Understanding culture

Norms

All societies have guidelines that govern moral standards and even the most routine aspect of life. Sociologists call the written and unwritten rules that specify the behaviors appropriate to specific situations as norms. -William Graham Summer

Cultural Anthropology, Physical Anthropology and Archeology.

Areas of Anthropology

Adapt instead of resist

Cope with the changes happening in the society to survive.

Stand firm with your principles

If you think some changes in the society does not fit your ideals in life, hold on with your principles. It doesn't mean resisting, it only means you are choosing what's best for you.

Reconstruction

Recreation of vanished building on its original site.

different age of pre history

Stone Age- Palaeolithic and Neolithic. Metal Age-dividided into the Copper Age, the Bronze Age and the Iron Age

Roles

The expected behavior patterns that develop for specific activities or positions in a society. They are norm-governed because roles respond to the expectations of others. Each role demands a different kind of behavior.

Enculturation

The process by which people learn the requirements of their surrounding culture and acquire the values and behaviors appropriate or necessary in that culture.

Preservation

The retention of the building or monument in a sound static condition

societe

The word "society" is a derivation of the French word

Charles Darwin

Theory of Evolution

Menhir

a big stone standing vertically on the floor

Conservation

a careful preservation and protection of a natural resource to prevent exploitation, destruction, or neglect

Conversion

action taker to prevent decay which embraces all acts that prolong life of our cultural and national heritage.

Patterns of behavior

are acquired through learning and sharing of culture

Salad Bowl / (Pluralism) Acculturation

basically, calls for us to celebrate our diversity along with our oneness.

Karl Marx

believed that conflict is the greatest agent of change throughout history.

Mega

big

Learning

depends on the uniquely developed capacity to use symbols

Structural definitions

focus on relational aspects of cultural components through abstraction.

Socio-genetic definitions

focus on the genetics and continued existence of culture.

societas

friendly association with others

Hominisation

had different stages starred by different species that developed several features that distinguish them from apes

Ethnocentric

individuals believe they're better than other individuals for reasons based solely on their heritage. Clearly, this practice relates to problems of both racism and prejudice.

Prehistory

is the historical period that began with the appearance of the first human beings on Earth and ended with the invention of writing (3500 B.C.)

Dolmen

large standing stones supporting a larger horizontal stone.

Folkways

norms that apply to a routine matters like eating, sleeping, appearance, posture, use of appliances and relations to various people, animals, and the environment.

Mores

norms that people define as pivotal to the well-being of the group. It is considered as final, unchangeable and irrevocable.

Alignments

parallel rows of menhirs. Carnac (France)

Material culture

physical or technological.

Normative definitions

related to value systems make up social and personal behavior.

Melting Pot/Assmilation

requires that immigrants assimilate in order to become one common culture "American."

Restoration

returning an artifact to the physical condition it had at some previous stage of its life

Pakikitungo

smooth interpersonal relations

lithos

stone

Cromlech

stones ordered in a circle. Stonehenge (United Kingdom)

Psychological definitions

stress culture's role in interpersonal relations.

Change our mode of living and lifestyle

the advancement of technology enables people to live in greater security and comfort than ever before

xenocentrism

the belief that someone else's culture is superior to their own.

Metalworkin

the ore was extracted with stone picks. The ore was smelted in an oven and left to cool, then the slag was removed by hitting the metal with a hammer. Then it was smelted again and poured into a mould in the shape of the required object.

Pakikisama

to be sensitive, concerned and supportive

Pakikiramay

to sympathize and share sufferings

Hominids

upper primates who walked upright and all their descendants, including human beings.

Descriptive definitions

view culture as the totality of the way of life.

Non-material

way of thinking, patterns of behavior.

societas

which came from the Latin word

PRINCIPAL HOMINIDS

Ò Australopithecus Ò Homo Habilis Ò Homo Erectus Ò Homo Neanderthalensis Ò Homo Sapiens

HOMO ERECTUS

Ò Chronology: 1,5-0,3 million years ago ÒGeographical location:Africa andAsia Ò Height: 1,70 m Ò Characteristics: É Bigger brain É Made fire É Made tools: bifaces (two- sided stone tool for cutting) É Animal hides as clothes

HOMO SAPIENS

Ò Chronology: 195 000-today Ò Geographical location: Europe, Asia, Afirca, America and Oceania Ò Height: 1.70 m Ò Characteristics: É Human beings of today: spherical skull, straight forehead, prominent chin É Developed inteligence: same size of brain as the neanderthalensis. É Varied tools made of stone, bone, animal horns... É Art (culture)

HOMO HABILIS

Ò Chronology: 2,5-1,6 million years ago. ÒGeographical location:AfricaÒHeight:1.55mÒCharacteristics:Small brain but biggerthantheAustralopithecusÉLegs better adaptedtobipedalism.ÉFirst hominid to maketools(by knocking one stoneagainst another to sharpenit)

AUSTRALOPITHECUS

Ò Chronology: 5-1 million years ago Ò Geographical location: Africa Ò Height: 1 m Ò Characteristics: É Brain not very developed É Bipedalism, walking erect É Used tools but did not make them (sticks and stones in their natural state)

HOMO ANTECESSOR

Ò Chronology: 800 000 years ago ÒGeographical location:Europe (found inAtapuerca, Burgos,Spain) Ò Height: 1,60 m Ò Characteristics: É Mixed physical features: old ones as protruding eyebrows, new ones as fine jaw. É Made more evolved tools to cut, break...

THE STONE AGE

Ò Palaeolithic: 4.2 million years ago to 10,000 B.C. Ò Neolithic: 10.000 B.C. to 3.500 B.C

Evolutionary Theory

• It implies that societies evolved from the simple and primitive to the more complex and advanced form.

Sociology

•"The study of human social life, groups, and society." - Anthony Giddens •Attempts to provide a deeper assessment of individual and group behavior, as well as social phenomena. •A systematic study of people`s behavior in groups.

SOCIETY

•A group of people with common territory, interaction, and culture. Social Groups consist of two or more people who interact and identify with one another.

Acculturation

•A process where the cultural aspects of the "majority community" are adapted without losing the traditions and customs of the "minority community" •Example: The use of ethnomedicine despite the spread of western biomedicine

Anthropology

•A systematic study of the biological, cultural, and social aspects of man. •It is the scientific study of humans and their cultures in the past and present time

CULTURAL HERITAGE

•An expression of the ways of living developed by a community and passed on from generation to generation.

Types of cultural heritage

•Built environment •Natural environment •Artifacts

Beliefs

•Conceptions that people accept as true about how the world operates and where individuals fit in. Beliefs can be rooted in blind faith, experience, tradition or the scientific method.

THREE Essentials Principles or Aspects of Culture

•Culture consists of tangible (material) and intangible (non-material) components. •Biological and environmental and historical forces shape and change culture. •Culture is a tool that people use to evaluate other societies and to adapt to problems of living.

Importance and/or purposes of cultural heritage sites

•Evidential value •Historical value •Aesthetic value •Communal value •

Values

•General and shared perception of what is good, right, appropriate and worthwhile and important with regard to modes of conduct as in the case of self-reliance or obedience.

Evidential value

•Is the potential of a place to yield evidence about past human activity through physical remains that tell about the development of the place, of the people, and of the cultures that made them, while archeology deposits provide evidence about the distant past.

Innovation

•Is the social creation and institutionalization of new ideas

Diffusion

•Is the spread of innovations from one social setting to another. •It occurs when one group borrows something from another group such as norms, values, food, clothing, and other innovation. •Example: Visibility of K-POP culture in the Philippines

Cultural relativism

•Is the view that all beliefs, customs, and ethics are relative to the individual within his own social context. In other words, "right" and "wrong" are culture-specific. •"Different cultures have different moral codes" often is used as a key to understanding morality.

Ethnocentrism

•Is the view that one particular ethnic group is somehow superior to all others. •Discrimination plays a direct role in the ethnocentric belief.

Politics

•Is when people of a particular race, ethnicity, gender, or religion form alliances and organize politically to defend their group's interests.

Structural Functionalism

•It believes that society is a balanced system of institution.

Development

•It is viewed as an important indicator of the importance of the quality of life of a people in a particular society.

Cyclical Theory

•It suggests that every society is born, matures, decays, and eventually dies.

Conflict Theory

•It suggests that societies progress as oppressed groups struggle to improve their lives. •Focus is how inequalities contribute to social differences

Symbols

•Physical objects or phenomenon to which people assign meanings. •

Communal value

•Refers to the meanings of a place for the people who relate to it, or for whom it figures in their collective experience or memory, which are important aspects of collective memory and identity or place of remembrance whose meanings should not be forgotten.

Aesthetic value

•Refers to the ways in which people draw sensory ang intellectual stimulation from a place which embraces composition, materials, decoration, craftmanship, design and the choice or influence of sources from which it was derived.

Historical value

•Refers to the ways in which the people, events and other aspects of life from past can be connected through a place

LEADER

•Represent a trigger to social change. •It has the power to influence others or who is in charge or in command of a social situation.

Political Science

•Systematic study of politics • "Activity through which people make, preserve, and amend the general rules under which they live" - Andrew Heywood •Focuses on fundamental values of equality, freedom and justice and its process linked to the dynamics of conflict, resolution, and cooperation.

Forms of cultural heritage

•Tangible •Intangible

Assimilation

•The process where some of the "majority community's" or dominant community cultural aspects are absorbed in such a manner that the home cultural aspects gets mitigated or lost. •Example: English-only policies in some schools

Cultural Change

•The term that deals with the evolution of cultural components the modification of a society through innovation, invention, discovery, or conflict with other societies.

CULTURE

•The values, beliefs, behavior practices and material objects that constitute a people's way of life. It is a bridge to the past as well as a guide to the future.

Weigh the advantages and disadvantages of the changes in society

•Think first before doing something or going with the flow of changes in the society.

Modernization

•This is the far-reaching process by which a society moves from traditional towards the characteristics of most developed societies.

Political Change

•change refers to a subject matter that is constant flux. •It deals not only with the major processes of growth, decay, and breakdown but also with a ceaseless ferment of adaptation and adjustment or political system. highlights the magnitude and variety of the changes that occurred in the world's political system.

Social Change

•refers to an alteration in the social order of a society.

Historical definitions

•view culture as the continuation of generations.