Unit 1

2. papyrus ____

A. A paperlike substrate for manuscripts made from a plant that grew along the Nile in shallow marshes and pools

4. Stele

A. An inscribed or carved stone or slab used for commemorative purposes

5. Capitalis Monumentalis ____

A. Rome took great pride in its imperial accomplishments and conquests, and created these letterforms for architectural inscriptions celebrating military leaders and their victories.

5. ankh ____

A. This hieroglyph of a cross surmounted by a loop had modest origins as the symbol for a sandal strap yet gained meaning as a symbol for life and immortality.

1. chin-wen ____

A. This phase in Chinese calligraphy is called bronze script because it consisted of inscriptions on cast-bronze objects, such as food and water vessels, musical instruments, weapons, coins, and seals.

1. It is not known precisely when or where the biological species of conscious, thinking people, Homo sapiens, emerged. It is believed that we evolved from a species that lived in the southern part of __________. A. Europe B. Africa C. Australia D. China

Africa

1. Early visual language systems were complex and required knowledge of hundreds of signs and symbols, whereas an alphabet, a set of visual symbols or characters that represent the elementary __________ of a spoken language, require only twenty or thirty easily learned signs. A. vowels B. sounds C. consonants D. concepts

B sounds

6. cuneiform ___

B. An abstract sign writing style from the Latin for "wedge shaped"

4. homonyms ____

B. Having the same name

4. Capitalis Quadrata ____

B. The most important form of the Roman written hand, this style, which was written carefully and slowly with a flat pen, was widely used from the second century A.D. until the fifth century.

3. recto ____

B. The upper surface of horizontal fibers of the finished sheets of this Egyptian substrate

4. chia-ku-wen ____

B. When one wished to consult an exalted ancestor or a god, the royal diviner was asked to inscribe the message on a polished animal bone. This writing was called bone-and-shell script

1. ziggurat

C. A multistory stepped brick temple constructed as a series of recessed levels that were smaller toward the top

3. hieroglyphics ____

C. Egyptian pictograms that depict objects or beings

2. serifs ____

C. Small lines extending from the ends of the major strokes of Roman letterforms

2. hsaio chuan ___

C. Small seal script was a new writing style designed by Prime Minister Li Ssu during the reign of emperor Shih Huang Ti. This graceful, flowing style is much more abstract than other styles.

5. verso ____

C. The bottom surface of vertical fibers of the finished sheets of this Egyptian substrate

6. Charlemagne mandated reform by royal edict in A.D. 789 and succeeded in reforming the alphabet with the use of four guidelines, ascenders, and descenders. The resulting uniform script, called __________, is the forerunner of our contemporary lowercase alphabet. A. Caroline miniscules B. Celtic unicials C. diminuendo D. Celtic semi-unicials

Caroline miniscule

2. These early hominids ventured out onto the grassy plains and into __________ as the forests slowly disappeared in that part of the world. In the tall grass, they began to stand erect and their hands developed an ability to carry food and hold objects. A. canyons B. caves C. trees D. mountains

Caves

4. hieratic ____

D. A simplification of the hieroglyphic book hand developed by priests for religious writings, from the Greek word "priestly"

7. Capitalis Rustica ____

D. Another form of the Roman written hand, these condensed letterforms, which were written quickly and saved space, were widely used from the second century A.D. until the fifth century.

5. rebus

D. Pictures representing words and syllables with the same or similar sound as the object depicted

1. determinatives ____

D. Signs that indicate how the preceding glyph should be interpreted

3. k'ai-shu ____

D. The final step in the evolution of Chinese calligraphy, regular script is considered the highest art form in China, more important even than painting.

6. obelisk ____

E. A tall, geometric, totem-like Egyptian monument

2. edduba

E. A writing school or "tablet house"

6. parchment ____

E. A writing surface made from the skins of domestic animals, particularly calves, sheep, and goats

1. demotic ____

E. An abstract script of the hieroglyphic book hand that came into secular use for commercial and legal writing, from the Greek word for "popular"

2. cartouche ____

F. F. Bracket-like plaques containing the glyphs of important names, such as Ptolemy and Cleopatra

3. phonograms ____

F. Graphic symbols representing sounds

1. vellum ____

F. The finest of writing surfaces, made from the smooth skins of newborn calves

13. The Roman letter _______________ was designed by Spurius Carvilius around 250 B.C. to replace the Greek zeta, which at the time was of little value to the Romans. After this addition, the Latin alphabet contained twenty-one letters. A. W B. G C. J D. Y

G

3. signature ____

G. G. Two, four, or eight sheets gathered then folded, stitched, and bound

3. Found near Lake Turkana in _________, a nearly three-million-year-old stone that had been sharpened into an implement proves the thoughtful and deliberate development of a technology—a tool—which may have been used to dig for roots or to cut away flesh from dead animals for food. A. Kenya B. Spain C. France D. Turkey

Kenya

14. The Aramaic alphabet is a major early derivation from the North Semitic script. It is the predecessor of hundreds of scripts, including modern Hebrew and Arabic. ______________, a bold inscriptional Arabic lettering with extended, thick characters, was widely used on coins, manuscripts, and inscriptions on metal and stone. It is still used for titles and decorative elements. A. Sinaitic B. Naskhi C. Ras Shamra D. Kufic

Kufic

5. The invention of writing brought people the luster of civilization and made it possible to preserve hard-won knowledge, experiences, and thoughts. The development of visible language had its earliest origins in ___________. A. letterforms B. abstract color fields C. simple pictures D. hieroglyphs

Simple picutes

5. In earlier times, the Chinese wrote on bamboo slats or wooden strips using a bamboo pen and dense, durable ink. After the invention of woven silk cloth, it, too, was used as a writing substrate; however, it was very costly. __________, a Chinese high government official, is credited with the invention of paper in A.D. 105, and was deified as the god of the papermakers. His process for making paper from natural fibers continued almost unchanged until papermaking was mechanized in nineteenth-century England. A. Ts'ai Lun B. Li Tsu C. Chu-Yun-Ming D. Yuan Chao Meng-fu

Ts'ai Lun

4. A number of quantum leaps provided the capacity to organize a community and gain some measure of control over human destiny. Speech—the ability to make sounds in order to communicate—was an early skill developed by the species on the long evolutionary trail from its archaic beginnings. __________ is the visual counterpart of speech. 4 A. Talking B. Painting C. Writing D. Drawing

Writing

17. The stele of Hammurabi, who reigned from 1792-1750 B.C., is an artifact of the Babylonian culture written in careful cuneiform. The text contains ________. A. a code of laws and consequences for violating them B. a narrative about Hammurabi's military conquests 7 C. annual records of crop production from the late eighteenth century B.C. D. a calendar of important Babylonian holy days

a code of laws and consequences for violating them

16. The Hangul alphabet, which was introduced by the Korean monarch Sejong by royal decree in A.D. 1446, consists of fourteen consonants represented by __________. A. abstract depictions of the mouth and tongue B. acrophonic symbols 18 C. dots placed next to horizontal or vertical lines D. letters similar to those of the early Phoenicians

abstract depictions of the mouth and tongue

9. In China beginning in the ninth or tenth century A.D., the scroll evolved into a paged format. Instead of rolling the scroll, it was folded ___________. In the tenth or eleventh century, stitched books were developed: two pages of text were printed from one block; the sheet was folded down the middle, then the sheets were gathered and sewn to make a codex-style book. A. European-style B. accordion-style C. like a letter D. in half

accordion-style

11. The painting of bamboo from the ___________ by Li Fangying shows how vividly descriptive strokes made with a bamboo brush join calligraphy, painting, poem, and illustration into a unified communication. A. bamboo scrolls B. Mountain and River Landscape scroll C. Album of Eight Leaves D. Diamond Sutra

album of eight leaves

6. From the early Paleolithic to the Neolithic period (35,000-4000 B.C.), early Africans and Europeans left paintings in caves, including the Lascaux caves in France and __________. A. the grassy plains of southern Africa B. Lake Turkana in Kenya C. Altamira in Spain D. the Persian Gulf region

altamira in spain

6. When the Greeks adopted Phoenician writing, they developed a writing method called boustrophedon, which means __________. A. alternating left to right and right to left B. left to right C. right to left D. bottom to top

alternating left to right and right to left

11. By the late Paleolithic period, some __________ had been reduced to the point that they almost resembled letters. A. petroglyphs and phonograms B. petroglyphs and pictographs C. phonograms and pictographs D. petroglyphs and ideographs

petroglyphs and pictographs

2. Unearthed in Crete in 1908, the __________ contains pictographic and seemingly alphabetic forms imprinted on both sides in spiral bands. A. Greek signature seal B. Greek allotment token C. Phaistos Disk D. Etruscan Bucchero vase

phaiso disk

9. The Greek alphabet fathered three of the following alphabets. Which one does NOT belong? __________ A. Latin B. Cyrillic C. Phoenican D. Etruscan

phoenician

3. During the second millennium B.C., the __________ became seafaring merchants whose ships linked settlements throughout the Mediterranean region. Influences and ideas were absorbed from other areas, such as cuneiform from Mesopotamia in the west and Egyptian hieroglyphics and scripts from the south. A. Greeks B. Etruscans C. Romans D. Phoenicians

phoenicians

8. The animals and objects painted on the caves are ___________elementary pictures or sketches representing the things depicted. A. petroglyphs B. ideographs C. phonograms D. pictographs

pictographs

8. In the fourth century B.C., Alexander the Great expanded Greek culture throughout the ancient world, including Egypt, Mesopotamia, and India. Reading and writing had become more important by this time because ___________. 16 A. Alexander the Great wished to build vast libraries in distant countries B. military leaders required a means of transferring information across geographic areas C. an oral culture no longer had the capacity to contain and document knowledge and information D. demand rose for Greek philosophical and dramatic works

an oral culture no longer had the capacity to contain and document knowledge and information

7. These early cave drawings were probably created for three of the reasons below. Which does NOT belong? ___________ A. art B. ritual C. survival D. utility

art

16. The __________ may be the oldest extant artifact combining words and pictures on the same surface. A. Rosetta stone B. Blau monument C. Code of Hammurabi D. Sarcophagus of Aspalta

blau monument

18. Two natural byproducts of the rise of village culture were the ownership of property and the specialization of trades or crafts. Both made visual identification necessary. Proprietary marks and __________ were first developed so that ownership could be established. A. cattle brands B. printing C. symbols D. contracts

cattle brands

3. __________ design, as seen in the Book of Durrow, is abstract and extremely complex; geometric linear patterns weave, twist, and fill the space with thick visual textures, and bright, pure colors are used in juxtaposition. A. Classical B. Carolingian C. Celtic D. Gothic

celtic

4. The earliest known Chinese writing, called __________, was in use from 1800 to 1200 B.C. and was closely bound to the art of divination, an effort to foretell future events through communication with the gods or long-dead ancestors. It 23 was also called bone-and-shell script because it was incised on tortoise shells and the flat shoulder bones of large animals, called oracle bones. A. chin-wen B. hsaio chuan C. chen-shu D. chiaku-wen

chiaku-wen

2. The Vatican Virgil, completely Roman and pagan in its conception and execution, is an example of the __________ manuscript style. This volume, created in the late fourth or early fifth century A.D., contains two major poems by Rome's greatest poet, Publius Vergilius Maro: the Aeneid and the Georgics. The illustrations combine rustic capitals with echoes of the rich colors and illusionist space of the wall frescoes of Pompeii. A. classical B. Celtic C. Mozarabic D. Gothic

classical

12. The __________, a revolutionary design format, came to be used increasingly in Rome and Greece beginning about the time of Christ. The durability and permanence of this format appealed to Christians because their writings were considered sacred. The Christians also sought this format as a means to distance themselves from pagan formats. 17 A. codex B. rotulus C. scroll D. disk

codex

1. Production of illuminated manuscripts in the scriptorium, or writing room, included the head of the scriptorium, called the scrittori, a well-educated scholar who understood Greek and Latin and functioned as both an editor and art director. The __________ was a production letterer who spent his days bent over a writing table penning page after page in a trained lettering style. A. colophon B. scrittori C. copisti D. illuminator

copisti

19. In Mesopotamia, _______________ provided a forgery-proof method for sealing documents and proving their authenticity. Images and writing were etched into their surfaces. When they were rolled across a damp clay tablet, a raised impression of the depressed design, which became a "trademark" for the owner, was formed. A. finger prints B. cylinder seals C. adhesive made from papyrus D. Persian chalcedony stamps

cylinder seals

7. The oldest surviving printed manuscript is the ________, which was printed by one Wang Chieh to honor his parents and widely distributed in A.D. 868. It consists of seven sheets of paper pasted together to form a scroll. Six sheets of the text convey Buddha's revelations to his elderly follower Subhuti. A. Album of Eight Leaves B. Yuan Chao Meng-fu (A Goat and Sheep) C. Mountain and River Landscape scroll D. Diamond Sutra

diamond Sutra

11. Around the first century B.C., the Roman alphabet—the forerunner of the contemporary English alphabet—contained twenty-three letters. The letters J, V, and W were added __________. The J is an outgrowth of the I, which was lengthened to indicate use with consonantal force, particularly as the first letter of some words. Both U and W are variants of V, which was used for two different sounds in England. A. after the advent of the printing press B. during the Middle Ages C. by seventeenth-century Greek scholars D. when they were rediscovered in the first century A.D.

during the middle ages

10. The Latin alphabet came to the Romans from Greece by way of the_______, who dominated the Italian peninsula in the first millennium B.C. A. Ionians B. Spartans C. Etruscans D. Corinthians

etruscans

2. The Chinese calligraphic system consists of about forty characters. _____

false

2. The Hangul writing system—the Korean alphabet—is based on the Chinese writing system but is more complex. _____

false

4. Capitalis Quadrata were capitals of the Roman Latin alphabet created for architectural inscriptions celebrating military leaders and their victories. ____

false

4. The Chinese were immediately receptive to the use of paper in its early decades because of its greater elitist appeal. _____

false

5. During the Han Dynasty, seals, called chops, were made by carving the background away from a calligraphic character. The resulting print was a red character on a white background. _____

false

6. In the tenth century A.D., Prime Minister Feng Tao ordered the use of wood blocks to print Confucian classics so that they would be available to the masses. _____

false

8. The pages of the Pen Ts'ao medical herbal were assembled as a folded accordion-style book, which replaced the scroll format in the ninth and tenth centuries A.D.

false

21. The third phase in the evolution of __________ was the Book of the Dead. A. biographies B. papyri C. funerary texts D. written communication

funerary texts

23. The ancient Egyptians inherited the use of ___________ from the Sumerians. A. papyrus B. identification seals C. books of the dead D. writing palettes

identification seals

10. Some of the carved or scratched signs on the rocks may be __________, or symbols to represent ideas or concepts. A. petroglyphs B. ideographs C. phonograms D. pictographs

ideographs

22. Three of the following are characteristics of ancient Egyptian illustrated manuscripts. Which does NOT belong? ___________ A. Important persons were shown in larger scale than other persons. B. One or two horizontal bands, usually colored, ran across the top and bottom of the manuscript. C. Images were inserted on separate pages opposite the text they illustrated. D. A sheet was sometimes divided into rectangular zones to separate text and images.

images were inserted on separate pages opposite the text they illustrated

6. One theory about the origins of relief printing in China focuses on chops, seals made by carving calligraphic characters into a flat surface of jade, silver, gold, or ivory. Another theory focuses on the practice of making __________ from inscriptions carved in stone. A. inked rubbings B. impressions in soft clay C. playing cards D. calligraphy

inked rubbings

20. All but one of the scripts listed below is found on the Rosetta Stone. Which does NOT belong? __________ A. Greek B. Latin C. hieroglyphic D. demotic

latin

9. The textura lettering style (from the Lain texturum, meaning woven fabric or texture) seen in Gothic manuscripts—composed of vertical strokes capped with pointed serifs—was also called by other terms, which were misleading and vague. Which name was the preferred name during its time? ___________ A. littera moderna B. lettre de forme C. black letter D. old English

littera moderna

3. There is no direct relationship between the spoken and written Chinese languages. Written Chinese was never broken down into syllabic or alphabetic signs for elementary sounds. The Chinese calligraphic writing system consists of ___________, graphic signs that represent an entire word. A. pictographs B. logograms C. cartouches D. ideograms

logograms

12. Until recent discoveries indicated that early peoples in Thailand may have practiced agriculture and manufactured pottery at an even earlier date, archaeologists had long believed that the ancient land of ___________, "the land between rivers," was the cradle of civilization. A. Kenya B. Mesopotamia C. Egypt D. Turkey

mesopotamia

8. China became the first society in which ordinary people were in daily contact with printed images. In addition to block prints of religious images and texts, paper ___________ began to be designed and printed around A.D. 1000 due to an iron shortage. A. charms, called dharani, B. playing cards C. money D. medical herbals

money

5. The Phoenician alphabet was adopted by the ancient Greeks and spread through their city-states around 1000 B.C. The Greeks changed five consonants to vowels and, most importantly, they modified the Phoenician characters by making them __________. A. resemble animal forms in nature B. more geometrically structured C. resemble cuneiform characters D. calligraphic and gestural

more geometrically structured

10. When making a woodblock print in China, the wood around each character is painstakingly cut away. Around A.D. 1045, the Chinese alchemist Pi Sheng extended this process by developing the concept of __________, an innovative printing process that was never widely used in Asia because the sheer number of characters made the process too tedious. A. stamping B. relief printing C. casting type D. moveable type

moveable type

1. Legend suggests that by the year 2000 B.C., a culture was evolving in China in virtual isolation from the pockets of civilization in the West. Three innovations developed by the ancient Chinese that changed the course of human events are listed below. Which does NOT belong? __________ A. oil paint B. gunpowder C. paper D. the compass

oil paint

15. King Eumenes II of Pergamum developed the process of making _________ to overcome an embargo placed by Ptolemy V during a fierce rivalry. A. paper B. codices C. parchment D. papyrus

parchment

9. Throughout the world, from Africa to North America to the islands of New Zealand, prehistoric people left numerous __________, which are carved or scratched signs or simple figures on rocks. A. petroglyphs B. ideographs C. phonograms D. pictographs

petroglyphs

13. In "the land between rivers," early humans ceased their restless nomadic wanderings and established a village society. Around 8000 B.C., wild grain was planted, animals were domesticated, and agriculture began. By the year 6000 B.C., objects were being hammered from copper. The Bronze Age was ushered in about 3000 B.C., when copper was alloyed with tin to make durable tools and 6 weapons; the invention of the wheel followed. The leap from village culture to high civilization occurred after the __________ people arrived near the end of the fourth millennium B.C. A. Hittite B. Babylonian C. Persian D. Sumerian

sumerian

7. Many examples of Moorish-influenced manuscripts from Spain, such as the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse from the Beatus of Fernando and Sancha, in which arrows pierce the hearts of nonbelievers, are texts on ___________. A. prayers and calendars of saints' days B. the Book of Revelation C. the Qu'ran D. classical literature from ancient Rome

the Book of Revelation

5. Charlemagne, King of the Franks, who was declared emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day, A.D. 800, fostered a revival of learning and the arts. He recruited ___________ to come to his palace at Aachen and establish a school and a scriptorium where master copies of important religious texts were prepared. A. a turba scriptorium B. the scribe Florentius C. the English scholar Alcuin of York D. the Limbourg brothers

the english scholar Acuin of York

4. Around 1500 B.C., Semitic workers in Egyptian turquoise mines in the Sinai desert developed an acrophonic adaptation of Egyptian hieroglyphics called Sinaitic script. In an acrophonic system, pictorial symbols or hieroglyphs are used to represent _________. 15 A. the most important words in a sentence B. the most important vowel sound in a word C. the initial sound of the object depicted D. an abstract idea

the initial sound of the object depictedd

15. Writing may have evolved in Sumeria because ancient temple chiefs needed _________. A. ornament for the ziggurat B. to employ scribes C. to keep records systematically D. intellectual stimulation

to keep records systematically

8. During the Romanesque period (A.D. c. 1000 to 1150), which saw renewed religious fervor and even stronger feudalism, universal design characteristics seemed possible because ___________. A. travel increased due to the crusades and pilgrimages B. isolated villages had minor skirmishes C. barbaric tribes became nomadic D. feudal lords increased their territories

travel increased due to the crusades and pilgrimages

1. Chinese calligraphy is a purely visual language. _____

true

1. The invention of the alphabet and the subsequent spread of literacy had a leveling effect on society; it eventually diminished the power of priest/scribes found in earlier societies. _____

true

3. Around 2000 B.C., the Phoenicians developed an early alphabetic writing system called sui generis, which was a script devoid of any pictorial meaning. _____

true

3. In contrast to Western writing, Chinese calligraphic strokes express spiritual states and deep feelings. _____

true

5. The modern book format, which replaced the scroll in Rome and Greece beginning at the time of Christ, was made by gathering parchment into signatures and binding them to form codices. _____

true

7. Relief printing is the process of removing the negative spaces surrounding an image and then inking the raised surface, which is rubbed onto paper.

true

2. About 1800 B.C., __________ was inspired to invent Chinese writing by claw marks of birds and footprints of animals. Elementary pictographs of things in nature were highly stylized and composed of a minimum number of lines. A. Shih Huang Ti B. Li Ssu C. Ts-ang Chieh D. Li Fangying

ts-ang chieh

7. Writing tools and substrates influenced written forms. For example, as early as the second century A.D., Greek scribes made their pens from hard reeds cut into nibs and split at the tip to aid ink flow. These pens gave their writing style a different character than writing by Egyptian scribes, who used soft reeds to brush ink onto the substrate. The Greeks developed a more rounded writing style called _________, which could be written more quickly because the rounded letters were formed with fewer strokes. A. uncials B. Capitalis Monumentalis C. Capitalis Rustica D. Capitalis Quadrata

uncials

4. A radical design innovation in Celtic manuscripts was using __________ to separate strings of letters into words allowing readers to recognize them more quickly. A. punctuation B. lacertine animals C. diminuendo D. word spaces

word spaces

14. Of the numerous inventions that launched people onto the path of civilization, the invention of ____________ brought about an intellectual revolution that had a vast impact upon social order, economic progress, and technological and future cultural developments. A. a system of gods B. architecture C. writing D. a god-man relationship

writing