Unit 1 - Ch. 1

Microorganisms are useful in the study of higher forms for

- Microorganisms have the same basic metabolic mechanisms - Microorganisms are cheaper to study - Microorganisms multiply quickly - Microorganisms have the same fundamental genetic properties

The principle that microorganisms cause certain disease is called the

Germ

______ killed more people in 1918-1919 than died in World Wars I and II and the Korean, Vietnam, and Iraq wars combined

Influenza

______ showed that flasks containing various broths gave rise to microorganisms even when the flasks were boiled and sealed with a cork

John Needham

Which defines spontaneous generation?

Life arose from non-living matter

______ is credited with disproving spontaneous generation using broth in swan-neck flasks

Louis Pasteur

Why do microorganisms serve as important models for study of higher organisms?

Microorganisms have the same fundamental metabolic and genetic properties as other organisms

Which of the following statements about the influenza pandemic of 1918-1919 is true? - Because of advances in vaccination, antibiotics, and sanitation, Americans were mostly spared the ravages of influenza in 1918-1919 - Immediately following this dreadful pandemic, scientist developed the first flu vaccine, which we still take annually to this day - More Americans died of influenza in 1918-1919 than were killed in World Wars I and II, and the Korean, Vietnam, and Iraq wars combined

More Americas died of influenza in 1918-1919 than were killed in World Wars I and II, and the Korean, Vietnam, and Iraq wars combined

Which of the following can cause an infectious disease to reemerge?

Parents refusing to vaccinate their children; pathogens becoming resistant to antimicrobial medications

All living organisms are now classified into three different taxonomic units called

domains

An infectious disease that has become more common in the last several decades is referred to as a(n) ______ infectious disease

emerging

Tyndall and Cohn's experiments in the 1870s showed the presence of a heat-resistant form of a bacteria called a(n)

endospores

In what ways are archaea similar to bacteria?

energy sources used, shapes & sizes, method of multiplication, prokaryotic cell structure

Membrane-bound organelles are only found in the cell type called a(n) _______ cell

eukaryotic

The work of John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn _____

explained why some spontaneous generation investigators got different results from those of Pasteur

Today, the bacteria added to some fermented milk products are advertised as

probiotics

Archaea, like bacteria, are single-celled ______ that divide via the process of _____ _____

prokaryotes; binary fission

Cells that do not have a membrane-bound nucleus are called ______ cells

prokaryotic

Algae and protozoa are also referred to as ______ a diverse group that falls within the domain Eukarya

protist

All of the following statements about smallpox are true EXCEPT which one? - Smallpox is caused by bacteria - Smallpox has been eliminated from nature - Smallpox was carried to the Americas by Europeans - Smallpox killed about one-third of those infected

Smallpox is caused by bacteria

The concept of living things arising from vital forces in non-living or decomposing materials was known as

Spontaneous generation

Benefits of normal microbiota include all Except which one of the following? - They compete with pathogens, thereby preventing disease - They damage host tissue, allowing our immune system to rid the body of microbes - They aid in digestion by helping degrade food we otherwise could not digest

They damage host tissue, allowing our immune system to rid the body of microbes

Which of the following describes how fungi gain energy?

They degrade organic materials

Why were Louis Pasteur's experiments with swan-necked flasks so important in helping disprove the theory of spontaneous generation?

They ended arguments that a "vital force" was necessary for spontaneous generation, while preventing contamination from microbes in the air

For the name Streptococcus pyogenes, the first part (Streptococcus) indicates the _____ and gives information about the shape of the organism

genus

What does the scientific name of an organism include

genus and species

Which of the following are eukaryotes? - helminths - viruses - fungi - protozoa - bacteria - algae - archaea

helminths, fungi, protozoa, algae

A testable explanation for an observation is called a(n)

hypothesis

Which of the following is true regarding all prokaryotes?

lack of nucleus

Organisms living today

may be classified in three domains

Organisms that populate the human body and which protect it from disease are termed normal

microbiota

The Germ Theory of Disease states that

microorganisms cause certain diseases

Compared to the range of types of plants and animals, microbes as a group are

more diverse

In eukaryotes, the genetic material is contained within a membrane-bound structure called the

nucleus

A(n) ______ is the term used for any disease-causing microorganism

pathogen

In general, disease-causing organisms are referred to as which of the following?

pathogens

Most bacteria have rigid cell walls that contain a unique compound called

peptidoglycan

Which of the following can be characteristics of algae?

photosynthetic, unicellular, multicellular, & eukaryotic

In addition to chlorophyll, some algae have other ______, which give them their characteristic colors

pigments

Which of the following diseases killed one-third of the population in Europe in a four year span (1347-1351)?

plague

Algae and protozoa are also referred to as ________, a diverse group that falls within the domain Eukarya

protists

Without microorganisms, substances required for human life such as O2 and organic nitrogen would

run out

As important decomposers, fungi obtain nutrients by

secreting enzymes to degrade organic material in the environment

What is the only shared feature of all microbes?

small size

Although laboratory stocks of the causative agent still exist, humans have eliminated which of the following diseases?

smallpox

In 1749, John Needham produced results that _____ spontaneous generation when he showed that broths that had been boiled and then sealed with a cork ______

support; could still give rise to microorganisms

Cervical cancer caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) can be prevented by a(n)

vaccine

Which of the following are classified as acellular infectious agents?

viroids, viruses, & prions

The microbial world includes three main agents that cannot reproduce independently and are thus considered non-living. These are the ______, ______, and ______

virus, viroid, and prion

Unlike the term microorganism, the word microbe also includes

viruses

Fungi are a diverse group of eukaryotes. Those that are studied by microbiologist include the unicellular _____ and the multicellular filamentous _____

yeast;mold

Which of the following are microscopic fungi?

yeasts and molds

Which of the following are manufactured by microbial fermentation: - yogurt - beer - ice cream - fresh milk - cheese

yogurt, beer, and cheese

Rank the Steps in the scientific process in order. Start with the earliest at the top. - collect data from this experiment and draw a conclusion - communicate the methods, results, and conclusions - make an observation about something and ask a question about the situation - develop an explanation and then devise an experiment to test this explanation

1. make an observation about something and ask a question about the situation 2. develop an explanation and then devise an experiment to test this explanation 3. collect data from this experiment and draw a conclusion 4. communicate the methods, results, and conclusions

______ are a large group of photosynthetic eukaryotes that includes the multicellular seaweeds and many single-celled forms

Algae

True or False: We could not survive without microorganisms, but they can also be harmful

True

True or False: Without microorganisms, we would run out of certain nutrients

True

True or false: Vaccinations have helped reduce the spread of mumps, measles, and whooping cough in developed countries

True

Which of the following about microorganisms is true?

We could not survive without them

Because they are often caused by a Helicobacter pylori infection, most stomach ulcers are treatable with

antibiotics

Plague is a

bacterial disease that can be transmitted by fleas

Peptidoglycan is found in the

cell walls of bacteria

In algae, photosynthesis takes place in _______, which have chlorophyll, a green pigment

chloroplasts

emerging infectious diseases are those

whose incidence has rapidly increased in the last several decades

This figure shows the two main forms of microscopic fungi. Panel A depicts a ______, and panel B highlights a ______

yeast; mold

Microscopic fungi that are single-celled are called ______, and that that are multicellular and filamentous are termed

yeasts; molds