Unit 1 Psychology

Francis Bacon

a British scientist whose experiments focused on experiment, experience, and common sense

Wilhelm Wundt

a German scientist who established the first psychological research lab in Germany, and was the first person to call himself a psychologist. He conducted experiments on elements of consciousness, such as sensation and perception; he pioneered introspection

Ivan Pavlov

a Russian physiologist who conducted a series of behavioral experiments, demonstrating that much behavior in animals is learned, not instinctive

psychiatry

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy

Edward Tichener

established the first psychological lab in the U.S.; trained his students to use introspection to identify structures of conscious experiments

social-cultural influences

presence of others; cultural, societal, and family expectations; peer and other group influences; compelling models (media)

nature-nurture issue

the longstanding controversy over the relative contribution that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors

natural selection

the principle that traits contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations

psychology

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

social-cultural perspective

the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking

empiricism

the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation

mental processes

unobservable qualities such as dreams, thoughts, and feelings

evolutionary perspective

uses Darwin's principles of evolution to try to explain psychological processes and phenomena; believe natural selection plays a key role in psychological processes

nature works on what nurture endows

A linguist who theorizes that the patterns of language acquisition are hard-wired into the brain, yet emphasizes that the particular language spoken by an individual is learned from the environment, would most likely contend that

avoid reading about alternative explanations

An ineffective technique when studying for an introductory psychology course is to

learned, controlled

Behaviorists believe that human behavior is ________ and so it can be _________.

experience

Empiricism is the view that knowledge is predominantly derived from

observation

For behaviorists, psychological science is rooted in

experimentation and the tabula rasa

Francis Bacon and John Locke helped form modern science by stressing the importance of

rejected

Functionalists __________ introspection as a method of gathering information

psychoanalysis and behaviorism

Humanistic psychology, which emphasizes human growth potential, was a reaction against

enhances the integrative explanation and understanding of behavior

Investigating human behavior from biological, psychological, and social-cultural perspectives

D

Modern psychologists would more likely agree with which of the following? A) Plato's belief that the source of knowledge is innate B) Socrates' perspective that knowledge is preexisting C) the Hebrew scholar's idea that the heart is a source of thinking D) Aristotle's view that knowledge derives from experiences stored in memory E) the idea that science should rely on principles derived from rational logic rather than data

innate tendencies are to social experience

Nature is to nurture as

inconsistent

One important criticism of introspection is that reported findings are often

philosophy and biology

Psychology initially developed from the fields of

review

SQ3R is an acronym for survey, question, read, rehearse, and

structuralists

Self-reflective introspection (looking inward) to discern the elements of experience best describes a technique used by

functionalist

The __________ school of psychology focused on how mental and behavioral processes enable us to adapt and flourish

no women received doctorates in period 1, but a majority in period 2

The comparison of awarded doctoral degrees in psychology for the years 1879-1902 with the years 1996-2009 shows that

the nature-nurture issue

The debate on the relative contributions of biology and experience to human development is most often referred to as

Wilhelm Wundt

The first psychological laboratory, opened in 1879, belonged to

prescribe drugs

The majority of clinical psychologists are unlikely to

isolate the underlying components of what they were studying

The school of psychology known as structuralism was analogous to attempts by physicians and chemists to

psychology

The science of behavior and mental processes best defines

a methodology that emphasizes explanation and evaluation

The scientific aspect of psychology is most concerned with

humanistic

The study of current environmental influences and the importance of satisfying the needs for love and acceptance best describe which school of psychology?

cognitive neuroscience

The study of mental activity linked with brain activity best describes

4 goals of psychology

To describe behavior, to explain why a behavior/mental process occurred, to predict/anticipate behavior/mental processes, to apply your psychological knowledge to attain your desired goals and prevent unwanted behaviors

E

Which of the following emphasizes the examination or study of mental processes? A. Functionalism and structuralism B. Behaviorism and the biological perspective C. Psychoanalysis and functionalism D. The cognitive perspective and behaviorism E. Structuralism and the cognitive perspective

using psychological concepts to boost morale and productivity

Which of the following is the best example of applied research?

B

Which of the following methods is the best way to enhance comprehension of your psychology text? A. Read the chapter in one sitting B. Actively process the information you are reading C. Unquestionably accept the information as you read it D. Have someone else read the text to you E. Read for detailed information first without reading the headings

psychiatrist

Which of the following professionals is also a medical doctor?

B

Which of the following professions would most likely treat individuals with psychological disorders? A. Human factors psychologists and applied researchers B. Clinical psychologists and psychiatrists C. Cognitive psychologists and social psychologists D. Counseling psychologists and psychometricians E. Personality psychologists and basic researchers

clinical

Which of the following psychologists would most likely conduct psychotherapy?

social

Which of the following psychologists would most likely explore how we view and affect each other?

psychodynamic

Which perspective would most likely explain anger as "an outlet for unconscious hostility"?

cognitive

Which perspective would most look at how our interpretation of a situation affects how we react to it?

D

Which school of psychology stressed the adaptive value of consciousness? A. Structuralism B. Gestalt psychology C. Psychoanalysis D. Functionalism E. Behaviorism

because different people reported different things about themselves

Why did structuralism prove to be unreliable?

Abraham Maslow

a key leader in the development of humanistic psychology

transference

a projection of feelings about one thing onto something else

Functionalism

a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function and how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish

Rene Descartes

agreed with Socrates and Plato about the existence of innate ideas and minds being "entirely distinct from body"; dissected animals and concluded that the fluid in the brain's cavities contained "animal spirits" (first to think of the idea of nerve paths enabling movement)

B.F. Skinner

an American psychologist who became a leading advocate of behavioralism; used reinforcement to modify an individual's behaviors

Carl Rogers

an American psychologist who believed every person has the ability to reach their full potential

Structuralism

an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind

biopsychosocial approach

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

behavior

any action or reaction of a living organism that can be observed

John B. Watson

applied Pavlov's work to human beings and believed humans could be socialized in any direction through learning

industrial-organizational psychology

applies psychological concepts to the workplace to optimize human behavior

Charles Darwin

argued that natural selection shapes behaviors as well as bodies

John Locke

argued that the mind at birth is a blank slate on which experience writes; ideas helped form modern empiricism

counseling psychology

assist people with problems in living (school, work, marriage) to achieve greater well-being

Sigmund Freud

believed that dreams, slips of the tongue, and memory blocks provide glimpses into the unconscious mind; also believed in free associations

Socrates and Plato

believed the mind is separate from the body and that knowledge is innate

Gestalt Psychology

born out of Germany, this focused on how our brain processes things in entirety as opposed to in pieces

biological perspective

concerned with links between physiological bases (biology) and behavior; concerns the nervous system, the brain, and the endocrine system

cognitive psychology

experiment with how we perceive, think, and solve problems

human factors psychology

explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use

psychotherapy

focuses on repressed memories and free association; also concerned with dream interpretation and transference

Psychoanalysis

founded by Austrian physician Sigmund Freud; focuses on the unconscious mind and the conflict between accepted norms and our unconscious sexual and aggressive desires

personality psychology

investigate an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

psychological influences

learned fears/expectations, emotional responses, cognitive processing, and perceptual interpretations

William James

led the functionalist school of psychology which emphasized the function of behavior and human experiences

biological influences

natural selection of adaptive traits, genetic predispositions to environment, brain mechanisms, and hormonal influences

basic research

pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

Aristotle

said knowledge is not innate, but instead grows from experience

applied research

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

humanistic perspective

studies behavior/mental processes in relation to a person's potential for growth and personal fulfillment; emphasizes free will and choice

psychodynamic perspective

studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior; modern psychodynamics still places an emphasis on unconscious mental processes, but sexual drives are not as prominent

clinical psychology

studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

educational psychology

study how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning

social psychology

study how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

behavioral perspective

study observable behavior and its explanation; emphasizes observable behaviors that can be objectively measured

developmental psychology

study physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan ("womb to tomb")

levels of analysis

the differing complementary views, from biological and psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon