UNIT 1 AP

Which complementary base-pairing is unique to RNA? A-U A-T C-G G-G

A-U

Which is the most common high-energy compound? adenosine ADP ATP AMP

ATP

Which scenario(s) exemplifies the relationship between form and function? The "thinning" of bone, which occurs as one ages, may lead to an increased risk of bone fracture. Weakened heart valves are unable to prevent blood from flowing backward in the heart. Abnormally shaped hemoglobin leads to a reduced ability to carry oxygen. All of the above.

All are correct

Which of the following is/are inorganic substance(s)? fructose water glycerol carbon dioxide both water and carbon dioxide

Both water and carbon dioxide

________ molecules are compounds that contain carbon as the primary structural atom. Exergonic Organic Complex Inorganic Endergonic

Organic

An example of a receptor in a negative feedback loop controlling body temperature would be sweat glands that act like effectors. regulatory centers that send commands to an effector. sweat glands that increase secretion. effectors that cause blood vessels to dilate. temperature sensors on the skin that detect a stimulus

temperature sensors on the skin that detect a stimulus

The structure of RNA differs from DNA in that RNA contains purines but not pyrimidines. DNA contains purines but not pyrimidines. the backbone of RNA contains ribose. RNA contains pyrimidines but not purines. DNA contains pyrimidines but not purines.

the backbone of RNA contains ribose

A high-energy bond in ATP is present between the first and second, and the second and third, phosphate groups. adenine and a phosphate group. adenine and ribose. the first and second phosphate group. the second and third phosphate group.

the first and second, and the second and third, phosphate groups

Elimination of excess water, salts, and waste products are functions of the ________ system. respiratory lymphatic urinary endocrine digestive

urinary

In hydrolysis reactions, compounds react with glucose, causing decomposition. water, causing synthesis. hydrogen, causing decomposition. water, causing decomposition. carbon, causing decomposition.

water, causing decompostion

The common term for the carpal region is the ankle. skull. chest. leg. wrist.

wrist

The microscopic level of relationship between form and function is exemplified by which of the following? Cellular receptors exist only on the outer surface of the plasma membrane. Receptors on plasma membranes maintain their shape whether they are bound or unbound to chemical messengers. The chemical messengers act only on the cells that release them. The binding of chemical messengers to receptors often results in a shape change, which affects receptor function.

The binding of chemical messengers to the receptors often results in a shape change, which affects receptor function

In chemical notation, the symbol Ca2+ means two calcium atoms. a calcium ion that has gained two electrons. a calcium ion that has gained two protons. a calcium ion that has lost two protons. a calcium ion that has lost two electrons.

a calcium ion that has lost two electrons

When two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration synthesis, a starch is formed. two new monosaccharides are formed. a disaccharide is formed. a polysaccharide is formed. All of the answers are correct.

a disaccharide is formed

In living cells, complex metabolic reactions proceed in a series of steps called a metabolic pathway. products. enzymes. reactants. catalysts.

a metabolic pathway

Substrate molecules bind to enzymes at the ________ sites. neutral reactant active carboxyl amino

active

The most abundant high-energy compound in cells is adenosine diphosphate. adenosine monophosphate. adenosine triphosphate. DNA. RNA.

adenosine triphosphate

Which of the following is the correct relationship between a primary tissue type, or subtype, and one of its functions or characteristics? epithelial tissue; fills internal spaces connective tissue; stores energy muscle tissue (skeletal); found in walls of blood vessels neural tissue; lines internal passageways and chambers

connective tissue; stores energy

The following equation is an example of which type of reaction? LM → L + M + Energy equilibrium exchange reaction synthesis reaction decomposition reaction

decomposition reaction

Gas exchange is to the respiratory system as absorption of nutrients is to the ________ system(s). lymphatic cardiovascular digestive urinary urinary and cardiovascular

digestive

The ankle is ______ to the knee. distal medial proximal superficial

distal

In a molecule of oxygen gas, two pairs of electrons are shared equally by two oxygen atoms. The type of bond that is formed is an example of a double nonpolar covalent bond. triple nonpolar covalent bond. single trivalent bond. hydrogen bond. double polar covalent bond.

double nonpolar

A cell or organ that responds to commands of the control center in negative feedback is termed a(n) effector. stimulus. receptor. control center (integration center). thermoregulator.

effector

________ are soluble inorganic compounds whose solutions will conduct an electric current. Ions Electrolytes Lipids Proteins Enzymes

electrolytes

A(n) ________ is a pure substance composed of atoms. electron molecule element compound neutron

element

The reaction A + B + energy → AB is an example of a(n) endergonic reaction. equilibrium reaction. decomposition reaction. exergonic reaction. exchange reaction.

endergonic reaction

Directing long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems is the major function of the ________ system. lymphatic endocrine digestive respiratory cardiovascular

endocrine

The hydrolysis of ATP yields ADP, phosphate ion, and adenine. a second phosphate ion. a hydrogen ion. energy. ribose sugar.

energy

The three familiar states of matter listed in order from the least to most thermal energy are solid, gas, liquid. gas, solid, liquid. gas, liquid, solid. liquid, gas, solid. solid, liquid, gas.

gas, liquid, solid

The four major tissue types include each of the following except ________ tissue. glandular epithelial nervous muscular connective

glandular

The most important metabolic fuel molecule in the body is sucrose. protein. glucose. caffeine. vitamins.

glucose

According to the rules of complementary base pairing in nucleic acids, cytosine would pair with the base cytosine. uracil. guanine. thymine. adenine.

guanine

A midsagittal section would pass through the kidney. spleen. leg. heart. lung.

heart

The tendency for physiological systems to stabilize internal conditions is called disease. adaptability. biology. responsiveness. homeostasis.

homeostasis

Oppositely charged ions in solution are prevented from combining by heat capacity of water. hydration spheres. hydrogen bonding. water's nonpolar nature. free radicals.

hydration spheres

The weakest bond between two atoms is the ________ bond. ionic polar covalent hydrogen nonpolar

hydrogen

Which type of bond between water molecules creates the surface tension of water? hydrogen bonds ionic bonds covalent bonds peptide bonds

hydrogen bonds

When electrons are transferred from one atom to another, and the two atoms unite as a result of the opposite charges, a covalent bond is formed. an ion is formed. a hydrogen bond is formed. a free electron is formed. an ionic bond is formed.

ionic bond

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas are called isotopes. isomoles. isotypes. isozymes. isomers.

isomers

Atoms of the same element whose nuclei contain the same number of protons, but different numbers of neutrons, are called principal elements. isomers. isotopes. trace elements. ions.

isotopes

Which of the following organs is located between the peritoneum and the body wall? stomach spleen large intestine kidney urinary bladder

kidney

The common name for the patellar region is the hand. ear. kneecap. breast. neck

kneecap

Steroids, which all share the same carbon-ring framework but differ in functional groups that are attached to the basic ring structure, are an example of: carbohydrates. nucleic acids. lipids. proteins.

lipids

In dehydration reactions, compounds convert water molecules to hydrogen and oxygen. convert hydrogen and oxygen to water. gain water molecules. gain electrons. lose water molecules.

lose water molecules

Which of the following is a direct example of the study of physiology? Using a dissecting microscope to view the layers of a blood vessel. Observing heart muscle cell structure under a microscope. Measuring heart rate and noting blood pressure. Dissecting a heart to observe the heart chambers.

measuring heart rate and noting blood pressure

The heart is ________ to the lungs.

medial

Compounds that can be synthesized or broken down by chemical reactions inside the body are called nutrients. inorganic compounds. metabolites. enzymes. organic compounds.

metabolites

In water, fatty acids tend to form tiny droplets with hydrophobic tails buried inside called micelles. eicosanoids. prostaglandins. steroids. phospholipids.

micelles

If a response decreases a disturbance, the system is classified as a ________ feedback system. deficit negative polarized neutral positive

negative

When body temperature rises, a center in the brain initiates physiological changes to decrease the body temperature. This is an example of diagnostic regulation. fever. negative feedback. positive feedback. nonhomeostatic regulation.

negative

A solution containing equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions is alkaline. basic. in equilibrium. neutral. acidic.

neutral

Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are classified as inorganic molecules. bases. salts. acids. organic molecules.

organic molecules

Which of the following is arranged in correct order from the most complex to the simplest? organ, organism, molecular, cellular, tissue, system organism, system, organ, tissue, cellular, molecular molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism cellular, tissue, molecular, system, organ, organism tissue, cellular, molecular, organ, system, organism

organism, system, organ, tissue, cellular, molecule

The chemical behavior of an atom is determined by the number of neutrons. number of protons. outermost electron shell. size of the atom. mass of the nucleus.

outermost electron shell

By weight, which element is the most plentiful in the human body? sulfur carbon sodium oxygen potassium

oxygen

The molecule O2 is known as oxygen. oxyous. oxide. oxygen and organic. organic.

oxygen

Which of the following terms refers to the foot? pedal brachial femoral antebrachial cervical

pedal

The thoracic cavity contains the coelom. pleural cavities. pericardial cavity. pericardial and pleural cavities. pelvic cavity.

pericardial and pleural cavities

Which of the following structures is located within the mediastinum? lung stomach small intestine pericardial sac spleen

pericardial sac

Which pH is closest to normal blood pH? pH 8 pH 3 pH 2 pH 7 pH 4

ph 7

What type of bond is involved in the formation of a water molecule? double covalent bonds polar covalent bonds ionic bonds peptide bonds

polar covalent bonds

If a response increases a disturbance, the system is classified as a ________ feedback system. negative neutral polarized positive deficit

postive

A person lying face down is in the ________ position. anatomical posterior supine anterior prone

prone

The "atomic number" of an atom is determined by the number of ________ it has. protons neutrons electrons protons + neutrons protons + electrons

protons

The mass of an atom is largely determined by the number of ________ it has. neutrons electrons protons protons + neutrons protons + electrons

protons+neutrons

The nucleus of an atom consists of electrons. protons. neutrons. protons + neutrons. protons + electrons.

protons+neutrons

AB → A + B is to decomposition as A + B → AB is to synthesis. combustion. metabolism. exchange. replacement.

synthesis

Which organ system transports nutrients, metabolic wastes, gases, and defense cells? digestive cardiovascular urinary muscular respiratory

cardiovascular

Regarding cells and the cell theory: neurons are the most abundant cells in the body. cells are the smallest structural units that perform all vital functions. only reproductive cells are produced by the divisions of preexisting cells. bone cells are the structural building blocks of all plants and animals.

cells are the smallest structural units in the body.

What is the smallest living level of organization? organ level cellular level tissue level organ system level chemical level

cellular

Oxygen is required in biological systems for serving as a catalyst. storage of energy. cellular respiration. serving as a structural component of bone. chemical messengers.

cellular respiration

Magnesium atoms have two electrons in the outermost shell. As a result, you would expect magnesium to form ions with a charge of -1. +1. -2. +2. either +2 or -2.

+2

Of the following choices, the pH of the least acidic solution is 2.3. 1.0. 12.0. 6.0. 4.5.

12.0

The innermost electron shell in an atom holds up to ________ electrons. 1 2 4 6 8

2

A chemical imbalance in the blood can cause the heart to stop pumping blood, which in turn will cause other tissues and organs to cease functioning. This observation supports the view that chemical molecules make up cells. blood has magical properties. all organisms are composed of cells. all levels of organization within an organism are interdependent. congenital defects can be life-threatening.

all levels of organization within an organism are interdependent

Lipids form essential structural components of cells. cushion organs against shocks. provide roughly twice the energy as carbohydrates. help to maintain body temperature. All of the answers are correct.

all of the answers are correct

A person facing forward with hands at the sides and palms facing forward is in the ________ position. supine anatomical prone frontal sagittal

anatomical

The branch of biological science that studies the external and internal structure of the body and the physical relationship among body parts is called anatomy. disease. homeostasis. physiology. biology.

anatomy

Ions with a negative charge are called protons. anions. cations. polar molecules. positrons.

anions

An anatomical term that means the same as "ventral" is posterior. abdominal. inferior. superior. anterior.

anterior

All of the following are true concerning enzymes except that they affect only the rate of a chemical reaction. are consumed during the reaction. lower the activation energy required for a reaction. function as biological catalysts. are proteins.

are consumed during the reaction

The smallest stable units of matter are molecules. neutrons. atoms. electrons. protons.

atoms

Which organ does not arise from the embryological coelom? small intestine kidneys lungs brain

brain

Homeostatic regulation usually involves a(n) ________ that detects a particular stimulus, and a(n) ________ that responds to the stimulus by communicating with a(n) ________ whose activity has an effect on the same stimulus. receptor; effector; control center (integrating center) effector; control center (integrating center); receptor effector; receptor; control center (integrating center) receptor; control center (integrating center); effector control center (integrating center); receptor; effector

receptor, control center, effector

Which organ system removes carbon dioxide from the bloodstream? digestive lymphatic endocrine respiratory cardiovascular

respiratory

The urinary bladder is found in the ________ quadrant and the ________ quadrant. left upper; left lower right lower; left lower right upper; left lower right upper; right lower

right lower, left lower

The right pleural cavity contains the trachea. left lung and right lung. heart. left lung. right lung.

right lung

The maximum rate of an enzyme reaction occurs at hydrolysis. dehydration. synthesis. saturation limit. reversible.

saturation limit

Individual steroids differ in the ________ attached to the carbon rings. glycoproteins side chains proteins cholesterol main chains

side chains

A(n) ________ is a homogeneous mixture containing a solvent and a solute. organic molecule blend concoction inorganic molecule solution

solution

Which of the following substances would be most acidic? lemon juice, pH = 2 tomato juice, pH = 4 white wine, pH = 3 urine, pH = 6 stomach secretions, pH = 1

stomach secretions

Cholesterol, phospholipids, and glycolipids are examples of structural lipids. lipid drugs. dietary fats. prostaglandins. steroids.

structural lipids

A person is lying on the bed gazing at the ceiling. She is in the ________ position. caudal anatomical supine dorsal prone

supine

Tertiary protein structure results mainly from which interaction or bonding? the bonds between atoms at different parts of the polypeptide chain the interactions between the polypeptide chain and the surrounding water molecules the interaction between individual polypeptide chains the interactions between the R groups of amino acids in different parts of the molecule

the interactions between the polypeptide chain and the surrounding water molecules

Which property of water helps keep body temperature stabilized? surface tension thermal inertia kinetic energy reactivity lubrication

thermal inertia

How are the skeletal system and muscular system related or similar in function? They both produce heat. The skeletal system provides mineral storage while the muscular system functions in the absorption of minerals. They both function in support within the human body. They both function in blood formation.

they both function in support within the human body

Which is a characteristic of hydrophobic molecules? They have very few or lack polar covalent bonds. They have positive and negative poles. They form hydration spheres when exposed to water. They have many polar covalent bonds.

they have very few or lack polar covalent bonds.

Which sectional plane would separate the thorax from the abdomen? transverse frontal sagittal median

transverse

You would expect a peptide bond to link two nucleotides. a peptide and a fatty acid. two simple sugars. a sugar and a peptide. two amino acids.

two amino acids