Understanding the Self

Sigmund Freud

A famous neurologist Create psychoanalysis

Rosenberg scale

but the issue is that the result can be affected by the desire of the person to portray herself in a positive or advantageous way.

Narcissism

is a "trait characterized by overly high self-esteem, self-admiration, and self-centeredness".

Temperance

is a love of giving up entirely himself to Him and that's the only reason;

Courage

is a love that can go beyond everything with pleasure for the sake of Himself and that's the only reason; justice is love that uniquely serves only Him and no other reason, and prudence is love that can make the right decision on what prevents and what helps. "

Moi

is a person's basic identity.

Identity

is composed of personal characteristics, social roles, and responsibilities, as well as affiliations that define who one is.

the appetite

is in the central part of the body to the heart.

the spirit

is in the upper part of the body, and

This suggests that the self

is isolated from the external world. It lives within its own world. However, we also see that this potential clash between the self and the external reality is the reason for the self to have a clear understanding of what it might be, what it can be, and what it will be.

There are times, however, when we are aware of our self-concepts;

this is also called self-awareness.

Augustine

"A habit that, if not prevented, is becoming a necessity."

Gilbert Ryle

"I made it, and so I am"

Augustine

"Pray where supposedly everything depends on God."

Teorya ng Bundle ni Hume

The man is a collection of different successive perceptions, always changing and moving

1. Id

Early stage self-shaping The center of all human wants and desires that You must satisfy Indifferent to the moral laws of society Collection of preferences that must be met

Gilbert Ryle

Self and Behavior

The most influential of them is

Sigmund Freud.

3. Superego

To achieve the super ego, It Can be cruel and punishable Looking at the perfection of things We felt embarrassment and guilt when we have fallen short of the high expectations

2. Ego

To know what is right or wrong based on context Act according to reality Balances the desires of the people and how to present it

Gilbert Ryle

Wrong bases and problems arise on how we give meaning and how we deliver or

Carl Rogers

captured this idea in his concept of self-schema or our organized system or collection of knowledge about who we are. Imagine an organized list or a diagram similar to this one:

Mauss

every self has two faces: personne and moi.

Moi

refers to a person's sense of who he is, his body, and his basic identity, his biological givenness.

The Academy

the first institution of learning in the West.

Augustine

"Admission of wrongdoing is the first step to a good cause."

Augustine

"Be kind, because all the people we meet may have the battle to surpass..."

Augustine

"Music is a moral law. It gives soul to the world, wings to the mind, flight to the imagination, and charm to life and to everything.."

Augustine

"Scholars and wise men speak because they have to say; fools speak because they have to speak"

Augustine

"Work which seems all depends on you."

Augustine

"You must lose whatever you have filled and you will be filled with things that you don't have."

"Social Constructionists argue for a merged view of 'the person' and 'their social context' where the boundaries of one cannot easily be separated from the boundaries of the other"

(Stevens, 1996).

Threefold yourself:

1. Id 2. Ego 3. Superego

human body

According to Plato, the soul is the

Gender and the Self

Another important aspect of the self is gender. Gender is one of those loci of the self that is subject to alteration, change and development. We have seen in the past years how people fought hard for the right to express, validate, and assert their gender expression. Many conservatives may frown upon this and insist on the biological. However, from the point of view of the social sciences and the self, it is important to give one the leeway to find, express, and live his identity. This forms part of selfhood that one cannot just dismiss. One maneuvers into society and identifies himself as whom he is by also taking note of gender identities. Gender partly determines how we see ourselves in the world. Oftentimes, society forces a particular identity unto us depending on our sex and/or gender. In the Philippines, husbands, for the most part, are expected to provide for the family. The eldest man in a family is expected to head the family and hold it in.

The Self as a Cognitive Construct

As mentioned earlier, there are various definitions of the "self" and other similar or interchangeable concepts in psychology. Simply put, "self" is "the sense of personal identity and of who we are as individuals (Jhangiani and Tarry 2014)."

What is Self?

Commonly defined by the following characteristics: "separate, self-contained, independent, consistent, unitary, and private" (Stevens, 1996). §By separate, it is meant that the self is distinct from other-selves. The self is always unique and has its own identity. §Self is also self-contained and independent because in itself it can exist. §It is consistent because it has a personality that is enduring and therefore can be expected to persist for quite some time.

John Locke

Even if a man has the ability to think, it does not mean that he is using it.

Plato

Greek philosopher who founded the Academy in Athens.

Augustine

He takes a different philosophy before he became a Christian at the age of 35.

The Self and the Development of the Social World

Most often, we think the human persons are just passive actors in the whole process of the shaping of selves. That men and women are born with particularities that they can no longer change. Recent studies, however, indicate that men and women in their growth and development engage actively in the shaping of the self. The unending terrain of the metamorphosis of the self is mediated by language. "Language as both publicly shared and privately utilized symbol system is the site where the individual and the social make and remake each other" (Schwartz, White, and Lutz 1993).

Augustine

Mother- a Christian Father - remains a pagan.

John Locke

Others chose to simply be bad because they are accustomed to it.

John Locke

Others have chosen to live in ignorance, others think very weak, or others are slaves to their emotions which they use their brains to understand the laws of nature.

The Self and Culture

Remaining the same person and turning chameleon by adapting to one's context seems paradoxical. However, the French Anthropologist Marcel Mauss has an explanation for this phenomenon.

Self in Families

Sociologists focuses on the different institutions and powers at play in society. Among these, the most prominent is the family. The kind of family we are born in, the resources available to us (human, spiritual, economic), and the kind of development that we will have certainly affect us as we go through life. Human persons learn the ways of living and therefore their selfhood by being in a family. It is what a family initiates a person to become that serves as the basis for this person's progress. Babies internalize ways and styles that they observe from their family. By imitating, for example, the language of its primary agents of rearing its family, babies learn the language. The same is true for ways of behaving. Without a family, biologically and sociologically, a person may not even survive or become a human person. One is who he is because of his family for the most part.

David Hume

The entire contents of the mind are transmitted daily to the human condition.

René Descartes

The mind exists. Not far from the mind of man, so man exists.

David Hume

The mind is not separated from perception

René Descartes

When in doubt someone has doubts for him, The work itself will doubt the fact that he exists

Our group identity and self-awareness

also has a great impact on our self-esteem, one of the common concepts associated with the "self". It is defined as our own positive or negative perception or evaluation of ourselves.

Self-awareness

also presents us with at least three other self-schema: the actual, the ideal and ought self.

Carl Rogers' (1959) theory of personality

also used the same terms, the "I" as the one who acts and decides while the "me" is what you think or feel about yourself as an object (Gleitman, Gross, and Reisberg 2011).

Self, identity, and self-concept

are not fixed in a one-time frame. They are also not fixed for life nor are they ever-changing at every moment. Think of a malleable metal, strong and hard but can be bent and molded into other shapes. Think about water. It can take any shape of the container, but at its core, it is still the same element.

Social Constructivists

argue that the self should not be seen as a static entity that stays constant through and through. Rather, the self has to be seen as something that is in unceasing flux, in a constant struggle with external reality and is malleable in its dealings with society. The self is always in participation with social life and its identity subjected to influences here and there.

G.H. Mead (1934)

argued that the self is created and developed through human interaction. Basically, there are three reasons why self and identity are social products:

Internal Self

composed of psychological states and informed decisions; remembering our own state, how can we combine the new and old ideas with our mind

Personne

has much to do with what it means to live in a particular institution, a particular family, a particular religion, a particular nationality, and how to behave given expectations and influences from others.

Carver and Scheier (1981)

identified two types of self that we can be aware of: 1. the private self or your internal standards and private thoughts and feelings, and 2. the public self or your public image commonly geared toward having a good presentation of yourself to others.

The schema

is not limited to the example above. It may also include your interests, work, course, age, name, and physical characteristics, among others. As you grow and adapt to the changes around you, they also change. But they are not passive receivers, they actively shape and affect how you see, think and feel about things.

The rational part

is the head,

The downward social comparison

is the more common type of comparing ourselves with others.

Empiricism

is the theory that says all knowledge comes from the senses.

Self

is unitary in that it is the center of all experiences and thoughts that run through a certain person. The self is private. Each person sorts out information, feelings, and emotions, and thought processes within the self. This whole process is never accessible to anyone but the self.

Self-concept

is what basically comes to your mind when you are asked about who you are.

The "actual" self

is who you are at the moment,

the "ideal" self

is who you like to be

the "ought" self

is who you think you should be.

External Self

made up of ourselves and the physical world where the representation of objects are

Personne

on the other hand, is composed of the social concepts of what it means to be who he is.

Freud

saw the self, its mental processes, and one's behavior as the result of the interaction between the Id, the Ego, and the Superego.

Social comparison also entails what is called

self-evaluation maintenance theory, which states that we can feel threatened when someone outperforms us, especially when that person is close to us (i.e., a friend of the family).

One of the ways in which our social relationship affects our self-esteem is through

social comparison.

William James (1890)

was one of the earliest psychologists to study the self as having two aspects—the "I" and the "me". Hogg and Vaughan 2010). The "I" is the thinking, acting, and feeling of self. The "me" on the other hand, is the physical characteristics as well as psychological capabilities that make who you are (Gleitman, Gross, and Reisberg 2011; Hogg and Vaughan 2010).

According to social comparison theory,

we learn about ourselves, the appropriateness of our behaviors, as well as our social status by comparing ourselves with other people.

the upward social comparison

which is comparing ourselves with those who are better off than us.