach the outcome to be able to achieve the outcome B. self-efficacy is task-specific D. self-efficacy is a perception

What are some strategies that can increase SELF-EFFICACY? A. setting incremental goals B. celebrating too soon C. behavioral contracting D. forming beliefs towards an attitude E. counter-conditioning F. monitoring & reinforcement G. social liberation

A. setting incremental goals C. behavioral contracting D. forming beliefs towards an attitude F. monitoring & reinforcement

The levels of motivation involves with what perceptions? A. the ability to adopt a health-protective behavior that will lead to a valued outcome B. the ability to use self-efficacy wisely and effectively while working on the behavior C. the ability to realistically perform the necessary behaviors D. the ability to improve the behavior if there are "epic fails" in the actions

A. the ability to adopt a health-protective behavior that will lead to a valued outcome C. the ability to realistically perform the necessary behaviors

Define the concept of EXPECTATIONS.

Anticipated outcomes of a behavior

Behavior is simply a product of the environment and the person, BUT environment is not simply a product of the person and behavior. A. True B. False

B. False Behavior is NOT simply a product of the environment and the person.

Expectancies include the personal evaluation of the anticipated outcome and it can be positive or negative, and thus, while outcome expectations are value-laden, outcome expectancies are value-free. A. True B. False

B. False Expectancies include the personal evaluation of the anticipated outcome and it can be positive or negative, and thus, while outcome expectations are value-FREE, outcome expectancies are value-LADEN.

Health promotion efforts can create long-term, highly observable substitutes to short-term, elusive outcomes. A. True B. False

B. False Health promotion efforts can create SHORT-term, highly observable substitutes to LONG-term, elusive outcomes.

The ecological model shows proof that individuals exist within, and are influenced by, a social environment. A. True B. False

B. False In accordance to certain INTERPERSONAL LEVEL THEORIES, individuals exist within, and are influenced by, a social environment.

Knowledge may be the only thing that will help lead to behavior. A. True B. False

B. False Instead, it is an integral part of behavior change because it allows an individual to build the foundation of understanding, such as what are the drawbacks and advantages of a certain health behavior.

Expectations are the fundamental starting point for most health-promotion programs and encompasses both an awareness of the advantages/disadvantages of a behavior and understand of how to perform the behavior. A. True B. False

B. False KNOWLEDGE is the fundamental starting point for most health-promotion programs and encompasses both an awareness of the advantages/disadvantages of a behavior and understand of how to perform the behavior.

When we need to learn a complex behavior, less attention is given to the model, and therefore, it is solely up to us to perform it in a unique way. A. True B. False

B. False MORE attention is given to the model when we need to learn the behavior that believes to be complex.

Negative reinforcements increase a person's likelihood of repeating the behavior, whereas positive reinforcements may make repeated behavior more likely by motivating the person to eliminate a positive stimulus. A. True B. False

B. False POSITIVE reinforcements increase a person's likelihood of repeating the behavior, whereas NEGATIVE reinforcements may make repeated behavior more likely by motivating the person to eliminate a NEGATIVE stimulus.

Sub-goals have a clinical benefit and will enhance self-efficacy & expectancies. A. True B. False

B. False Sub-goals may not have a clinical benefit per se, but they will enhance self-efficacy & expectancies, and thus, they will motivate the continued behavior that may eventually lead to clinically meaningful outcomes.

The social-cognitive theory focuses more on systems working independently and less on how systems work together, and it also focuses on how systems allow to move behavior forward. A. True B. False

B. False The social-cognitive theory focuses LESS on systems working independently and MORE on how systems work together, and it also focuses on how systems allow to move behavior forward.

The "triangle" of the Reciprocal Triadic Causation operates as individual parts. A. True B. False

B. False The triangle operates as a WHOLE and never as independent parts.

The social environment includes ... A. animals B. co-workers C. doctors D. members of your 'ohana (family) E. mentors F. nurses G. peers H. robots

B. co-workers C. doctors D. members of your 'ohana (family) E. mentors F. nurses G. peers

According to the Social-Cognitive Theory, what factors affect the likelihood that a person will change a health behavior? A. behavioral skills B. goals C. actions D. self-efficacy E. beliefs F. intentions G. subjective norms H. outcome expectencies

B. goals D. self-efficacy H. outcome expectencies

REINFORCEMENTS can be ... A. expensive or inexpensive B. internal or external C. active or passive D. good or bad E. advantageous or disadvantageous

B. internal or external

What are some examples of procedural knowledge? A. knowing the facts and statistics of obesity and how to control it B. knowing how to select and put on a size-appropriate condom C. learning the startling details of diabetes, including why a person should be worried about it D. understanding more about COVID-19 and how to prevent the spread E. learning how to put on a certain mask — either a surgical, handmade (cloth), and/or N95 mask F. knowing the risky behaviors from alcohol use G. getting the facts straight about HIV and AIDS H. knowing how to put on a helmet I. learning more about head injuries J. knowing how to purchase and cook nutritious foods K. knowing the health benefits of masturbation L. following the tips on how to cope with depression

B. knowing how to select and put on a size-appropriate condom E. learning how to put on a certain mask — either a surgical, handmade (cloth), and/or N95 mask H. knowing how to put on a helmet J. knowing how to purchase and cook nutritious foods L. following the tips on how to cope with depression

The anticipated outcomes vary in ____________ & ______________. A. speed ; acceleration B. observability ; level of immediacy C. person ; time D. self-efficacy ; reinforcements E. beliefs ; intentions

B. observability ; level of immediacy

Rewards indicate __________________ reinforcement, whereas punishments indicate ____________________ reinforcement. A. active ; passive B. positive ; negative C. good ; bad D. happy ; sad E. introverted ; extroverted F. simple ; complex

B. positive ; negative

Based on a systemic literature review, when applying the Social-Cognitive Theory into nutritional and physical activity interventions, an individuals' _________ and _________ are the major components of personal factors. A. personality ; emotions B. thoughts ; feelings C. beliefs ; attitudes D. self-efficacy ; orgasms

B. thoughts ; feelings

Define the concept of OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING (MODELING).

Behavioral acquisition that occurs by watching the actions and outcomes of others' behavior

Describe the criteria of LEVEL 3 in regards to the 3 Levels Of Readiness.

Belief that person lacks control over behavior Intensive intervention needed to boost PERSONAL AGENCY — the perception of having control in performing the behavior

What is the potential change strategy of RECIPROCAL DETERMINISM? A. Approach behavior change in small steps to ensure success B. Be specific about the desired change C. Consider multiple ways to promote behavior change, such as making adjustments to the environment or influencing personal attitudes D. Model positive outcomes of healthful behavior E. Offer credible role models who perform the targeted behavior F. Promote mastery learning through skills training G Promote self-initiated rewards and incentives

C. Consider multiple ways to promote behavior change, such as making adjustments to the environment or influencing personal attitudes

_______________ focuses on what the individual think will happen, whereas _________________ focuses on how the individual feel about what he/she think will happen. A. Expectancies ; Low Self-Efficacy B. Preparation ; Perceived Behavioral Control C. Expectation ; Expectancies D. Prediction ; Expectancies E. Positivity ; Hesitancy

C. Expectation ; Expectancies

The Social-Cognitive Theory was originally called the ... A. Self-Efficacy Theory B. Health Behavioral Theory C. Social Learning Theory D. Theory of Reasoned Action E. Transtheoretical Model of Change F. Trump's Conspiracy Theory of COVID-19

C. Social Learning Theory

What are some examples of REASONABLE positive reinforcement? A. driving under the influence leads to an arrest B. being spanked as a kid for doing something immoral C. children eating their vegetables will have desert at the end D. not wearing a mask in public during the COVID-19 pandemic will lead to a $5,000 fine E. doing all the coursework at school will lead to a good grade F. get a good workout and treat yourself to pizza G. maintain a healthy diet and treat yourself to a staycation at the Disney Aulani or a vacation to Cancun H. being written up at work for being late I. point deductions for turning in late assignments J. doing drugs such as meth or heroin and you will experience the detrimental side effects such as hallucinations and chronic diarrhea K. masturbate frequently and you will get a circumcision or have your genitals removed L. if an individual partakes in the behavioral change of properly managing type 2 diabetes through physical activity and good dieting habits, he/she can discontinue the medications M. when an individual keeps on ordering coffee or other food products from Starbucks, he/she will earn stars and probably get freebies the next time he/she stops by N. not drinking alcohol for a week and treating yourself to a trip to France for a wine-tasting event O. eating too much candy leads to cavities P. running 3 to 4 times a week creates a "runner's high" — the "feel-good feeling" after putting a good run-in Q. getting a $102 ticket for not wearing a seat belt R. not studying for the exam will yield to poor performance and a failing grade S. rehearsing for a presentation 2 weeks in advance will make an individual less nervous on the day of the presentation T. if a female individual fails to use a vaginal condom, she will have chocolate cysts later on

C. children eating their vegetables will have desert at the end E. doing all the coursework at school will lead to a good grade F. get a good workout and treat yourself to pizza G. maintain a healthy diet and treat yourself to a staycation at the Disney Aulani or a vacation to Cancun L. if an individual partakes in the behavioral change of properly managing type 2 diabetes through physical activity and good dieting habits, he/she can discontinue the medications M. when an individual keeps on ordering coffee or other food products from Starbucks, he/she will earn stars and probably get freebies the next time he/she stops by P. running 3 to 4 times a week creates a "runner's high" — the "feel-good feeling" after putting a good run-in S. rehearsing for a presentation 2 weeks in advance will make an individual less nervous on the day of the presentation

Albert Bandura distinguished the 3 Levels Of Readiness to adopt a given health behavior, and they are centered upon self-efficacy & outcome expectations, making them different from the other stage models. A. self-efficacy ; outcome expectancies B. belief ; motivation C. self-efficacy ; outcome expectations D. belief ; intentions

C. self-efficacy ; outcome expectations

Define the concept of SELF-EFFICACY.

Confidence in one's ability to take action and overcome barriers

_______________ Reinforcement refers to socially structured reinforcements, whereas ________________ Reinforcement refers to reinforcements based on an individual's internal motivation, values, and beliefs. A. Extroverted ; Introverted B. Outer ; Inner C. Active ; Passive D. Extrinsic ; Intrinsic E. Public ; Personal F. Social ; Private

D. Extrinsic ; Intrinsic Extrinsic = EX- = outside Intrinsic = IN- = inside

__________ rewards are things people do to reward themselves. __________ rewards encourage continued participation in multiple-session programs, but generally are not effective for sustaining long-term change because they do not bolster a person's own desire or commitment to change. A. External, Internal B. Active, Passive C. Self, Community D. Internal, External E. Personal, External

D. Internal, External

What is the potential change strategy of EXPECTATIONS? A. Approach behavior change in small steps to ensure success B. Be specific about the desired change C. Consider multiple ways to promote behavior change, such as making adjustments to the environment or influencing personal attitudes D. Model positive outcomes of healthful behavior E. Offer credible role models who perform the targeted behavior F. Promote mastery learning through skills training G. Promote self-initiated rewards and incentives

D. Model positive outcomes of healthful behavior

_______________ & ________________ work together to determine the LEVEL OF MOTIVATION a person may have towards adopting a health-protective behavior. A. Preparation ; Goals B. Cues to Action ; Maintenance C. Outcome Expectations ; Self Efficacy D. Outcome Expectancies ; Self Efficacy

D. Outcome Expectancies ; Self Efficacy

According to a systemic literature review .... OUTCOME EXPECTATION + SELF-EFFICACY = ___________ A. confidence B. behavioral skills C. motivation D. goal intentions E. cues to action

D. goal intentions

What are the key components of the Reciprocal Triadic Causation? A. kanaka ; 'aina ; ke akua B. agent ; host ; environment C. human ; animal ; environment D. person ; behavior ; environment

D. person ; behavior ; environment

Which of the following is considered a personal factor? A. physical environments B. self-reliance C. social environments D. self-regulation E. self-reward F. modeling G. observational learning H. self-efficacy

D. self-regulation E. self-reward H. self-efficacy

Describe the criteria of LEVEL 2 in regards to the 3 Levels Of Readiness.

Doubts about self-efficacy & weak outcome expectations Multiple intervention points needed to move them to level one so they can progress to behavior change

Who invented the Social Learning Theory? A. Burrhus Frederic Skinner (psychologist) B. John Snow (physician) C. James O. Prochaska (psychology professor) D. Godfrey H. Hochbaum (social psychologist) E. Albert Bandura (psychologist) F. Icek Ajzen (social psychologoist) G. Martin Fishbein (social psychologist) H. Michelle Tagorda (public health advisor)

E. Albert Bandura (psychologist)

Who invented the Social-Cognitive Theory? A. Burrhus Frederic Skinner (psychologist) B. John Snow (physician) C. James O. Prochaska (psychology professor) D. Godfrey H. Hochbaum (social psychologist) E. Albert Bandura (psychologist) F. Icek Ajzen (social psychologoist) G. Martin Fishbein (social psychologist) H. Michelle Tagorda (public health advisor)

E. Albert Bandura (psychologist)

What is the potential change strategy of OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING (MODELING)? A. Approach behavior change in small steps to ensure success B. Be specific about the desired change C. Consider multiple ways to promote behavior change, such as making adjustments to the environment or influencing personal attitudes D. Model positive outcomes of healthful behavior E. Offer credible role models who perform the targeted behavior F. Promote mastery learning through skills training G. Promote self-initiated rewards and incentives

E. Offer credible role models who perform the targeted behavior

The social environment influences _________ therefore it also impacts _________. A. beliefs ; attitudes B. behavioral skills ; public health C. orgasms ; self-efficacy D. knowledge ; power E. behavior ; health

E. behavior ; health

Based on a systemic literature review, what were some interventions that adhere to the components of the Social-Cognitive Theory?

Enhanced school sport sessions Lunch-time physical activity sessions Physical activity and nutrition handbooks Physical activity leadership sessions Taste tests Cooking demonstrations Shelf labels Point-of-purchase health communication materials such as posters and flyers School-break physical activity sessions Nutrition workshops Weekly nutrition and physical activity key messages Weekly health messages using WhatsApp Diet and physical activity diaries for self-monitoring Giveaways Lunchtime student mentoring sessions Three 60-minute exercise sessions per week Interactive seminars

What is the potential change strategy of BEHAVIORAL CAPABILITY? A. Approach behavior change in small steps to ensure success B. Be specific about the desired change C. Consider multiple ways to promote behavior change, such as making adjustments to the environment or influencing personal attitudes D. Model positive outcomes of healthful behavior E. Offer credible role models who perform the targeted behavior F. Promote mastery learning through skills training G. Promote self-initiated rewards and incentives

F. Promote mastery learning through skills training

What is the potential change strategy of REINFORCEMENTS? A. Approach behavior change in small steps to ensure success B. Be specific about the desired change C. Consider multiple ways to promote behavior change, such as making adjustments to the environment or influencing personal attitudes D. Model positive outcomes of healthful behavior E. Offer credible role models who perform the targeted behavior F. Promote mastery learning through skills training G. Promote self-initiated rewards and incentives

G. Promote self-initiated rewards and incentives

Describe the criteria of LEVEL 1 in regardsing the 3 Levels Of Readiness.

High self-efficacy & strong outcome expectations Little, if any, intervention is needed

Define the concept of BEHAVIORAL CAPABILITY.

Knowledge and skill to perform a given behavior

Define the concept of REINFORCEMENT.

Responses to a person's behavior that increase or decrease the likelihood of reoccurrence

Define the concept of RECIPROCAL DETERMINISM.

The dynamic interaction of the person, behavior, and the environment in which the behavior is performed

Social Cognitive Theory can be seen as a set of principles for designing a health promotion program. What are the principles?

Use the 5 constructs — behavioral capability, outcome expectation, self-efficacy, modeling, and reinforcement — to achieve adoption of a specific health behavior Devote time to behavioral capabilities by building knowledge Address self-efficacy building and outcome expectations for those at "level 2" and "level 3" including focusing on developing goals

MANNERISM

a habitual gesture or way of speaking or behaving

PREVENTION PARADOX

a prevention measure that brings large benefits to the community, yet affords little benefit to each participating individual

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

a theory that believes people learn not only from their own experiences, but by observing the actions of others and the benefits of those actions it hypothesizes that learning is a process that occurs within a social context, and involves observing behaviors, modeling, reinforcement, and cognition

SOCIAL-COGNITIVE THEORY

a theory that describes a dynamic, ongoing process in which personal factors, environmental factors, and human behavior exert influence upon each other

Observational learning occurs all the time, either subconsciously or unconsciously. In other words, we may think we are being influenced or we are learning by watching but not intentionally wanting to learn a certain behavior. What are some examples?

alcoholism in the household, in which children are not watching to see what people are drinking but it could impact their behaviors later on in life unconsciously injection of insulin, in which an individual with type 2 diabetes mellitus is learning how to inject, and therefore, more attention is placed on the model because they want to make sure that they are able to learn how to do it correctly

PERCEIVED SELF-EFFICACY

an individual's beliefs about how effectively he or she can control his or her own behavior, thoughts, and emotions in order to achieve a desired goal

What shapes mannerism?

interpersonal communication styles leadership styles health practices

LEVEL OF IMMEDIACY

it identifies how quickly an individual sees the outcome

OBSERVABILITY

it identifies what an individual see through the outcome

PROCEDURAL KNOWLEDGE

it involves understanding how to engage in a given health behavior

CONTENT KNOWLEDGE

it involves understanding the advantages and drawbacks of a health behavior

Describe observational learning or modeling.

it involves with learning by watching others and copying their behavior it is enhanced when the model is someone the observer "connects with" in some way it occurs all the time, subconsciously or unconsciously

What does goal-setting focuses on?

it involves with taking action, and for each sub-goal that is met successfully, self efficacy & mastery experience are formed

Describe vicarious experience, in terms of self efficacy.

it involves with watching someone like yourself successfully accomplish something, which increases behavioral self-efficacy it involves with watching someone like yourself fail at something, which reduces behavioral self-efficacy

What is the basic idea of the social-cognitive theory?

it is the concept of RECIPROCAL DETERMINATION, in which an individual's social environment, their personal characteristics, and their behavior interact with and influence each other

Describe the physiological state, in terms of self-efficacy.

it is the physical and emotional state that people experience when they think about doing something that affects their perception of their ability to perform the action

RESILIENT SELF-EFFICACY

it refers to a belief that one can perform a task successfully even after experiencing setbacks

LOW SELF-EFFICACY

it refers to being less confident and powerless, expecting failure, and avoiding challenges

EMOTIONAL AROUSAL

it refers to how an individual feel inside when he/she thinks about taking an action

RECIPROCAL TRIADIC CAUSATION

it reveals that the relationships among individuals' cognitions, behaviors, and environment are reciprocal

What is the purpose of the Levels of Readiness?

it shows how it relates to an individual wanting to be able to achieve a particular action or accomplish a particular health behavior it is used to create activities accordingly to the differente level of readiness for change or readiness to adopt a particular health behavior

BOBO DOLL EXPERIMENT

it was conducted by Albert Bandura in the 1950s nursery school students observed an adult play aggressively (yelling & hitting) with an inflatable clown (Bobo); when children were later allowed to play with the Bobo, those children who witnesses the Bobo doll performed the same aggressive actions and improvised new ways of playing aggressively here, children model the behavior of adults

What are some factors of low self-efficacy?

lack of motivation fear anxiety

What is the core idea of the Social-Cognitive Theory?

learning occurs in a social context with a dynamic and reciprocal interaction of the person, environment, and behavior

What are some examples of where an individual learn through mastery experience?

losing weight through familiar exercises knowing how to ride a bike, especially if you rode it at a very young age using the same study strategies for an exam, such as using Quizlet

What are some examples where emotions may lead to avoiding a behavior?

not going to the gym due to judgement of other people avoiding vaccines because an individual is scared of needles fear of going to a dentist because of the fearful procedures such as drilling and pulling teeth cost scares of doctor visits

Using smoking cessation as an example, what can be said about the observability of the outcome?

not smoking for for the entire day can lead to a drop in blood pressure

Describe enactive attainment or mastery experience, in terms of self efficacy.

people are more likely to believe that they can do something new if it's similar to something they've already done

OUTCOME EXPECTATIONS

perceived benefits of engaging in the behavior

What are some examples of coaching where verbal persuasion is a key part of their activities in promoting health behaviors?

personal trainers from Weight Watchers home workouts through YouTube or any workout videos by Beach Body such as Shaun T's Hip Hop Abs therapies support groups, such as smoking cessation and diabetes prevention peer specialists, such as through substance abuse recovery

What is the most important personal factor of behavioral change?

self-efficacy

EXPECTATIONS

the anticipated outcomes that stem from engaging in the behavior

SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT

the entire human environment, including interaction and direct contact with others

Describe verbal persuasion, in terms of self-efficacy.

the utilization of "COACHING" or verbal support can help a person believe that he or she can successfully perform a behavior

What are some examples of behaviors that a person learn while watching or copying others?

tying your shoes walking cooking rice doing chores, such as wiping off the water from the counter after doing the dishes to prevent mold talking knowing how to ride a bike, especially if you rode it at a very young age braiding your hair getting dressed brushing your teeth

What are some examples of utilizing vicarious experience in increasing behavioral self-efficacy?

using technological essentials, such as Google Docs or Google Slides life coaching through past experiences freshman and sophomore students are learning how to implement behaviors through fruit-and-vegetable consumption, as well as physical activities, through peer-to-peer interventions at Waipahu High School creating social media content towards a certain target population