UNIT 11 COLD WAR, AP EURO UNIT um 10.5?, AP EURO UNIT 10, AP EURO UNIT 9 (WW1), AP EURO UNIT 8, AP EURO UNIT 7, AP EURO UNIT 6, AP EURO SEMESTER 1

Socialist Realism

realistic style of art and literature that glorified Soviet ideals and goals

Enlightenment values

reason, science, progress, liberty, toleration

French Enlightenment

Self-government--more politically radical--results: upend society. Mix of repression and freedom

Indian patterns of imperialism

Sepoy Rebellion spells end of Brit. East India Company · Contradiction: modernize India BUT treat natives as inferior (elite benefit, small middle classes, widescale poverty) · India—huge market for British goods (local hurt) + huge source of cheap, exportable labor

Battle of Sedan

September 2, 1870. France defeated. Napoleon surrendered and taken prisoner. On September 4 there was an insurrection in Paris and the Third Republic was proclaimed.

Allies

Great Britain -- Winston Churchill--conservative, United States -- Franklin Delano Roosevelt, then Harry Truman Soviet Union -- Joseph Stalin

African country "assignments"

Great Britain: Cape to Cairo goal France: West Africa Belgium: Belgian Congo Portugal: Mozambique Germany: German East Africa, Namibia

German military dictatorship

after 1917 Ger leaders Hindenburg + Ludendorff drove Bethman-Hollweg out and established military dictatorship with Kaiser just along for da ride. Full mobilization of society -- only war mattered. Supported by Fatherland Party, history's first tolitarian society and model for future Nazi Party

anomie

a sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable; too little social regulation; normlessness

WW1 Censorship

to put internal divisions aside and focus all war effort, governments censored news, free speech to keep inner division stable.

West Poland in WW2

large parts of West Poland incorporated into Nazi Germany -- other part under awful civilian administration.

Army Order No. 1

order for all Russian military forces that encouraged them to remove their officers and replace them with committees of elected representatives of the lower ranks of the army that Caused chaos and collapsed army discipline.

1788 Grain Harvest

poor harvest so bread prices goes up and unemployment also goes up.

Necker returns

ultimately fails to manage France's effectively, Estates General needed to be called.

Montesquieu

(1689-1755) French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers. Disliked L14 absolutism and believed English parliamentary system = best, inspired America's checks/balances, wrote Spirit of Laws 1748 (critical look at absolutism)

Crystal Palace Exhibition

(1851) A showcase that demonstrated the superiority of British industrial technology

100 Days of Reform

(1898) last efforts to halt decline of Qing Dynasty; western ways adapted

Kristallnacht

(Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, when mobs throughout Germany destroyed Jewish property and terrorized Jews. Afterwards Ger Jews were rounded up and made to pay for the damage.

Berlin Conference Ground Rules for African Expansion

1. Euro claims to certain land had to have strong presence + effective occupation 2. No single Euro pwr could claim entire continent 3. must recognize Leopold's rule over Congo 4. agreement to stop slave trade + slavery in Africa

Why was mid. 18th c France hub for Enlightenment?

1. France = wealthiest, most populous country in Euro 2. unpopularity of Louis VX called for reform in educated elite 3. French philosophe goal to reach larger audience of elite lead to Republic of Letters

arguments for how Euro + America got their imperial power:

1. West used science, tech, capitalism to create wealth, THEN used it to their advantage 2. West used industrial pwr to steal rest of world's riches + power through colonialism.

factors of why GD made world econ --> bottom

1. international leadership had done poor job of econ stability in first place 2. poor domestic econ policies in response to GD (many countries cut budgets instead of upping their spending)

French Indochina War

1945-1953 between the French and the Viet Minh who were communist + nationalistic and led by Ho Chi Minh-- key leader that ended with the French defeat at Dien Bien Phu. Vietnam turned into a shakily separated country, like Korea -- North Comm, South Pro West

Truman Doctrine

1947, President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology, mainly helped Greece and Turkey. CONTAINMENT!

Robespierre

A French political leader of the eighteenth century. A Jacobin, he was one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution. He was in charge of the government (head of Committee of Public Safety) during the Reign of Terror and Republic of Virtue, when thousands of persons were executed without trial. After a public reaction against his extreme policies, he was executed without trial.

Zollverein

A German customs union founded to increase trade and stimulate revenues of its members, with Prussia as leader.

Frankfurt Assembly

A German parliament held in 1848 that was unsuccessful in working out a liberal constitution for a united German state.

Haskalah

A Jewish Enlightenment movement led by Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.

state

A body of people living in a defined territory who have a government with the power to make and enforce law without the consent of any higher authority (4 elements: territory, people, sovereignty, government)

Sieyes: What is the Third Estate?

A book written by Siéyes that said the Third Estate was EVERYTHING, but had been NOTHING in the political order up until now and wanted to become SOMETHING (not everything) (aka reference to limited/constitutional monarchy) — thanks tom richey.

Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.

telegraph

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire (helped communication, especially when Euros needed to gain upper hand in wars)

John Bull

A figure who stands for England in political satire and political cartoons. He is a stout, feisty man, often shown in a suit made out of the British flag (GB's Uncle Sam)

Popular Front

A government of all left-wing parties that took power in France in 1936 to combat rising fascists to enact social and economic reforms, -- Leon Blum

oligarchy

A government ruled by a few powerful people

Gold Standard

A monetary system in which paper money and coins are equal to the value of a certain amount of gold -- but most countries go off it during GD

Winston Churchill

A noted British statesman who led Britain throughout most of World War II and along with Roosevelt planned many allied campaigns. He predicted an iron curtain that would separate Communist Europe from the rest of the West.

fauvism

A painting style developed by Henri Matisse in 1905 that formally lasted until 1908. The means "fierce animal." The style rejects Neo-Impressionism and expresses flat, bold, un-naturalistic color with impulsive brushwork; sometimes the blank canvas shows between simplified brushstrokes.

Bolsheviks

A party of revolutionary Marxists, led by Vladimir Lenin, who seized power in Russia in 1917. Believed in a tough, disciplined revolutionary party with lead from above.

Dutch Golden Age

A period of Dutch History (1600s ) in which The Dutch Republic dominated world trade and used that wealth to become the world's center for arts and sciences. However, they were a seafaring power, NOT a military power. France will emerge in this era as the dominant military power.

Enlightenment

A philosophical movement which started in Europe in the 1700's, emphasizing reason (science in every aspect of life, everything checked by reason/rationalism), the scientific method (capable of discovering the laws of human society and nature) and societal progress (its now possible to create a better society w better people). More focus on government, ethics, and science, rather than on imagination, emotions, or religion.

Christian Existentialism

A philosophy that argues that individuals must define the conditions of their own existence and that religion can provide a "unifying center" for that existence.

deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

Black Shirts

A private army under Mussolini who destroyed socialist newspapers, union halls, and Socialist party headquarters, eventually pushing Socialists out of the city governments of Northern Italy.

Vietnam War

A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States. American involvement began as a result of containment, but there was only limited interference. Though initial support = strong, antiwar + antidraft mvmts emerged in USA -- Oct 1965 student protestors joined New Left + pacifists in demonstrations. Spread to Euro, by 1967 Amer presence seen as criminal intrusion -- criticism reached all time high when Tet offensive hit -- war not over. Nixon in 1970s gradually removed America, still bombed, but Vietnamization (suspended draft + cut army completely). 1973 -- allowed remaining forces to withdraw -- 1974 N Viet invaded south, but Congress did nothing. 1975 -- unified Viet under comm regime.

Sino-Soviet Split

A rift in the 1960s between the communist powers of the Soviet Union and china, fueled by China's opposition to Soviet moves toward peaceful coexistence with the US

Prussian Constituent Assembly

A self appointed committee of liberals from various German states who met in Berlin to write a constitution for the Prussian state. They called for a National assembly to write a Federal constitution for a unified German state, but eventually disbanded by F4.

Henry M. Stanley

A sensation-seeking journalist and part-time explorer sent by Leopold II to the Congo basin. Established trade and land for Belgium there.

nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country, an ideology based in the feeling of tied to a larger national community. Has equalizing effect in society (we are ALL on the same team). Exclusive, demands unwavering loyalty. Can have both unifying and dividing effects within a country, a region etc.

World War II in Asia

A struggle essentially to halt Japanese imperial expansion in Asia, fought by the Japanese against primarily Chinese and American foes.

cubism

A style of art in which the subject matter is portrayed by geometric forms, especially cubes, Picasso!

Ultimatum to Serbia

A-H gives Serbia 10 demands on Jul 23 with unconditional acceptance. Serbia accepts all except for the responsibility for assassination... war is coming...

1799 coup d'etat

Abbe Sieyes and other counter-revolutionaries hope to defeat directory to make new strong gov't. So makes deal with powerful Napoleon who can lead military bc strong general (Sieyes wants confidence from below, power from above"--no more inefficient politics). Napoleon's brother is president of part of Directory, Nap. hopes to be elected to Directory first then conduct change, but real opposition. Uses military force then, brother reassures army of Nap's good intention, so army charges on legislators and Directory is lost. the Consulate takes its place.

Napoleon's first exile

Abdicated his throne on April 4, 1814. Exiled to Elba off coast of Italy Biggest reason: because of failing to conquer Russia, in which he came back with his army of inhabitants

Louis XIV

Absolute monarch of France who completely controlled France through certain tactics (ex: mercantilism, religious unity, etiquette rituals), and built the palace of Versailles as a place for him to control nobles/remain in power. Longest reign by a European monarch (1648-1715)

Second Treaty of Paris

After Waterloo, created by Congress of Vienna. Slightly more severe, but still moderate than the first treaty since France has accepted Nap back. France had to pay a sum of 700 million francs and an army of occupation was to be endured. Lost a little territory.

Bloody June Days

After moderates of the National Assembly closed the national workshops, workers flooded into streets, causing four days of bloody fighting between workers vs. army that ended with gov't crushing revolt (killed/wounded > 10,000; 11,000 arrested/deported) Aided by this revolt, the constitution of 1848 was created and Louis Napoleon Bonaparte, Napoleon Bonaparte's nephew, was able to take power.

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

After the February Revolution in Paris in 1848, Louis Napoleon was elected President in France simply on the basis of name recognition among the newly enfranchised voters. He soon declared himself Emperor Napoleon III. France prospered under him for two decades.

Morocco Crisis

After the French received Morocco, Germany demanded an international conference to have the same rights as France in the colony- German bullying forced England and France closer. Germany gained nothing.

Russian Provisional Government

After the Russian tsar abdicates, the government of Russia falls into the hands of members of the Duma composed chiefly of Constitutional Democrats (Cadets) with western sympathies, but mostly libs and moderates, not reflective of masses. Wanted to keep Russia in the war (national unity to war > civil liberties). Later, the Bolsheviks wrestle away Russian power from this group.

Constitution of the Year III

After the Thermidorian Reaction members of the Convention wrote a new constitution. Went into effect at end of 1795. Set up a Bicameral legislature, Council of elders, Council of 500, Directory of 5 chosen from the 500, rejects BOTH limited monarchy and democracy, focus: prosperity, stability, property rights, national defense

Time of Troubles (1598-1613)

After the death of Ivan IV and his successor, Russia entered a chaotic time period. While Ivan IV's relatives struggled for power, ordinary people suffered drought, crop failure, and plague, lead Cossack uprisings (1598-1613).

Lateran Accords

Agreement between Mussolini and Catholic Church. 1929. Recognized independence of Vatican City. Church support of fascist rule. Ended conflict between church and state in Italy.

peace settlement

Agreements between Germany and allies (5 peace treaties)

Marx and class conflict

All of human history=history of class struggle (conflict) Each struggle results in a new dominating class Marx believed that the struggle in his lifetime would be the last in history In a true communist society--there would be no oppressor and oppressed: class conflict-struggle would END FOR GOOD

Triple Alliance [Central Powers]

Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy preceding WW1 Italy will refuse to honor alliance in WW1. Ottoman Empire joins the Central Powers.

Quadruple Alliance

Alliance between Prussia, Austria, Russia, and Great Britain. Pledged to act together to maintain balance of power and surpress revolutionary uprisings following the French Revolution.

Hundred Days Offensive

Allied attacks after failed German Spring Offensive. The Allies, now flush with freshly arriving American troops, pushed the Germans back to their previously held lines and beyond. This offensive demonstrated the inevitable defeat of the German forces and led to Germany's request for an armistice.

Second Battle of the Marne

Allies defeat Germans outside of Paris, nearly the end of the war, Victory mainly due to Americans joining the war

Rommel

Also known as the "Desert Fox" he was the the leader of the German African Corps. After being suspected of trying to kill Hitler, he commits suicide

American Revolution

American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy. Fueled by French money, and exhibited to France that Enlightenment ideals could work.

Treaty of Kanagawa

An 1854 agreement between the United States and Japan, which opened two Japanese ports to U.S. ships and allowed the United States to set up an embassy in Japan.

Dual Monarchy

An 1867 compromise between the Germans of Austria-Bohemia and the Magyars of Germany to resolve the nationalities problem by creating the empire of Austria and the kingdom of Hungary, with a common ministry for finance, foreign affairs, and war

Charles Dawes

An American banker and diplomat, that negotiated an agreement with France, Britain, and Germany by which American banks would make loans to Germans that would enable them to meet their reparations payments

Battle of Britain

An aerial battle fought in World War II in Sept 1940 between the German Luftwaffe (air force), which carried out extensive bombing in Britain. Attacked airfield + factories, eventually will bomb cities to as Gers lose, to lower morale. The British Royal Air Force, successfully resisted, aircraft factories upped production, and Londoners stayed strong -- by Oct 1940 Brits had won

baroque

An artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized by complex forms, bold ornamentation, and contrasting elements, part of Catholic Counter Reformation to arouse churchgoers.

Estates General

An assembly that represented the entire French population through three groups, known as estates; King Louis XVI called this in May 1789 for the first time since 1614, to discuss the financial crises.

futurism

An early-20th-century Italian art led by Marinetti movement that championed war as a cleansing agent and that celebrated the speed and dynamism of modern technology.

Battle of Masurian Lakes

An engagement on September 9-14, 1914, in which two German armies under the command of General Paul von Hindenburg defeated Russia's First Army under General Paul von Rennenkampf. Russia suffered 125,000 casualties.

Marcel Proust

An esteemed French writer who sought to integrate psychological elements, especially regarding suppressed memories, into literature. His most famous work is the multi-volume Remembrance of Things Past (1913-1927).

public sphere

An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economics, and politics.

Economic imperialism

An independent but less developed country controlled by private business interests rather than other governments. Ex: Dole Fruit company controlled pineapple trade in Hawaii.

Republicanism

Anti-Church, anti-Monarchy reform challenging old ways, glorified the social leveling accomplished by the French Revolution.

Berlin Blockade

April 1, 1948 - West countries united Ger states of occupation under one -- Dem Ger? So Stalin, not wanting to look weak, rushes in instead, and blockaded Berlin completely in the hopes that the West would give the entire city to the Soviets to administer. To bring in food and supplies, the U.S. and Great Britain mounted air lifts.

Hitler suicide

April 30, 1945

Second Cold War

Around 1980-85. Tensions again rose and again came threats of nuclear missiles by both NATO (resurgence of Atlantic Alliance) and the countries of the Warsaw Pact. Also, this was due to the Afghanistan War.

Diet of Worms

Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw.

Cult of Reason/Supreme Being

At first an official religion at the height of radical Jacobinism in France from 1793-94. Then Robespierre's attempt to an alternative to Christianity with this DEISTIC cult

Two-Thirds Law

At least two-thirds of the new legislature (Directory power) must have served in the Convention itself, the law that undermined public faith in the new constitutional order because it favored politicians already in office

Prague Spring

Aug 1968, Czechoslovakia, under Alexander Dubcek, began a program of reform. Dubcek promised civil liberties, democratic political reforms, and a more independent political system (socialism with a human face!). But the revised form of communism, despite its loyalty to USSR, is too much, and endangers the repressive + authoritarian Sovs. Sooo.. The Soviet Union invaded the country and put down the short-lived period of freedom and Brezhnev announced Brezhnev Doctrine.

Alexander Bach

Austrian minister of the Interior whose goal was to create a perfectly solid and unitary political system through the reform of the legal system and law courts (the Bach System). Germanization, helps Francis Joseph issue October Diploma and February Patent (creates upper and lower chamber of government), both attempts to restructure government: rejected by Magyars who feel disenfranchised because the Austrian Germans will dominate.

Green Party (West Germany)

Began as a movement of radical student groups in Western Germany. Developed into a political party concerned with the environment. Anticapitalist, blamed business and pollution. Avoided violence and mass demonstrations. Did win some seats in Parliament though in 1983!

Germany: Responsive reforms

Bismarck does try to get parliamentary support--until 1878 relies on National Liberals Kulturkampf policy, will flop (Bismarck will then align with Center Party against Socialists). High tariffs to protect German economy--Catholics AND Junkers and workers-protectionism

Istanbul

Capital of the Ottoman Empire; named this after 1453 and the sack of Constantinople.

Red China

Communist China beginning in 1949.

Ebert

First President of the Weimar Republic, Social Democrat leader of Germany, 1918

classicism

Following of the idealistic qualities of ancient Greek and Roman culture

Charles V

HRE Emperor at time of Reformation, called for Diet of Worms, supported Catholicism not Reformation.

"Prisonhouse of nationalities"

Lenin's argument for Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Versailles Palace

Royal palace built during the reign of Louis XIV that became the most impressive palace in all of Europe. It was the quintessential embodiment of baroque architecture.

Napoleon's second exile

To Saint Helena off west coast of Africa, because of losing the battle of Waterloo, in which he died there

Federal Republic of Germany

West Germany

Armenians and WW1

When Ottos vs. Russians carried WW1 into Middle East, Armenians were caught on both sides of the border. Ottos deported all Armenians after they saw the Russians as liberators from Otto suppression (which had been going on long b4 WW1) 1 mil Armenians eventually die from murder, starvation, disease

General Strike of 1926

When the coal miners who were fed up with their conditions went on strike and were supported by workers who left their jobs to protest. From this Great Britain called a state of emergency and called in the army to crush the strike.

The Big Three

Wilson for America; Lloyd George for Britain; Clemenceau, for France. Each of these leaders harbored their own intentions and aims, and were influenced and limited as well by popular in governmental pressures at home. Lloyd George and Clemenceau were especially pressured by the popular desire for revenge against Germany

Cartesian skepticism

doubt everything except what can be certain

1832 Reform Act

extends suffrage to middle class men

Northern German Confederation

formed after Bismarck wins Austro-Prussian war; kicks Austrian and Bohemia out

Qing Dynasty strikes back

goes after reform with palace coup, implementing new reactionary officials and begins Anti-Foreign reaction

the Consulate

government established in France after the overthrow of the Directory in 1799, with Napoleon as first consul... so technically in control of the entire government. Nap says "I am Revolution"

what did world leaders forget about war?

greats wars + great social revolutions often come hand in hand

militant suffragists

heckled politicians, slashed paintings, set fire to mailboxes, practiced civil disobedience, and were frequently arrested for inciting riots.

David Lloyd George

helped to pass extensive social measures from 1906-1914 in Great Britain (like People's budget)

Christine de Pizan

highly educated Renaissance-era woman, considered one of the first feminists, poet/author of King Charles V of France

La Belle Epoque

means the "Beautiful Era" and refers to the turn of the century France when peace and prosperity in Paris allowed the arts to flourish. Sometimes referred to as the "golden age."

Sickman of Europe

name given to the dying, decaying Ottoman Empire, that lacked an Industrial Revolution

before new Physics

no exceptional advances in Science since Sci Rev, so supported Western society's belief in rationalism. Comfort in unchanging laws -- but then challenged by new science!

colonial troops

non-European soldiers who fought for the Allied Powers in WWI because of high death roll and need for more men. Rules of race temporarily put aside: Brits/French brought soldiers from Indochina, India, Africa. But Gers and Allied leaders very uncomfortable with men of color killing white men, so POC removed from front lines (RACISM EVADES EVERYTHING!)

Jacques Necker (when minister in 1781)

publishes 1st public record of govt. finances--it masked more serious problems, especially ballooning costs accrued from supporting the American Rev.

Corn Laws Repeal

repealed in 1846 after famine from failed Irish potato crop.

National Convention of 1792

replaces Legislative Assembly

Gleichschaltung

Hitler's technique of using Nazi-controlled associations, clubs, and organizations to coordinate his revolutionary activities.

Bismarck manipulation to start Franco-Prussian War

Bismarck wants entire German unity (including south/west states which were tied to France), so knows he needs to go to war with France to bring those states in. Manipulates diplomatic issue.... Spanish throne becomes vacant + Will1 Hohenzollern relative is offered (he declines), but France still fears of Prussian takeover, demands reassurance that Hohenzollern will not rule. Convo between Will1 and french ambassador in July 1870, Will sends telegram to Bis about convo, agrees it can be published. Bis edits telegram, releases to media and insults the French! They are no fired up and want WARRR.

East German Uprising

June 1953, working class people joined together to try to thwart Soviet power -- fails, but the increased labor that caused riot rescinded, however strengthens Stalinist regime in East Ger

Victor Emmanuel II

King of Piedmont, Savoy, and Sardinia. Eventually became first king of a united Italy. Led the north in Italian unification and united with Garibaldi's south in 1861. Drove the pope into the Vatican city, and eventually made Rome the capital of Italy.

Boer Concentration Camps

Boer internment by British, led to disease, malnutrition, and starvation. First "real" concentration camps seen in history.

Japanese Propaganda

Nationalists at once supported efforts to modernize and efforts to revive aspects that were considered hallmarks of a superior culture: the samurai tradition, the code of bushido, and so on.

Rust Belts

Places of previous industrial activity that are now ghost towns as world shifts to information age ---> Detroit, West Ger, etc.

Joseph Stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production, agricultural collectivization and terror (mass purges) to crush opposition

Woodrow Wilson

President of the United States (1913-1921) and the leading figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. coined the "peacemaker", he wanted a "just peace" to ensure that war could never occur at big scale again. But he was unable to persuade the U.S. Congress to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations.

Machiavelli

Renaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by fear over love, control = most important

boyars

Russian nobles

First Treaty of Paris

Settlement before Vienna Congress. Signed with Bourbons to restore French Monarchy confined France to boundaries of 1792 (Low Countries to Dutch, East French Borders to Prussia), Napoleon exiled, no French Reparations to limit barriers of French aggression (Leniency + strong defense).

Dolchstosslegende

The 'stab in the back' legend. The belief that spread in Germany after the First World War that the German army had not been defeated; rather it had been betrayed by various groups in German society.

Zollverein

The name of the free trade zone that German states created in the early 19th century, decades prior to their unification.

Solzhenitsyn

Wrote One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich

East India Company

a British trading company that set up large, profitable trading post colonies in India, defeated the French there and able to control India's trade plus administer gov't & taxes over Indians. Lead to heavy dominance of global economy by English.

Girondists

a group of moderates. Felt that the revolution had gone far enough and wanted to protect the wealthy middle class from radical attacks. Organized support to resist strength against the mountain

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses attacking the church practices, especially indulgences.

Prussia

a strong military state that emerged in central Europe in the late 1600s

Henry VIII Tudor

an English king responsible for the split of the English Church from Catholicism because of his goal to produce a male heir to the throne

Emily Wilding Davison

college educated, suffragette, steps in front of king's horse at Epsom Derby with suffragette sign, kills herself. Most radical movement of suffragette era that gained attention + traction for the movement.

Robert Peel

Britain's conservative prime minister from 1834 to 1835, and from 1841 to 1846. _____ oversaw the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846, partially due to the ongoing Irish Famine.

new Conservatism (19thc)

appeals to a younger generation, embraces nationalist attitudes, accepts social Darwinism, revolts against liberalism, and often supported anti-semitism (ex: Russian pogroms and state-sponsored programs against Jews, Karl Lueger in Vienna)

Exploration Technology

compass, caravel, astrolabe, gunpowder, thaleen sail

Stalin's Second Revolution

ends NEP, self-sufficiency, Socialism in One Country

Hargreaves

invented the spinning jenny

fresco

mural painting on freshly wet plaster

Urban Guilds

organization of artisanal production into guilds, possessed privileges in their certain industry, had a monopoly to hire/trade, if not in guild economic survival low

Cockerill

British dude who opened factories in Belgium to manufacture spinning and weaving machines

Keir Hardie

British labor leader. Led the Independent Labor Party, first working man elected into House of Commons, advocated womens rights, free schooling pensions and India self rule

Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. reform included abolishment of indulgences and pluralism, and reaffirmed Catholic teachings.

Calonne's Reform Plan

Calonne was minister of finance during 1787 and wanted to introduce a new land tax that all landowners regardless of class would have to pay. Called 1787 Assembly of Notables to discuss the tax, but Assembly was not effective.

Brienne

Calonne's successor as financial minister, a member of the Assembly of Notables, who came to realize that Calonne was correct- new taxation had to be allowed, though he had to call Estates General, resigns.

authoritarianism

the enforcement or advocacy of strict obedience to authority at the expense of personal freedom.

Xhosa

the major ethnic group and language of Bantu-speakers in South Africa

National Constituent Assembly

the new revolutionary government, renamed from the National Assembly (1789 - 1791)

Book of Common Prayer

the official prayer and liturgical (worship manual) book of Anglicanism. Charles I and Archbishop Laud tried to impose it upon all Protestant churches in England- many people resisted. The Scots hated it

Conservative Authoritarianism

the old-fashioned and traditional form of governmental control (ex: CTG in Russia, Metternich in Aus) with mostly top-down govs, arch-conservative, and not tied to mass politics . Used obedience to control society + people, but were limited in power and objective (had no true means to completely control people's thoughts + actions)

nativism

the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.

Protectionism

the theory or practice of shielding a country's domestic industries from foreign competition by taxing imports.

nihilism

the total rejection of religious or moral beliefs

IR governments

will try to support economic growth, but may be limited by their circumstances (England vs France)

Suez Canal

Canal linked Mediterranean with Red Sea, shortened trip from Europe to Indian Ocean; no need to sail around southern tip of Africa

Charles X abdicates

Charles X flees France, abdicating throne, and giving up Bourbon Monarchy in July 1830.

Joseph Goebbels

Chief minister of the Nazi propaganda, and organizer of Kristallnacht

Quing Dynasty

China's last dynasty, which ruled from 1644 to 1912

Temples of Reason

Churches were often changed into Temples of Reason, where the human mind was worshiped rather than religion, part of the Cult of Reason

Europe doing well war wise (until... you-know-what)

Concert of Euro worked well to preserve peace (no long/protracted wars since 1815), wars that do happen = rapid, decisive, cheap; imperial competition subsiding slightly; responsive states + governments.

Globalization in 19th Century

Conclusion of Napoleonic wars, Transportation technology, process of liberalization/modernization, Imperialism is a national policy that helps to set the stage for globalization.

Free Corps

Conservative +right wing WW1 soldiers who put down the Marxist revolutions in Germany after WWI, core of future Nazi Party

Act of Supremacy

Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534.

Lin Zexu

Distinguished Chinese official charged with stamping out opium trade in southern China; ordered blockade of European trading areas in Canton and confiscation of opium; sent into exile following the Opium War

Jethro Tull

English inventor advocated the use of horses instead of oxen. Developed the seed drill and selective breeding.

Darwin

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

Africa after 1900

Entire African continent had been cut up and placed under Euro rule with colonial governments (besides Ethiopia and Liberia)

EEC

European Economic Community Alliance among European nations to set up free trade for those members and lower tariffs, barriers, free movement of labor and capital -- set up by Treaty of Rome between Fr, Ger, Bel, Lux., Neth, Italy.

"new monarchs"

European monarchs who created professional armies and a more centralized administrative bureaucracy. The new monarchs also negotiated a new relationship with the Catholic Church. Key new monarchs include Charles VII, Louis XI, Henry VII, and Ferdinand and Isabella.

Battle of France

France trapped by Germans @ Dunkirk Italy attacked from south & Germans from the north to Paris surrendered quickly(17 days)but longer than Hitler thought terms were German occupation of north France, & Nazi puppet gov would be created in Vichy

Increasing rivalries with Germany

France: decimated after Franco-Prussian War, Morocco Crisis doesn't help either England: increasing rivalry because industrial competition, Ger's colonial pursuits, Germany's creation of a navy. Russia: well it's just aligned with France and annoyed that Ger friend A-H won't give them mas power in Balkans

Huguenot

French Calvinist

Paul Doumer

French politician/prime minister, became governor of Indochina

Holbein

German northern Renaissance painter, used realism, strong supporter of Reformation

lost generation

Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe

Bismarck's resignation

Having preserved Europe's delicate balance of power under Kaiser William I, Bismarck was forced to resign when he clashed ideologically with the new Kaiser, William II

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms (Perestroika, Glasnost, Democratization) led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

Lebensraum

Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" for the German people

Leopold II

Holy Roman Emperor and MA brother

March Laws

Hungarian Diet enacted these laws that enacted liberal laws on jury trials, free press, and noble tax policy.

Hungarian Diet

Hungarian parliament operating with limited powers and authority in the region of Hungary within Austrian Empire. Could enforce taxes. This Diet helped to further the cause of Magyar nationalism.

Eastern Front

In WWI, the region along the German-Russian Border where Russians and Serbs battled Germans, Austrians, and Turks (initial Russ breakthrough, but then dominated by Germany)

Basque Separatists

In northern region of Spain, wanted independence, resorted to terrorism activities to try to convince the government.

Partition of India

India was separated into 2 countries Pakistan + Bangladesh for Muslims and India for Hindus -- huge migration + population exchange.

Arkwright

Invented the water frame to spin cotton thread.

The Italy Question

Italy, original member of Triple Alliance, declared neutrality in 1914 (thought the war was an Austrian War of Aggression) But is "sold" to the highest bidder and joined the Triple Entente [Allied Powers] in exchange for promise of Aus territory, many lives would be lost along Aus-Italy line (the Alps)

Japan in WWI

Japan declared war on on Germany in 1914 and they captured German colonies in China and the Pacific

Spinoza

Jewish philosopher of early Enlightenment living in Dutch Republic who believed in rationalism and Descartes' deductive reasoning. But rejected Descartes' dualism, instead believed that mind/body = 1; god/nature = 1; and good/evil = relative (pantheism). Excommunicated by Amsterdam Jews for these ideas.

Potsdam Conference

July 1945; Truman replaced FDR, had confidence bc ABOMB, and demanded free elections, but Stalin said No - Anti-Soviet.

universal law

Kant's theory that the moral worth of an action is based upon whether it can be applied universally—that is, in every situation, for every person. If an action can be turned into a universal law, it is good and comes from a purely good will.

Peaceful Coexistence

Khrushchev's proposal that the U.S. and U.S.S.R. could compromise and learn to live with each other -- Khrush worked with West diplomats and hoped for better foreign policy

Padua Circular

Leopold II diplomatic message to other monarchs about growing concerns of France's revolution in July 1791

Polish Home Army

Poles organized secret classes and maintained a thriving underground press and this army was led by the government led in exile in London and passed intelligence about German operations to the Allies

WW1's long term causes..

M.A.I.N! Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

Louis Kossuth

Magyar (Hungarian) Nationalist who briefly controlled Hungary in 1848 and 1849, but was crushed by the Russian army.

Catholic existentialists

Maritain + Jaspers + others try to reconcile faith with new science.

95 Theses

Martin Luther's complaints about the Catholic Church, specifically indulgences, that he wrote in 1517 and tacked to the Wittenburg, lead to Reformation

Red army

Military organization constructed under leadership of Leon Trotsky, Bolshevik follower of Lenin; made use of people of humble background

diggers

More of a fringe group, these occupied and cultivated common lands, or lands privately owned in a general repudiation of property. Wanted communal ownership of property. Early modern socialists

Continental System

Napoleon's policy of preventing trade between Great Britain and continental Europe, intended to destroy Great Britain's economy/military

German Labor Front

National Socialist trade union organization which replaced the various trade unions of the Weimar Republic after Adolf Hitler's rise to power.

Battle of Nations/Leipzig

October 1813 at Leipzig in eastern Germany. The decisive defeat of the army of Napoleon by combined forces of Prussia, Austria, and Russia.

Anabaptists

Protestants who insisted that only adult baptism conformed to Scripture

Frederick the Great

Prussian king of the 18th century; launched the War of the Austrian Succession and involved Prussia in the Seven Years' War and participated in the partition of Poland; Enlightenment reforms into Germany; built on military and bureaucratic foundations of his predecessors; introduced freedom of religion (but no Jews); increased state control of economy. CAMERALISM!

Junkers

Prussian nobles

Asian emigration

Push factors: dense populations in China and India Pull Factors: new opportunities created by flow of European capital into undeveloped areas; in many European colonies Asians and Europeans equally made up business class

1936 Olympic Games

Racist propaganda hushed in Nazi Germany order to placate international tension; visitors left with positive impressions -- Hitler great at making people think he's not a threat

Gobineau

Reactionary Frenchman who believed that world was divided into white, yellow, and black races, with Aryan/white race superior

Russian Westernization

Reforms introduced by Peter to make Russia more like Western European society, gave women more rights, forced Western closing, outlawed beards

Salons

Regular social gatherings of rich Parisians where writers, artists, philosophes, and others exchanged ideas about philosophy, science and literature.

Land and Freedom

Russian 1870s populist opposition group believed in Marxism +

Edict of Nantes

(1598) first example of religious freedom in France, though it only allowed Huguenots in specific territories, paving the way for religious liberty in the future.

British smugglers push Chinese system

(1820s) Brits find way to impede thru China trade barriers, smuggling Indian grown addictive in generating huge profits.

Crimean War

(1853-1856) Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea; intervention by Britain and France and Sardinia cause Russia to lose; Russians realize need to industrialize and showed Ottoman Empire's weakness

Treaty of Saigon

(1862) signed by the Vietnamese ruler and gave the French a foothold for the gradual colonization of Indochina

October Manifesto

(1905), issued by Nich. II, in attempt to destroy 1905 Russian Revolution to quiet strikes + local revolts. Promised freedom of speech and assembly, called the Duma into session.

Sudetenland Crisis

(1938) Germans about to attack Czechoslovakia (specifically the Sudetenland), Czechoslovakia ready to defend itself, has alliance with France and Germany. But then Britain "solved" the issue at the Munich Conference, allowing Ger to take the Sudetenland in exchange for not expanding into anymore territory.

Invasion of Poland

(1939) Germany invaded, Poland, and as Fr + Brits said if Hitler attacked Poland -- they declared war. World War II was on.

Kristallnacht

(Night of the Broken Glass) November 9, 1938, a German-wide Pogrom and riot against the Jews ensue. Synagogues are torched, and Jewish businesses are destroyed. The riot was supported by the government and Nazi party. It issued a turning point in Jewish persecution as outward violence became okay, and nation-wide antisemitism was not just blatantly clear, but violent and brutal.

Maria Theresa of Austria

(r. 1740-80) Daughter of Charles XI of the Austrian Habsburgs, she was to succeed him after his death by way of the Pragmatic Sanction. When Frederick II seizes Silesia out of her grasp, she fails to return the province to the Austrians, but successfully manages to preserve Habsburg power. Lead reforms in Austria aimed for making state more powerful for personal gain (not so much Enlightment-lead), like limiting the papacy's role, revamping taxation (even taxed nobles!) and reduced power of lords over serfs/peasants.

Realpolitik

(realism) appears around mid 1800s and is an approach to foreign policy emphasizing rationality > idealism, stability> destruction, power> aggression, "what works" > "what's right", everything is interest of stability and security (flexible with pragmatism)... (see it earlier with raison d'etat and politiques)

British smuggled this good into China in order to equate it's trade

Opium

China imperialism ESSENTIAL DETAILS

Opium Wars (British imported Opium to gain access to Chinese markets), Spheres of Influence (Western nations given access to Chinese ports), Boxer rebellion (Chinese tried to kick out foreigners)

Leon Trotsky

Russian revolutionary intellectual and close adviser to Lenin. Very persuasive and convinced Petrograd Soviet to form military/revolutionary committee with him at head, headed Red Army during Rus Civil War.

Pasic

Serbian Prime Minister

Black Hand

Serbian nationalist/terrorist group responsible for the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Rasputin

Siberian peasant monk who was able to greatly influence Russian politics by controlling Tsarina despite unpopularity.

Tripartite Pact

Signed to create an alliance between the Axis powers in 1940 (Italy, Germany -- and Japan finally joined) pledged to help the others in the event of an attack by the US --

revisionism

Socialist thought that disagreed with Marx's formulation; believed that social and economic progress could be achieved through existing political institutions.

Peace of Augsburg

1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler

Polish Revolt

1830; revolt against Russians, crushed by Nick I, congress eliminated

Syllabus of Errors

1864. Pope Pius IX denounced rationalism, socialism, and separation of church and state.

total suffrage won in...

1928, after WW1 caused suffragists to cease their efforts.

WW2 timeline of events

1931: Japan invades Manchuria 1935: Germany begins to rearm 1935: Italy takes Abyssinia 1936: Germany occupies Rhineland 1937: Japan invades China 1938: Anschluss, Munich Conference then Sudetenland 1939: Czechoslovakia 1939: Aug: Non-Aggression Pact 1939: Sept: Blitzkrieg 1940: Fall of France

Realism

A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be

Vermeer

A Dutch painter who used a great deal of light. He enjoyed painting people doing everyday things. Painted girl holding pitcher.

Economic liberalism

A belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith's argument that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor. Focused on division of labor, guilds, government's purpose (give economy push, then let competition reign). Helped bring about Industrial Revolution and capitalism's rise, influencing economic wellbeing and population increase.

rationalism

A belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response

Dutch East India Company

A company founded by the Dutch in the early 17th century to establish and direct trade throughout Asia (mostly South East), took over from Portugal and able to establish dominance over the local people. Transformed Indian Ocean into a trading world, but faltered in the 1700s bc lack of ability to meet new trends, eventually English took over.

Black Death

A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351

Triple Entente [Allied Powers]

A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia. Later joined by Italy in 1915. USA becomes an associated power during WWI.

July Crisis of 1914

A month long diplomatic crisis from the time of the Archduke's assassination to the first declaration of war in which no country was entirely sure as to what would happen, but kept upping the anti..led to war

Congress of People's Deputies

A new Soviet parliament that was called by Gorbachev and whose members were chosen in competitive elections. The Congress chose 450 members to deal with day to day activities.

Peace/Treaty of Augsburg

A treaty between Charles V and the German Protestant princes that granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in Germany in 150 states (1555)

North African Campaign

Allies made plans to attack North Africa instead. Axis forces there were in control of Erwin Rommel "Desert Fox". Allies drove Germany out of North Africa in May 1943. Significant: because it gives us experience and battle practice. November 1942= El Aleman British protect Suez Canal. November 8, 1942: Allies land in Morocco (under Eisenhower) George Patton May 1943: Drive Germans out of North Africa.

Mandate System

Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I; to be administered under League of Nations supervision. resulted in little or no independence for most colonies. Nationalism resurged as peoples = dissatisfied with the settlement terms. States, then, could be classified, in the postwar climate, as gratified or revisionist. Poland, for example, as a gratified state. Germany, for example, was a revisionist state. Arab nations felt betrayed!

Hungarian Revolution of 1956

An attempt by Liberals in Hungary to overthrow the Soviet-backed Communist leadership of the country led by Nagy, but final straw for Soviets is when they try to leave Warsaw Pact. The Soviet Union used very repressive means to put down the revolution. Lowered west support for Khrushev -- realized no amount of foreign policy would stop Soviets

futurism

An early-20th-century Italian art movement that championed war as a cleansing agent and that celebrated the speed and dynamism of modern technology.

Futurism

An early-20th-century Italian art movement that discarded the part and glorified the future, war, & nationalism. Fascination with speedy progress, domination w/o law or morality. Started by Marinetti.

Estates General voting system

Parlement of Paris wants voting by order (one vote per Estate) opposed by a 3rd Estate, who would always be outvoted by other two, though 98% of population.

Peninsulares

People born in Europe living in New World

"Peace in our time"

At the Munich Conference in 1938, western democracies caved into Hitler's demands while Hitler in exchange promised he had no further plans for expansion- a flat out lie. When Neville Chamberlain returned home to Britain he told the cheering crowds that "peace for our time" had been achieved. French Leader, Edourd Daladierr, however, correctly predicted this was not the case- only a taste of Hitler's menace had been felt.

Sigmund Freud

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis -- the sub-conscious is a battleground among the id, ego, and superego (3 parts of the self)--the id is the sexual, aggressive part of people, superego=social convention, ego=rational self. mental illness = unbalance of the three (usually too much id. --"talking cure"=psychotherapy --civilization will never escape the deep irrational forces that influence human behavior

Christian Socialist Party

Austrian political party founded by Karl Lueger; prospered on an ideology of anti-Semitism.

conservatism

ideology advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes. Past oriented, social order > individualism, inequality, slow progress > rapid progress, pessimistic perception of human nature

Why Appeasement?

in context of WW1 -- Europe can't survive another WWI, Allies have inferior arms, Germany DOES have a point about Versailles (too harsh) Nationalist claims seem legitimate--Sudetenland (ethnic Germans), Munich Conference 1938--proposed by Mussolini "I Have Peace in Our Time" One theory--was Chamberlain trying to buy time for Britain to prepare (bc military = deficient)? ALL THESE LEAD TO LITTLE ACTION BY OTHER EURO COUNTRIES AS NAZIS EXPAND/GAIN MORE POWER.

Stalin's Five Year Plan

industrial growth (250% increase!!), agri output (150%) modernize soviet economy and national defense. Also abolished NEP. Used to ensure that Soviets would ketchup to west.

colonial enlightenment

influenced by Scottish enlightenment with emphasis on pragmatic sense approaches to problems of life. Adopted common sense version of the enlightenment, which ultimately lead to thoughts about seeking autonomy from their motherlands.

sexual division of labor

intensifies with factories--mixing was seen as dangerous for productivity

Constitutional Charter

issued by Louis XVIII, accepted many of France's revolution changes and guaranteed civil liberties

mannerism

it marked the end of the Renaissance by breaking down the principles of balance, harmony, and moderation

Rise of the Sans-Culottes

liberators began to like foreign invaders to peasantry, SCs lead revolts for equality, supported by the Mountain and Jacobins, demanded radical political action. Showed how power of people would be decisive political factor. With SC help all power passed to the Mountain.

Hindenburg Line

line of trench systems established in 1917 that were the last and strongest of the German army's defense on the Western Front

Prussia factors of revolution

literacy rate is high, and at the same time it's ruled by an absolutist; culture of conservatism is strong, but it exists alongside a growing push for liberalism and nationalism

Soviet Society

living standards barely improved; there were constantly shortages of necessary goods bc heavy industry took priority; housing was impossible to find. however, many were inspired (as martyrs of sorts) by the Soviet Union's climb to socialism, & they did benefit in some ways- workers received old-age pensions, free medical services, free education, & day-care centers for children; unemployment was nonexistent; and paid more for skilled workers.

global migration

mass movement of people from Europe to other colonies/continents in the 19th century

Women's Social and Political Union

militant women's group whose goal was to draw attention to the cause of women's suffrage, followers called the suffragettes.

Tolitarianism

modern + extreme authoritarianism. The revival of authoritarianism after WW1 (direct consequence of total war tactics?) . Radical dictatorships that made unprecedented + total claims over behavior and beliefs of their society using violent repression and propaganda. Complete domination econ, soc, cultural, intellectual aspects of society, through limitation of all civil liberties and disregard for human life.

Imperializing nations vs. subject nations

more complex economy, military + technology, government, resources, pathogen resistance, Influenced themselves by imperialized regions vs. often pre-industrial economy, often limited military power, often weaker govt, often underutilized resources, pathogen vulnerability, Can influence and respond to imperialist states

Liberte, Egalite, Fraternite

motto for french revolution "Liberty, equality, and fraternity"

Brit victories in mid east

occupied South Iraqi Basra in 1914 and captured Baghdad in 1917. Sept 1918 Brit armies + Arab allies entered Syria. Victory (eventually) of Husseins son on the throne and destruction of Ottoman Empire.

intendants

official appointed by French king Louis XIV to govern the provinces, collect taxes, and recruit soldiers, idea created by Richelieu

1860 Qing dynasty

on verge of collapse, foreigners rampaged the country + rebellion + chaos

Velazquez

painted Las Meninas and portraits of Spanish Royalty

da Vinci

painter of high Renaissance, famous for Mona Lisa, and Last Supper

perspective

parallel lines to a single vanishing point, created by di Bandone

German Peasants' Revolt

peasants used church reform as a reason to end serfdom. They used Luther as their justification for revolt, but he sided with the nobles. In the end over 75k+ peasants died, strengthening role of nobility and losing Reformation's appeal with peasants forever.

emigrants

people who leave a country for another

westernization

policy of Peter the Great. Adoption of western ideas, technology, and culture that used to apply to Russia

1848 Revolutions factors

poor grain and potato harvests, food shortages, the famine in Ireland, a depressed commercial and industrial economy, widespread unemployment, overburdened poor relief systems, emergence of nationalism + liberalism

Dunkirk

port in France from which 300,000 Allied troops were heroically evacuated when their retreat by land was cut off by the German advance in 1940 -- but lost a lot of equipment

constitutionalism

power is limited by law, a form of government that checked the power of a single ruler, government is ruled by both a leader and the people

Old Regime

pre-revolutionary Europe, absolute monarchies, big government armies led by nobles, rural predominance, competitive empires, signs of commercialization amid traditional economic systems--more apparent in Western than Eastern Europe

Chinese anti foreign reaction

puts blame of crash of royal dynasty + success of China on foreigners, and patriotic + conservative + national spirit ensues, leading to Boxer Rebellion

limited Asian/African support for European rule

pwr of both native traditionalists + colonists beat by superior European force many Africans/Asians accepted imperial rule but did not support it.

deductive reasoning

reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case/ conclusion (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)

migration

refers to general human movement

ranters

rejected the idea of Heaven and Hell and thought salvation could only be achieved by alcohol and sex

French Second Republic

republican government of France between the 1848 Revolution and the coup by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte which initiated the coming of the Second Empire. Republic had the motto "Liberty, Justice and, Fraternity. Witnessed the tension between the working class radicals and liberal moderates, which exploded during the June Days Uprising of 1848.

William Blake

romantic poet who called early factories "satanic mills" and protested against life of the poor

antisemitism WW1

rose as many blamed food shortages on Jews (A-H + Ger)

Positivism

scientific knowledge is the highest, and all scientific knowledge should be verifiable

before new psychology + Freud

scientists assumed humans processed experiences in rational + logical way

Socialism (revisionism) 19thc

seeks to reform the system with by playing game of mass politics (revisionism), ex: Labor Party in Eng and Ger Soc Dem Party

Millets

self-governing religious communities in Ottoman empire

eugenics

study of factors that influence the hereditary qualities of the human race and ways to improve those qualities

Operation Husky

summer 1943 -- successful Allied invasion of Sicily would lead to invasion of mainland in the fall

Six Day War

tension between Arabs and Israeli erupted into a brief war in June 1967 -- Israel won, lead to OPEC heightening oil prices as a response.

militarism

the glorification of the military and a readiness for war plus military values becoming central to government. ex: Germany's new navy, Brits spending of People's Budget on military, nation surrounding military institutions, generals + military experts running public policy, emergence of universal conscription.

Anti-utopia

the view that perfection, especially as regards political institutions, is impossible

slavery and race

this point in history, when Africans are brought over as slaves, slavery will become associated with skin color

traditionalists

those native to a colony who focused on preserving their traditional culture against imperialists at all costs

colonial modernists

those who re-considered their initial hostility to Europeans and adapted to their ideologies.

Louis Napoleon's Italy Issue:

tries to support Cavour against Austria, but Catholic criticism makes him pull back, fails to achieve really anything and exhibits bad foreign policy.

Cavaliers

troops defending monarchy (Charles I) in ECW, nobility with high stakes, much more rural/less organized, fancier hair.

impact of WW1 on colonial troops

used for manual labor that was brutal but whites, with racist rhetoric saw it as upholding racial hierarchy (Chinese laborers died in war effort, undergoing hazardous + dangerous tasks). Africa, overrun with war -- colonial troops conscripted to carry equipment 1 IN 5 DIED (HIGHER DEATH RATE THAN WESTERN FRONT). Unmarked graves all over the world of non-whites who had died during war. Treatment in Euro to POC was better than in colonies -- raised expectation for how POC were treated.

Lidice + Oradour

villages completely destroyed in retaliation for the killing of Reinhard Heydrich by the Resistance. All the village men and boys were killed, women were sent to concentration camps, children sent to orphanages or death camps. Buildings were all destroyed and ground plowed under.

Separatism

violent movements emerged in 1970s for ethnic groups to gain political/national autonomy -- IRA + ETA

Lesser Germany

wanted to exclude Austria and to have Prussia lead the union

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

was a peace treaty signed on 3 March 1918 between the new Bolshevik government of Soviet Russia and the Central Powers that ended Russia's participation in the war, but loses substantial territory (poland, Finland, Lithuanians)

Kaiser Wilhelm II

was the Kaiser of Germany at the time of the First World War reigning from 1888-1918. He pushed for a more aggressive foreign policy by means of colonies and a strong navy to compete with Britain. During war, cared more abut German power + ego than its people.

"Crown from the gutter"

what Frederick William IV refers to the throne offered to him by rebels, considers it tainted with revolution; not divine right.

Homefront

where civilians engaged in all actions to help support the war effort (rationing, raw material making, railroads etc.)

Tsarina Alexandra

wife of Nicholas II left in power when he joined army on front lines; allowed Rasputin to control government and dismissed all other politic advisors. Went into shock when he was assassinated

Rus Civil War

with Trotsky's help, Lenin/Bolsheviks able to win Rus Civil War using war communism, superior leadership, Red Terror, success against white army.

boxer

working class Chinese

Castiglione

wrote "The Courtier" which was a handbook on how to be the perfect Renaissance court man (or woman)

Highlights of Napoleonic Wars (according to Mr. Brown)

• During the first phase, France defeated Austria several times and made peace with Britain in 1802. • France and Britain began fighting again in 1803, with victories by the British navy making a French invasion of Britain impossible • Napoleon then fought a coalition of countries on the European continent and won brilliant victories at Ulm, Austerlitz, Jena, and Friedland from to 1807.

enclosures (Enclosure Movement)

•end to common lands and open-field system •agriculturalists (land owners) consolidated lands and closed them of development of scientific breeding •game laws in England prohibited peasants from hunting game •caused considerable friction in the countryside in 17th and 18th centuries

Otto von Bismarck

"Iron Chancellor", a junker, conservative, protestant, and royalist (flexible, pragmatic, determined, realist). Exemplifier of REALPOLITIK. appointed as Chief Minister of Prussia in 1862. Would go on to oversee unification of Germany, using practical politics, thinking ahead, and manipulation of other countries + ideologies to eventually create strong nation state.

Tanzimat

"Reorganization" series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire that brought the culture education, religion and society more in order with Europe and the United States and western ways.

Risorgimento

"Resurgence": expresses a desire to return to the greatness of Italy's past: the Roman Empire and the Renaissance, emergence of new Italian nationalist/unification movement.

British perspective of Crimean War

"The Crimean war was fought for the sake of Europe rather than for the Eastern question; it was fought against Russia, not in favor of Turkey.... The British fought Russia out of resentment and supposed that her defeat would strengthen the European Balance of Power."

Blood + Iron Speech

"The great questions of the time will not be resolved by speeches and majority decisions—that was the great mistake of 1848 and 1849—but by iron and blood" -- Bismarck's speech to the Budget Committee of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies on Sept. 30 1862.

Weltpolitik

"World politics". The policy of making Germany a major global power through an expanding navy and the acquisition of colonies, the dream of William II.

Nazi women policies

"liberate women from women's liberation" -- push for women to return to traditional family, outlawed abortion, discouraged jobs and high edu, glorified motherhood & raising kids under Nazi ideals. But w labor shortages in 1930s, women encouraged to enter workforce + enrollment in mass organizations to direct charities and organize social events.

Blitzkrieg

"lightning war"—a form of warfare in which surprise attacks with fast-moving airplanes are followed by massive attacks with infantry forces -- Ger used in WW2 against Fr + Pol, (succeed in Schlieffen Plan this time around)

Petrarch

(1304-1374) Father of the Renaissance. He believed the first two centuries of the Roman Empire to represent the peak in the development of human civilization.

Brahe

(1546-1601) A Danish astronomer who designed new astronomy instruments and meticulously collected data about stars (Rudolphine Tables) until sudden death. Rejected heliocentrism (believed planets go around sun, sun goes around Earth) despite his discovery of a new star and comet that disproved Aristotle's theory.

Galileo

(1564-1642) An Italian astronomer [anomaly explainers!] who linked science/math with observation (first use of experimental method), provided evidence for heliocentric theory, invented a new telescope which allowed him to see Jupiter's moons, and to once and for all deem no crystal spheres. But was arrested by Catholic church for evidence that bible was wrong.

Dutch Revolts

(1568-1609) Netherlands were very wealthy, had access to trading, but under control of Spanish as a colony. Dutch resented taxes and religious Catholic rigidity of Spain, and began revolting. Philip II sent in the Duke of Alva creating even more strict rules to control the Netherlands, suppressed with violence. But 7 northern Protestant provinces eventually managed to breakaway and become Dutch Republic.

Harvey

(1578-1657) An Englishman who used dissection to examine the circulation of blood throughout the body and how the heart worked as a pump. He insisted the heart and its valves were a piece of machinery that obeyed mechanical laws.

Long Parliament

(1640-1648) desperate for money after Scottish invasion of northern England-Charles finally agreed to demands by Parliament: Parliament could not be dissolved w/o its own consent; had to meet a min. of once every 3 years (Triennial Act) ship money abolished

Issac Newton

(1642-1727) British scientist who defined the laws of motion, discovered gravity, experimented with optics, invented differential calculus and wrote "Principia" (which combined ideas of Copernicus, Kepler and Galileo).

Leibniz

(1646-1716) German philosopher and mathematician who thought of the universe as consisting of independent monads (rejected Descartes dualism and Spinoza monism) and who devised a system of the calculus independent of Newton

Bayle

(1647-1706) French Huguenot who despised Louis XIV and found refuge in the Netherlands. Most famous skeptics of his time, Pierre Bayle critically examined and criticized the religious beliefs and persecutions of the past. He concluded that nothing can ever be known beyond all doubt due to varied human beliefs and how often humans made mistakes. Wrote Religious and Critical Dictionary.

Voltaire

(1694-1778) French philosopher, Newton follower, middle class who rose to elitist. He believed that freedom of speech, education, and religious toleration were the best weapon against bad government. For religion he believed in the idea of deism, God created universe but didn't interfere with world.

Rousseau

(1712-1778) Philosopher who argued for the primacy of emotion over reason and for small states governed by the general will; attacked rationalism; believed that children had to be protected from the refinements of civilization. Wrote about society's corruption caused by the revival of sciences and art instead of it's improvement. Wrote "The Social Contract." Believed in distinct gender roles. Popular sovereignty/extreme democracy follower.

Josiah Wedgwood

(1730-1795) English industrialist whose pottery works were the first to produce fine-quality pottery by industrial methods and first to use real/effective advertising and marketing and "sponsorship" to sell his pottery/

Robert Owen

(1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed

David Ricardo

(1772-1823)-English economist who formulated the "iron law of wages," according to which wages would always remain at the subsistence level for the workers because of population growth.

War of the First Coalition

(1791-1793) French revolutionary forces were soundly defeated by the Austrian military; only the conflict between eastern monarchs over the division of Poland saved France from defeat; intensified existing unrest and dissatisfaction of unpropertied classes

Treaty of Luneville

(1801) Austrian (aka HRE with emperor Francis II) signed this with France, ending the Revolutionary Wars. It gave almost all of their Italian and German holdings to France and extended French empire to the left bank of Rhine.

Treaty of Amiens

(1802) treaty between the British and the French. English would respect the territory Nap. and France gained in Treaty of Amiens (appeasement!)

Factory Acts

(1802-1833) progressive measures to improve working conditions, and reduce child labor

Napoleon emporer

(1804) Napoleon declares himself emperor of France AND Grand Empire in a new constitution, approved by plebiscite (crowns himself!)

Battle of Trafalgar

(1805) British Admiral Horatio Nelson destroys French and Spanish naval fleets. British do not lose any ships. Ends all French hopes of invading Britain and guarantees British control of the sea for the rest of the war (infuriates Nap. to start Continental system?)

Treaty of Tilsit

(1807) Agreement between Napoleon and Russia and Prussia in which Russia/Prussia agreed to support Continental System, while Nap took over the lands of Prussia west of the Elbe as well as the Polish provinces (big loss for prussia).

Giuseppe Garibaldi

(1807-82) An Italian radical who emerged as a powerful independent force in Italian politics. He "liberated" the Kingdom of Two Sicilies with his Red-Shirt Campaign.

Spain (guerilla warfare)

(1808) Spanish revolted in a coalition of Catholics, monarchists, and patriots. Used guerrilla tactics. Exhibited that resistance to French imperialism was growing. British helped Portuguese and Spanish.

Frankfurt Proposals

(1813)Designed by Metternich after Nap's decisive loss at Battle of Leipzig, would let Napoleon be ruler of France if he was willing to accept that France's size would be reduced. Nap. did not agree

Congress of Vienna

(1814-1815 CE) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon.

Corn Laws

(1815) prohibit foreign grain unless price at home is deemed too excessive=high prices on grain (aristocracy get richer at expense of everyone else)

Louis XVIII

(1815-1824) "Oyster Louis" Restored Bourbon throne after the Revolution. Goals were for compromise and reconciliation. He attempted to avoid extreme monarchism, and accepted his own monarchy would have limits. Restored Bourbon throne after the Revolution. He accepted Napoleon's Civil Code (principle of equality before the law), honored the property rights of those who had purchased confiscated land and establish a bicameral (two-house) legislature consisting of the Chamber of Peers (chosen by king) and the Chamber of Deputies (chosen by an electorate).

Tory government response to Corn Law riots

(1817) English governing body controlled completely by the landed aristocracy, responded to the Corn Laws by temporarily suspending the traditional rights of peaceable assembly and habeas corpus, which gives a person under arrest the right to stand trial.

Quintuple Alliance

(1818)- Once France had repaid the war indemnities from the Napoleonic wars, it rejoined the Quadruple alliance, becoming Quintuple Alliance. At this point, the Bourbon monarchy had been restored, and so the monarchies all agreed to meet occasionally to discuss issues, like a form of United Nations council.

Battle of Peterloo

(1819) battle, occurred in Manchester, England. It was more of a massacre than a battle; people had gathered to discuss political reform and spread new ideas at St. Peter's Field, and were killed by government troops. Nicknamed Battle of Peterloo as satirical reference to Waterloo.

Six Acts

(1819) more response to Corn Law induced riots; placed controls on a heavily taxed press and practically eliminated all mass meetings

Revolutionary Era

(1820-1848) Ideology is the genie out of the bottle--it will explain what drives the revolutions, and what breaks them apart. Liberalism and nationalism often reinforce each other. This attracts a younger generation. Nationalism's tone will become more competitive and exclusive over time. There's lots of division among liberals: supporters of constitutional monarchs vs. republicans The Congress of Vienna will set up a system of "conservative collective security"--regimes will support each other to suppress revolution.

Charles X of France

(1824-1830), succeeded Louis XVIII, Not conservative, but a reactionary. Considered himself a monarch by divine right, absolutist, wanted to re-establish the old order in France so had a partial restoration of the church, and a trio of highly royalist ministers, conquered Algeria to gain support, repudiated the Constitutional Charter, censored the press.

Ferdinand I of Austria

(1835-1848) promised reforms and a liberal constitution in response to widespread protests and revolt, abdicates in favor of Francis Joseph

Treaty of Nanjing

(1842) An unequal treaty between Great Britain and China resulting from the First Opium War. The treaty stated that China was to reimburse Britain for costs incurred fighting the war ($100 million). The Chinese were forced to open several ports to British trade, provide Britain with complete control of Hong Kong, and grant extraterritoriality to British citizens living in China.

Karl Lueger

(1844-1910), mayor of Vienna, succeeded in winning support of the people, greatly influenced Hitler, showed him the enormous potential of anticapitalist and antiliberal and antisemitic propaganda

Taiping Rebellion

(1850-1864) A revolt by the people of China against the ruling Manchu Dynasty because of their failure to deal effectively with the opium problem and the interference of foreigners.

Eduard Bernstein

(1850-1932) Revisionist German Social Democrat who favored socialist revolution by the ballot rather than the bullet --i.e., by cooperating with the bourgeois members of Parliament and securing electoral victories for his party (the SDP).

Second Opium War

(1856-1860) Brits new power over China means flourishing opium trade including Hong Kong, but disputes continue between China + West. Culminated with British + French occupation of Beijing. Brits + French burned down the emperor's Summer Palace. Ends with another round of one-sided treaties that give European merchants + missionaries more privileges and China had to accept trade.

Franco-Sardinian War

(1859) Cavour first built up Sardinia's stability/support to ensure it could lead. Also ensured help from Louis Napoleon after lending aid to the French and British in the Crimean War (skilled realpolitik-er, thinking long-term). Then provoked Austria into war in 1859— and won with France's help. But after French Catholics oppose Piedmont/Sardinia's eventual desire to take over papal states, so France backs out and Sardinia/Piedmont only gets Lombardy, Cavour resigns in rage.

Qing Dynasty comeback

(1860) two factors: 1. traditional ruling groups had effective, but temporary leaders that could quell rebellion, dowager heiress Tzu Hsi governed for young son able to revive bureaucracy. 2. foreign aggression decreased and some Euro's contributed to Chinese recovery

Second Schleswig War (Denmark vs Prussia + Austria)

(1864) Prussia created alliance with Austria to violently respond to Denmark's attempt to annex Schleswig-Holstein (Part of Bismarck's plan to have foreign success bring Germany together). Prussia and Austria seized Schleswig and Holstein from Denmark, dividing up winnings, Prussia took Holstein and Austria took Schleswig.

First International

(1864)(International Workingmen's Association)--organized various parties and political factions into an international organization--Marx helped to draft the goals and principles buttt fractures because of disagreements within--eg socialists and anarchists

Rudyard Kipling

(1864-1936) English writer and poet; defined the "white man's burden" as the duty of European and Euro-American peoples to bring order and enlightenment to distant lands

Kulturkampf

(1866 - 1878) Bismarck's anticlerical campaign to control the church under government authority, with items like expelling Jesuits from Germany and break off relations with Vatican. Eventually, after little success, Bismarck halted these policies, as only Protestant Prussians supported while German Catholics sided with the Cath. Center Party.

Austro-Prussian War

(1866) "Seven Weeks War" Bismarck knew to unify Germany needed to expel Catholic Austria out. First Bis neutralized France and Russia to ensure that big alliance wouldn't be created against him (localizes the war). A rapid, industrial war that Prussia wins using their railroad power + quick mobilization (decisive win at Battle of Sadowa). Northern German Confederation created and Bismarck gives generous peace terms to Austria (value of restraint in realpolitik): Austria would withdraw from German affairs, and no territory would be taken from them.

Treaty of Versailles

(1871) William I pronounced Kaiser of German Empire, and with semi-authoritarianism and conservatism German Empire rules!

Responsive Nation-State (trends)

(1871-1914) New framework of the nation-state; new power of mass politics--growth of pressure groups like political parties and labor unions (emerged as universal male suffrage allowed) new power of mass loyalty to the nation-state; new sense of becoming "part of the system"; new responsive policies resulting from parliamentary politics--safety net; new ways of manipulating public opinion; new aggressive modern forms of nationalism, including anti-semitism; new emphasis on economic protectionist measures toward the end of the 19th century.

Antonio Salazar

(1889-1970) Portuguese dictator, rejected African demands for freedom, founded and led the Estado Novo (New State), the authoritarian, right-wing government, Stabilized after chaos of Portuguese first republic

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

Sino-Japanese War

(1894-1895) Japan's imperialistic war against China to gain control of natural resources and markets for their goods. It ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth which granted Japan Chinese port city trading rights, control of Manchuria, the annexation of the island of Sakhalin, and Korea became its protectorate, would reveal Chinese weakness and led to foreign power argument over rule.

Imre Nagy

(1896-1958) Hungarian Communist Party Leader who attempted to end association with the USSR which led to the 1956 Hungarian revolt.

June Offensive

(18th - 20th June, 1917) Kerensky ordered an attack on Austrians and Germans, which failed. This fuelled Lenin's arguments for withdrawing from the imperialist war.

Russo-Japanese War

(1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions of North Korea + Manchuria. Nick 2 ignores Japan's diplomatic please and goes after North Korea; Japan emerges victorious after surprise attack and annihilation of Russian forces, would lead to military disaster and political tensions increased greatly.

Russo-Japanese War

(1904-1905) War between Russia and Japan over imperial possessions. Japan emerges victorious.

Treaty of Portsmouth

(1905) ended the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905). It was signed in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, after negotiations brokered by Theodore Roosevelt (for which he won the Nobel Peace Prize). Japan had dominated the war and received an indemnity, the Liaodong Peninsula in Manchuria, and half of Sakhalin Island, but the treaty was widely condemned in Japan because the public had expected more.

Milton Friedman

(1912- ) American economist. Conservative thinker famous for his advocacy of monetarism (an revision of the quantity theory of money) in works like A Monetary History of the United States, 1867-1960 (1963). he is strongly associated with the ideals of laissez-faire government policy.

stock market crash

(1929)The steep fall in the prices of stocks due to widespread financial panic. It was caused by stock brokers who called in the loans they had made to stock investors. This caused stock prices to fall, and many people lost their entire life savings as many financial institutions went bankrupt.

Rome-Berlin Axis

(1936) Nazi Germany, under Adolf Hitler, and Fascist Italy, led by Benito Mussolini, allied themselves together under this nefarious treaty. pact signed after both countries had intervened for Fascist Franco in the Spanish Civil War. Later Japan would join.

Battle of Stalingrad

(1942) German forces attempted to invade Stalingrad, as Hitler had almost captured Moscow + Leningrad. Initial success against Soviets in Summer 1942, but disaster in Nov 1942 -- Soviet defenders surrounded + crushed + destroyed entire German 6th army and in January 1943 there was only 1/3 of the army left to surrender. Hitler had refused to retreat, but now suffered a huge German defeat that marked turning point in the war, as Ger public opinion turned against War for first time -- Sum 1943 Sov armies took offensive and push Ger armies back along East Front

Ptolemy

(2nd century AD) Alexandrian astronomer who proposed a geocentric system of astronomy, where humans were at the center, that was undisputed (used by church because aligned w Christian doctrine) until Copernicus

New Deal

(FDR) , President Franklin Roosevelt's precursor of the modern welfare state (1933-1939); programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insurance measures and used government spending to stimulate the economy; increased power of the state and the state's intervention in U.S. social and economic life. RELIEF, RECOVERY, AND REFORM

Agricultural Adjustment Act

(FDR) 1933 and 1938 , Helped farmers meet mortgages. Unconstitutional because the government was paying the farmers to waste 1/3 of there products. Created by Congress in 1933 as part of the New Deal this agency attempted to restrict agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies to take land out of production.

Great Depression

(HH) , starting with collapse of the US stock market in 1929, period of worldwide economic stagnation and depression. Heavy borrowing by European nations from USA during WW1 contributed to instability in European economies. Sharp declines in income and production as buying and selling slowed down. Widespread unemployment, countries raised tariffs to protect their industries. America stopped investing in Europe. Lead to loss of confidence that economies were self adjusting, HH was blamed for it

SALT II

(JEC) 1979, Second Strategic Arms Limitations Talks. A second treaty was signed on June 18, 1977 to cut back the weaponry of the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. because it was getting too competitive. Set limits on the numbers of weapons produced. Not passed by the Senate as retaliation for U.S.S.R.'s invasion of Afghanistan, and later superseded by the START treaty.

Flight to Varennes

(June 1791) L16 and MA try to meet up with royalist forces eastern France (Varennes) The National Assembly will tell the people they king was kidnapped--bc NA still wants a constitutional monarchy The public finds out--and pre-judges Louis as the chief counter-revolutionary in France--his trust account is down to zero. Radicals (Jacobins) demand republic, and therefore a new constitution.

Mein Kampf

(My Struggle) written in jail by Hitler. Claimed Germans = the master race that needed to defend their pure blood from degenerates (Jews + Slavs). Condemns Treaty of Versailles. Claims that Germans need Lebensraum (living space), where Gers can grow + triumph -- Hitler claimed it would be found to the East and inhabited by Sub Slavs. New glorification of War, and expansionism. Rejected both communism AND capitalism ("I will rescue socialism from the socialists") Dawes Plan: seen as a way for the USA to control Germany (Jewish financiers in the USA) Resented Germany being "governed" and exploited by the USA --Dawes Plan YET admires USA's 1) conquest of the Far West, 2) anti-immigrant policies in the Twenties 3 eugenics programs rejection of liberalism

Women's March on Versailles

(October 5, 1789) angry mob of Parisian women stormed Versailles demanding L16 end nationwide food shortage and royal family return to Paris with them. Forced L16 back to Paris to live in Tuileries palace (mostly ensued by bread shortages)

Bismarck's social welfare

(a new safety net), state-supported social measures 1883 social security laws 1883-84 sickness and accident insurance 1889 old age pension and retirement benefits REALIZE: workers contribute from wages; (benefits: win more popular support, check the power liberal opposition) did not wean socialist voters but did defuse GSDP radical appeal.

Three Glorious Days

(aka July Revolution) a bloodless revolution in which dissatisfied Parisians (joined by National Guard and troops) rebelled against their reactionary and absolutist King Charles X; destroyed roads, etc to make transportation difficult so that the king could not send the few troops he had left to stop them; as a result Charles X was overthrown and Louis Philippe was put in place.

Direct Control

(colony) characteristics = foreign officials brought into rule, no self rule, goal assimilation to adopt the White Way, govt's institutions based only on European styles. Ex: French colonies like Somaliland + Vietnam

Reform Liberals reaction

(later) emphasize rights (right to clean, safe working conditions and a living wage), as well as liberty. Get government to pass reforms, gradually to avoid unrest, revolution. Use data from factories to support reform. Key names: Chadwick, Bentham Legislation: Poor Laws, Mine Act, Repeal of the Corn Laws.

soldier morale went down as war went on

(like 1916-1917) Fr. units refused to fight after continued failed French offensives (only tough military justice like executions for mutiny leaders and promise for no offensives allowed French to restore order), Rus soldiers deserted and provided fuel for Rus Rev, after Battle of Corpetto Italy army collapsed , Brit army had bled dry with only promise of Amer troops uplifting spirits.

Wittgenstein

(logical positivism) theology + religion are pointless, can't be proved; he focuses on precision in language, big issues, like freedom, God, etc. = senseless to figure out bc no reason to them -- only opinion.

Indirect Control

(protectorate + sphere of influence). Characteristics = local officials were used, limited self rule, goal to develop future leaders, govt's based on European styles, but may have local rulers Ex: British colonies like Nigeria, India, Burma, US Colonies on Pacific Islands.

Tsar Alexander I

(r. 1801-1825) Russian leader who, with his liberal advisor Speransky, made modest liberal reforms but became religious conservative after Napoleonic Wars. Governs Poland--give them a constitution, which angers Russian liberal officers, some aristocracy. Unexpectedly dies in 1825, his brother Tsar Nicholas I will take his place.

Second Boer War

(south african war) between Britain and the Boers between 1899 and 1902. The Boers wanted complete independence from Britain, who wanted to expand to control the gold and diamond industries in Transvaal. Boers had original success, but after Brit reinforcements Boers were crushed, so ended with British victory.

natives acts of defiance against colonial rule

(these were small + hidden): acted dumb when colonists demanded extra crops + tasks, peasants would drag their feet when asked for more labor, stealing of crops for their own use. a real challenge to western culture.

women in WW1

(total war) & new employment opportunities driven from so many men being away out war, brought women into labor force - "male" jobs, like skilled munition industrial work, bank telling, police, mail carriers, and nurses + auxiliaries at the front. Yet women employment + increased rights is only temporary bc men return and want their jobs back.

Effects of Congress of Vienna

*would influence world politics for next 100 years* Balance of Power: diminishing size/pwr of France, and increasing size/pwr of GB/Prussia Nationalism, though CoV tried to suppress, would eventually become force for revolutions.

Reactionary

Extreme conservatism of those who wanted to unwind the clock of history. Far right wing. Often support military virtues, chauvinism, religious uniformity, authoritarian and suppressive policies.

Boulanger Crisis

Failed right-wing coup d'etat against the Third Republic. General Boulanger, a popular French military officer, rallied all of those discontented with the Third Republic; however, just when the time to strike was right, he lost his nerve and fled France in 1889. Significance: People ended up rallying to defend the Third Republic even though nobody really liked it. "It may be a crappy government, but it's OUR crappy government. "

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy (1922-1943). He led Italy to conquer Ethiopia (1935), joined Germany in the Axis pact (1936), and allied Italy with Germany in World War II. He was overthrown in 1943 when the Allies invaded Italy.

Louis XVI

- King of France (1774-1792) during French Revolution. In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.

Tiger economies

Fast-growing economies of Southeast Asia, including Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan that challenged Western economic success.

Kemal Ataturk

Father of the Turks, saved Turkey from being carved up Post WWI, helped to modernize through industrialization, President of Repub of Turkey 1923 -- mild authoritarian?

why Red army win Russian Civil War?

- better developed army (Trotsky's leadership) - foreign military support for white army actually helped RED army because Bolsheviks could appeal to ethnic nationalists who despised foreigners - strategically placed themselves in central location while Whites attacked through fringes uncoordinated -War Communism -"Red Terror"

French 1848 Revolution

Feb. 1848 liberals and urban working classes force Louis Philippe to abdicate bc of his unpopularity + economic crisis. Second republic established, establishing liberal decrees that initiate universal male suffrage, abolition of death penalty, freedom of slaves, limited workdays. The provisional government also passes some reforms to satisfy workers and radicals (Louis Blanc)--namely, the National Workshops. April 1848 National Assembly is elected--dominated by moderates and conservatives. Assembly gets rid of the national workshop plan, which causes workers to go on the rampage in June. (Bloody June Days) This is shut down by government forces, who want a more stable regime in favor of liberals. Louis Napoleon is elected who will try to centralize power like his ancestor. The revolution has been defeated.

Reichstag Fire

February, 1933; the Reichstag was set on Fire by a secret order of Joesef Goebbels; called a communist plot; Hitler convinced president Hindenburg to suspend all civil rights for Communists, socialists, liberals, and trade unionists.

Trench Warfare

Fighting with trenches, mines, and barbed wire. Horrible living conditions, great slaughter, no gains, stalemate, used in WWI, lack of understanding trench warfare meant armies made huge offensive moves that gained little territory and had a huge loss of life.

Ramsey MacDonald

First Labour Party prime minister of Great Britain. His version of socialism was not like Marx's. Wanted social reform instead of nationalization or seizure of industry.

Old Imperialism (PHASE 1)

First wave of Western overseas imperialism in 16-17th c, in the transatlantic areas: Americas, coastal Africa + Asia. Era of encounter, conquest, settlement, exploitation, SLAVERY. Characterized by establishing posts and forts and colonies on coastal regions using mercantilism but not penetrating inland to conquer entire regions or subjugate their populations; major colonizer nations: Spain, France, Eng, Portugal, but importance on charter companies ex: British East India Company, BASED ON TRADE,

Effects of the Sino-Japanese War

-China in danger of being partitioned - Chinese were driven out of Korea -*Marked destruction of Chinese army* -Foothold for Japan in Manchuria -*1895 treaty* gave Japan *Taiwan* and Pescadores Islands (*neighboring islands*) -*Start of Japanese colonial empire* -*Russia* and *Japan* emerge as *major enemies in Eastern Asia*

Effects of First Opium War

-China was *no match for British ships and weaponry*; lost -*Treaty of Nanjing (1842) * -*Hong Kong* went to Britain -Foreigners gained *extraterritorial rights* in China (foreigners not subject to Chinese law at Guangzhou and 4 other ports) -Opium trade *continued*

Effects of Opium War long term

-Chinese *resentment of foreigners* -Start of a *long period of weakening of the state* and *civil revolt* in China - would lead to fracturing of Chinese dynasty + royalty eventually

Emile Durkheim

-Father of sociology, pioneer of modern social research and established the field as separate and distinct from psychology and politics -Major proponent of functionalism -Argued that modern society was more complex than primitive societies because they were all similar, shared a common language. Even when people were dissimilar, they relied on each other to make society function.

Washington Summit 1987

-Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF) was created between US and USSR to eliminate nuclear and ground-launched ballistic missiles

Grand Empire impact

-Nap abolished feudalism and serfdom. -but put French interest first, meaning there were heavy taxes on the rest of Grand Empire -thus french rule sparked upheavals and reactive nationalism for individuals to their own countries (not ruled by French)

Causes of the Industrial Revolution

-The scientific revolution brought about climate for new mechanical inventions (steam engine) -The availability of investment capital and the rise of the middle class provided an economic base -Geographic and social conditions in England favored industrialization: ---The cotton textile industry was well established ---Britain was a colonial and maritime power and was able to easily ship products; rivers provided the necessary waterpower to run machinery ---England had abundant reserves of coal and iron -The necessary labor force was in place following the enclosure movement that forced thousands of people from rural land to cities -Investment capital supplied by a burgeoning middle class provided money (consumer revolution) to purchase equipment for the emergent factories -Intellectual climate (less censorship from church and state) -Political liberty from Glorious Revolution, so Brit Govt encouraged economic growth and free trade and economic liberalism. financed new road system too.

Cecil Rhodes main "accomplishments"

-buys up diamond mining operations in northern Province, will be a part of a syndicate to control the world's diamond supply -1890: Prime minister of Cape Colony -will try to take the Transvaal but will fail (in the Boer War) -ambition (fails) to create Cape to Cairo rail, secured/approved by Indigenous Africans, but blocked by Belgium + Germany

Napoleon's consolidation of power

-hiring from different political factions -centralizing decision-making -employing secret police -1801 Concordat: appeasing Catholics and insuring state supremacy -reforming French law through the Civil Code of 1804 (Napoleonic Code)--which protected property owners, and set things back for women -gaining popular support through plebiscites

reasons nations used imperialism

1. great power status: gain or re-gain (France after Franco Prussian War, Russia after Crimea) 2. Eastern Question (Ottoman Empire)—power vacuum-competition over lost provinces 3. Strategic concerns—deeper involvement (take, and then administer) take it, AND then you have to govern it. 4. behavior: brings in involvement as colonials—missionaries, administrators, businesses, soldiers—act without prior authorization: then govts. Have to respond

Bolsheviks able to come to power for three reasons!

1. late 1917 democracy gave way to anarchy -- anyone could easily take power 2. determined + superior leadership of Lenin and Trotsky that provisional + Tsarist governments lacked 3. appeal to ordinary Russians

Three ideals of Lenin's Marxism

1. only violent uprising can destroy capitalism, peaceful evolution to socialism is impossible + betrayal to Marx 2. Communist Rev possible in agrarian Russia --> peasants = Marx's working class 3. revolution is determined by human leadership NOT law basically called for a highly disciplined worker party controlled by small elite of intellectuals + leaders

Lenin's first moves as leader

1. peace: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 2. land: nationalizes all land in Rus 3. bread: actually has stop peasants from hoarding bread

Savonarola

1452-1498 Franciscan friar in Florence who controlled power in Florence in 1494 at a time of Medici weakness and used strict, puritanical rule. Overthrown in 1498 and burned at stake. Medici returned to power but great age of Florence had passed.

Copernicus

1473-1543. Polish astronomer who was the first to formulate a scientifically based heliocentric theory w Earth from the center of the universe, though still believed in crystal spheres and Divine circular motion. Theory is considered the epiphany that began the Scientific Revolution.

Scientific Revolution—Enlightenment Connection

1500-1700: European scientists using reason to discover laws of nature -Very successful: Planetary movements, chemistry, vaccine for smallpox, etc. •Early 1700's: If people used reason to find laws that governed the physical world, why not use reason to discover natural laws? -Laws that govern human nature -Reformers begin studying human nature and societal problems

Industrial Revolution ---> top-down world

1750: Euro standard of living abt = to rest of the world, but industrialization opened gaps in avg. wealth + wellbeing creating globally rich north vs. poor south, income for colonized world paused abt 1913 (high point of imperialization) and only had real progress after 1945.

France's financial crisis

1789, France = bankrupt and could no longer pay military debts, though still paying off debts of L14 wars. Nobility, clergy, Parlements, church, and some of bourgeoisie = untaxed, while peasant taxes increased.

Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle

1818 Congress in which the European powers agreed to withdraw their armies occupying France. Alexander I tried to convince the other powers to form an international military coalition to suppress Revolution, but Castlereagh refused British participation.

Karl Marx

1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.

Congress of Troppau

1820 Metternich was horrified because of the revolution rising once again. Calling a conference at Troppau in Austria under the provisions of the Quadruple Alliance Metternich and Alexander I proclaimed the principle of active intervention to maintain all autocratic regimes whenever they were threatened.

Austrian Empire Pre 1848

1820-1848: Conservative regimes implemented by Metternich, with such acts like issuing the Carlsbad decrees to suppress student liberal and nationalist activism in 1819 and opposition of nationalist revolts, including Greek revolution of 1821. Austria will also help to put down the revolt in the Italian states in 1820.

Expanding GB's suffrage (through acts)

1829 Catholic Emancipation 1832 Middle Class Vote 1867--Second Reform Bill--Disraeli, Conservatives--expanded vote to urban workers 1872 Ballot Act--secret ballot 1884 Reform Act--further expand vote to rural workers and miners

Belgium Revolution of 1830

1830-1831; takes place in Belgium; Belgium wins independence from the Dutch and established constitutional monarchy

English Reform Bills

1832: gave wealthy mid-class voting rights 1867: gave all mid-class males + best paid workers right to vote (exhibited that all voters, even the "low" ones, could vote responsibly --> modern parties & campaigns) 1884: have all men right to vote

Anti-Corn Law League

1838 formed. Was a Whig-liberal-radical combo of interests. Wage earners objected to Corn Laws because food prices were high. Industrialists objected because it caused wage inflation. League organized like a political party. The famine in Ireland provided the final push. Ireland needed to import grain since potato harvest had failed and ppl were starving. Finally, the Tories under Sir Robert Peel repealed the Corn Laws.

Mines Act

1842, limits child labor in mines, especially for women

Alex II reforms

1861: Abolishes serfdom, with new rights (-marriage, court, etc., but no land redistribution so now free peasants neck deep in debt for 49 year plans (it will take another war for another reform--namely govt. cancellation of debts), 1864: new judicial/legal system with courts + equality before the law (but censorship still prevailed), zemstvos established (but no entire Russian Parliament by 1874: Military reforms 15 to 6 years of active duty, age limit at 20 years old

British takeover of Egypt

1869, Suez Canal influenced Britain's interest in Egypt. 1882, Egyptian government appeared unstable; British occupied Egypt to protect British interests in Suez Canal; later established partial control as protectorate to ensure British access to canal.

Carl Jung

1875-1961; Field: neo-Freudian, analytic psychology, challenged Feud ---> ideas too narrow; Contributions: people had conscious and unconscious awareness; archetypes; collective unconscious; libido is all types of energy, not just sexual; Studies: dream studies/interpretation

Anti-Socialist Laws

1878-1890 (outlaw of German Social Democratic Party, how Bismarck could win Cath. Cen. Party favor back) no socialist/communist meetings, censorship, no fundraising for candidates. Still elected to Reichstag as independents and the movement only went underground, still had influence. Bismarck used assassination attempts on the emperor to enact these policies.

Dreyfus Affair

1894: Jewish captain falsely charged for supplying French secrets to the Germans. Catholic church and army and conservatives pushed for Dreyfus' prosecution. On other hand civil libertarians and radical repubs sided with Dreyfus. Exhibited France's Antisemitism and polarized country. Eventually Dreyfus found innocent.

Jameson Raid

1895, British raid into Transvaal led by Dr. Jameson, supported by Cecil Rhodes. Defeated by Afrikaners.

Kruger Telegram

1896, William II sent Kruger of the Transvaal a congratulatory telegram upon hearing of the failure of the Jamison Raid. Alerted Britain of the dangers from Germany.

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops, and Chinese punishment ensued.

Tory

18th and early 19th century British political party, opposed to the Whigs. Although the _____ comprised various factions, the party was opposed to Parliamentary reforms.

Transition Imperialism (PHASE 2)

18th to early 19th: Great power shake up — France loses N. America; British lose colonies and yet the British move into India 1803: Napoleon sells Louisiana Purchase Latin American Revolutions: Spain impacted Decline of slavery More Protestant-influenced and driven

penalty for Boxer Rebellion

1901 - debt + indemnity from Chinese, would lead to a troubled China with anti-foreigner + anti-government sentiment.

Hobson

1902, publishes the first significant study of imperialism (book = Imperialism) Argues that colonization of larger capitalist enterprises, imperial possessions only profited special interest groups, and that it diverted popular attention from domestic reform + widening gap between rich and poor. First to write about the human costs of imperialism, wake up call for the bad side of imperialism.

Cadets

1905-1940. Constitutional democrats active in Russian reform movements and the government under Kerensky. Had trouble keeping provisional government, experienced the Kornilov rev, also suppressed with help from the Soviets. Repressed after Bolshevik takeover.

A-H starts cracking

1916 - socialist rebel kills chief minister of A-H, by Nov Franz J is dead and national unit disappeared, conflicts among ethnic groups grow, army's exhuasted

Mussolini gains power

1917: begins organizes vets into party of Fascists (originally on left), but competes too much with Socs/Comms. Mussolini switches around and starts gaining support from Conservs (becoems enemy of socs. 1919: first true fascist meeting, nationalism, radicalism-opposed socialists Blackshirts. Blackshirts begin causing violence (pushing socs out of north Italy), creating chaos. 1922: in midst of chaos, Muss emerges as "savior", demanding resignation of government. Threatens to march on Rome, invited by King Victor Emmanuel III to become PM. Does the march for publicity (even tho offered PM beforehand), then accepts PM.

Russian Civil War

1918-1920: conflict in which the Red Army successfully defended the newly formed Bolshevik government against various Russian and interventionist anti-Bolshevik armies. Red vs. White Army.

Paris Peace Conference

1919, The great rulers and countries excluding Germany and Russia met in Versailles to negotiate the repercussions of the war, such leaders included Loyd George (Britain), Woodrow Wilson (America), Cleamancu (France) and Italy. The treaty of Versailles was made but not agreed to be signed and the conference proved unsuccessful.

Spain in GD

1923-- General Miguel Primo de Rivera coup--royally approved dictatorship with single commodity economy, so when Great Depression hits economy completely collapses, and with it the dictatorship. A republic is established in 1931 (monarch goes to exile), but still high levels of political instability. Politics: left Popular Front groups gains power in Great Depression, so right wing-nationalist-monarchist-military groups declare opposition (civil war...)

Asian Exclusion Act

1924, act that limited the number of asians that could immigrate to the US annually.

Hitler gains power

1924-1929, Hitler + Nazis parties try to gain support through democratic framework. Get middle class support—deemphasizes anti-capitalism, stresses anti-bolshevism , tones down anti-semitism. Hitler's ideals of national rebirth appealed more and more. Final tipping point was the Great Depression, where the Nazi party gained lots of popularity + big numbers in Reichstag. By 1930s, Nazi opposition is divided (SDs vs Comms) and chancellors (Bruning) are doing awful job of regulating GD ---> so Prez Hindenburg appoints Hitler chancellor in 1933. There are national elections afterward to maintain appearances but when Nazis only got 44%, so Hitler pushed Enabling Act which gave him nearly complete power.

Nuremberg Laws

1935 laws defining Jews (anyone with 3+ Jew grandparents, cannot change Jew blood ), Placed severe restrictions of Jews, prohibited from marrying non- Jews, attending schools or universities, holding government jobs, practicing law or medicine or publishing books.

Nuremberg Laws

1935 laws defining the status of Jews and withdrawing citizenship from persons of non-German blood.

Rearmament of Germany

1935, Hitler declared Germany would start military draft and ignore T of V -- fait accompli

Italo-Ethiopian War

1935-36, a war in which Italy conquered Ethiopia and annexed it to its colonial empire -- Muss imperialism + fascism

Occupation of the Rhineland

1936: Hitler sends troops into Rhineland Forbidden by Treaty of Versailles and Locarno agreement, despite that France/Britain do not act (avoid conflict + appeasing)

Second Sino-Japanese War

1937 a. China was in a civil war, but Japan needed more natural resources and materials for industrialization , so Japan invaded and took control of Shanghai and Nanjing, 300,000 Chinese civilians were killed

Munich Conference

1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further, Chamberlain voiced it as a "success"

Grand Alliance

1941 -- pact made to form the alliance between the United Kingdom, United States, and the Soviet Union against Nazi Germany during World War II-- a chance > choice decision. GB + USA = despised Sov communism-- mutual distrust, but decided on "Europe First" policy -- liberate Euro first b4 tackling Japan--, concentrate on immediate needs -- postpone questions about peace until after unconditional surrender of Jap + Ger -- policy denied Hitler from dividing alliance

Atlantic Charter

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII amd to work for peace after the war

Atlantic Charter

1941-Pledge signed by US president FDR and British prime minister Winston Churchill not to acquire new territory as a result of WWII and to work for peace after the war

Yalta Conference

1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin - who held advantage during conference (Amer + Brits had yet cross Rhine line into Germany). Once Ger defeated Stalin would declare war on Japan, Stalin allows for SELF DETERMINATION and FREEDOM to liberated East Euro countries but would be broken immediately by Stalin

Harry Truman

33rd President of the United States. Led the U.S. to victory in WWII making the ultimate decision to use atomic weapons for the first time. Shaped U.S. foreign policy regarding the Soviet Union after the war.

Creation of the National Assembly

3rd estate refusal to vote by order, and forms National Assembly.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement set up by Pope between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. many Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Gioberti

A Catholic priest who thought Italy should be a federation of existing states under a progressive pope, ideas would influence/inspire Italy's ultimate unification.

Andre Rigaud

A Haitian general who was part of the freed color elite. He did not advocate slave's rights. He fought against L'Ouverture, the leader of the other half of Saint-Dominique, and was conquered. After this, L'Ouverture led all of Saint-Dominique.

Louis Blanc

A Paris journalist, editor of Revue de Progress and author of Organization of Work. Proposed social workshops/state supported manufacturing centers as a way to deal with the problems of industrialization(recognized the developing hostility toward the owning class/bourgeoisie). (gradual reform)

Lech Walesa

A Polish politician, a former trade union and human rights activist, and also a former electrician. He co-founded Solidarity, the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland from 1990 to 1995.

Falange

A Spanish Fascist party that supported Francisco Franco during the Spanish civil war, and eventually Franco claims it as the one-party state during his dictatorship.

Karl Barth

A Swiss Protestant theologian who described that humans were imperfect and flawed creatures so have to accept Gods words with trust + obedience.

Zwingli

A Swiss religious and social reformer who led the Swiss reformation, believed in same things as Luther.

Containment

A U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances

Socialism

A backlash against the emergence of individualism and the fragmentation of industrial society, and a move toward cooperation and a sense of community; the key ideas were economic planning, greater social equality, and state regulation of property ( social safety net!!)

People's Budget

A bill proposed after the Liberal Party came to power in Britain in 1906, it was designed to increase spending on social welfare services, but was initially vetoed in the House of Lords. When it eventually passed it increased taxes on the Rich, and so the state could then pay for health insurance, unemployment benefits, old age pension etc.

Young Turks

A coalition starting in the late 1870s of various groups favoring modernist liberal reform of the Ottoman Empire. It was against monarchy of Ottoman Sultan and instead favored a constitution. In 1908 they succeed in establishing a new constitutional era.

Student Revolts

A common reaction to Vietnam war and other issues in the 1960s -- started in USA + west Euro -- organization of massive antiwar protests (wanted colonial independence, world peace, liberation). Revolts in Berlin, London, Warsaw, Prague, but most prominent in Paris.

ideology

A comprehensive system of ideas to propose a way of organizing society. Includes a body of doctrine, beliefs, and theories that guide an individual or social movement, to political goals. Point to a problem and give a solution. Mass oriented + secular. Ideologies = modern product of French Rev (according to Lynn Hunt)

Peninsular War

A conflict, lasting from 1808 to 1813, in which Spanish Rebels with guerrilla tactics, with the aid of British forces, fought to drive Napoleons French troops out of Spain.

Edmund Burke

A conservative leader who was deeply troubled by the aroused spirit of reform. In 1790, he published Reforms on The Revolution in France, one of the greatest intellectual defenses of European conservatism. He defended inherited privileges in general and those of the English monarchy and aristocracy. Glorified unrepresentative Parliament and predicted reform would lead to much chaos/tyranny. Father of Modern Conservatism.

Spain....

A country monarchy in search of stability 64 years (1812 to 1876), 5 constitutions were proclaimed Rising liberalism, monarchical desire to maintain power + role of intrusive military=political instability 2nd 1/2 of 19th century: worker discontent, the establishment of unions, anarchism, political assassinations, and strong nationalist sentiments in Catalonia and the Basque Provinces. Over time: loss of all its overseas possessions, except Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines; in 1898 these too were lost following Spain's humiliating defeat by the United States.

Greater Germany

A liberal plan for German national unification that included the German-speaking parts of the Austrian Empire, put forth at the national parliament in 1848 but rejected by Austrian rulers.

Western Front

A line of trenches and fortifications in World War I that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the North Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany, on the one hand, and France and Britain, on the other.

steam engine

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery. Would transform the world in manufacturing and industry.

Jacquerie

A massive uprising by French peasants in 1358 protesting heavy taxation

Wannsee Conference

A meeting in which the "Final Solution" and use of concentration camps were decided in 1942, Heinrich was the chief executor of the "Final Solution". Held in Wannsee, Berlin.

Second Vatican Council

A meeting of Catholic leaders convened from 1962 to 1965 that initiated a number of reforms, including the replacement of Latin with local languages in church services, designed to democratize the church and renew its appeal.

Holocaust

A methodical and extreme racial persecution in mass morder orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

Tensions of French Third Repub

A mostly Bourgeois-flavoured republic that had a chamber of Deputies with weak president. Repub was able to expand secular education and reforms, like legalizing trade unions. Despite challenges from conservatives: monarchists, some Catholics, military. Neither particularly stable or unstable. Went through the Boulanger Crisis and Dreyfus Affair 1894. Key tension in the 3rd Republic in this way: one one hand you have Reformists--heirs of the French Rev. ideals, and on the other hand you have Conservatives or Traditionalists. Over time, centrist coalitions will develop, and as well, more radical groups will make claims on government.

Indian National Congress (INC)

A movement and political party by Indian elite founded in 1885 adopting Western liberal ideas in hopes for India's own independence

Zionism

A movement to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine

Commodore Matthew Perry

A navy commander who, on July 8, 1853, became the first foreigner to break through the barriers that had kept Japan isolated from the rest of the world for 250 years.

Logical Positivism

A philosophy that sees meaning in only those beliefs that can be empirically proven, and that therefore rejects most of the concerns of traditional philosophy, from the existence of God to the meaning of happiness, as nonsense --

invisible hand

A phrase coined by Adam Smith to describe the process that turns self-directed gain into social and economic benefits for all

Republic of Letters

A phrase describing the phenomenon of increased correspondence in the form of letters exchanged between the influential philosophers and other thinkers during the Age of Enlightenment.

Dawes Plan

A plan to revive the German economy. Reparations are dependent on Ger econ output , the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S. This circular flow of money was a success, despite riskiness. In this way isolationist USA forced into Euro Econ ... (hint, what will happen when USA econ crashes)

Tennis Court Oath

A pledge made by the members of France's National Assembly on June 20 1789, in which they vowed to continue meeting until they had drawn up a new constitution.

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically, one preceding cause of World War II.

appeasement

A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.

isolationism

A policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations -- USA's reaction to ww1 Peace Treaties

Giuseppe Mazzini

A political nationalist in Italy in the mid 1800's. He started a group called Young Italy that promoted independence from Austrian and Spanish rule and the establishment of an Italian national state. By the mid nineteenth century, Young Italy had inspired the development of nationalist movements in other countries besides Italy, such as Ireland, Switzerland and Hungary.

Conservatism

A political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes.

Kronstadt Revolt

A revolt by sailors at a naval base near Petrograd in March, 1921. This base (although non necessarily these sailors) had a history of support for the Bolsheviks, but the sailors were appalled by the results of War Communism. They demanded freedom of speech, assembly and the press for all workers and peasants,free trade unions, the release of all socialist political prisoners, and elections in which the people could choose among all the socialist parties. This was ruthlessly suppressed by Trotsky. 20,000 were either killed of wounded and the survivors were either executed or sent to labour camps. However, this opposition by former supporters helped to convince Lenin that he had to introduce the NEP.

May Events

A series of New Left uprisings started by students rioting against Universities. Violent police clashes. May 10 -- street battles ensued. Could have been just like other protests occurring at time against Viet + capitalism, but triggered national revolt. May 18 - 10 mil uni workers went on strike, factories occupied by workers, Fifth Republic was on the verge of collapse but it did not, de Gaulle was like AHHHHH, but in end goals of radical students were not the same as the goals of workers, when Fr promised to reforms + pay raises, strikers returned to work. De Gaulle reran elections -- conservs won, majority no like revolts. Universities est. edu reforms, protest gone. Highest point of counterculture.

German Spring Offensive

A series of attacks beginning on March 21, 1918, in which Germany made its final major advance on the western front as a last ditch attempt at victory before the overwhelming human and material resources of the United States could be deployed, but eventually American troops did come to the rescue, and Germany lost. The effort was fueled by the nearly 50 divisions freed by the Russian surrender under the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

Declaration of Pillnitz

A statement agreed upon by Leopold II and Fredrick William II to intervene in French revolution if other countries were to invade as well....but highly unlikely (August 1791)

Neoliberalism

A strategy for economic development that calls for free markets, balanced budgets, privatization, free trade, and minimal government intervention in the economy -- emerged in 1970s + 1980s

putting-out system

A system developed in the eighteenth century in which merchant capitalists "put out" raw materials to cottage workers. Tasks to manufacture the raw materials were distributed to individuals who completed the work in their own homes; also known as cottage industry, way to get around urban guilds.

millet system

A system used by the Ottomans whereby subjects were divided into religious communities, with each millet (nation) enjoying autonomous self-government under its religious leaders, though all millets were under absolute law from Sultan.

Orientalism

A term coined by literary scholar Edward Said to describe the way Westerners misunderstood and described colonial subjects and cultures, often used used more broadly as Western view of non-Western globe.

developed socialism

A term used by Communist leaders to describe the socialist accomplishments of their societies, such as nationalized industry, collective agriculture, and extensive social welfare programs.

Great Famine

A terrible famine in 1315-1322 that hit much of Europe after a period of climate change.

Treaty of Neuilly 1919

A treaty to punish Bulgaria signed in November 1919. Its land was given to Bulgaria, Greece, Yugoslavia and Romania. Limit its armed forces to 20,000 men only. Pay 100 million in reparations

inductive reasoning

A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.

Ismail Ali

A westernizing autocrat who was educated in France and the prince of Egypt after his father. Supported the completion of the Suez canal, the industrialization and modernization of Egypt, and more. However, his endeavors were very expensive and he owed a lot of money to Britain and France.

Enlightened Economy

Adam Smith: Free market should be allowed to regulate business activity -Manufacturing, trade, wages, profits and economic growth are all linked to the market forces of supply and demand -Where there is demand, suppliers will seek to meet it because there are profits and economic rewards to be had -Smith supported laissez faire, but also believed that a government had a duty to protect society, administer justice, and provide public works. •His ideas lead to very productive economies during the Industrial Revolution (1800's and 1900's)

Prussian Revolution of 1848

After calls for liberal reform by both middle class and working class (which erupted across German Confederation), Frederick William IV (F4) gave in and made a couple of reforms (Prussian Constituent Assembly allowed + two house legislature). Frankfurt Assembly emerges during this time— German liberals who wanted one united German state, but no working class support (so weakens goals). But split between Germans who want Big Germany (with Austria) vs. Little Germany (w/o Austria). Assembly elects F4 as Germany's emperor but F4 refuses. Liberal reforms started rolling back, and conservative counter-revolutionaries rose, while Assembly was also disbanded by troops. F4 now reactionary, tries to get other German monarchs to name him emperor, when this happens Austria + Russia force Prussia to denounce unification, and German Confederation re-established.

Invasion of Italy

Allied soldiers of America/Britain invaded Italy, which resulted in the capture of Sicily in August 1943. Therefore Mussolini was cut off from most of Italy's power, which resulted in a Coup to overthrow him + the new government. In response Nazis seized control of North + Central Italy, rescued Muss, put him in charge of puppet gov. Allies battled their way back up Italy, and faced resistance, but eventually Italy surrendered.

Neocolonialism

Also called economic imperialism, this is the domination of newly independent countries by foreign business interests that causes colonial-style economies to continue, which often caused monoculture (a country only producing one main export like sugar, oil, etc).

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism, successful in spreading Catholicism to new colonies..

Open Door Policy

American statement that the government did not want colonies in China, but favored free trade there

Kitchener

An English general that conquered Sudan in 1898. He secured the English control of the Suez Canal and most of the Red Sea.

Test Act

An act forbidding anyone except members of the Church of England from holding political office or entering the professions

Defense of the Realm Act

An act passed during WWI in Great Britain that allowed the government and police to censor the press and arrest dissenters as traitors, creation of Royal Defense Corps of Soldiers, minimized "play" time at pubs, Womens Land Army

Sykes-Picot Agreement

An agreement between the british and the french. France gets Syria and Lebanon, and Britain gets Iraq, Palestine, and Transjordan.

Munich Agreement (1938)

An agreement permitting the Nazi German annexation of Czechoslovakia's Sudetenland; it is widely regarded as a failed act of appeasement toward Nazi Germany.

Sphere of Influence

An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges. Ex: Liberia was under the sphere of influence of USA

Jean Baptiste Colbert

An economic advisor to Louis XIV; he supported mercantilism and tried to make France economically self-sufficient. Brought prosperity to France.

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

An economic organization consisting primarily of Arab nations that controlled the price of oil and the amount of oil its members produce and sell to other nations.

Bretton Woods

An international conference in New Hampshire in July 1944 that established the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF).

Spanish Inquisition

An organization of priests in Spain that looked for and punished anyone suspected of secretly practicing their old religion instead of Roman Catholicism.

National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies

An organization, headed by Millicent Garrett Fawcett, that campaigned vigorously for women's voting rights in Britain during the period 1905-1914 (REFORM ORGANIZATION)

Friedrich Engels

Another German communist who aided Marx in writing The Communist Manifesto; German social scientist, author, political theorist, philosopher, and father of communist theory, alongside Karl Marx.

Gamal Abdel Nasser

Arab leader, set out to modernize Egypt and end western domination, nationalized the Suez canal, led two wars against the Zionist state, remained a symbol of independence and pride, returned to socialism, nationalized banks and businesses, limited economic policies

French Indochina

Area of southeast Asia controlled by France during Imperialism. Includes Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam.

Albert Speer

As Hitler's favorite architect, Speer was in charge of building cities and structures for Hitler and designing new cities envisioned after victory in WWII -- took over Ger War Industry at end of WW2 and used laborers + prisoners to step up output despite clear loss already in play

Keynes economic concerns

As part of the British delegation to the Versailles Peace Conference, economist John Maynard Keynes had detailed knowledge of the debates about reparations. He believed the demands on defeated Germany were too harsh and so he resigned his government position and wrote book explaining his reasons.

Storming of the Tuileries

August of 1792. Working class of Paris (SANS-CULOTTES) with support from provincial troops stormed the Tuilieries Palace (upset about lack of reform) , massacred the guards and imprisoned the king and queen. Showed how power of people would also force radicalization, and put pressure on gov't to commit to more change.

Annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Austria annexed these two Balkan areas with large Slavic populations; Serbia was infuriated because it had intended to take over those provinces; Russians offered to back Serbia in war against Austria but, not being ready for war, had to back down after being pushed by the German-Austrian Alliance

Congress of Verona

Austria, Prussia, Russia, and France vowed to put down a revolutionary uprising in Spain and threatened to help Spain reconquer its New World colonies, while Brits withdrew from quintuple alliance

Metternich

Austrian foreign minister who used conservative ideals to dominate CoV. Had a pessimistic view of humans (reinforced by chaos/failure of French Rev) and believed authoritarian gov't was only way to protect society. Also believed organized religion was vital against radicalism + strong pillar of gov't.

Rus Rev causes

Autocracy, orthodoxy; Political violence, oppression; Rapid industrialization; Failed reform, esp after 1905; Social class divisions; Ethnic divisions

Balkan Powderkeg

Balkans called powderkeg of Europe Balkans states, since many events (Pig War, Balkan Wars, Balkan Nationalism, Ottos step back, A-H pushing Rus back from the scene) would sooner or later explode into major European WAR. There were overlapping claims of territory. Ottoman Peninsula was the location for storing weapons

Africa imperialism ESSENTIAL DETAILS

Berlin Conference (cut Africa up like a magnificent cake), Scramble for Africa (European nations rushed to grab African land), White man's Burden (Africans were inferior so they needed "help"), African tribal boundaries were ignored.

Bismarck alliance system crumbles

Bismarck is the master of alliances, but they unravel when young Kaiser Will 2 pushes him out and embarks on a more reckless foreign policy... involving imperialism and arms race. Prowess and German show-off strength > logical and clever policy.

Special Indemnity Bill

Bismarck's olive branch to Prussian liberal middle class by asking them to approve all government spending from 1862-1866, liberals did cooperate (saw unification on horizon) and exhibited mid class monarchial acceptance.

Bloody Sunday 1972

Bloody Sunday, demonstration in Londonderry, Northern Ireland, on Sunday, January 30, 1972, by Roman Catholic civil rights supporters that turned violent when British paratroopers opened fire, killing 13 and injuring 14 others. Bloody Sunday precipitated an upsurge in support for the Irish Republican Army (IRA), which advocated violence against the United Kingdom to force it to withdraw from Northern Ireland. The incident remained a source of controversy for decades, with competing accounts of the events.

First Boer War (1880-1881)

Boers revolted against British annexation of Transvaal in 1877. Both Boers and British competing for power. Nationalism empowers them. Boers want independence from Brits, use guerrilla tactics to do so. Ended with uneasy peace, and Boer win, stability until gold is found in Transvaal.

israel

Br. gov- supports Jewish homeland along side Arab population, Br. leave Palestine in 1947, the UN divides territory--Israel founded in 1948 (note--USA and USSR supported the plan), Many Holocaust survivors had come to Israel--a safe homeland, Palestinian groups and Arab nations reject UN plan for a Jewish state, several Arab nations invade Israel and are defeated (May '48- Mar '49), This is understood as the war of independence by Israelis, and a-"the"- catastrophe by Palestinians, Several hundred thousand Palestinians will leave, and more Jewish refugees and migrants will move to Israel, Israel gains territory, but its sovereignty will be challenged at several points in the 20th century

Ger starts cracking

Brit navy blockades meant little food, 750k Gers died of starvation, rationing of literally everything undermined morale, growing # of socialists in Reichstag gave voice to pop. discontent, but peace/compromise = unthinkable to Fatherland Party, but growing unrest: demonstrations and strikes, while radicals form Independent Democratic Party... eventually Ger Communist Party in Apr. 1917

David Lloyd George

Britain's prime minister during end of World War -- established better home front with complete economic + social control of government, better than previous prime minister who wanted limited gov't control during war.

Brits demand unrestricted trade

British Guangzhou merchants demanded free unrestricted trade and a Chinese British colony to have "safe" liberties in Chinese trade. 1836

Turning Point: India

British centralize India forming the Raj over the British East India Company after Sepoy Rebellion, establish protection of routes, creating Jewel in the Crown of the British Empire.

Combination Acts

British laws passed in 1799 that outlawed unions and strikes, favoring capitalist business people over skilled artisans. Bitterly resented and widely disregarded by many craft guilds, the acts were repealed by Parliament in 1824.

Second Battle of El Alamein

British offensive against the Afrika Korps launched on October 23, 1942; forced a German retreat on November 1942 and broke Rommel's hold over North Africa

Jeremy Bentham

British philosopher and economist who advocated utilitarianism

fragile Euro econ system (b4 GD)

British pound=main currency even though British economy no longer the most powerful Reparations: forces Germany to borrow from the USA--the USA will restructure German debt through the Dawes and Young plans War debts: France, Belgium, Britain all owe to the USA POINT: What would happen if the American economy collapses?

First Opium War

Brits used troops from India to take over coastal cities and forced China to concede to British demands. Ends with Brit victory and Treaty of Nanjing 1842 (Chinese have to give Brits Hong Kong, pay $100 million, and open up four large cities to unlimited trade.

James II

Brother of Charles II, but Catholic, and though he granted religious freedom, attempted to enforce Catholicism across England (installment of Catholic Churches, appointed Catholics to high official positions) and had Catholic son that would likely continue his reign. Parliament strongly disliked this and enacted the Glorious Revolution to get rid of him.

African Fever

By 1882 Europe had caught this. There was a gold rush mentality, and the race for territory was on between places in Europe. Everybody wanted to conquer Africa.

Causes of collapse of Qing Dynasty

Causes of the collapse: - Corruption -Population growth leading to food shortages -Incompetence -Pressure from Western Countries -The Chinese thought that China was too infiltrated by Westerners

Christian Democrats

Center-right political parties that rose to power in western Europe after the Second World War. Advocated free market econ, prosperity, consumer goods, education, public transportation, health insurance, limited gov planning.

Anschluss

Chancellor Adolf Hitler's doctrine of German political union with Austria (bc they were technically "Germans"). Hitler forces Austrian chancellor to put Nazis in control of Austrian government March 1938. Effectively enabled Germany to annex and move into the country unopposed that nation in a day later peacefully with no intervention by Brits + Fr.

Konrad Adenauer

Chancellor of Germany in 1949; the former mayor of Cologne and a long-time anti-Nazi, who began his long highly successful democratic rule; West Germany had a majority of Christian Democrats; helped regain respect for Germany

Helmut Kohl

Chancellor of West Germany who took conservative lead after Brandt, cut taxes and government spending -- unemployment but also solid Econ growth. Also oversaw Berlin Wall takedown + Germany reunification.

Stresemann

Chancellor of the Weimar Republic from August-November 1923 and then Foreign Minister from 1923-29. He negotiated the end of the French and Belgian occupation of the Ruhr and the Hyperinflation crisis the Dawes Plan, the Locarno Treaty and the Young Plan. Oddly, his foreign policy was not very different from Hitler's although his methods were very different. He wanted to end reparations, protect German speakers outside Germany's borders and reclaim Posen, West Prussia and Danzig.

Ship Money

Charles makes a secret treaty with Philip of Spain to make war on the Dutch. This costs money, so Charles I goes AROUND Parliament and revives a policy called the Ship Tax, which placed a tax on port cities.

Liberal Acts

Charter under L18, Burchenschaft, Greek Independence, Mazzini's Young Italy, 2nd French Repub, Belgium Independence, 1848 Revolutions

Factory Act of 1833

Children 8 and younger could not work in factories. Employers had to have an age certificate for their child workers. Children between 9-13 years could work no more than 9 hours a day. Children between 13-18 years could work no more than 12 hours a day. Children could not work at night. Four factory inspectors were appointed to investigate thousands of factories throughout England and enforce the law ("1833 Factory Acts").

Iron Curtain

Churchill called the Soviet domination + division between West + East of E. Europe the "Iron Curtain." Stalin had held a series of unfair elections and coups to install communist puppets in most of the E. European nations.

Conservative Acts

CoV, Metternich & his policies, monarchs, balance of power, Carlsbad Decrees, Congress system, Troppau Protocols, Collective security, Quadruple Alliance, Censorship, Police States

New Left

College students liberal political movement 1960's (anti-war, anti-poverty and anti-racism), embraced New Marxism, and liberty, humanitarian socialism, challenged growing conformity around them, drew inspiration from America civil rights movement... but it was mostly a white middle class youth mvmt that disappeared quickly.

Ahmed Arabi

Colonel who formed Egyptian Nationalist Party in 1879 in response to Egypt being taken over by French and British creditors because Egypt couldn't pay interest on debts; forced Ismail to abdicated and appointed Tewfiq to rule

China- spheres of influence

Colonial powers had spheres of influence in China, areas in which they followed their own laws and ignored China's laws, the US did have a sphere, and wanted to trade in any other spheres.

Stalin's Agricultural Collectivization

Combining small farms into large, gov't run farm "factories" to increase agricultural production and eliminate private property (kulaks). Barely increased output at all -- a failure of the first Five Year Plan, but eventually collectivization works.

October Revolution

Commonly referred to as the Bolshevik Revolution; Bolshevik forces under the Military Revolutionary Committee began the takeover of government buildings on 24 October 1917; the Winter Palace was captured the next day; power passed to Bolsheviks + Lenin.

COMINFORM

Communist Information Bureau - established in 1947. extend comm influence across world -- maintain Russian control -- used USA prowess as excuse to counteract.

Alexander Dubcek

Communist Party Secretary of Czechoslovakia; loosens strict rules; permits criticism of government; despite assuring loyalty to USSR; gets kicked out

Jaruzelski

Communist leader of Poland who arrested Solidarity's leaders and continuously fought against Solidarity but was eventually overthrew by the Solidarity party.

Janissaries

Composed of Christian male slave conscripts from non-Muslim parts of the empire taught Islam and then used as soldiers in Sultan's army; after 1683 it became a volunteer force.

Fourth Coalition

Comprised of Prussia, Russia, Britain, Saxony, and Sweden, they fought against Napoleon from 1806-7. The war featured several major victories for the French, who conquered almost all of Prussia and Poland; the war ended with the Treaties of Tilsit.

Korean War

Conflict that began with North Korea's invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the United States) allying with South Korea and the People's Republic of China + Soviets allying with North Korea -- ended with fragile division of Korea - North v South.

James I

Conservative Anglican Son of Mary Stuart, who became first king of United Kingdom after Elizabeth I death. Believed in Absolutism, clear in The True Law of Free Monarchies, resists urged from both Puritans and Catholics, political turmoil with Parliament for spending/raising taxes.

Archduchess Sophia

Conservative Bavarian princess who married the brother of Ferdinand I. She became a rallying point for conservatives and acted quickly to crush revolutions within Austria and Prussia. With nobles, she forced Ferdinand to make her son, Francis Joseph, heir to the throne.

Tsar Nicholas I

Conservative Tsar from 1825-1855 who was dubbed "The Policeman of Europe" for his help in putting down liberal activities throughout Europe, especially thee Decembrist Revolt of 1825 in his own country.

Frank Lloyd Wright

Considered America's greatest architect. Pioneered the concept that a building should blend into and harmonize with its surroundings rather than following classical designs.

Third Coalition

Consisted of Britain (on a role from Trafalgar), Russia (felt threatened by Nap's claim to Italian throne), Austria (threat to balance of Euro power), Sweden, and Prussia, comprised in 1805.

Cato Street Conspiracy

Conspiracy of British Radicalism, plotting to assassinate the Tory cabinet. When the conspiracy was discovered in 1820, several conspirators were executed.

Dutch Republic

Constitutionalist, rejected monarchy to establish a Republic. State assembly handled foreign affairs and war, but all issues had to be approved by states first.

conversos

Converted Jews in Spain. They were one of the targets of the Inquisition, in 1492, the Jews were exiled and their properties were seized.

Effects of Corn Laws

Corn Laws come at time of massive unemployment and economic distress, leading to protests and riots

Stenka Razin

Cossack leader who led a major uprising urban poor/peasantry uprising against the nobility and Tsarist bureaucracy in southern Russia in 1670, but crushed in 1671.

Vendee Revolt

Counter-revolutionary rebellion in French town of Vendee which was inspired by anger towards restrictions on the church and the levee en masse.

Protectorate

Country with its own government but under the control of an outside power

protectorate

Country with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power. Ex: British protectorate over the Niger River delta

War Raw Materials Board

Created by Walter Rathenau. Rationed and distributed raw materials in Germany

Charter 77

Criticized government not holding up Helsinki Accords. It was an organization of intellectuals in Czechoslovakia. Sought to promote the human rights standards designated at Helsinki. It played a big role in the struggle for democracy and against dictatorship in 1989.

Rump Parliament

Cromwell and Puritans want to execute Charles I, but Moderates in Parliament disagree, so Oliver purges these naysayers, and his loyal leftovers are called the Rump Parliament. The leftovers (mostly of Independent Puritans), agree to execute Charles I, beheaded in 1649

Lord Protector

Cromwell disbanded parliament and took this title when Parliament moved to quit funding the New Model Army

Franz Kafka

Czech novelist who wrote in German about a nightmarish world of isolated and troubled individuals (1883-1924) (metamorphasis)

Homefront Britain

David Lloyd George →Munitions Act (factories = gov owned) + Defense of Realm Act (loss of free speech/choice) + conscription (forced sign-ups for war), rationing, propaganda, censorship, controlling all economic resources, all citizens efforts were towards the war, creation of Womens Land Army, Royal Defense Corps

Pearl Harbor Attack

Dec 7 1941; Japanese attack American naval base and airforces in Oahu; US declares war on japan, Italy and Germany declare war on US

Abysinnian Crisis

December 1934, Italian troops found dead at Ual-Ual. League reported, in May 1935, that neither side was at fault. Mussolini invaded 3 October 1935, and the League imposed partial sanctions on 17 Nov 1935. By May 1936, the invasion of Abyssinia had been completed. Would later be known as Ethiopia.

Battle of the Bulge

December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses - last attmept by Gers

Declaration of the Rights of Women

Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen (1791) de Gouges challenges the practice of male authority and the notion of male-female inequality. She lost her life to the guillotine due to her revolutionary ideas.

Western Front Trenches

Defensive becomes advantage: Ger armies + Allied armies stalled by building defensive trenches from Belgian coast to North France to protect from machine gun fire in Battle of the Marne. Miles and miles of trenches filled with ordinary soldiers.

Cartesian Dualism

Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter.

Cartesian dualism

Descartes's view that all of reality could ultimately be reduced to mind and matter.

Creoles

Descendents of European-born but born in New World; resented inferior social, political, economic status.

creoles

Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America, usually owned slaves and followed Euro lifestyle. resented inferior social, political, economic status.

Weimar Repub Hope?

Despite verge of collapse in Ruhr Crisis + 1923 communist mvmts + Hitlers Beer Hall Putsch , eventually liberal demo began to take root. Popular support, resurgence of currency, economic prosperity, gov't okay now? but sharp political divisions still remained, rise of Hitler's Nazi party on right wing, while Comms and SDs still fought for worker support.

Directory collapse

Directory = regime of self-interest for higher ups with peace > people. There was a failure to build loyalty with people because of repressive policies (laissez-faire was enacted too quickly, taking out all government economic support to the people).

Brezhnev Doctrine

Doctrine created by Leonid Brezhnev that held that the Soviet Union had the right to intervene in any East Bloc country when necessary to preserve Communist rule -- showed that reforming Soviet Comm society wasn't going to work -- must create separate Civil Society.

Mercantilism/Navigation Acts

Doctrine that Government should control all foreign trade and seek to maintain a favorable balance of trade to their own ends. This belief leads to colonization, where States could force colonies to pay them in raw resources that they could then sell back as finished products. Entire system is backed by gold and silver due to their value and relative rarity. The Acts were put in place to increase flow of gold and silver to Britain, control flow of commerce from the colonies, and develop their fleet, they required fleets be predominantly white/English and all trade be facilitated through England.

Petition of Right

Document prepared by Parliament and signed by King Charles I of England in 1628; challenged the idea of the divine right of kings and declared that even the monarch was subject to the laws of the land, but not followed when Parliament dismissed in 1629.

Magyars

Dominant linguistic and ethnic group in Hungary.

Instrument of Government

Drafted by Major-general John Lambert in 1653. It became the official constitution that was supposed to used by the Commonwealth during Oliver Cromwell's time as Lord Protector. Invested power both in Cromwell and the Council of State. However Cromwell ripped it into shreds once he got annoyed with Parliament.

Bill of Rights of 1689

Drawn up by Parliament and presented to King William II and Queen Mary, it listed certain rights of the British people ex: Parliament will hold frequent sessions, No taxes w/t Parliamentary consent, Parliament can only be dissolved by its own consent, law must require consent of Parliament A constitutional monarchy!

De-Christianization

During the Terror, The Catholic Church was linked to real or potential counter-revolutions. Religion was linked with the Ancient Regime, and Superstition, and so the Committee of Public Safety enacted measures to reduce its influence. IT included: New Calendar, abolishment of Religious holidays, new names for months, 7-day weeks replaced with 10 month calendar

Ferdinand and Isabella

During the late 15th century, they became King and Queen of a united Spain.Together, they made Spain a strong Christian nation (through Reconquista and Inquisition) and also provided funding to overseas exploration, notably Christopher Columbus.

Erasmus

Dutch Humanist who wished all should read the bible and that internal spirituality > external. Believed the problems in the Catholic Church could be fixed but did not support the idea of a Reformation. Wrote Praise of Folly

Rembrandt

Dutch painter, who painted portraits of wealthy middle-class merchants and used sharp contrasts of light and shadow to draw attention to his focus, used baroque aspects in his pieces but focused on emotional intensity over grandeur, painted the Nightwatch.

Bourbon Dynasty

Dynasty in France started by the reign of King Henry IV, powerful and EXTREMELY wealthy, rulers of this Dynasty wanted dominant power (included L14)

Waterloo (1815)

EPIC FAIL for Napoleon Duke of Wellington (Britain) won. Napoleon exiled to St. Helena in South Atlantic signaled the end of his reign Second treaty of Paris: changes of frontiers, indemnity of 700,000,000 francs, army of occupation

German Nationalism

Early 19th political movement that swept central Europe. It was all the rage in universities. German Nationalist wanted to see all Germanic people living in a single German state. Obviously this could be perceived as dangerous by both the Austrians and Prussians since nationalism could destroy their countries. It was a movement in which Germans became increasingly aware and proud of their "german-ness" All the best music, culture, philosophy, economic growth, was seen by them as coming from German culture. They considered themselves the wave of the future.

satellite states

Eastern European states under the control of the Soviet Union during the Cold War -- goes from promise of free elections (yalta) to one party satellite states -- dictatorships, complete Soviet control, five year plans, agricultural collectivization,

socialism

Economic ideology, opposed to Capitalism and Laissez Faire, that holds that key industry and the means of production should be centrally controlled by the government, so that workers will not be abused by bourgeoisie factory owners.

Keynesian economics

Economic theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.

Thomas Malthus

Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production.

Elbe River

Eisenhower held Allied troops at this location, allowing the Soviets to reach Berlin first at the close of the war in Europe.

Frederick the Wise

Elector of Saxony, protected Luther while he translated the Bible to vernacular, supported Reformation.

Prussian-Austrian Rivalry

Emerging significantly after 1848 after Austria's shutdown of FW4's empirical German Unification, heightened tensions between the two countries. Prussia had leading role in Zollverein, which gave them advantage, while weakening Austria.

Francis Joseph

Emperor of Austria following Ferdinand's abdication in 1848. Generally out of his time. Responsible for dual-monarchy.

Catherine the Great

Empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal of Westernization, initiated domestic reforms (no torture, religious tolerations improve edu, strengthen local gov't) and lead territorial expansion, especially in the Partition of Poland. But then after serf uprisings strengthened the power of landowners/boyars/nobility and increased serfdom

Peace of Utrecht

End Game: Treaty of Utrecht, 1713 The deal: Phillip gets Spain, but can't be king of France, France will keep territories along the Rhine Legacy: French finances are in ruins; The British benefit the most Brandenburg is now recognized as a kingdom Britain gets commercial power over the slave trade

Treaty of Westphalia

Ended Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right to individual rulers within the Holy Roman Empire to choose their own religion-either Protestant or Catholic, increased autonomy for HRE states

English Exception

England will in the long haul avoid revolution through reform, but in early 19thc repression of working class (Corn Laws). Overall reform fixes issues and working class acknowledged.

Locke

English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience, human development only determined by education/experience (tabula rasa) (1632-1704)

Thomas More

English humanist that wrote Utopia, a book about the idealistic society, but he was beheaded by Henry VIII for objecting to the Act of Supremacy.

Gladstone the Liberal's Parliament

English prime minister from 1868-1874, his lead known as "The Great Ministry" , goals: push forward mostly classical liberal reforms; Important political reforms accomplished; Compared to conservatives: more committed to laissez-faire, more committed to Irish Home Rule--which did NOT mean independence--much to the ire of Irish nationalists--but for more autonomy in domestic affairs, 1886 Bill for Home Rule is voted down, even after a 3 hour speech by Gladstone

Classical Liberals reaction

Enlightenment emphasis on liberty with minimal government intervention and emphasis on reason, self-interest, freedom of ideas, innovation; didn't create capitalism, but did embrace what they saw was happening Key names: Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, David Ricardo Smith: optimist, Invisible Hand of supply and demand, division of labor Malthus: saw it as inevitable, and more pessimistic--population outstrips food supply Ricardo: same as Malthus, but focused on wages: Iron Law of Wages (employers will pay workers the minimal)

Condorcet

Enlightenment writer who believed mankind was achieving progress and would achieve perfection (wrote Sketch of the Progress of the Human Mind), women/civil rights advocate, believed free/public edu, rationalism, liberal economy.

Richelieu and 30 Year war

Entered the war on the Protestant side because he wanted to control the power of the Habsburgs.

The Directory

Established after the Reign of Terror / National Convention; a five man group as the executive branch of the country; incompetent and corrupt, only lasted for 4 years Accomplishments: governed in favor of propertied, affluent Third Estate resolved Vendee rebellion by 1796 pursued laissez faire economics crush "Conspiracy of Equals" in 1796 Problems: repressive, ineffective, perceived as corrupt a regime of self-interest, not virtue failure to build loyalty because of repressive policies

Committee of Public Safety

Established and led by Robespierre (who basically had dictatorial control), fixed bread prices and nationalized some businesses. Lead the new idea that the revolution is now about eliminating enemies of the Revolution. Basically secret police and also controlled the war effort. Instigated the Reign of Terror.

Auxiliary Service Law

Established in December of 1916, this required all males to be between seventeen and sixty to work only at jobs considered critical to the war effort. Ger military leaders forced Reichstag to pass.

Pugachev Rebellion

Eugene Pugachev, a Cossack soldier, led a huge serf uprising-demanded end to serfdom, taxes and army service; landlords and officials murdered all over southwestern Russia; eventually captured and executed

hypocrisy critique of imperialism

Europe's own struggle and subsequent installation of representative gov't + civil liberties while their empires were military dictatorships forcing involuntary work by Asians + Africans

Afrikaners/Boers

South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910.

Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

silver inflation

Spanish would send the silver back to Spain annually. Used to pay foreign debts and pay the military. Monarchs had to spend more because of the religious wars, and to continue their cushy aristocratic lifestyles causing them to raise taxes. The demand for other supplies among those who had the silver increased drastically causing further growth in the European inflation.

Heisenberg

The "uncertainty principle"--nature itself is unmeasurable, unknowable, unpredictable

Atlantic Alliance

The Atlantic Alliance revitalized itself in the 1980s under the leadership of Ronald Reagan in the U.S., Margaret Thatcher in the UK, and Helmut Kohl in Germany. In 1980s, all three nations believed USSR remained a dangerous threat (e.g. Afghanistan) Atlantic Alliance gave indirect support to ongoing efforts to liberalize authoritarian communist states in eastern Europe.

ECSC

The European Coal and Steel Community was used as a common market by 6 member countries for steel and coal products by eliminating tarriffs and other trade barriers -- GB not part of it.

Operation Barbarossa

The codename of Hitler's plan to invade Russia

Joseph II of Austria

The most radical royal reformer; son and successor of Maria Theresa; introduced legal reforms & freedom of press; supported freedom of worship; abolished serfdom and ordered that peasants be paid for their labor with cash, but died suddenly and reforms abolished by brother.

United Provinces

The seven Protestant provinces united in 1579 that formed the basis of the republic of the Netherlands

Reading Revolution

The transition in Europe 18c from a society where literacy consisted of patriarchal and communal reading of religious texts to a society where literacy was commonplace and reading material was broad and diverse. Ushered new thinking/perspective

Fourteen Points

The war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for National Self-Determination, freedom of the seas, reduction of militaries, free trade + free seas, Alsace + Lorraine ---> France, independent Poland, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a League of Nations

Irish Famine

This event occurred from 1845-1852, and happened because of food shortage. Over a million people died in Ireland, and another million people emigrated to different countries because of this event.

Gandhi

This was a leader of the Indian independence movement in mid-20th century known for his nonviolent protests.

November Criminals

Those in the German government that signed the Armistice ending the war. They were known as criminals because the population believed that had been betrayed by them.

March 1945

USa cross the Rhine + Enter Germany

Spanish Armada

Undeclared war broke out between Spain and England them broke out in 1585 after, Queen Elizabeth turned England back to Protestantism, and also supported the Dutch Protestant Revolts. Philip formed an "invincible" Spanish Armada, though setbacks with Drake Pirate invasions. But English had their own fleet ready, and though they had fewer ships, through clever strategy and terrible winds of West England, they were able to defeat the Armada at the Battle of Gravelines. (1588)

USSR

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Created by Lenin in 1922, originally allowed self-determination of Ethnic groups, creating four Sov repubs (Russian Soviets, Ukraine, Belorussia + Transcaucasian Repub) later "unified" by Stalin

Austrian Empire

Very diverse state with many ethnic groups (Germans, Hungarians, Czechs, Poles, Slavic groups etc.) that used to be the heart of the HRE Strengths: vast territories with different perspective ----> military + economic power. Weaknesses: lack of political unity bc of ethnic diversity. So government's opposition of nationalism/liberalism spurred from need to keep country intact.

First Indochina War (1946-1954)

War between France and Vietnam, drove France out of Indochina thus dissolving French Indochina

Chicago School of Architecture

Was led by Louis H. Sullivan. It used cheap steel, reinforced concrete, and electric elevators to build skyscrapers and office buildings lacking of any exterior ornamentation. (935)

Madame de Geoffrin

Wednesday dinners in 1737--invited--Montesquieu, Voltaire, Diderot, d'Alembert, Lord Shelbourne, Horace Walpole, Grimm, and Bernardin de Saint-Pierre were among her circle. Madame Geoffrin also patronized the arts and began a second salon for artists on Mondays

Weimar pays reps

Weimar pays its first reparations in 1921, but w rapid inflation + political instability + arrogance -- inability to pay in 1922. Proposed moratorium on reps for 3 years, and though Brits willing, Fr says NOO ---> Ruhr Crisis

Willy Brandt

West German chancellor who came to pwr in 1969-1974-- took lead of West Ger détente. He signed a treaty of reconciliation with Poland, and he laid a wreath at the Polish tomb of the unknown soldier. He aimed at nothing less than a comprehensive peace settlement for central Europe and the two German states established after 1945. He negotiated treaties with the Soviet Union, Poland, and Czechoslovakia, advocated for improved relations w East - Ostpolitik

Wilson's Idealism

Wilson's strong philosophy to never give into evil, believed in self determination by ethnic groups, advocacy of spread of democracy and capitalism, anti-isolationism, anti-imperialism

1900s separate spheres

Wives and husbands--separate spheres, esp in middle classes!! domestic sphere: HOME=status symbol of motherhood and femininity =the , whereas men go out into the rough world of business and politics, the "public sphere" Working classes--tougher to separate the gender spheres--

Turkish society under Ataturk

Women get right to vote, abolished religious sharia courts, supported industrialization Banned some liberties and rights, like banning the fez (a traditional hat); Educational reform; at first encourages voting and democracy, but then is concerned about letting in too many voices; silences reactionary forces as well as fascists and communists--an authoritarian move to combat totalitarianism?; forced modernization (PTG vibes...); Later--after death is when his own cult of personality flourishes

Postwar Women

Women no longer strictly defined by motherhood--careers become important--children later on in life. Married women--faced discrimination + double burden

Second Wave Feminism

Women's rights movement that revived in the 1960s with a different agenda than earlier women's suffrage movements; second-wave feminists demanded equal rights for women in employment and education, women's right to control their own bodies, and the end of patriarchal domination.

chartists

Working class movement for political reform, goal was universal male suffrage. MANY petitions.

Chartist Movement

Working classes that demanded reform in the People's Charter of 1838 like universal male suffrage and rights of working class and secret ballots--made three petitions with People's Charter, but denied every time by Parliament at this time.

One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich

Written by Solzhenitsyn. portrays life in a Stalinist concentration camp

Burgfrieden

a German term (CIVIL PEACE) used for the political truce the Social Democratic Party of Germany and the other political parties agreed to during World War I. The trade unions refrained from striking, the SPD voted for war credits in the Reichstag and the parties agreed not to criticize the government and its war.

Guernica

a Spanish town that was brutally bombed and was full of innocent civilians it was supposed to encourage fear, Picasso painted a famous painting capturing Guernica

city-state

a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state making up a larger country

Irish Republican Army

a militant organization of Irish nationalists who used terrorism and guerilla warfare in an effort to drive British forces from Northern Ireland and achieve a united independent Ireland

Romanticism

a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual.

Communism

a political theory derived from Karl Marx that advocates for a communist utopia and big brotherhood created by a revolution of the working class. Economic exploitation would dissipate bc society based on radical social equality.

piazza

a public square or marketplace, commonly used in Renaissance architecture.

stream of consciousness

a style of writing that portrays the inner (often chaotic) workings of a character's mind, use of internal monologue

cradle-to-grave system

a system of basic services for citizens at every stage of life in GB -- free medical services, hospital care, retirement pension, taxing linked to income.

Why was France slow to the Industrial Revolution?

absolute monarchy that controlled economy and innovation (hard to get approval, differed from British liberty) believed wealth = finite (MERCANTLIST!) roads were for monarchy not for trade

Denazification

after World War II, the Allied policy of rooting out any traces of Nazism in German society by bringing prominent Nazis to trial for war crimes and purging any known Nazis from political office

USA mobilization for WW2

after attack on Pearl Harbor, USA enters war. Japan had taken all the Southeast colonies, threatening Australia. But USA pushed back in successful island hopping campaign-- slowly forced Japan out.

Rococo Style

an 18th century artistic movement affecting many aspects of the arts; originated in Paris, characterized by soft pastels, ornate interiors, and sentimental portraits

Napoleon's nepotism

appointed his brothers to rule over parts of his Empire, lessened his power.

GSDP's growth in 20th century

became Germany's largest single party by 1912, with the most seats in the Reichstag, scaring upper class, yet at this point the GSDP has become less radical.

Operation Torch

begun Nov 1942, American forces landed in Morocco and Algeria, and pressing eastward trapped the German and Italian armies being driven westward by the British, forcing German and Italian troops to surrender, despite Hitler's orders to fight to the death.

Papal Infallibility

belief of the Roman Catholic Church that God protects the Pope from error when he speaks about faith or morality, basically a chance for a pope to invoke complete papal superiority. Seems to put church loyalty over the nation, scary to nationalist leaders when Pius IX declares it.

Germany da threat

by 1905 Brit + Fr + Rus + even USA begin to see Germany as threat, while Ger sees the countries as sinister, blocking Ger from being one of them, a world power.

Marxist opinion on imperialism

capitalism inevitably creates empires (represents highest stage of imperialism)—competition, new goods—inherent

fortuna

circumstances which human beings cannot control

Guest Workers

citizens of poor countries who obtained jobs in Western Europe and the Middle East

Augsleich

compromise between Austria and Hungary to form...Austria-Hungary. What a clever title.

coffee, tobacco, sugar

crops/products most profitable from self labor. The main colonial exports and drivers of Atlantic Trade System. Non-essential items that would depopulate Americas (for land) and Africas (for labor).

Nicholas I

czar of Russia from 1825 to 1855 who led Russia into the Crimean War (1796-1855 (but dies), and believed autocracy, orthodoxy, nationality and controlled the Russian orthodox church.

Indian Independence

declares itself independent in 1947 after WWII, allowed by emergence of Brit labor Party. Shows end of imperialism and loss of British empire...hard to maintain b/c expensive and militarily too weak -- led by peaceful resistance leader Gandhi, Partition of India occurred after, Gandhi assassinated, Nehru takes power with Non-Alignment

France Emancipation of all Haitian fighters

did this in hopes to bring back some of the slave leaders who had left Haiti for France's enemies (looking at you TL!)

France under Nazi occupation

divided into two -- Nazis occupied North while southeast = independent---> Vichy France

Why did Austrian Revolution fail?

divided revolutionaries— ethnic groups divided on nationality, nobody wanted their nationality suppressed in new states. division allowed conservatives to gain support and crush revolutions.

Van Eyck

early Northern Renaissance painter, developed famous oil painting technique

Saint Simon

early socialist pioneer who believed society required rational management, that wealth should be managed by experts (scientists, industrialists), not owners of property of enterprise (parasites vs. doers)

July Ordinances

edicts that Charles X issued in 1830; demolished the L18's Constitutional Charter, censored the press, reduced the electorate and stripped folks of

modern literature

emphasizes psychology (1st person), especially from Freud, and rejects traditional forms of writing

Enabling Act

enabled Hitler to get rid of the Reichstag parliament (after he lost national elections) and pass laws without reference to parliament, gave Hitler dictatorial power for next four years.

End of France's Second Empire

ends with Battle of Sedan in 1870 (Nap 3 is captured by Prussia) and Third Republic is declared. Patriotic Paris revolutionaries refuse defeat to Prussia in the Franco-Prussian war, until starvation in January 1871. New conservative National Assembly surrendered and give away Lorraine and Alsace (Urban patriots are enraged by surrender)

survival of the fittest

evolutionary term to justify racism + racial divisions + why Aryan race is superior.

Herzl

father of Zionism, wrote The Jewish State about the establishment of a hometown in Palestine.

Emperor Hirohito

figurehead and emperor of Japan who will lead them into WW2. assumes power in 1926, his control becomes more and more powerful as parliamentarians drop in power butttt actually controlled by military and Tojo (like a puppet). But was regarded as a divine being (cultivated by military), to help Japanese superiority

Prince Lvov

first leader of the provisional government, succeeded by Kerensky

Consumer Revolution

flood of new, affordable goods in the decades after World War I

ways nationalism was used to build citizen's loyalty

free compulsory education (taught patriotic ideals), common currency, propaganda, universal military conscription, new railroad lines connected rural peoples (national markets emerged), new symbols (anthems, flags, figures), new holidays (ex: Bastille Day, Sedan Day)

Code Noir (1685)

freed slaves allowed the same rights as white people

Euro emigration

huge characteristic of the 19th century.growing population of Euros meant little opportunity in Europe, so many departed their homes for somewhere new, declined in places with rapid industrialization and increased in slowly industrializing places.

civic humanism

humanism with the added belief that one must be an active and contributing member to one's society, especially in politics

White Man's Burden

idea that many European countries had a duty to spread their religion and culture to those less civilized, poem by Rudyard Kipling

Gulags

Forced labor camps set up by Stalin in easter Russia. Dissidents were sent to the camps, where conditions were generally brutal. Millions died.

Louis XIV failures

Foreign and domestic policiesWar: much of the wealth gained was wasted on foreign wars to expand French Borders.Revokes the Edict Of Nantes. Facing persecution, many fled France. This had disastrous effects on the French economy as the Huguenots were often from a hard working middle class.

Lenin

Founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924.

Republic of Virtue

France is to be turned into a utopian republic, based on reason. Reason will make citizens virtuous--essential to a democracy (this is an Enlightenment concept). Programs that enforce dechristianization and removing feudal structures. An early example of modern totalitarianism. Also placed in national economic holds to steady price of bread and decrease inflation.

T of V implementation

France wanted it enforced immediately (bc much of France = destroyed in war + had huge debts to USA, massive Ger reparations = only way out), USA betrayed the Treaty though -- went into isolationism, Britain felt uneasy abt Treaty bc German econ = essential to Brits (Keynes) -- also concerns abt new French army,

Cause of French Indochina

France wanted to spread catholicism + culture, have access to natural resources like rice, tea, and rubber, also wanted strategic position in SE Asia. Felt embarrassed after Franco-Prussian war, wanted redemption

Napoleon III

France's first modern leader, understood the importance of public opinion and industrial growth/ Like his uncle (OG Nap) he was an elected leader (of France's Second Republic), then elected "Emperor" by a plebiscite--in 1852. In this way, he will revive a "Second Empire," with the marriage of nationalism and authoritarianism.

Austrian conservative regimes

Francis I: 1804-1835 Ferdinand I:1835-1848 Franz Joseph: 1848-

Why Franz?

Franz Ferdinand--planned reforms for governing Balkan region--making Slavic Balkan regions part of the a new kingdom with less autonomy. This was a threat to Serbian nationalists.

Charles de Gaulle

French General who founded the French Fifth Republic in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969 -- romantic nationalist + wanted French as leader. Goals = stable and progressive France, French gain prominent voice in world, keep England out of common market

Ruhr Crisis

French PM Poincare called for French + Belgian soldiers to move into Ger industrial region, Ruhr Valley from the Rhine and occupy it until Gers agreed to reps. Gers ordered Ruhr workers to strike as passive resistance -- Fr responded by sealing off Rhine + Ruhr, occupation of Ruhr = crippling to Ger econ, so Ger gov't prints lots and lots and lots of moolah, caused extreme runaway inflation and $$ lost complete value, Streseman eventually takes control and agrees to pay Fr reps, but asks for re-examination of Ger's ability to pay, Poincare accepts (has become unpopular by now)

Technological advancements in Vietnam

French brought electricity, railroads, imports of cars/trucks, paved roads + bridges to Vietnam

St. Domingue

French colony. Now, it is Haiti.

philosophe

French for "philosopher"; applied to all intellectuals during the Enlightenment

Louis XIII

French king who succeeded Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) when he was nine years old; his reign was dominated by the influence by his mother and regent Marie de Medici, Cardinal Richelieu, and wealthy nobles.

Jules Ferry

French leader who, with Bismarck, led Berlin Conference

Louis XVIII

French monarch who was restored to the throne by the allies after Napoleon was defeated, but lacked the magnetism of Nap, and lead to political unrest (only after Nap's first exile!)

Gaullism

French nationalism and heritage--both revolution and ancient regime, French "exceptionalism", realpolitik--free France from imperial burdens, Security: "force frappe"-French nuclear parity--"dissausion" "Aligned non-alignment" Also realpolitik: Minister of Education brings about educational reforms in 1969 to pacify students

emigres

French nobility who fled country to escape the Revolution

Joan of Arc

French peasant girl, a heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions; rallied French troops during the Hundred Years War to resist the English and to have Charles VII crowned king

Bergson

French philosophy professor argued that immediate experience and intuition were as important as rational and scientific thinking for understanding reality. "To exist is to Change"

Georges Sorel

French political theorists that combined Bergson and Nietzsche's ideas on the limits of rational thinking with his own passionate interest in revolutionary socialism. Understood the political potential of the nonrational and advocated violent action as the only means to achieve the aims of socialism. He envisioned the end of the capitalist society with a general strike that took violent and heroic action. Small elite should rule before masses ruled themselves.

Rubber Plantations/Farms/Coal Mines

French settlers in Indochina established these in order to make a living for themselves, put many Vietnamese locals out of business and were forced to work for French plantations/farms/mines for little $

Fourier

French social theorist-criticized capitalism-wanted socialist utopia and emancipation of women.

Frenchify/'Civilization Francais'

French take control of culture in French Indochina and develop their own customs as center of Indochina live. (i.e. architecture, gov't, fashion, religion, etc.)

Charles Fourier

French theorist of Socialism who wanted to reorganize society into cooperative "phalanxes."

Proudhon

French utopian socialist who wrote the pamphlet "What is Property?" which claimed that material possessions were stolen from society.

Treaty of Versailles

GERMAN WW1 TREATY: return of Alsace-Lorraine to France, ban on Austrian-Ger alliance, limitation of Germany's army (demilitarization), all Ger colonies ---> Fr + Brits, Rhineland occupied by French, War Guilt Clause: establishes that blame of war falls solely on Germany and they must pay ENORMOUS reparations.

Reinhard Heydrich

German General of the SS Security Force who created the special strike forces to carry out Nazi plans to round up the Jews, steal their valuables, and execute them

Himmler

German Nazi who was chief of the SS and the Gestapo and who oversaw the genocide of six million Jews (1900-1945)

Social Democratic Party

German Party in late 1870s that were committed to a Marxist critique of capitalism and cooperation with other socialist parties internationally. Bismarck saw them as threat to stability of Germany and outlawed the party, although candidates stood for election. Socialist strength steadily grew.

Volksgeist

German Romantic idea, suggested by Herder, that each nation has its own particular "special genius." Thus, what is right for one nation may not be right for another nation, and, according to German Romantics and Nationalists, each "nation" should strive to express its individual _____.

Bethmann-Hollweg

German chancellor at the time of the assassination at Sarajevo; decided to support Austria

Weimar Republic

German republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire's House of Hohenzollern with the forced abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II. Economic burden of Treaty affected new government, which was led by the Social Democrats. But new repub was attacked by both sides of the political spectrum, radical soc communists who called for state similar to Bolsheviks on left, and Dolchstosslegende theory on right.

Gestapo

German secret police (SS)

Max Weber

German sociologist that regarded the development of rational social orders as humanity's greatest achievement. Saw bureaucratization (the process whereby labor is divided into an organized community and individuals acquire a sense of personal identity by finding roles for themselves in large systems) as the driving force in modern society.

Fatherland Party

German ultra conservative party, supported military dictatorship

Friedrich List

German-American who wrote "National System of Political Economy" in 1844; he advocated industrialization by railroad building and protective tariffs

Ghettos

Germans built small cities where Jewish people were forced to live -- had terrible sanitary + crowded conditions, many died

End of Italian campaign

Germans continued to put up resistance; effort to free Italy did not happen until 1945 when Germany was close to collapsing -- Muss captured by Italian Comms in North

Invasion of Belgium

Germans used Schlieffen Plan ignored Belgium's neutrality and invaded on Aug 3 1914, looking for easy entry into Paris. This brought England into the war, who rapidly came to Belgium's defense and slowed down German troops. French also defended the front.

Axis Powers

Germany (Hitler), Japan (Tojo) ,Italy (Muss -- until 1943) + E. European states fearful of Stalin--Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Finland

signs of trouble in Europe early 1900s

Germany = new great power (USA + Japan emerging too), wants to challenge Brits navy, emergence of weltpolitik + machtpolitik Russia = pressured to back Balkan states after A-H rule Brits/France = fear rising power of Germany A-H = fears nationalist invoked fracturing Ideas + ideologies stroke fear + aggression Science + industry have new arms, naval race, new tech

freikorps

Germany military (mostly volunteer troops) used by the government of the Weimar republic 2) put down Spartacist revolt in 1919

Shlieffen Plan FAIL

Germany stopped by British and French and Belgian soldiers on West Front (Gers could only slowly advance on enormous front), so couldn't get into Fr as easily, hint at long war to come.

Euro power STILL Great Powers

Germany: fastest rising Russia: agricultural powerhouse Austria-Hungary: still intact! Britain: center of a financial and global empire France: industrialization, host of the 1900 Exposition (Expo today) Italy: moving forward, though gradually

stalins rapid industrialization

Gosplan created to set goals + control deliveries + raw materials, heavy industry/output > consumer goods (so leads to shortage of basic necessities for people). yet despite issues Soviets increase industrial output by 4x from 1928-1937. Huge new peasant workforce + a passport system where gov can delegate anyone to any place + control where people were (using industrial vs agri collectivization).

Immanuel Kant

Greatest German philosopher of Enlightenment- believed free speech ----> Enlightenment (if intellectuals could write freely, Enlightenment would soon follow). But in private citizens should follow all laws. Wrote Critique of Pure Reason

Greek Revolution

Greeks seek freedom from Turkish rule (Ottomans) inspired by the nationalist movement swinging Euro. At first Great Powers (Holy/Quadruple Alliance) opposed but then Russia wanted access to Mediterranean--and therefore help check Turkish power. England also wants to keep either Russia or Turkey from becoming too powerful. Both Russia and England eventually send troops to help Greece. Romanticism + liberalism +nationalism fuels popular support of Greece (home of democracy and classicism) 1827 Battle of Navarino, attacking Ottoman navy/port control. Eventually Greece declared independence and choose a German prince to be their first king. Success— bc support of many Euro nations and not much liberalism in ned result.

Luddites

Groups of handicraft workers (often in textiles) who attacked factories in northern England in 1811 as they were deprived during the Napoleonic wars. Later, they smashed the new machines that they believed were putting them out of work

Austrian Habsburgs

Had long played a significant role in European politics as Holy Roman Emperors. By the end of the Thirty Years' War, they had hopes of creating an empire in Germany had been dashed. In the seventeenth century, the house of Austria created a new empire in eastern and southeastern Europe.

Napoleon's challenge of Haitian independence

Haitian independence was not for long, and eventually Nap hoped to reclaim the territory and reinstitute slavery within all of France's colonies. Nap sent his brother-in-law down to Haiti to arrest TL and his family. TL was brought back to France and eventually died there. However, TL's general Dessalines united Haitian resistance and used it to crush French forces. On Jan.1 1804 Haiti was declared independent once and for all.

Sultan Mahmud II

He was Sultan of the Ottoman empire from 1808-39. He enacted extensive administrative, military, and fiscal reforms. He abolished the janissaries, and got the European powers to help crush Muhammed Ali's imperialistic rule of Egypt + Sudan.

Jean-Jacques Dessalines

He was Toussaint L'ouverture's general, and helped him to victory against Rigaud in 1799. He then took up the fight for the freedom of slaves in Saint Domingue after TL was captured by Nap's forces. He lead the colony to victory against Nap's army and in 1804, he declared the slave colony an independent country, the first black country to free itself from European control, and named the country Haiti.

Nazi Society

Hitler desires racial purity in a new Germany, Education: Hitler Youth, Nazis bend Darwin's theories to their own ideology; 1936 Olympic Games--showcase German might: goal--give false sense of security AND intimidate; Ideological Nazis reject Judeo christianity, the goal: eliminate European Jews, and let Christianity die off; Hitler--ambivalent about letting Jews leave: forced migration or hold for ransom -- Nuremberg Laws 1935: step by step disenfranchisement of Jewish Germans; Aktion T4: eliminate the "unfit" --the mentally disabled, euthanasia, forced sterilization; One idea for down the line--eliminate the infirm elderly as a way to thin out the herd.; Policy of "coordination" relies on massive machinery of propaganda; Cultivate sense of national belonging, of the other as an enemy, of rewriting the wrongs of history

Holland, Norway, and, Denmark in WW2

Hitler easily takes over them and places puppet government led by willing Nazi collaborators

Hitler + Econ recovery

Hitler had promised national economy recovery, and followed through -- launched massive public works program, work on stadiums, roads, unemployment fell + installed national pride + wage/standard of living increased.

Hitler & WW1

Hitler saw WW1 as "salvation" -- war struggle + discipline gave life meaning. German defeat completely shattered Hitler, and he was convinced that Jews + Marxists had stabbed him in the back.

Lebensraum

Hitler's expansionist theory based on a drive to acquire "living space" to the East for the German people

Brown Shirts

Hitler's private army of supporters, also known as the SA (Sturm Abteilung) -- purged them in 1934

New Order

Hitler's program based on racial imperialism, which gave preferential treatment to the Nordic peoples; the French, an "inferior" Latin people, occupied a middle position, and Slavs and Jews were treated harshly as "subhumans."

Austria-Hungary Revolution

Hungarian nationalists, led by Louis Kossuth, called for independence in March '48 with uprisings in Vienna--forcing Metternich to ditch Austria and Ferdinand (monarch) to flee to Innsbruck. Ferdinand eventually gives into rebels, freeing serfs + peasant, who would now, having gotten what they desire, refrain from supporting revolters any further. Hungarian Diet passes the March Laws, light liberal decrees. (Hungarians want separate state, but diverse ethnic groups in Hungary refuse) Czechs also revolt in March, and anger the Germans in their region. They also summon a Pan-Slavic Congress which calls for Slavic rights and a Pan-Slavic state. Liberals in Prague opposed this. Revolt is crushed. In the Italian region, Piedmont tries to separate from Italian empire, and is ultimately suppressed. By January 49, with Franz Joseph in power, the revolts are put down. With the help of Russia!

Treaty of Trianon 1920

Hungary had to recognize many new countries that were created. Its army was reduced to 35,000 men and it had to pay reparations. The New Hungary was very bitted about this treaty, since this was smaller than the Kingdom of Hungary. Over 3 million Hungarians were under foreign rule.

German Confederation of the Rhine

In 1806 Napoleon abolished the Holy Roman Empire and consolidated most of the 300 independent political entities into 15 German states called the German Confederation of the Rhine, minus Austria, Prussia and Saxony, was an indicator that Nap firmly controlled west Germany.

Holy Alliance

In 1815, Alexander I started the _____ to uphold Christian values. However, it became a common name by which the reactionary Congress System was referred to as a whole.

Meiji Restoration

In 1868, a Japanese state-sposored industrialization and westernization effort that also involved the elimination of the Shogunate and power being handed over to the Japanese Emperor, who had previously existed as mere spiritual/symbolic figure.

Beer Hall Putsch

In 1923 the Nazis attempted to overthrow the government in Munich. It was a total failure, and Hitler received a brief prison sentence. Helped Hitler in 3 ways: 1. more public attention toward him 2. Mein Kampf written during his stay 3. will learn that it's better to gain pwr legitimately rather than an illegal seizure

Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)

In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition left-wing parties gain substantial power (the popular Front). General Francisco Franco, a military right-wing Fascist leader, leads a revolt, and is backed by Fasc Italy + Germany. Quickly becomes a civil war! The Republican gov't is backed by Soviets. War is costly and destructive, but Franco + Fascists come out on top, and lead authoritarian government for next decades. (but don't help Hitler with WW2 that much bc of huge costs of Civl War -- infuriates Hitler.

colonial peoples in WW1

In Africa colonized peoples supported Allied efforts to Gers dismay, more than 1 mil Africans + Asians served various armies, even more were porters (carrying equipment). French utilized Africans due to a shortage of their own men/

Ministry of Munitions (1915)

In GB, started by DLG. Organized private industry to produce for the war, controlled profits, allocated labor, fixed wage rates and settled labor disputes

Night of the Long Knives

In June 1934, Nazi leader Adolf Hitler orders a bloody purge of his own political party, assassinating hundreds of Nazis whom he believed had the potential to become political enemies in the future. The leadership of the Nazi Storm Troopers (SA), whose four million members had helped bring Hitler to power in the early 1930s, was especially targeted.

Social Market Economy

In West Germany, a postwar economic system that combines a highly productive market economy with an extensive and generous welfare state, as well as unusually active involvement of both business and labor in economic policy

Defenestration of Prague

In response to HRE Emperor Ferdinand II overturning of the Peace of Augsburg, Protestant Bohemians hurled Catholic officials from a castle window in Prague which set off the 30 Years War.

Proletariat

In the 19th century, a term developed to refer to the working class. _____ were employed by, and involved in class struggle with, the bourgeoisie.

White army

In the Russian Civil War 1918-1921, the Whites were against the Communists. They were a mix of SRs, Menshiks, Kadets, and Czarists.

India Imperialism ESSENTIAL DETAILS

India was first controlled by British East India Company, Sepoy Mutiny led to Great Britain Gov't rule, overall British control over India for more than 200 years.

Bacon

Inductive reasoning: working from particular to general conclusions, spread the word about the experimental method and formalized the empirical method (inductive thinking: use the senses to observe and measure reality—then reason to general conclusions)

Manchester

Industrial city in Northern England, which greatly increased in population during the Industrial Revolution. Because of the Rotten Boroughs, its interests were underrepresented in Parliament during the early 19th century.

typical euro emigrant trends

Ireland/Russian Jew emigrants: typically didn't return home bc of the lack of opportunity + prosecution awaiting them. Italian emigrant influx because foreign markets destroyed their agricultural production Families/friends would stick together abroad Many Europeans left by a spirit of revolt and a hope for basic rights (but emigration slowed in countries with increasing civil liberties)

Brunswick Manifesto

Issued by Prussia to France in Aug. 92: Prussia threatens French civilians with destruction if monarchs are harmed, mistake - played right into hands of radical revolutionaries in France. They used it to panic France into thinking invasion imminent. Began recruiting defense force.

Radio in the 1920s

It brought the outside world into the homes of average families. Everyone wanted a radio and the boom of popularity for the radio happened in the 1920s.

Raphael

Italian High Renaissance painter; he painted frescos, his most famous being The School of Athens.

Red Brigades and Red Army Faction

Italian and German Communist terrorist group

swallows

Italian migrants who had no intention of settling abroad permanently, going to Argentina to harvest between December and April and returning to Italy for the spring planting. A frugal worker could save $250-300 in the course of a season.

Columbus

Italian navigator who "discovered" the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506), explorer or exploiter?

Cesare Beccaria

Italian philosopher. Created Academy of Fists to discuss how a state could be based on Enlightenment principals Author of Of Crime and Punishment. He attacked both torture and capital punishment. He believed criminal justice should ensure speedy trial and sure punishment which was intended to deter further crime. Law was to secure the greatest good for the greatest number of human beings. prevention of crime > reliance of crime punishment

Southern Renaissance

Italian, focused on the individual and secularism, The Prince (effective leadership

Italian Unification

Italy fractured especially after 1848. In 1859 Cavour's northern unification attempt hadn't gone amazing when France pulled out, but nationalist feeling got to central Italian states, and riots would lead to toppling of central monarchies.Cavour returns to Sardinia/Piedmont prime minister position, putting France at easy by giving them Nice and Savoy. The central states vote and join with Piedmont/Sardinia. In South, Garibaldi liberated Kingdom of Two Sicilies with guerrilla army of Red-Shirts and rode to Rome, the South staring with Sicily. Garibaldi eventually stepped aside and handed over all of Southern Italy to Victor Emmanuel II (King of Sardinia) rule all of the now unified Italy

Italy pre-fascism

Italy had moved towards democracy, but much of Italy = poor peasants who had more local interests. Church + Catholics still opposed to liberal institutions. Extreme class divisions (esp. between North & South) + rising socialist movement. WW1 worsened everything -- gov't had promised territory + reform in exchange for entering war but could not deliver. Italian Socialist Party began a Bolshevik rev, seizing land in 1920 -- emergence of fascists + catholic party. Everyone opposed to liberal gov't + power vacuum of shame after Versailles.

Board of Information

Japanese government established it to censor the media and outlaw "dangerous thoughts," ideas from West that conflicted with goals of Japanese Imperial Army. History books = revised & history classes were transformed into courses on Japanese ethics and morals. Books about the divinity of the emperor and the duty of every citizen to worship at the imperial altar become compulsory reading in all high schools and colleges.

Affluent Society

John Kenneth Galbraith's novel about America's post-war prosperity as a new phenomenon. Economy of scarcity --> economy of abundance, also spread to

Tabula Rasa

John Locke's concept of the mind as a blank sheet ultimately bombarded by sense impressions that, aided by human reasoning, formulate ideas.

Women in Stalin's Russia

Joined work force for Five-Year Plan in factories; government gave child care for working mothers; educated for engineering, science, medicine (like STEM); still responsible for housework/child care; "motherhood is your patriotic duty"

Suez Crisis

July 26, 1956, Nasser (leader of Egypt) nationalized the Suez Canal, Oct. 29, British, French and Israeli forces attacked Egypt. UN + USA + USSR forced British to withdraw; made it clear Britain was no longer a world power

Suez Crisis

July 26, 1956, Nasser (leader of Egypt) nationalized the Suez Canal, Oct. 29, British, French and Israeli forces attacked Egypt. UN forced British to withdraw; made it clear Britain was no longer a world power

June Rebellion

June 1832 failed uprising against Louis Philippe in France

Franz Ferdinand Assassination (shorite)

June 28, 1914, the immediate cause + outbreak of war.

D-Day Invasion

June 6th 1944, Normandy naval Invasion led Dwight D. Eisenhower, men + vehicles tore through German lines in France pushing inland, but a cautious instead of direct attack was a success, turning point of WWII, first time allied forces successfully set foot in Europe

German Homefront

Kaiser Wilhelm II: extensive powers over the military, but must deal with the Reichstag to get $$ for continuous war. All political parties, including socialists, showed patriotism - german gov = enemy. "civil peace" = promoted by gov - advertised by Kaiser Willhelm (domestic unity) - wanted to bring people together, have national unity - even brought socialists together against their typical views. However, Germany lacked self-sufficiency - needed to be more organized agriculturally and economically --militaristic society makes this a little easier. "war socialism" - entire economy = managed by gov, the laborers/industrialists have to work with gov (good management of economy) The Turnip Winter, famine turning point, and exhibited lack of Germany help to the people = civilians forced to give up caloric foods for army, forced to eat turnips - calorie count = as low as 1000 calories a day.

Marxist Socialism (Communism)

Key ideas: Scientific socialism--history=history of economic class struggle Economics determines EVERYTHING--religion, arts, values, etc. Proletariats, alienated from their work, are subject to the profit-driven exploitation by the bourgeoisie capitalists Final showdown: proletariat revolution to overthrow capitalists results in communist society End game=revolution, NOT reform Communists saw socialists as gradualist sell-outs

30 Year War: Danish Period (Phase 2)

King Christian IV of Denmark led army into northern German states to protect Protestantism against the HRE's invasion of north Euro. Habsburg Empire easily defeated Denmark. Emperor Ferdinand II ordered the reclamation of all Catholic lands lost since 1552 and began to establish a stronger Habsburg Empire in northern Germany (1625-1629)

30 Year War: Swedish Period (Phase 3)

King Gustavus Adolphus (Gustavus II of Sweden led the Swedish army into northern Germany against the HRE army to defend Protestantism & independence of German princes. Money from France under Cardinal Richelieu and Dutch Netherlands supported Sweden Sweden defeated Empire's army at the Battle of Breitenfeld, 1530, Sweden pursued the Empire's army driving it south. Sweden withdrew from the war when Adolphus was killed. (1629-1635)

Belgian exploration of the Congo

King Leopold II of Belgium had huge hopes for expansionism, and employed sensationalist Henry M. Stanley to explore and colonize the Congo.

King Leopold II

King of Belgium (r. 1865-1909). He was active in encouraging the exploration of Central Africa starting in 1885 and became the infamous ruler of the Congo Free State (to 1908).

Charles II

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism. However, when he found out that Parliament would no longer grant him a steady revenue he made secret deal with Louis XIV to try to bring in more Catholicism in exchange for an annual salary.

Louis Philippe

Known as the July monarch and Bourgeoise monarch. Backed primarily by middle class and was wholly sympathetic to the interests of wealthy businessmen. Very little reform during his regime (only symbolic actions like changing the flag and reaccepting constitutional charter) but many accusations of incompetence and corruption-- somewhat similar to the experience of French society under the Directory.

Locke and Newton basis for Enlightenment

LOCKE- social contract--government by consent: life, liberty, property; "tabula rasa" view of human nature NEWTON- natural laws explain earth and heavens; empiricism + rationalism--if Newton discovered laws that explain everything, then why couldn't we discover "natural laws" that help us create the best government and economy? Both provided basis for Enlightenment, especially the rise of empiricism.

WW1 Impact on Russia

Large army, but underequipped and under-trained, increase in taxes, loans, debt, printing money=inflation skyrockets, Duma convenes with Progressive Bloc of moderates and liberals in 1915--they're dismissed, and Nicholas II assumes control of army, Rasputin? Reveals decadence and isolation of the Romanovs

Francis II of Austria

Last Holy Roman Emperor 1792-1806, fought against Napoleon.

Tsar Nicholas II

Last Tsar of Russia and then end of the Romanov line. Incompetent and ill-prepared ruler. Was executed along with the rest of his family under the order of Lenin + secret police.

Nicholas II

Last tsar of Russia, pushed Russia into the Russo-Japanese War, would create the October Manifesto to please the masses.

Levee en Masse

Law that obligated all French men between certain ages to enlist in the army (Aug. 1793)

Apartheid

Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas.

Muhammed Ali

Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions that were crushed by Sultan Mahmud II and European powers. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.

Adolphe Thiers

Leader of the National Assembly in France, he ordered the Paris Commune to be crushed. He also declared the Third Republic of France, because it "divided France the least"

Emmeline Pankhurst

Leads movement to win women's vote (suffrage) through militant (radical, sometimes violent) means, founded Women's Social and Political Union

Mountain (French Revolution)

Led by Robespierre and George Jaques Danton. called this because all its members sat at the uppermost left-hand benches of the assembly hall. contesting control of the National Convention in France.

Test Act

Legislation, passed by the English Parliament in 1673, to secure the position of the Anglican Church by stripping Puritans, Catholics, and other dissenters of the right to vote, preach, assemble, hold public office, and teach at or attend the universities.

Leon Blum

Leon Blum, who began as a literary critic, became active in politics as a result of the Dreyfuss Affair. In 1919, he was elected to the French Chamber of Deputies. In 1925, he became the head of the Socialist Party and, in May 1936, he became France's first socialist Prime Minister since 1870. During his one year in office, he instituted a number of important social reforms, including the 40-hour work week. He used the Popular Front very successfully and it was used the workers and lower middle class. Revolutions by conservatives and inflation ruined the Popular Front and because of this Blum was forced to resign in June 1937.

Carbonari

Liberal, Nationalist secret society in Italy in the first half of the 19th century. They sought a unified Italy under governments different from those the Congress of Vienna had imposed on them.

Hitler beliefs about life + race

Life was divided into species competing and struggling to survive--nature was the brutal truth; racial politics was a product of this natural truth: political goals are consistent with "nature", for Hitler, racial struggle and conflict wasn't a means to an end: the means WAS the end, Jews: were seen not as human, but less than so Christianity was a plot concocted by Jews (and that moral beliefs of Judaism and Christianity were errors, inconsistent with nature)

Maginot Line

Line of defense built by France to protect against German invasion. Stretched from Belgium to Switzerland.

Auschwitz-Birkenau

Located in Poland, largest death camp built by the Nazis; over 2,000,000 people died there by means of starvation, diease, and gassing; Birkenau is often referred to as Auschwitz II

Revocation of the Edict of Nantes

Louis XIV formally revoked the Edict of Nantes and deprived the French Protestants of all religious and civil liberties (destroyed their schools, churches, etc.), 1685, caused the immigration of skilled Huguenots

Sun King

Louis XIV's nickname that captures the magnificence of his court and of the Palace of Versailles, which he built. Louis himself adopted the sun as his emblem/propaganda and to voice his Divine Right, and make him seem as god-like as possible.

September Massacres

Louis's imprisonment was followed by the September massacres. Wild stories seized the city that imprisoned counter-revolutionary aristocrats/priests were plotting with the allied invaders. As a results, angry crowds invaded the prisons of Paris (where priests and nobles and bourgeoise were being kept) and summarily slaughtered half the men and women they found (1792)

Sola Fide, Sola Scriptura

Luther's view that salvation is based on "faith alone," rather than works, and that authority in the Church is based on "Scripture alone," rather than traditions;

Britain Response to Depression

Macdonald's Labour gov't + conservative gov't after 1931 stuck to orthodox econ policy. Balanced budget, controlled spending, no new welfare for unemployed. Does go off the gold standard. But has more protectionist measures than radical policies (gradual reorientation of Britain's econ) worked, econ recovered + global production went up. Though IR industries were going down (textiles + coal), new electrical appliances + automobile demand.

Leni Riefenstahl

Made documentary propaganda for Hitler. 'The Triumph of the Will'. Her film was a powerful stand of the 'Nazi Rebirth'.

Hungary half of Dual Monarchy

Magyar nobility restored 1848 constitution, and dominated over Magyar peasantry + ethnic minority until 1914. Only 1/4 of males could vote (only the wealthy ones), and only Magyar language in school (despised by Croatians + Romanians) Magyar extremists want full independence, radical minorities want independence from Hungary. (Nationalism weakened empire!)

impressionism

Major Paris artistic style that gained prominence in the second half of the 1800s and into the 1900s.Against Realism, visual impression of a moment, style that seeks to capture a feeling or experience, often very colorful, Monet, Degas, sensory impressions, unsensationalized, non-trad themes

Enlightenment and Peasantry

Majority/Lower Class/Peasants: Slow to change and hurt the worst -Serfdom disappears in the west, rises in the east -Peasants in Western Europe allowed to own or rent land -All peasants throughout Europe dealt with similar issues •Forced into military •Lands could be torn up without compensation by nobility •Some peasants become eager for change, some resist change completely

Franco's dictatorship

Makes Spain into a one party state--the Falange. Turns legislature (Cortes) into an advisory body, and the Executive branch (Caudillo), under Franco passes laws.Doesn't even pretend to listen to a legislative branch (unlike Hitler + Stalin) Still--he's an authoritarian. Plebiscites were allowed for major changes--but only heads of families could vote (patriarchy) as women = second-class status. Unions and the press were controlled, censored, and suppressed (tight control of the media) Authoritarian-driven capitalism after WWII results in rapid economic growth (Indonesia also has authoritarian based capitalism). Franco "invites" monarchy back shortly before his death at age 82

cottage industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory (passing product through different family homes), commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.

Zimmerman Telegram

March 1917. Sent from German Foreign Secretary, addressed to German minister in Mexico City. Mexico should attack the US if US goes to war with Germany (needed that advantage due to Mexico's promixity to the US). In return, Germany would give back Tex, NM, Arizona etc to Mexico. But USA intercepted, so no go, and USA would join war.

Invasion of Czechoslovakia

March 1939 Czecholslovakia in chaos. Hitler easily occupies the rest of the country with no resistance (despite the rationale of "ethnic Germans" not being plausible here, because Czechoslovakia made up of mostly not "ethnic"). Proved Hitler could not be trusted. Clear invasion: no link to reversing of the Treaty of Versailles. Led to GB and French alliance with Poland.

Why were most Enlightened despots were on the continent mostly in central and eastern Europe?

Maritime states--England, France, the Netherlands, Spain--already enjoy access to commerce. Not so for Austria, or Prussia, or especially Russia THEREFORE: states are forced to modernize from within, to compensate for what they lack. Modern governments with bureaucracies are developed, and mercantilism focuses on internal improvements, and reforms are established to strengthen the state.

Marx and Society

Marx believed that religions, schools, culture, values, and customs were a product of economic class relations (Base = economy, everything else is on top)

Josip Tito

Marxist Leninist communist who hated Stalin. Soviet forces never allowed to come in and "liberate" Yugoslavia. He creates his own communist authoritarian regime. Not under Stalin's control.

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Mass slaying of Huguenots (Calvinists) and other Protestants in Paris, during a wedding of a Catholic and Huguenot, plotted by Catherine de Medici and Catholic nobles. Major event that would lead to the growth of the politique perspective.

France Blitzkrieg

May 10th 1940, Nazis occupy Denmark, Norway Holland fast, and then quickly penetrate through South Belgium-- split Franco-Brit forces, trapping Brit army at Dunkirk and forced them out.

May Day

May 1; made an international labor day to be marked by strikes and mass labor demonstrations by the Second International, a socialist group

Schuman Declaration

May 9, 1950 (Europe Day); Robert Schuman proposed the creation of an Organization of States in Europe in a supranational community. It led to the peaceful reorganization of Europe and paved the way for the European Coal & Steel Community (ECSC).

Duce

Meaning "leader." Mussolini's title as head of the Fascist Party.

Henry of Navarre (Henry IV)

Member of the Bourbon dynasty, succeeded to the French throne as Henry IV after Catherine de Medici. As a politique king he put a stop to the religious fighting within France, switching from Protestant to Catholic, to reconcile with Catholics and balance out nobility. He also eventually passed the Edict of Nantes to support this too.

German Confederation

Metternich and Holy Alliance conservatism forced creation of confederation from diverse HRE. Consisted of 39 sovereign entities recognized by the Vienna settlement, and was dominated by Austria and Prussia (b/c of their size); the confederation had little power and needed the consent of all 39 states to take action.

"When France sneezes, Europe catches a cold"

Metternich saying, Paris rebellions inspire revolts in other countries

Karlsbad Decrees

Metternich's 1819 response to liberal and national protests. Will crush revolutionary activity by outlawing liberal political organizations, regulating university life and instruction, policing newspapers, and invoking a secret police + spies.

1905 Russian Revolution

Military Disaster with Japan, political upheaval at home, business and professional classes wanted a liberal and republic regime; massive crowd converged peacefully on the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg - Bloody Sunday. other revolts emerged by summer of 1905 with strikes + political uprisings everywhere (peasant revolts, mutinies, minority nationalist revs) culminized in Oct. 1905 with Russian National Strike, ended bc of October Manifesto that split opposition so government could repress uprising and survive as constitutional monarchy.

sultan

Military and political leader with authority over a Ottoman Empire

John Stuart Mill + women's suffrage

Mill brought attention to topic by presenting a petition in Parliament calling for inclusion of women's suffrage in the Reform Act of 1867.

missionary impulse

Missionary activity: integral to Christianity; spawned public interest; pressured governments—early for influence, later for protection of natives; Non-western Christians start their own churches; Christianity now becomes a world wide religion; Literacy leads to political awareness and then activism

modern empires

Modern states in the 19th century veer toward empires--if they can; Growing empires can upset the "balance of power"--so, other states will try to counter these moves; Empires have to both expand and consolidate--can they do both at the same time? Difficult! Empires can control through extended benefits, like economic development, or citizenship; Annexation? Why not join?

France's Third Republic

Monarchists wanted to bring back the Monarchy, but couldn't decide on who to choose for King. An improvised constitution was made, establishing a bicameral legislature with an upper house, the Senate, and a lower house, the Chamber of Deputies. A president selected by the legislature would rule for 7 years. The Constitution of 1875 solidified the republic, which lasted for 65 years.

Scandinavian response to the Great Depression?

More taxes! More welfare! More government spending! (and flexible nonrevolutionary socialism through agricultural cooperatives), middle path of socialism, good national consensus UNIFICATION!

Great Trek

Movement of Boer settlers in Cape Colony of southern Africa to escape influence of British colonial government in 1834; led to settlement of regions north of Orange River and Natal.

Pan-Slavism

Movement that seeks to unify the Slavs, an ethnic classification in Eastern Europe that includes Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, and Macedonians.

Balkan nationalism

Movements to create independent nations within the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire; provoked a series of crises within the European alliance system; eventually led to World War I.

A-H Home front

Multi-ethnic empire, nationalist movements, little unity. Hapsburgs could not count on loyalty from different groups outside Germans and Magyars. Low industrial productivity, outdated rulership, and nationalist separatism. Franz Josef dies in 1916, and soldiers/A-H people = completely exhausted and Karl puts out secret peace feelers to President Woodrow Wilson, hoping for a compromise peace

Italian Fascism

Mussolini emphasized nationalism & the state, national revival, development of empire/single-party system. Led the Blackshirts to seize power as a dictator, removing freedoms and other political parties.

Legislative Assembly

NA dissolved in 1791 replaced with LA elected by universal manhood suffrage. Those who had served in the NA were ineligible to serve in LA.

Egyptian Campaign

Napoleon decides to take the Middle East to piss off England and cut them off from India also has scientific interests (takes Egyptian artifacts), so he invades Egypt, he wins against the Turks/Ottomans on land, British Admiral Horatio Nelson destroys Bonaparte's fleet at Nile Delta (Battle of the Nile) leaving the troops stranded in the desert. In 1799 the Second Coalition (Ottomans, Palestine, Syria) formed against France, but Nap. was recalled for Coup!, left troops behind.

Hundred Days Campaign

Napoleon escapes from Elba in Feb. 1815 and marched on Paris with small group of followers. The HD campaign was Napoleon's final gamble to rule, a tumultuous time for France, as he quickly rebuilt France's army in preparation for war against Allies.

Baron Georges Haussmann

Napoleon hired the talents of the architect and engineer Baron Georges Haussmann who tore down the old city walls and housing (moving poor people to outskirts of Paris) constructed a modern sanitary system, built grand boulevards, and adorned it all with opera houses, theaters, and shopping centers.

Latin American Revolutions

Napoleon's occupation of Spain opens door for independence movements (softer ruling + inspired by Nap's civil code). Creoles will take the lead in these movements, but tough bc still want the rigid social pyramid. Revolts eventually begin but revolution is long and violent, w/o clear outcomes or stable new sovereignties.

division on next French government

National Assembly divided on who should be king (wanted a return to monarchy) after Paris Commune. Bourbon candidate would only rule with white flag, and constitutional monarchists refused. Eventually Thiers showed that a 3rd Repub could be moderate and conservative, so France retained republic and rejected monarchy.

Bank of France

National Bank created by Napoleon in 1800 that required every citizen pay taxes, Money used to make loans to businesses, controls money supply (inflation, recession)

Young Italy

Nationalistic movement that wanted to end foreign control of Italy. Started in 1831 by Guiseppe Mazzini.

Final Solution

Nazi Germany's plan and execution of its systematic genocide against European jews during World War II -- decided after Wannsee Conference

Einsatzgruppen

Nazi strike forces that killed innocent Jews with their infamous "death squads" following the invasion of Soviet Russia by the Nazis -- forced Jews + undesirable people to dig their own graves -- 2 mil murdered

Jewish conspiracies

Nazis and Hitler saw capitalism, Treaty of Versailles, League of Nations, communism, all concoctions by Jews to bend history to their will

Fundamental Laws

New Russian Constitution by the Russian Government in 1906. The tsar retained great power, and the ability to have absolute veto and choose his own ministers. The Duma was elected by universal male suffrage, and Upper House could pass laws but vetoed by anything the Tsar didn't like.

Sepoy Rebellion

New cartridges for Indian -vegetable oil (believed to be pork or beef fat—ticks off Muslims and Hindus) + mistreatment-wage discrimination; Br. Govt. uses Indian troops to smash Indian troops, leads to the 1858 Government of India Act and 1877 Queen Victoria—Empress of India ----> Govt. assumes colonial responsibility

Petograd

New name of St. Petersburg

Zulu

New states emerged on the edge of expanding empires. As the British expanded their South African colony, the ____ Kingdom came into being, led by a man named Shaka.

Third Section

Nicholas I (r. 1825-1855) had established this in his chancellory as a system of secret political police. Whilst not the first example of a secret police in European history, it was unparalleled for its arbitrary and inquisitorial methods.

General Winter

Nickname for the harsh climate of Russia that has defeated the armies of both Napoleon and Hitler

Enlightened Despotism

No desire to repeat the 17th century so matural laws & rights were influential on the monarchs of this time as reform starts with the king. Enlightened Rulers gave people "enlightened" direction ex: Encourage art, science & education and enforcing the law equally Balance of power politics: emphasizes rational methods

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

Tehran Conference

Nov. 1943 - First major meeting between the Big Three (United States, Britain, Russia) at which they reaffirmed goals to crush Hitler, planned the 1944 assault on France and agreed to divide Germany into zones of occupation after the war, Stalin wants a 2nd front to relieve east fighting during WW2, but front is delayed, cementing Stalin's distrust

Kaiser abdication

Nov. 9 1918, then German generals successfully pin the German surrender on new republic established by Dems (will help nationalists later on reason why Germany "lost")

Armistice Day

November 11, 1918; Germany signed an armistice (an agreement to stop fighting); this US holiday is now known as Veterans Day

Constituent Assembly elections

November 1917, only 23% of delegates = Bolsheviks, causes Lenin to disband assembly and by Jan. 1918 Russia = one-party state

1970s economic problems

OPEC raises prices, American $ collapses, debt crisis ---> stagflation + new conservatism.

Protectorate

Oliver Cromwell and his supporters enshrined a commonwealth, or republican government. This eventually became an English military dictatorship, as Cromwell dismissed Parliament, and enforced Puritan morals to all aspects of English life. Also Irish Catholic massacre.

Treaty of Chaumont

On March 9, 1814, the four powers that defeated Napoleon (Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia) all agreed to ally for 20 years, promising to fight together to stop France if it ever got too powerful again. Pushed Napoleon out and restored Bourbon Dynasty.

Poland; blitzkrieg

On September 1, 1939, Ger invaded country using overwhelming air power and fast-moving tanks, a term of warfare called lightning war -- Soviets took their territory agreed upon in the Non-Aggression Pact (East Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia)

Bloody Sunday Massacre

On Sunday in January 1905, a crowd of workers met peacefully in St. Petersburg to present a petition but did not know that Nicholas II had fled the city, troops suddenly open fired on the crowd killing many, this later turned workers against the Tsar

Cold War Dynamics

One long crisis of moves and countermoves: Cold war and Hot war Perception and reality--threats, bluffing--=need for espionage History, ideology, and economics matter Russian security vs. American supremacy Competition for control and influence A bipolar world? YES the goal: hegemony USA: containment and deterrence USSR: security, satellites and deterrence The USSR will do better in defense and far worse in economic growth By 1955: the Cold War has became locked into place

House of Commons and House of Lords

One of the houses of Parliament that included wealthy landowners and rich business leaders which represented the middle class and are elected to office. The other house was a chamber of Parliament composed of members of the noble class and clergy.

Battle of Jutland

Only real naval battle of the WWI. May 1916. German Baltic fleet met Brits off coast of Denmark. Germans inflicted heavy British losses but failed to break British blockade. German fleet retreated to Baltic and stayed there. British naval supremacy confirmed but British were unable to defeat German fleet completely in order to service Russia through the Baltic.

Abdul Aziz

Ottoman -Opposed to further reforms -Young Ottomans began to exert pressure for the political liberalizations of Ottoman Society

Sultan Abdul Hamid

Ottoman ruler, who proclaimed a new constitution in 1876, but later showed his true intentions when he threw away the Constitution and disbanded the Parliament. He was anti-reform and advocated a traditional Ottoman lifestyle.

Second Coalition

Ottomans, Austrians, Brits and others join together to fight against France. Nap. starts out fighting in his Egyptian Campaign, but defeated by Nelson. Returns home to a losing France. Eventually commits his Coup and becomes first Consul. In this position Nap. able to defeat Second Coalition and signs Treaties of Luneville and Amiens

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 as a Coup and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Napoleonic Code

Passed by Napoleon, served two big things 1. equality of MALES before the law 2. security of wealth/private property. Took away many of the rights gained by women, aimed at reestablishing the "family monarchy". Modified after Napoleon's defeat. Made middle classers happy, under guise of "protecting" revolution.

Latin America social classes

Peninsulares--born in Spain, Portugal--held the most powerful positions Creoles--European ancestry but born in Latin America--also shared power Non-European classes: mestizos, mulattos, indigenous people, blacks Slavery was legally sanctioned (massive institutionalized, structural inequality)

flagellants

People who believed that the plague was God's punishment for sin and sought to do penance by flagellating (whipping) themselves.

Volkgemeinschaft

People's community for racially pure Germans -- mas organizations used to spread Nazi cause + propaganda -- ex: Hitler's Youth, Ger Labor Front, League of Ger Women, Nazi Party conventions, appeal + control = far/wide, people's community vision led many to support Nazi Germany throughout war.

Reign of Terror

Period in France where Robespierre ruled and used revolutionary terror to solidify the home front. He tried rebels and they were all judged severely and most were executed (1793-1794) lead by dictatorial Robespierre and CPS. Inspired by Rousseau's idea that general will or majority should FORCE all others to consent to their ideas.

three phases of birth rate in history

Phase 1: rural society and structure with a stable birth rate Phase 2: agri revolution and industrial take-off--birth rate skyrockets Phase 3: birth rate levels off and then drops, although population increases!

Spanish Habsburgs

Philip II, given Spain, the Netherlands, and other parts of Charles V's land, creating this family. They participated in many of the explorations and wars of the time, and even held control of England for a point in time. Extremely Catholic.

Einstein

Physicist born in Germany who formulated the special theory of relativity and the general theory of relativity-- time and space are relative to the observer--so much for natural universals (only speed of light = constant), matter + energy = interchangeable, Newton's laws discarded.

New Physics

Pioneered by the Curies, Plank and Einstein, a new view of physics that shattered the perfect world of Newtonian physics and made the world seem much more random and not as much certainty.

Polish Resistance

Poland = under Germany occupation for the longest, but had the most resistance. -- despite universities + news being closed --organized secret classes + underground press. Poland home army led from London, committed sabatoge + gave allies info -- also Warsaw Ghetto Uprising

Hallstein Doctrine

Policy taken by West Germany stating that they would not recognize the independent existence of the GDR and wouldn't establish relations with any state that did -- worsened tensions but ends in 1970!

Walesa

Polish labor leader and statesman who founded the labor union Solidarity: he became president of Poland and eliminated police

Solidarity

Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression led by Walesa. Self limiting in that it only tried to uphold Gdansk Agreement -- too revisionist. However, it continued to be the nationalist opposition to communist rule and eventually became unstoppable that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in eastern Europe.

Catholic Center Party

Political party of Catholics in Germany that rose after Bismarck's Kulturkampf campaign.

Safety Net Welfare passed by GB

Poor Laws--1834Factory Acts of 1842 and 44 Public Health Act of 1848--established central board Education Bill of 1870--assumes national responsibility and support for public schools--expands literacy 1875 Factory Act-56 hour week People's Budget 1910: massive tax increase on the wealthy, propertied classes: health insurance, pensions, unemployment benefits 1911 Parliament Act--destroy veto power of the House of Lords

Pius IX

Pope who declared papal infallibility + superiority especially noted in his book Syllabus of Errors

Comte

Positivist with a blend of Enlightenment faith in science and reason, with a respect for the Roman Catholic church's hierarchy

Age of Anxiety

Post WWI Era landscape where doubt was cast upon previously existing ways of life and was defined by uncertainty and rapid change, new invention, and new ideas Ex: • Feelings of uncertainty were reflected in science, art, architecture, and psychology. • Novelists, such as Ernest Hemingway, wrote about the destruction of war. • Pablo Picasso and other artists, experimenting with new art forms, moved away from realism and toward freer forms of expression. • In the field of psychology, Sigmund Freud and others questioned traditional thinking on morality and values, and developed new approaches to explaining human behavior.

Machtpolitik

Power politics: i.e., when sovereign states attempt to achieve their desired ends by threatening one another with military, economic or political aggression - adopted by Germany.

absolutism

Powerful monarchs who ruled with divine right, the belief that God had given them power, and they asserted responsibility to God alone. They claimed exclusive power to make/enforce laws and denied any other institution or group the authority to check their power.

German Workers Party

Predecessor to the Nazi party, Hitler infiltrates it and develops his own National Socialism by denouncing Jews, Marxists, Dems, promising unique form of Ger Nat Soc through abolishing capitalism and establishing "people's community". Uses mass propaganda, wild speechs, attacks on Jewish communities + Weimar. By 1921 Hitler gained control of the party and renames it the Nazi party.

IR job classification

Primary jobs involve getting raw materials from the natural environment e.g. Mining, farming and fishing. Secondary jobs involve making things (manufacturing) e.g. making cars and steel. Tertiary jobs involve providing a service e.g. teaching and nursing. Other jobs involve research and development e. (secondary jobs will become very important in IR, and growing middle classes will take on tertiary jobs)

Cult of personality

Promotion of the image of an authoritarian leader not merely as a political figure but as someone who embodies the spirit of the nation and possesses endowments of wisdom and strength far beyond those of the average individual.

Louis Blanc

Proposed social workshops/state supported manufacturing centers as a way to deal with the problems of industrialization(recognized the developing hostility toward the owning class/bourgeoisie).

propaganda in general

Provocative, glorified war - made people want to donate. Becomes increasingly intense, govs = more desperate the longer the war went on - psychological warfare - propagandists = trained in psychology (knew how to manipulate people).

Show Trials

Public trials of Stalin's enemies using false evidence to terrorize the population into obedience -- "justified" the mass purges. In Aug 1936, Old Bolsheviks "confessed" to every crime against Stalin and all were executed (a way for Stalin to consolidate power)

Qing dynasty backlash over opium trade

Qing dynasty decides opium trade must be stopped because its stripping China of its silver (to pay for opium). Prosecutes chinese drug dealers, and sends Lin Zexu to Guangzhou to punish all opium consumers + seize opium from Brits

Jacobins

Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Robespierre from 1793 to 1794, included both The Mountain and Girondists.

Russia's magic mix

Rapid industrial growth =social stress=rising expectations=magic mix... Political reforms do not match economic growth: DANGER (REVOLUTION....)

Rasputin assassinated

Rasputin interfered in the nation's affairs and the Russian people grew more and more upset with the czarist regime. High aristocrats assassinated Rasputin in 1916, hoping that the Tsars would then become more appealing, however, it was too late the save the monarchy.

East Bloc social change

Reduction of class differences through government focus on industry and employment, More doors open to women--engineers, scientists, etc.

Portugal 20thc

Republic in 1910 Assisted Britain in WWI--which means massive govt debt in twenties. Economic instability, middle class distrust, perception of corruption brings in Antonio Salazar--economics professor who will govern an authoritarian state until 1968

Vincent Oge

Returned to Haiti in July 1790 from France and raised an army to win rights for free POC. Demanded assembly in St. Domingue for political rights for freed men, and when they refused used his new armed insurrection. Ogé's revolt ultimately failed and he was tortured and killed.

Clemenceau's aims

Revenge and to punish Germany so that French would have security + economic retribution. To return Alsace-Lorraine to France. No League of Nations. An independent Rhineland. Huge reparations. To disband the German army so that Germany would never be strong enough to attack France again. Kind of supported by Britain, but DLG = less harsh.

Pilgrimage of Grace

Revolt against English Protestantism in Northern England, 1569, but failed.

Consumer Revolution

Rising population + increased demand = consumer revolution = inflation "Profit inflation" stimulated economic growth. Sounds good? Hmmm... •By the end of the 18th century, prices outperform wages, leading to hardship for the poor, particularly in France. •Wealth moved more and more from the poor to the wealthy due to high rents and low wages •Regressive tax structure that put the burden on the poor in France and much of the continent caused hardship and led to financial crises.

Medici Family

Ruled Florence during the Renaissance, became wealthy from banking, spent a lot of money on art, controlled Florence for about 3 centuries

Louis XIV successes

Rules France for 72 years, the longest in French historySet new standards for the arts in EuropeOutlived his son and grandson, established mercantilism, controlled nobles

Rotton Boroughs

Rural towns in England that sent members to Parliament (usually greedy + corrupt nobles) despite having a few or no voters, removed with Whig's 1832 Reform Bill.

Crimean War religious factors

Russia had protective oversight of Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire, and France had oversight of Roman Catholics. In 1851, the Ottoman Sultan had given control of important holy places in Palestine to Roman Catholics, which meant France. In 1853, Russia justified the occupation of two Ottoman Balkan provinces Moldavia and Walachia by invoking its right to protect Orthodox Christians so WAR!

Battle of Tannenberg

Russia invaded East Prussia, and encountered an overpowering and higher skilled German army. Germans led by Hindenburg + Ludendorff. Russia was encircled in Aug 1914, thousands of casualties, brought German morale up, as a good victory for them.

Great Northern War

Russia vs. Sweden. Russia had Poland, Denmark and Saxony as allies. Treaty of Nystad is where Russia gained Latvia and Estonia and thus gained its Window on the West in the Baltic Sea (built St. Petersburg there)

Crimean War (LONG DESCRIPTION)

Russia wants control of Black Sea. On one side: Britain, France, and the Ottoman Empire. On the other side: Russia--Tsar Nicholas I (can't get the support of Austria or Prussia or Brits). British support for war will increase after loss at Battle of Balaclava. Austria will later step into the war on the side of the OE, once it figures out who's going to win. There were multiple places of war including the Baltic Sea, the Caucasus, Siberia along the Pacific. After the the Siege of Sevastopol--1855--both sides move to end the war and in 1856: Treaty of Paris: Russia backs off, the Ottoman Empire is kept alive.

Tsar Alexander II

Russian Tsar + minister forced into modernization + social change ("Emancipator") but his appeasement, and "half way reform" (emancipation of serfs and the establishment of Zemstvos) led to his assassination by the People's Will.

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

Russian and German non aggression agreement, not to attack each other, also, divide up Poland

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

Russian author critical of the Soviet regime but also of Western materialism; published trilogy on the Siberian prison camps, The Gulag Archipelago

Romanovs

Russian dynasty, started with Michael Romanov (grandson of Ivan IV) after the Time of Troubles , ruled Russia until 1917

Vladimir Lenin

Russian founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924).

Petograd Soviet

Russian grassroots group fighting for revolutionary democracy, a parallel government to the provisional one that issued radical orders weakening those of the provisional government.

Cold War long range causes

Russian history--at odds with W. Europe 19th, 18th, 17th centuries--lag in economic development, attempts to upset the status quo, like the Crimean War, Russian Revolution--arguably kindled the Cold War

Crimean War other factors

Russian nationalism was closely tied to the Orthodox religion, so wanted to protect its state. Napoleon III used the war as a display of nationalism to build domestic support for his regime. Britain fought against Russia, not so much FOR the Ottoman Empire (The British press whipped up support for the war, and made it difficult for politicians to proceed more cautiously)

Peter the Great

Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite (Beard law) built up new army with education standards that helped win war against Sweden for Baltic Sea which allowed him to move the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg ("window to the west")

1905 Russian Revolution CAUSES

Russo-Japanese War loss and humiliation of Russia lead to heightened political tensions (mid class wants lib repub govn't; working class in radical labor movement, peasants suppressed, ethnic minorities want self rule) ----> ticked off by Bloody Sunday Massacre.

James Watt

Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819).

Hume

Scottish philosopher whose skeptical philosophy restricted human knowledge to that of sensationalism, building off of Locke's ideas (1711-1776)

Stalin's Mass Purges

Secret police executed Stalin's political enemies, but also random + faithful people. Baffling, in that many who were executed were innocent. Some believe that the terror was essential to tolitarian state, and redoubling devotion out of fear. In records, shows that fear of resistance = big motivator, but mass population kinda helped Stalin (on steroids of ideology + propaganda), but it snowballed creating mass hysetia / witch hunt. But though weakened party by eliminating members, eventually replaced and profited off of newly educated, modern, young, loyal members. Brand new gov't of committed communists.

Italy response to GD

Sectors of the economy organized into corporations--run by business leaders who supported Mussolini: "corporatism" Workers: were supposed to be in a cooperative relation with the business leaders but nope - corruption continues wages are low, productions collapses, businessmen run away with the money GD = Part of the motive for Mussolini to invade Ethiopia is to distract Italians from their problems.

First Battle of the Marne

Sept. 6 1914: French attacked a gap in the German line, France + Allies won the first battle of WW1, and proved war would not just be a quick victory for Germany, beginning of trench warfare and western front stalemate.

Serbian Nationalism

Serbia had long wanted to unite all Serbian people under one flag, seeking a state that would include all Ethnic Serbs. Lead to hostility to A+ H + Ottos. It's desire for Bosnia-Herzegovina and a port led to a swell of nationalism perpetuated by the terrorist organization, the Black Hand.

Pig War of 1903

Serbia starts to find new markets in France, Germany. Serbian govt orders weaponry from French firm rather than the usual Austrian one... leads to a lil rough path + war. Shows tension brewing in Balkan states.

Ulysses (James Joyce)

Set on one day, June 16, 1904, it tells, through the use of steam-of-consciousness technique, the story of Leopold and Molly Bloom, and Stephan Dedalus, as they wander through life on the streets of Dublin, abandoned grammar conventions, weaved puns, foreign words, obscene

Australia settler colonies

Settler colonies develop in Australia, New Zealand, Canada--will become largely self-governing and part of the Commonwealth

Neo-Europes

Settler colonies with established populations of Europeans, such as North America, Australia, New Zealand, and Latin America, where Europe found outlets for population growth and its most profitable investment opportunities in the nineteenth century.

Guayaquil Conference

Simon Bolivar and San Martin met in Guayaquil to discuss a resolution between the two on how they could conquer Peru. After lengthy negotiations neither side could come to a resolution and San Martin bowed out leaving his army to Bolivar. San Martin wanted to rule with a European style imposing monarchs whereas Bolivar wanted to establish republics in the new lands.

Manchurian Incident

Situation in 1931 when Japanese troops, claiming that Chinese soldiers had tried to blow up a railway line, took matters into their own hands by capturing several southern Manchurian cities, and by continuing to take over the country even after Chinese troops had withdrawn (invasion of Manchuria shows Japan imperial efforts, later emboldened by WW2)

Stormtroopers

Soldiers for the Nazis. "Hitler's Thugs" before Holocaust -> during Holocaust Hitler gets rid of them.

Frederick William I

Son of FW, followed fathers past by creating even more absolutist Prussia. FW1 eliminated all parliaments, making Junkers happy by instead giving them head army positions. Also create more centralized army: every adult male required to register for service in regiment of local landlord.

Fransisco Franco

Spanish military leader backed by fascist rebels + Germany + Italy, will lead Fascists to right-wing victory in Spanish Civil War (1936-1939), and becomes new authoritarian Fascist leader of Spain, will lead until 1975!

Secret Speech of 1956

Speech before the 20th Communist Party Congress, in which Khrushchev denounced Stalin and his crimes against the Soviet Union + Cult of Personality. Hardliners feared a purge of old -Stalinists (much like earlier ones under Stalin). Purges never occurred under Khrushchev. Whew.

buffer zone

Stalin = paranoid about Russian security ---> buffer zone! Countries show differing styles of governing but.... USSR always there to interrupt with military. Poland -- catholicism allows, E Ger -- repressive (some ex-Nazis work for police...), Romania -- under iron fist of Ceaucescu family (Euro version of NK Kim family) Hung + Czech -- a little more independent (Hung rev) but Soviets will intrude

Soviet Propaganda

Stalin was perceived as a god-like figure; radios and loudspeakers blared in the villages; citizens heard about communist work in movies theaters and schools.

Stalinism

Stalin's government system that was acheived in the name of Communism but was more like totalitarianism; benefited only government and relied on terror tactics, secret police, bogus trials and assassination. State VIOLENTLY intervened to enforce "social equality"

Khrushchev Thaw

Start of De-Stalinization and made the Soviet union more liberal

Indochinese Communist Party

Started by Ho Chi Minh in 1930s as a rebellion against French rule in Vietnam, dissolved in 1945

Balfour Declaration

Statement issued by Britain's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine, but angered Arabs because they had majority living there and upset Ottoman + Islamic traditions that had been in place for centuries.

Tools of imperialism

Steamships, Submarine Cables expand Shipping, gunboats provide more maneuverability, deadlier firearms = muskets to rifles, (machine or maxim gun ----> more superiority small euro armies can overcome local armies), cures for tropical diseases (moving inland requires solution to malaria problems—creates need for cure: quinine protection against malaria) Suez Canal increases trade,

SALT I

Strategic Arms Limitations Talks: Treaty signed in 1972 between the U.S. and the USSR. This agreement limited the number of missiles in each nation and led to the SALT II discussions and a slowdown of the arms race between the two countries.

Axis Strengths + Weaknesses

Strengths: Ideological fanaticism--propaganda; Advanced technology--V2 rockets, jet aircraft; trained, experienced military; helped by appeasement, weakness of League of Nations Weaknesses: Lack of resources; Multiple fronts--Red Army forces Germany to focus on east; Irrational systems; Hubris of leaders Military weakness--Germany lacks powerful navy, but good U-boats--no carriers; Horses will still be used as a common means of transport Very good at starting a war, but not good at consolidating gains, holding out

Strengths + Weaknesses of Allies

Strengths: MASSIVE resources--industry, oil, USA geographical position; Capitalist economies, "open" societies--spur innovation, build authentic loyalty; Global position--surrounding Axis powers Weaknesses: Distrust, competition over post-war world,; conflicting goals

Burschenschaften

Student fraternities--1815--university students Nationalism and liberalism: "Honor, Freedom, Fatherland!" Undermined: class distinctions, privilege, traditional order: often defended rights of common people as fellow citizens Political liberalism, but also an anti-semitic theme in more nationalist groups.

Gustavus Adolphus

Swedish Lutheran king who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years' War and lost his life in one of the battles (1594-1632)

General Syrian Conference

Syria's declaration of an independent and sovereign nation without French mandate in response to the Sykes-Picot Agreement.

The Waste Land

T.S. Eliot, expressed widespread dispair after WW1

Economic Miracle

Term contemporaries used to describe rapid economic growth, often based on the consumer sector, in post-World War II western Europe.

Congress System

Term referring to the Reactionary method for maintaining political control; Metternich called a series of congresses between conservative leaders during the years from 1815 and 1848. These congresses included the Congress of Vienna, the Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, the Congress of Troppau, and the Congress of Verona.

Entente Cordiale

The 1904 "gentleman's agreement" between France and Britain establishing a close understanding -- roots of 3 entente

Baby Boomers

The 78 million people born during the baby boom, following World War II and lasting until the early 1960s

Labor Party

The British party that replaced the Liberals in the early twentieth century and championed greater social equality for the working classes through the efforts of labor unions.

Union of South Africa

The British united the cape Colony, Orange Free state and Transvaal into the Union of South Africa, part of British Common Wealth.

Guy Fawkes

The Catholic who plotted to blow up the king and parliament in the failed "Gunpowder Plot" of 1605

Europe coming out of 1848:

The Concert of Europe is undermined. Balance of power will still be important. After the defeat of domestic revolutions in 1848, the Great Powers are now confident, more risk-prone. Ambitious foreign policies will be pursued in the second half of the 19th century. A diplomatic corner has been turned.

Age of Crisis (17th century) Enlightenment connection

The Enlightenment is in some ways a reaction against the violence of the 17th century: wars in which religion was a factor, the irrationality of the witch-craze, the suppression of liberty under absolutism

Helsinki Accords

The Final Act of the Helsinki conference in 1975 in which the thirty-five (including USA + Brezhev) nations participating agreed that Europe's existing political frontiers could not be changed by force. They also solemnly accepted numerous provisions guaranteeing the human rights and political freedoms of their citizens. FOUR BASKETS OF HELSINKI ACCORDS: security, cooperation, human rights and FOLLOW UP!

Little Entente

The French alliance between the smaller countries of Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia, Fr promised military aid to them if Ger ever invaded.

Ulsterites

The Irish Protestants of the Northern countries of Ulster and opposed home rule by December 1913 they had raised 100,000 armed volunteers and were supported by much of the English public.

July Revolution

The July Revolution (also called the Revolution of 1830) saw the overthrow of Charles X and the ascension of Louis-Philippe to the French throne. The July Revolution is important because it marked the transition of power from the House of Bourbon to the House of Orléans.

Crimean War geopolitical factors

The Ottoman Empire was considered a state in decline by this time but it still controlled much of the Middle East, especially the Holy Land (Israel), Russia wanted to extend its influence at the Ottoman expense (at stake was a warm water port, and access to naval and commercial opportunities in the Black Sea), Russia tried to initially gain support from Britain--this failed. Britain and France could not accept this state of affairs, which would upset the balance of power.

Ivan the Great (Ivan III)

The Slavic Grand Duke of Moscow, he ended nearly 200 years of Mongol rule in Russia. From then on he worked at extending his territories, subduing the nobles, and attaining absolute power. He also proclaims Russia as 3rd Rome (a Holy Russia)

Third Reich

The Third Republic of Germany which began Hitler's rule in 1933 and ended with his defeat in 1945

Work Progress Administration

The WPA in USA gave people jobs to help build roads, bridges, dams, airports, surge treatment plants, hospitals, medical clinics, and schools. In addition, artists, sculptors, musicians and actors were employed.

Italian Campaign (THE END OF IT)

The allied campaign to take Italy. It took 18 months, from 1943-1944. Italy surrendered after many beach landings and other dangerous tactics.

War Communism

The application of centralized state control during the Russian civil war, in which the Bolsheviks seized grain from peasants, introduced rationing, nationalized all banks and industry, and required everyone to work.

War Communism

The application of centralized state control during the Russian civil war, in which the Bolsheviks seized grain from peasants, introduced rationing, nationalized all banks and industry, and required everyone to work. One party rule, dictatorship. Nationalize industries.

Gavrilo Princip

The assassin of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, a member of the Black Hand

suffragette movement

The campaign for women's right to vote, begun in 1903 by Emmeline Pankhurst & others in Britain.

Arnold Schoenberg

The creator of the twelve-tone system of atonal music.

mass consumer culture

The desire of producers to sell, and of consumers to buy, the many new products developed in the 1920s, such as electrical appliances.

Treaty of Frankfurt

The end of the Franco-Prussian War. Alsace and Lorraine given to Germany, France urban population angered about surrender!

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of goods, plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

stadholder

The executive officer in each of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, a position often held by the princes of Orange (some wondered if they had monarchy ambitions), removed when one stadholder William of Orange became King of Eng. in 1688.

Textiles

The first industry to be industrialized in the 18th century, Kay created hand-operated machine which increased the speed of weaving, Hargreaves's spinning jenny quickened spinning time, while Arkwright's water frame gave new power from rushing currents, but was too big to be used in home, so factories created. Crompton combined spinning jenny and water frame into a single device increasing production of fine thread. Cartwright created a water powered device that automatically and quickly wove thread into cloth. Whitney's cotton gin seperated aw cotton from cotton seeds, increasing cotton supply while lowering cost of raw cotton, and eventually Howes sewing machine increased the speed of sewing greatly.

Sultan Abdul Mejid's Imperial Rescript of 1857

The high point of reform came with Sultan Abdul Mejid's Imperial Rescript of 1857. Articles in the decree called for equality before the law, a modernized administration and military, and religious freedom for Muslims, Christians, and Jews.

White Terror

The hunting down and assassinating of former republicans of France by emigre's after the final defeat of Napoleon

Cape to Cairo

The idea of a trans-African railroad from South Africa to Egypt to bring British culture to all of Africa

Newtonian Synthesis

The idea that the same simple physical laws apply equally well in the terrestrial and celestial realms

ultra-royalists

The most fanatical enemies of the Revolution, who launched the "White Terror" against the supporters of Napoleon.

Zollverein

The name of the free trade zone that German states created in the early 19th century, decades prior to their unification. Important step to German reunification, but Austria is left out....

European Unity

The ongoing effort from 1945-present to rebuild and strengthen Europe after WWII. The idea of building a United States of Europe is intended to establish military and economic cooperation and strength -- desire to avoid war, hope to continue influence, Marshall Plan requires cooperation

Mensheviks

The party which opposed to the Bolsheviks. Started in 1903 by Martov, after dispute with Lenin. The Mensheviks wanted a democratic party with mass membership.

Nonalignment

The policy of some developing nations to refrain from aligning with either the United States or the Soviet Union during the Cold War -- got aid from both countries and avoid tensions of Cold War

Reichstag

The popularly elected lower house of government of the new German Empire after 1871.

postcolonial migration

The postwar movement of people from former colonies and the developing world into Europe. However new migrants often faced discrimination, xenophobia, anti-immigrant rhetoric.

Crop Rotation

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year (using clover as a fertilizer), to avoid exhausting the soil.

Industrialization

The process in which a society or country (or world) transforms itself from a primarily agricultural society into one based on the manufacturing of goods and services. from agrarian, peasant-based society----> urbanized industrialized society with people earning wages in urban-based employment

Russification

The process initiated during the rule of Tsar Nicholas I that reinforced the motto, "orthodoxy, autocracy, and nationalism," by forcing Russian culture and religion on his non-Russian subjects.

virtu

The quality of being able to shape the world according to one's own will

Reconquista

The retaking of the Iberian Peninsula by Spanish forces from the Moors. It was completed in 1492.

Cordon Sanitaire

The ring of small anti-communist states on the border of U.S.S.R which was established in 1919 and seen as preventing the communist infection from spreading. Ran from Finland to Rumania.

right-wing extremism

The rise of separatist movements in Spain, Italy, and elsewhere that often used violence to achieve their goals + other right wing groups like the National Front in France -- consisted mostly of White Worker Force.

Industrious Revolution

The shift that occurred as families in northwestern Europe focused on earning wages instead of producing goods for household consumption; this reduced their economic self-sufficiency but increased their ability to purchase consumer goods.

"Peace, Land, and Bread"

The slogan used by Lenin to win the support of the people; Peace appealed to the soldiers; Land appealed to the peasants; and Bread appealed to the workers.

Paris Commune

The small government in Paris who wanted to resist the conservative leaders of France and tried to form their own government, dominated by radicals sans culottes by summer 1792--demand a new government

Proletarianization

The transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners.

Gunboat Diplomacy

The use or threat of military force to coerce a government into economic or political agreements.

Great Purge

The widespread arrests and executions of over a million people by Josef Stalin between 1936 and 1938. Stalin was attempting to eliminate all opposition to his rule of the Soviet Union.

dialectic

Theory of thought and historical progress in which opposites are created, and then reconciled to create a synthesis. This approach was pioneered by Hegel.

Treitschke

This German nationalist historian's views that expansion was essential to greatness as a nation reflected nationalism as well as Social Darwinism.

Pope John Paul II

This Polish Pope brought the world's attention to the solidarity movement of the Polish, calling for human rights. He became a hero of the Polish nation pushed Solidarity to world stage!

Fall of the Qing Dynasty

This event occurred in 1911 as a result of mounting internal and external pressures, such as ineffective leadership, declining food levels, and the Boxer Rebellion. Revolutionaries led by Sun Yat-sen installed the new Republic of China in place of the old imperial system.

classical liberal

This is the original form of Liberalism and it reflects the views of thinkers reacting to what they saw as the excessive control of conservative government. They believe in laissez-faire policies, which restrict government involvement in political life to an absolute minimum.

Madame de Pompadour

This mistress and friend of the weak Louis XV. Important adviser to king who enjoyed an informal political influence at court in the mid-1700s -- She became involved in military and foreign affairs, and patronized artists and writers (including Voltaire)

Berlin Airlift

To bring in food and supplies to the Berlin Blockade, the U.S. and Great Britain mounted air lifts which became so intense that, at their height, an airplane was landing in West Berlin every few minutes -- continued for almost a year -- but in 1949 Stalin forced to withdraw blockade -- major defeat!

Napoleon III's coup d'etat

Took place after the National Assembly failed to change the constitution so that he could run for a second term. He began to conspire with key army officers. Eventually on December 2, 1851, illegally dismissed the Assembly to seize power. He restored universal male suffrage and called on the French people to legalize his actions. The people then elected him as president for ten years, but a year later made him the hereditary emperor.

Lord Liverpool

Tory minister of Great Britain from 1812-1827 who was unprepared for the postwar dislocation caused by two years of poor harvests and unemployment. He sought to protect the interests in the landed and the wealthy

Haitian Revolution

Toussaint l'Ouverture led this uprising, which in 1790 resulted in the successful overthrow of French colonial rule on this Caribbean island. This revolution set up the first black government in the Western Hemisphere and the world's second democratic republic (after the US). The US was reluctant to give full support to this republic led by former slaves.

Treaty of St. Germain 1919

Treaty imposed on Austria after the war. Transformed Austria into "the tadpole state," as Bohemia + Moravia became new Czechoslovakia, and Bosnia + Herzegovina + Croatia became the new state of Yugoslavia, also lost Galicia to Poland +land to Italy. Aside from territorial changes, and Austria's armed forces were reduced to 30,000 men. The reparations that were imposed on it caused the country to go to bankrupt in 1922.

Treaty of Sevres

Treaty that stripped the Ottoman Empire of all of its land except for Turkey, lost Smyrna to Greece, Syria + Egypt + Tunisia + Morocco placed under Brit + French control, much of Turkey now controlled by Britain or France.

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

Turkish nationalist leader who directed successful Turkish defense against Europeans in reaction to Treaty of Sevres. Eventually, after Treaty of Lausanne, became the first president of modern Turkey in the 1920's and set about to modernize and Westernize Turkey, including making it more secular (public edu, women's rights, no church=state connection)

Russia's emergence from Crimean War

Turning Point: Crimean War--humiliating defeat: Nicholas I dies during conflict Alexander II, r. 1855-1881, lack of modern weapons + industrialization, new serf rebelliousness, need for reform in Russia to suppress new revolutionary spirit.

Transvaal and Orange Free State

Two new republics established by the Boers

financial crisis in Euro following Amer stock market crash

US bankers began to quickly recall all the loans they made to foreign businesses (affected Aus + Ger the most). So then Euro bankers began to withdraw all of THEIR money -- banking crisis ---> crash of Aus largest bank

Marshall Plan

US provided economic assistance to Western Europe to help Europe rebuild after WWII. This aid was provided, in part, so that western European nations could resist the pull of communism -- also exert USA influence

military resources of Allies

USA --> huge industrial base used to wage total war -- outproduced entire world combined, GB ---> floating fortress that Ger could not penetrate -- decisive blow to Ger; USSR--> military strength after determined push -- drew heroics + national unification

USA in WWI

USA initially declares neutrality (wants to preserves their economic relationships with both sides, politicians don't want to upset immigrants from countries of either side (don't want to lose potential voters)) In reality, the U.S. was allied with the Allied Powers, especially Britain. Want seas to stay open to U.S. ships b/c they are 'neutral'. Pres. Wilson asks congress for a declaration of war on Germany in 1917 after restart of submarine warfare + Zimmerman telegram.

German Empire

Unified by Bismarck of Prussia, the German empire was created after the Franco-Prussian war (1871), a federal union of Prussia + 24 smaller states, most important power pieces = Bismarck as chancellor and Reichstag, lower popularly elected house.

poison gas WWI

Used during WWI to demoralize, injure, and kill entrenched defenders. Would leave defenders with severe skin burns, temporary blindness, and sometimes death.

England Agricultural Leadership

Used dutch expertise (copied sewage systems) , selective breeding and enclosures

New Economic Mechanism

Used in East-Bloc Hungary, broke up state monopolies, allowed some private retail stores, and encouraged private agriculture. Was one of the most successful forms of decentralization in the East Bloc

May 8 1945

V-E Day; when Germany officially surrenders

cameralism

View that monarchy was the best form of government, that all elements of society should serve the monarch, and that, in turn, the state should use its resources and authority to increase the public good (Frederick the Great)

Germany 1888 King Problemo

W1 dies, then Fred III for 99 days, then the GRANDSON W2 takes over--generation gap between grumpy old Bismarck and the young upstart?

key points of WW2

WW2 = product of revisionist states; birth of atomic age, will lead to beginning of Cold War, civilian bombing + total war (in the end Japan + Germany will be massively punished); racially -- a war w/o mercy: Nazi ideology, USA v Japan, war of economic systems -- favoring USA, war = one lots of movement, not stasis (blitzkrieg = lightning war-- fast, overwhelming), Gers + Japan: Good at fast + quick war -- but NOT prepared for extended long war -- Allies will be not be unified at first + underequipped, but will adapt and win.

Opium Wars

Wars between Britain and the Qing Empire (mid 1800s), caused by the Qing government's refusal to let Britain import Opium. China lost and Britain and most other European powers were able to develop a strong trade presence throughout China against their wishes.

Moses Mendelssohn

Was a German Jewish philosopher whose ideas lead to the Haskalah, the 'Jewish enlightenment' Believed reason complements/strengthens religion. Wrote on the Immortality of the Soul arguing the human soul lived forever through socratic questioning.

Hep Hep Riots

Wave of anti-semitism in time of increased tension Caused by: gradual emancipation of Jews, Napoleonic reforms, increased nationalism, nationalist youth groups Took place in: Bavaria cities and towns, and other versions in similar situations in northern Europe

Liquidation of the Kulaks

Wealthier peasants who had more to give up were often more reluctant to be collectivized. Stalin said they should be liquidated as a class. In 1929 hundreds of thousands were killed and many others transported to labor camps. This process of collectivization was supposed to turn the proletariat into a manipulable mass but was achieved at cost of class war. Lenin's NEP had encouraged the activities of the Kulaks and before him Stolypin had sought to create a middle class. Now, abruptly, these policies were brutally reversed. At the height of this upheaval, poor harvest resulted in disastrous famine in 1932 in which millions are estimated to have died. (Recall Video) Yet Stalin still pushed for export of grains to finance industrial growth.

Battle of Caporetto

Where Austrians and Germans launched a major offensive against the Italian position. Italians retreated in disarray, army in crumbles.

Glorious Revolution

Whigs and Tories invite William of Orange, whose wife is Mary (raised Protestant by James II's first wife) to rule. Not much bloodshed in the moment (why its named 'Glorious Revolution', but riots did begin afterwards in Catholic Ireland and in British territories). Parliamentary supremacy and constitutional monarchy established.

Counterculture of the 1960s

White middle-class youths, called "hippies". New Left, against Vietnam War, turned back on America because they believed in a society based on peace and love. Rock'n'roll, colorful clothes, and the use of drugs, lived in large groups. Lived in San Francisco's Haight-Ashbuy district because of the availability of drugs.

Big Three

Wilson, for America; Lloyd George, for Britain; Clemenceau, for France -- Each of these leaders harbored their own intentions and aims, and were influenced and limited as well by popular in governmental pressures at home. Lloyd George and Clemenceau were especially pressured by the popular desire for revenge against Germany

Arab Revolt of 1916

With help from the British (specifically, T.E. Lawrence), Sharif Husein bin Ali of Mecca led a revolt against the Ottoman Empire, in order to create an independent Arab nation. He won the battle for Arab independence, but Brits had other plans...

Teddy Boys

Working-class British adolescents who adopted styles in menswear that had a somewhat Edwardian flavor, which were longer jackets with more shaping, high turned-back lapels, cuffed sleeves, waistcoats, and narrow trousers. Adapted these styles to make a elongated, loose jackets with wide, padded shoulders, narrow trousers.

globalization

Worldwide process of interaction among people, governments, and companies. Involves: migration, spread of knowledge, relocation of jobs, and investment On a continuum: local, national, regional--global

The Economic Consequences of the Peace

Written by Keynes, this work illustrated the overall British opinion that Germany should be resuscitated economically for the British economy to flourish. Also harsh economic terms would push Gers toward Bolshevism, It was against France's harsh reparations and argued for complete revision. Actually created some English sympathy for Germans.

Gustav Le Bon

Wrote "The Crowd" People lost control of their emotions and actions when in crowds

Florence

a "republic" run by the powerful Medici family, had a Constitution limiting control of nobility.

the Fronde

a French rebellion led by nobles against the weak monarchy that was caused by Mazarin's attempt to increase royal revenue and expand state bureaucracy, caused Louis XIV to distrust the state, turn to absolutism, and see Paris as a threatening place.

People's Will (Narodnaya Volya)

a Russian terrorist organization (tried to use violence and chaos to enact reform), best known for the successful assassination of Tsar Alexander II of Russia. It created a centralized, well disguised, and most significant organization in a time of diverse liberation movements in Russia.

Battle of Navarino

a battle fought in 1827 to allow Greece to become an independent kingdom; a combined fleet of British, French, and Russian fleet destroyed the Ottoman fleet

Samizdat

a clandestine publishing system within the Soviet Union, by which forbidden or unpublishable literature was reproduced and circulated privately

colony

a country or a territory governed internally by a foreign power. Ex: Somaliland in East Africa was a French colony

romanticism

a cultural movement, reaction against the Enlightenment--one line of thought is that there Romanticism can appeal, therefore, to conservatives idealization of the Middle Ages, in architecture an appreciation of Gothic design, respect for imagination and intuition in addition to rationality, emphasis on passion and emotion as basic human drives that can't be denied--German ("Sturm und Drang"=storm and stress) art: reaction to neo-classicism and excessive rationalism a reverence for nature, response to industrial society--mostly oppositional, at times appreciative, stronger in England, weaker in France, tied to nationalism in Germany, individualism, imagination, emotion, nature, common man, childhood

People's Charter

a document written in 1838 by William Lovett and other radicals of the London Working Men's Association, and adopted at a national convention of workingmen's organizations in August of that year, called for universal male suffrage, annual parliaments, vote by ballot, abolition of the property etc.

Cult of the Duce

a film portraying mussolini as a powerful strong man who embodied the highest qualities of the italian people

Hunger strikes

a form of protest/strike used by the most radical/militan suffragettes in which one refuses to eat until needs/wants are met, invokes painful and awful forced eating.

Industrial Revolution

a fundamental change in the way goods were produced, from human labor to machines. The more efficient means of production and subsequent higher levels of production trigged far-reaching changes to industrialized societies.

Hideki Tojo

a general of the Imperial Japanese Army, and the 40th Prime Minister of Japan. Right wing Japanese Fascist nationalist + military. Basically pulled the strings of Hirohito and had true governing power. Maintained tolitarian policies and Japanese propaganda.

contrapposto

a graceful arrangement of the body based on tilted shoulders and hips and bent knees TYPICAL POSITION OF A MONARCH IN PAINTINGS!

Opium

a highly addictive substance made from the sap of the opium poppy

Congo Free State

a large area in Central Africa that was privately controlled by Leopold II of Belgium. He was able to secretly treat the people of the colony very badly until he was forced to give it up to Belgian Parliament, which turned Congo Free State into Belgian Congo

The Spartacist Uprising 1919

a left-wing uprising, 6th January 1919 - inspired by the Spartacists 100,000 people took over key buildings in Berlin, the government was not strong enough to deal with it, the uprising was crushed by the Freikorps, the leaders - Karl Leibnecht and Rosa Luxemburg were murdered, several thousand communist supporters were arrested or killed

christian humanism

a movement that developed in northern Europe during the renaissance combining classical learning with the goal of reforming the catholic church

Information Age

a period in history where the production, distribution, and control of information is the primary driver of the economy

Mass politics

a political order characterized by mass political parties and universal male and (eventually) female suffrage

Mass Politics

a political order characterized by mass political parties and universal male and suffrage

Corporatism

a political system in which corporations become an institutionalized part of the state or dominant political party; public policy is typically the result of negotiations among representatives of the state and corporations -- in Italy 22 state corporations: employees and employers forced to cooperate with government supervision; unions outlawed

Aktion T4

a program established in 1939 to maintain the genetic purity of the German population by killing or sterilizing German and Austrian citizens who were disabled or suffering from mental illness - campaign stopped after Church + families spoke up

Aktion T4

a program established in 1939 to maintain the genetic purity of the German population by killing or sterilizing German and Austrian citizens who were disabled or suffering from mental illness.

Russification

a response to the 1863 Polish uprising. Russian culture and institutions imposed on Poland Polish nobility punished with serf emancipation

Great Game

a struggle between the British Empire and the Russian Empire for control of Central Asia in the 19th century.

Danevirke

a system of Danish fortifications in Schleswig-Holstein. This important defensive earthwork across the neck of the Cimbrian peninsula, was initiated by the Danes in the Nordic Iron Age at some point before 500 AD. It was later expanded multiple times during Denmark's Viking Age. The Danevirke was last used for military purposes in 1864 during the Second War of Schleswig but failed the Danish, as Aus + Prus beat them.

concubine

a woman who lives with a man as mistress but has lower status than his wife or wives

Gdansk Agreement

a working class revolt in the Lenin shipyards of Gdansk that resulted in the workers gaining their revolutionary demands including the right to form free trade unions, freedom of speech, release of political prisoners, and economic reforms.

Decembrist Revolt

abortive attempt by army officers (who had gotten small taste of liberalism while fighting in Nap. Wars) who refuse to give allegiance to new Tsar Nicholas I upon the death of Tsar Alexander I in 1825. They hope to take control of the Russian government, appointing the more liberal-minded brother of Nicholas, Constantine, in hopes to liberalize Russia to create a constitutional monarchy. A failure— easily suppressed by Nicholas I's army, those who were part of rebels hanged, while Nicholas creates "Third Section" Secret police to regulate political opposition in future.

economic causes of imperialism

access to raw materials for industrial revolution, trade, cheap labor, new markets (consumers in colonized areas), colonies offered outlet for Euro's growing population, guaranteed nations a safe haven at times of war

Dual Monarchy

after 1866 Autro-Prussian War and Austria's loss of Northern Italy to Italian unification, Augsleich compromise in 1867 turns Hapsburg Empire into Austria-Hungary, dual monarchy, one monarch over two states. Share the army, monarch, and foreign relations, but separately control trade and domestic policy.

France + Church sever ties

after Dreyfus affair France government stopped paying clergy salaries and catholic schools. french nationalism now extended to more schools because Catholic ones shut down.

Hitler consolidates Power

after Enabling Act Germany = 1 party state, Nazis took over bureaucracy, while Nazi personal party gov't still intact. This "dual government" lacked unity + organization, but the competition for Hitler's favor increased his control/appeal. Hitler eliminated political enemies, outlawed strikes, unions (instead created Nazi controlled labor front), purged the Nazi storm-troopers (brownshirts--SA) replacing them with his SS and getting control of the army. Policy of coordination (all organizations, institutions had to fall in line with Nazis)

Stalin gains power

after Lenin died two contenders, Trotsky v Stalin. Tho Trotsky had all the advantage (inspiring leader Bolshevik leader, led Rus Rev and Red Army in Rus Civil War), Stalin used his position as Secretary General of the Party to gain followers + allies + friends in high ranks. Also his "Socialism in 1 country" theory was more appealing that Trotsky's success = big Soc Euro rev. Stalin eventually achieved supreme power by 1927, and crushed Trotsky + all other political rivals.

Germany + submarine warfare

after Lusitania incident halted all sub warfare to avoid USA war, but in 1917 resumed, hoping to attack Brit supply ships and starve GB before USA could rescue them. Reckless... brought USA into war with Allies

Mussolini consolidates power

after becoming PM in 1922 moves cautiously -- promising to "restore order", --> It. parlia allows him to pass law that gave 2/3 of parlia to most votes sooo obvi Fascist party won -- shortly after groups of Fascs murdered Soc politician. Muss took that chance to impose repressive measures (ya kno for safety) - gov't ruled by decree, no free press/media, fixed elections, elimination of political rivals. 1926, Italy becomes one party state with Muss as head. Eventually implements corporatism + Lateran Accords + invades Ethiopia. Uses rallies, sports, welfare benefits, media, Roman Empire propaganda to engineer popular support.

separate spheres

after reforms, married working class women were less likely to work full time--but the poorest married women continued to work outside the home

Bismarck and socialism

after trying to destroy the ideology by anti-socialist laws, realizes he's marginalizing the working class and needs their support to spread German nationalism, so urges Reichstag to push socialist welfare programs + create a new safety net (giving working class "goodies" so they could stay on their good side + not revolt)

Treaty of Rapallo

agreement between Germany and the Soviet Union in 1922 that normalized diplomatic relations and ensured economic cooperation between the two

Troppau Protocol

agreement led by Metternich that stated that the great European powers had the right to intervene in revolutionary situations

Concordat with the Roman Catholic Church

agreement made between Napoleon and the pope by which Napoleon (1801) acknowledged Catholicism as the religion of most French cities (got rid of Robespierre's wacky cults and calendar), and the church gave up claims to property in France that had been seized and sold during the Revolution. Unifies France, social stability, consolidation of Napoleon's power.

Vesalius

aka "Father of Anatomy", studied human anatomy through the dissection of criminals, and wrote 1543 book On the Structure of the Human Body, with precise drawings that revolutionized the understanding of human anatomy.

Fascism

an authoritarian and nationalistic right-wing system of government and social organization built by extreme nationalists and racists. glorified war + military + had a violent leader. Did not work to level class differences, instead advocated for community bound by nationalism.

League of Nations

an organization of collective security - - but it had no real executive police power, only promoted international cooperation + peace. set up a mandate system for the former colonies of the central powers. First proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

Trade Union Movement

an organized attempt by workers to improve their status (Pace of work, low wages, mechanization, long hours, terrible conditions) by united action especially via labor unions (especially the leaders of this movement). tactics = collective organizations, petitions, strikes

Pogroms

an organized massacre of a particular ethnic group, in particular that of Jews in Russia or eastern Europe.

Edwin Chadwick

an urban reformer with a background in law that was obsessed with eliminating the poverty of urban areas. He was appointed to a number of government investigations. He was a secretary of the Poor Law comission that initiated a search for conditions of the working classes. This led to his Report on the Condition of the Laboring Population of Great Britain. He believed that the disease was caused by sanitation problems. He wanted a modern sanitary system and efficient sewers and piped water. This caused the National Board of Health to be created.

IR workers

are becoming wage earners, proletarians; Separation of work from home

centrist measures of Fr + Brits (interwar)

as parliamentary democracies with big empires, both France and Britain will not carry out policies that are too radical in either direction--which will in some sense hurt efforts to confront the Great Depression--no really decisive measures are taken

Christianity b4/after WW1

b4: been on defensive, trying to integrate new science into divine mystery of God. after: New christian ideas spurring from existentialism, shared loneliness, meaninglessness, but now saw God as key to revival, meaningful answer to hopelessness of war.

France 1840's economic crisis

bad harvests of 1846 + 1847 leads to quick economic decline, while Louis Philippe and his Bourgeoisie monarchy does little to prevent economic + social crisis.

Banking

became increasingly important, as they provided loans and invested capital, and eventually as transactions became more complex, checks and letters of credit were developed.

Wilhelm I

became king of Prussia in 1861 and sought to increase Prussian power. Italian uprisings had profound effect on him (exhibited that political war and change were very possible!) but Parliament and him clashed over army and military budget. He appointed Otto Von Bismarck as his Prime Minister (encouraged Bis to defy Parliament). In 1871, at the Palace of Versailles after the Franco-Prussian war, he was proclaimed Kaiser of the German Empire by Otto von Bismarck. (reforms under him: abolished serfdom, supports public edu)

humanitarian/cultural/intellectual causes of imperialism

belief that Europeans should "civilize" non-white peoples to remake them into superior European models, missionaries + doctors + colonial officials believed it was their duty to spread religion + Euro ideas to move other races along path of progress, Rudyard Kipling's "The White Man's Burden"

Puritans

believed Protestant Reformation needed to go farther in England to purify all remains of Catholic Church (like elaborate ceremonies, clerical hierarchy), STILL ANGLICANS NOT PREBYSTERIANS, consisted of both common folk and upper middle class.

20th century birth rate crisis

birth rate drops because: there's improved living conditions, so less need for kids, kids = expensive (especially with new restrictions on child labor), increase in state programs for elderly, more unmarried/single women. Governments, fearful of society decline use nationalistic programs to promote larger families and eugenics programs.

Lenin

born in the mid class and became enemy of imperial Russia upon his older brother's execution for plotting to murder the Tsar. Eagerly studied Marxism, updating it to fit the existing conditions in Russia. Founded the Communist Party aka Bolsheviks in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924.

functionalism

buildings, like industrial products, should be made as well as possible + w/o excessive accessories, "house is machine for living in", clean straight lines +efficiency > fanciness

Fritz Harkort

business pioneer in the German machinery industry, built steam engines, imported materials from England, ambition resulted in large financial losses (brought Industrial Revolution to Germany.....?)

Decrees of August 4

by National Constituent Assembly, response to Great Fear by renouncing feudal rights and privileges--now all French citizens are subject to the same and equal laws

Alexander Herzen

called for "Land and Freedom" in Russia in hopes of an autocratic implosion leaving peasants to live in independent villages

Nazi's racial purity

campaign against those who could not "contribute" to Master Race -- persecution of Jews, Slavs, Sinti, Roma peoples, homosexuals, Jehovah's witnesses -- barbarism + race hatred institutionalized with science + law. Demonized outside groups upped support and national unity for Hitler.

Capitalism vs. Socialism vs. Communism

capitalism- business owners or capitalists get richer while the workers (poor) do all the hard work; (Marx believed that working-class would get angry and rebel --> leads to socialism) socialism- nothing is made for profit; all people benefit from education and health; (the spreading of these ideas leads to communism) communism- everyone works together; no war; sharing means no police needed; everything is provided by the people; all human activity goes towards benefitting each other EVERYONE IS EQUAL

tolitarian leaders

charismatic dictators who control all aspects of the government and lives of citizens (Mussolini, Stalin, Hitler). Used force & terror to gain power, under surface level of promising jobs, promoting nationalism and using propaganda. Held onto power by using secret police, denying liberties, and eliminating opposing rivals/parties.

factors stimulating trade + commerce as Euro Industrial powers sought foreign markets

colonization + forced market (British force over Indian textile industry), free trade policies, mines, plantations, new transportation (railroad coverage + steamboats), opening of the Panama and Suez canals, new communication networks (telegraph)

Communism vs. Fascism

communism is a system based around a theory of economic equality and advocates for a classless society; fascism is a nationalistic, top-down system with rigid class roles that is ruled by an all-powerful dictator. race - Comms: new world w destruction of class differences [race didn't matter as much]), did persecute ethnic groups but justified with class ideologies not race. Fascists: new national community based in racial homogeneity (used eugenics and selective breeding), and seeked to purify nation of unfit peoples SWORN ENEMIES (despite stark similarities)

Igor Stravinsky

composer who looked for new understanding of irrational forces in his music, starter of the modern musical movement, wrote Rite of Spring (1913) an expressionist ballet, that shocked crowds because of music and scenes

Falklands War

conflict between Britain and Argentina; a military junta claimed ownswership of the British colony sparking an international crisis. The British won the war and the military junta lost authority in Argentina

scientific method

consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses (descartes logic/math + bacon empiricism = scientific method)

problems after Italian unification:

constitutional monarchy is established in March 1861, but Cavour also dies that year. Problems eventually arise: parts of Italy are still under foreign control; there are two Italies--a more urban, industrial and wealthy north, and a more rural and poverty-stricken south, dominated by landowners; the new government is burdened with debt; the new government is associated with corruption, replacing Cavour's more efficient system with one known as "transformismo", in which bribery and favors were used to gain in a seat in Parliament.

Liberalism's goals

constitutional monarchy or republic representative democracy constitution broadened voting franchise individual freedoms: speech, press, religion oppose slavery limit the government classical vs. welfare liberalism

Northern German Confederation Constitution

constitutional monarchy organized along democratic lines to gain popular support, real power rested with the Prussian king (W1) and chancellor (Bismarck). The constitution called for a bicameral legislature with an upper house (Bundesrat) based on representation by state, and a lower house (Reichstag) based on population and elected by universal male suffrage. The constitution also protected freedom of speech. Bismarck and other ministers were responsible only to the king, the assembly had little control over state revenue, and elected representatives could not introduce legislation.

Causes of Decolonization

continuing goal of self-determination postwar devastation of imperial powers, Japanese victory and defeat, desire for peace and caution about overseas occupation that causes violence and saps national wealth, effective leaders (Gandhi, Mao Zedong), Communist support for rebellion vs. Western support for gradualism, USA's role--ideals oppose imperialism

Peninsulares and Creoles

controlled land, wealth, and power in the colonies

Propaganda WW1

countries used propaganda (posters, techniques, forms of communication) and censorship to deceive the public about the war in order to keep up morale. French/Brits: depict Gers as cruel (killing dogs) Ger: Depict Brits as using power politics + unchecked power that confining Ger, hypocrisy of Britain's morale superiority but terrible conditions in colonies Symbols: gendered, women = nation's spirit, also pity and struggle of war. New Cinema + film: ex: Battle of Somme, to put human face on army. Recruitment Propaganda: 1. protecting family 2. moral highground 3. focus on duty to country, personal language

March 1848 — German Confederation

crowds across the German Confederation called for liberal reform, and many regional rulers gave in.

Tsar Nicholas I will....

crush the Decembrists; institute a secret police called the "Third Section"; creates an educational policy: "Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality" --a mix of nationalism, romanticism, reverence for orthodox religion, and complete obedience to the Tsar; add a minimal amount of railroads--only 570 total miles by 1855; crush local autonomy, including Poland's constitution; wants to get rid of serfdom but didn't in order to appease the nobles; helps the Hapsburgs suppress the 1848 Austrian revolution (Hungary), and urged Prussia to avoid a constitution

Mary Tudor

daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon who was Queen of England from 1553 to 1558 she was the wife of Philip II of Spain and when she restored Roman Catholicism to England (after Henry VIII's Anglicanism establishment) many Protestants were burned at the stake as heretics.

Eugene Weber

decolonization = t's modern European history sped up

French Response to the Depression

depression came to France late (less industrialized, more isolated), but when it hit in 1935 they took longest to recover and divided parliament in crisis. Deflationary measures and wage cuts don't work in a country with a strong radical past. Rise in labor strikes. Multiple turnovers in government make it difficult to address problems; fascists, looking to Italy and Germany, rioted in 1934 and threatened to overturn republic; Communists looked to Russia for guidance; centrist republicanism threatened; Communists, Socialist, and Radicals formed Popular Front. Pop Front attempted to make reform of Econ using inspiration from New Deal, but sabatoged by run away inflation, labor unrest. Political dissension also prompted by Spanish Civil War (coms + socs want to support Spanish repub, while fascs + conservs want to support rebels)

Japan continues to fight

despite USA summer victories in Asia, plus Axis power loss -- continued to fight! But Amers believed that invasion = costly, probably cost a lot lives for Jap and Amer, but Japan was actually destroyed by Amer bombing, industry had gone down, but fought on, ready to sacrifice for cause.

Planck

discovery of sub-atomic energy, emitted by elements, in random "spurts: quanta (so much for atoms as solid building blocks of nature)

mixed-race populations

disproportionately male migrants led to unions with Native or African women, leading to sizable population of mixed-race. The mixed-race descendants of Spanish conquistadors were among the most powerful in all of Spanish America, but in Britain were kept in slavery as most families had moved to America so rapid white increase.

Generation Gap + Youth Culture

distinctive youth culture emerged in Baby Boomers, as new trends never before seen erupted with overflow of money. Keys to consumer revolution. But also new education levels: many more going to college, would lead to Youth being the forefront of counterculture attack: critical of materialism and conformity, education--realize social inequality and injustice.

French gov't situation after Ruhr

divided gov't (comms v SDS), quickly rebuilt north-east region, but leads to rapid inflation --> econ crisis, Poincare called back into office with Briand as foreign minister. slashed spending + raised taxes to create fairly stable econ.

free trade imperialism (PHASE 3)

early to mid 19th century, British Dominance Mercantilism to free trade, Smith—empires prosper by free trade—would grow on itself, British merchants benefit with absence of governmental control, No real need for direct colonial administration at this point. Ex: Opium War

geocentric theory

earth is the center of the Universe

railroads

easier to move coal, and with steam engine was extremely successful able to use new locomotives that could go much faster than any previous transportation and more predictable than shipping. Able to employ thousands of people since demand for unskilled labor. Railroad lines erupted across GB and eventually spread all across the world

mercantilism

economic regulations by a government aimed at increasing the power of the state (regulations like high tariffs on foreign exports, low tariffs on national exports, encouraging immigration of skillful businessmen, more colonization) based on belief that international power = wealth, specifically in supply of gold and silver.

Laissez-faire economics

economic system where government should not interfere in the marketplace (Smith invisible hand!)

big things that happen with industrialization

economy reorganized, transformed from agricultural, domestic, guild economy to urban, factory based, with emphasis on manufacturing starting point is an agrarian, peasant- based society and its destination is the urbanized, industrialized society. Skills will become less important in factory settings where labor is divided into minute tasks, ultimately to become an assembly line (which will ultimately become automated) The IR will be the biggest economic and social revolution since the agricultural revolution of neolithic times.

Mitterand

elected President in France in 1981. He was a moderate Socialist; revitalized the Socialist Party. Introduced labor reforms, nationalized large banks and some industrial corporations. Increased labor costs reduced French competitiveness abroad --> slow economic growth, trade deficits, inflation, unemployment, and weakening of franc. In 2 years abruptly changed course: halted nationalization and reforms, retrenchment, and modernization. Isolated Communists and reduced electoral strength. Economic and political dissatisfaction, unemployment, and scandals --> rout of Socialist in 1993 and return of large conservative majority.

Ronald Reagan

elected US prez 1981-1989, new conservative -- neoliberal -- antiwelfare, Dealt with Soviets from position of strength by embarking on massive military buildup, believed US could better bear burden of the expense while the Soviets could not. Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) tar Wars, in 1983, Reagan announced his intention to pursue a high-technology missile-defense system, dramatic increase in defense spending placed enormous pressures on the Soviet economy.

The Prussian situation (after 1848)

emerged with weak parliament (made of wealthy middle class) and new king William 1 (who was part of the Hohenzollern dynasty, Authoritarian but moderate and constitutional, Zollverein leader, Industrial, urban) Parliament vs. King on new military budget + army.

Liberalism

emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes. Often distrusted by working classes & nobility. Moderates— support of constitutional monarchy. Radical— support republics + socialism.

Existentialism

emphasizes the meaningless of humans, and importance of searching for morals in anxiety-ridden world, inspired by Nietzsche Supports radical freedom--life is empty, and the individual supplies meaning through choice: Sartre: "Existence precedes essence": you are a product of your own choices, becomes even more appealing after WW2.

Napoleon's keys to success

energy of nationalism -mass and speed principle --highly mobile, self-sustaining -split enemy into parts, then defeat each -innovation -military brilliance--offensive -extensive alliances -promote family and friends--ruling and managing "vassal states"

Age of Affluence

enormous demands in industry, demobilization of the army, automobiles allow people to move to the suburbs, housing construction, baby boom, new tourism, prosperity in Consumer Rev, many Euros had more money, household appliances.

Louis XVI execution

executed by guillotine Jan. 1793 as Citizen Capet. voted on in Nat. Convention, where Mountain had narrow majority. Signified ending of French monarchy and point of no return

In 1640 Japan...

expelled all foreigners out

Calvinism

extreme Protestant religion founded by John Calvin. Emphasized a strong moral code and believed in predestination (the idea that God decided whether or not a person would be saved as soon as they were born).

Effects of steam engine

factories could be anywhere not just near rivers, almost anything could be produced

Italian Revolution of 1848

failed, Italy was largely under Austrian empire and Austrians kept control, old order prevailed

emergence of cinema

first came through in USA around 1880, and by 1914 Euros had started widespreadingly using it. WW1 leaders realized they could use as propaganda (ex: Battle of the Somme). After war drew in actors & stars to centralize and grow audiences. New leisure activity, biggest source of entertainment until TV.

Lord Talleyrand

first prime minister of France who was one of the key players at the Congress of Vienna, who through some behind the scenes negotiations, made sure that France became a major participant at this meeting.

Descartes'

first to find correspondence between geometry and algebra, then used mathematical ideas to apply to science/philosophy. Begin with first principles, then build reality and knowledge, through method of deductive, logical reasoning: deductive thinking. Cartesian dualismSpoke famous words: Cogito ergo sum (I think therefore I am)

response to FF assassination

five week conference of world powers, which causes Aus to eventually declare war on Serbs on July 28.. solution to rising ethnic nationalism is um WAR.

Frederick William III

followed the advice of his two ministers in the Napoleonic era and instituted political and institutional reforms in response to Prussia's defeat to Napoleon. Abolished serfdom, municipal self-government through town councils, the expansion of primary and secondary schools and universal military conscription to form a national army. BUT after 1815, he grew reactionary (agreed to Carlsbad Decrees and Final Act in 1820) Turned into absolutist state with little interest in German unity.

War of Spanish Succession

following the death of Charles II of Spain in 1700, the French and Habsburg royal families both claimed control over the throne; it went to France and war broke out; British and Dutch sided with Austria for the purpose of maintaining balance of power, checked Louis XIV's power and destroys French military, lead to French bankruptcy.

China Early 19th c

for centuries China-Euro Trade was heavily regulated by Chinese Empire. Imperial gov't ruled by Qing then Manchu Dynasty. Foreign merchants could only live in Guangzhou and could only sell to licensed Chinese merchants (only practices that HELPED Chinese were allowed)

Atlantic Trade System

forced migration of Africans to work as slaves on plantations and other industries in Americas, would lead to more trading > fighting for Europe, and allowing European empires expand and ultimately dominate.

low lands/Dutch Agri Leadership

forced to change agricultural ways bc new growth of cities and dense population, so became the Mecca of Agriculture— used crop rotation, new sewage/drainage systems, lead to more fertile land

Nazi Occupied Nations

forced to pay for costs of war + occupation itself -- Nazi's stole goods + $$ from locals, set currency exchanged at good rates, soldiers encouraged to steal + purchase goods at cheap exchange rates to send home -- so stolen booty brought back to homefront -- kept morale high in Nazi Germany -- also Nazis now had total control over all European Jews.

surrealism

founded in 1924 in Paris Interwar period, growing out of Dada movement. Influenced by Freud + used of unconscious as source of inspiration. Sought to release the creative potential of the unconscious mind, for example by the irrational juxtaposition of images, and the use of the "dream world". Illogical + fantastical + mysterious, Dali.

Sir Oswald Mosley

founded the British Union of Fascists (1932). he developed a corporate model for economic and political life in which interest groups rather than an electorate would be represented in a new kind of parliament, wanted to nationalize the economy, but does not catch on.

Dumberton Oaks Conference

founding of UN with big 4, GB,USA,USSR, CHINA

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

goal for Japan -- create imperialistic system of Asia "Asia for Asians", resulting from Japanese propaganda to "free" Asia from West; area extending from Manchuria to the Dutch East Indies in which Japan would expand its influence. Japan made "unions" + "governments" but reduced puppet nations, with Japan taking their raw materials and using them as new markets.

NA's May 1790 decision for Haiti

granted FPOC born to 2 free parents w property political rights, but white people were furious it did not enact it.... violence erupting

Battle of the Somme

great British offensive undertaken in the summer of 1916 in northern France, (exemplified the horrors of trench warfare)! began with non-stop artillery fire on German lines to prevent Ger defense (Gers fled to underground shelters, lacked food + water but survived). Jul 1, Brits went over top of trenches toward Ger lines. British soldiers neared the Ger lines and the shelling stopped, Gers emerged from bunkers, and completely mowed down Brit troops with machine guns. Somme lasted for about 3 months, and more than 1.25 mil total soliders = dead or wounded. In end, Brits got 7 miles more of land... so pretty insignificant for such a huge loss of life...

1970s Environmental Movement

grew from counterculture and clear effects of industrialization/nuclear power plants -- Chernobyl, pollution etc. called for lessening environmental effects of industrialization -- new institutions like Green Peace and Green Party (WG) emerged

Napoleon's foreign policy

has policy that's designed to use intervention where French interests were concerned, increase France's power, increase his own prestige: tries to shore up relations with Austria, move French into Southeast Asia, and attempts to make Austrian as French puppet ruler of Mexico (to strengthen Austrian ties and offset Amer. Protestants w Catholic, continue expansion on Second Empire), but fails the Mexico thing (Cinco de Mayo), fails to conquer Luxembourg.

Leopold Berchtold

he was Austria's foreign minister who was known to be a war hawk and favored war with Serbia. Most historians feel he made the Serbian ultimatum following the assassination of Archduke Frances Ferdinand purposely difficult to meet

failures of open-field system

heavy taxes, serfdom on fields in East, dangerously low production during fallow, lack of food abundance, barely enough for survival

Bismarck's blood

his military, reorganizes and raises money for the Prussian army despite objection by Parliament and their dislike of Bismarck's "might makes right" philosophy.

Utilitarianism

idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people

Ottos and WW1

in Oct 1914 fought alongside Central Powers in hopes of keeping nation together.

Kornilov Affair

in late 1917 Kerensky's commander in chief, General Laver Kornilov led a feeble right-wing attack against the provincial government in September; his forces were quickly defeated.

Auspicious Incident

incident where the Janissaries revolted against Sultan Mahmud's new Westernized army, but the army was too strong for them and they were all quietly killed off, Janissary Corp were ended.

technological causes of imperialism

industrialized war has unprecedented tech + military superiority: advances in communication (telegraph) allowed Euros to concentrate power in given location, medical knowledge (quinine = effective solution to malaria) , advances in weaponry (Maxim gun), advances in overseas travel (steamboat, railroad, Panama + Suez Canals), zoology + anthropology (researchers justified research funds as a way to strengthen imperialism + colonialism), ethnography + museums (natives seen as exotic creatures— Carl Hagenbeck—brought Polynesians, Sudanese, and Inuit to live in "native villages" in the Hamburg Zoo)

Textile cottage Industry

industry in England that employed most people (late 1700s, early 1800s) involved the cottage ways where families focused on certain part of making cloth (spinning, weaving, getting wool/cotton), becomes family enterprise.

Easter Uprising

insurrection staged in Ireland during Easter Week, 1916. The Rising was mounted by Irish republican brotherhood with the aim of ending British rule in Ireland and establishing the Irish Republic. Its leaders were court-martialled and executed

Austria half of Dual Monarchy

issue reforms but language in government and schools is a big debate because so many ethnic minorities. From 1900-1914 the legislature is divided, and though conservatives and socialists try to reduce nationalism through economics it ultimately fails.

Constitution of 1791

issued by LA, established limited monarchy, unicameral Legislative Assembly, abolishes slavery in the colonies, Departments replace provinces, Workers' organizations prohibited (Chapelier Law) freedom of religious belief abolishes internal tariffs (moving toward Smith's laissez faire), Church lands confiscated to pay debt.

Oil Shocks

it was a period of time in the 1970s when OPEC raised oil prices after their strict embargo on the us from helping Israel in both the Six-Day war and the Yom Kippur war. Energy prices skyrocket, and economic decline across Euro --> unemployment + inflation + stagflation

Clemenceau virtual dictatorship

jailed anyone who suggested compromise for war (strikers, journalists, politicians)

empiricism

knowledge comes from experience, observation, and experimentation, aka inductive reasoning, BACON

GD mass unemployment

lack of large scale gov't spending ---> mass unemployment, a cycle (production cuts, workers lose jobs, don't spend money on more goods, so more production cuts), leads to huge social problems, poverty increases dramatically, people lost their spirit (up in mental health + illness)

Crimean War — Russia

lack of rail and industrialization and modern weapons lead to Russia's failure. Also usage of serf troops against "free troops" will put pressure for serf emancipation.

Before steam engine

lacked efficient energy sources, wood shortage, could use coal but hard to extract.

Second International

lasted from 1889-1914-formed by socialist leaders- a federation of national socialist parties-great psychological impact-delegates met to interpret Marxian doctrines and plan coordinated action

New Imperialism (PHASE 4)

late 19th + early 20th century drive by European countries to create vast political empires abroad (mostly in Africa + Asia): more administrative control (formal control vs. protectorate, sphere of influence), Euro emigrants = settlers, cultural confidence + racism, relatively short lived (falls by mid-20th century) FOCUS ON FULL POWER + CONTROL

Japan pre-fascism

late 19thc - Meiji Restoration - beginnings of nationalism with Rich Country, Strong Army policy, growth of modern econ + modern military ----> bigger population ----> need for more resouces. Defeats Russia in 1904. WW1: Japan will try to expand East Asia empire, but racist polices from western nations.

Margaret Thatcher

leader of conservatives in Great Britain who was PM from 1979 -1990: Thatcher Years. Pledged to limit social welfare, restrict union power, and end inflation. Formed Thatcherism, in which her economic policy was termed, and improved the British economic situation. She dominated British politics in 1980s, and her government tried to replace local property taxes with a flat-rate tax payable by every adult. Her popularity fell, and resigned.

Marcel

leading Christian existentialism in believing Church was only way out of broken War-ridden world.

Charles Parnell

led Irish nationalists seeking a debate on home rule, or self-government, in parliament

British takeover of South Africa

led by Cecil Rhodes who will jump over the Dutch Afrikaner states that are in Southern Africa to establish the Cape Colony, Bechuanaland Protectorate, and Rhodesia. Will try to take over Dutch Afrikaner states, but couldn't subdue Afrikaners at first , but in Second Boer War will conquer Afrikaner states creating new union of South Africa.

Oliver Cromwell

led the Parliamentarian/Roundhead/New Model Army victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) as a Puritan, and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.

WW1 promoted social equality

lessened gap between rich + poor, most apparent in GB bc poor had more jobs, equality in rationing, same hardships. Made society more uniform + egalitarian, death discriminated against no one.

Liberalism (19th century)

liberalism = optimistic belief in power of reason to advance society reason is liberated by education--support for public education a good education produces a real citizen. Eng: Lib Party threatened by Labour popularity, will pass reforms (People's Budget), A-H: nationalism + public edu + liberalism divides country, France: 3rd Repub (moderates crushed radicals) promote responsive state + public edu.

1848 Revolutions (basic storyline that all revolutions follow)

liberals + working class will form a temporary alliance which usually falls apart as they clash on revolutionary goals and government system. Nationalism will also be a factor in many of these uprisings - - to the detriment of the revolutionaries. Attempted revolutions will take place mainly in central and western continental Euro bc in those regions there's some noticeable development, some exercised freedoms, and yet clear outdated regimes. Neither enough reform nor enough repression. Ultimately regimes will successfully suppress these revolts, but will have to somehow cope with powerful modern ideologies in the future.

Causes of Detente

likely triggered by the Cuban Missile Crisis -- showed the verge of nuclear war and need to reduce tensions, reconcile. USSR - new the continued economic burden of the nuclear arms race would be too much, also hoped for greater trade with West Euro. America -- USA in financial crisis as Vietnam had drained government finances even as Amer sought to expand welfare state. Also Brandt's Ostpolitik also contributed in difference to Konrad Adenauer's combating of Communism. Improved China relations also helped start the thaw.

10 Hours Act of 1847

limited labor of women and children in all industrial establishments to 10 hours a day

Factory Act of 1833

limiting child labor in factories law in Britain

Hitler's upbringing

lived in Austria, which exposed him to Karl Lueger's antisemitism and extreme Austro-German nationalists. In WW1 enlisted as a soldier, and joined the Freikorps (right wing Parliamentary squads)

Zemstvos

local assemblies with members elected by 3 class system (villagers + peasants + nobility), dealt with local issues, but power still limited by traditional bureaucracy + no Russian national parliament.

nationalism

loyalty and devotion to a nation rooted in one's people. Ethnic and cultural borders should match political borders. Nationalism = people, not just rulers, determine national character. Reinforcement of liberalism. Nationalism early on tolerate other nationalisms (another liberal influence)--but becomes more competitive and exclusive in tone over time. Nationalism will especially challenge multi-national empires.

Industrialized war

machine guns, improved artillery capabilities, chemical warfare (poison gas), tanks, planes all led to horrendous casualties - the fighting terrain resembled a lunar landscape

Asian Indentured Servants

many emigrating Asians became indentured laborers who worked under awful conditions of white owners/colonists. Ex: Spanish gov't used Chinese workers to meet strong demand for field hands in Cuba (worked as virtual slaves) Similar movements elsewhere.

Radicalization/Second Revolution

national defense is now about defending radical republican values and goals, eliminating enemies of the revolution results in: Committee of Public Safety formed in 1793, and its program, the Terror

political/nationalist causes of imperialism

nationalism (pride and prestige and unity), crucial to national security/border protection + military power, military bases for naval vessels & source of troops, colonies "essential" to great nation, aggressiveness of Euro nationalism, divert attention away from domestic issues (tool of social policy), deal with surplus population, deal with the Eastern Question (power vacuum-competition over lost provinces)

how was racist nationalism used as justifications for psuedo-scientific ideas and ethnic policies?

nationalism led to pride in one's own racial characteristics, which would lead to ideas about a racially pure nation, persecution of ethnicities (Russification, Germanization), also helped make racist imperialization + colonization justifiable.

Causes of Belgian expansion into Congo

need for raw products + cheap production for Belgium, King Leo wants to expand, Congo has natural resources (Ivory + rubber)

Chinese patterns of imperialism

never subject to annexation of partition or true colonization—but not quite united and industrially backward · Mainly: push for open trade—sphere of influence, "Open Door Policy"

Caudillos

new Latin American countries soon were led by caudillos (strong men) with a higher Creole favoring. Wealthy landowners benefit, and structural inequality persists Strong role of church and military--this will put a break on reforms. Spain and Portugal will lose empires, but will continue to exert long-standing cultural influence

Modern Music

new expression of emotion + intensity + shock of experimentation, turned back to traditional music conventions, abstract, arranging sound w/o recognizable harmonies.

modern science + psychology

new modern developments unsettle and scare people because they seem to say 1) objective reality isn't so objective, and even the laws of nature are deceptive, and 2) people are driven by mysterious, irrational forces Both--the world is suddenly random and chaotic

coffeehouses

new popular institutions of European social life during the 18th century Age of Enlightenment. Commonly, business, science, religion, and politics were all mentioned in caffeine fueled discussions in these places.

loose woman

new stereotypical modern girl who loosened traditional limits on woman behavior, independence,

Wilhem II

new, unstable German emperor who opposed Bismarck's renewal of the Anti-Socialist laws because wanted to gain his own working class support. Eventually forced Bismarck to resign, yet in end W2 not more successful than Bismarck with the socialists because they grew considerably!

Baroque

not just rejuvenated Catholic Reformation art, but was also used to describe the controversy and violence of the time, focused on dramatic/emotional lighting and candid images

Industrial growth

occurs more quickly in areas with more liberty, freedoms; happens rapidly at first with fewer regulations, then as problems emerge, governments will begin to respond; happens with the assistance of government and national financial institutions, and sometime moved forward by theft of ideas--"industrial spies"

Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

on August 6 and August 9, 1945; this effectively ended the US war with Japan in World War II - Aug 14, Japan surrendered

universal law of gravitation

one of Newton's three rules of motion; it explains that planetary bodies continue in elliptical orbits around the sun because every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity.

pacifist

one who is against war or the use of violence

Europe in Africa before 1880

only controlled 10% of Africa, with Capetown/South Africa ruled by Brits, and small trade posts across West Africa but did not rule much of inner continent.

indulgences

pardon by the Catholic Church to reduce one's sins, and go straight to heaven, no purgatory, had to pay $ for it,

Kwangtung army

part of Japanese military, powerful, right-wing, and nationalist-will carry out occupation of Manchuria (section of China rich in natural resources) in 1931 (in violation of orders from home--but the deed is done)

1832 Reform Bill

passed by Whigs, allows some members of the upper middle class to vote by lowering the property right requirement to vote. Also restructures Parliament seats and gets rid of some "rotten boroughs." while giving industrial cities seats in House of Commons. The king threatened to raise more peers to the House of Lords because they would not pass the bill.

Euro emigrants were usually

peasant landowners hoping to find new land + work opportunity (but other classes migrated too!)

Cossacks

peasants who first fled to east/south outskirts of Russia to flee Ivan IV persecution. Eventually joined free groups and outlaw armies, who made an alliance with Russians from 16th century on

immigrants

people who move into a country from another

Gorbachev reforms

perestroika (restructuring) allowed free market reforms for economy, glasnost (openness) allowed citizens to voice opinions through freedom of speech and press, foreign policy -- withdraws troops from Afghanistan and halted USA arms race, esp at Dec 1987 conference with Reagan, revoked Brezhnev Doctrine.

Carl Hagenbeck

person who opened a zoo that was the first to combine naturalistic landscapes (panoramas) enclosures with moats + PEOPLE

imperialism

policy of extending a nation's authority by territory or by establishing economic-political-cultural domination/control over other nations, regions, places, ideology that promotes obtaining territory as means of security, status, and prosperity

Nap III's downfall

political troubles (liberals think he's to authoritarian) and his sensitivity to public opinion responded with budgetary powers of Assembly were increased and legislative powers increased (overall got greater power). Nap III is overall caught between leftist Republicans and conservative Catholics. Eventually in 1870 new liberal constitution, and on eve of Franco-Prussian war plebiscite approves, Nap's state = more democratic now.

1850s Russia

poor agrarian society where many were poor serfs, there was a small middle class of westernizers vs. slavophiles, Ethnically diverse, difficult to govern, Large Jewish population will receive legally sanctioned harsh treatment through programs, stubborn nobility who want to maintaining status quo, but though massive potential resources only had slow modernization (lack of government + modern transportation networks) Emerging from Crimean War = humiliation with lack of modern weapons + industrial advantage, exhibited that Russia needed reform

Russian problems with war (at beginning)

poorly equipped for long war, had a lack of mass production, gov't did do some mobilization on the home front -- but not great job at it. Tsar Nick 2 had real weak leadership, did not trust the Duma so only relied on old bureaucracy to make decisions.

Post-War France

post war coalition of socialists and radicals "Cartel des gauches"--is weak--only unified by fear of monarchists. radicals favor small property owners, petit bourgeois--and oppose tax policies of socialists conservatives--will associate being leftist with being financially irresponsible --- basically not unified + chaos, GD doesn't help.

Locarno Agreements of 1925

post-war borders are recognized, French withdraw troops from Rhineland, Germany joins the League of Nations, Brits + Italy agreed to fight against Ger or Fr if one invaded the other.

Disraeli the Tory's Parliament

prime minister from 1874-1880, known as the "Tory Democracy" Disraeli = Brilliant leader--pushed for 1867 Reform Bill before the liberals did, which meant more support. Goal: win more support for conservatives--respond to needs of working classes; Important social reforms accomplished. Compared to Liberals: less committed to laissez-faire, Tactic--often enacted reforms before the liberals could respond--in Ireland's case--constructive unionism, aka "killing Home Rule with kindness"

Poincare

prime minister of France who would not accept German reparation payment moratorium unlike the British; decided had to either call Germany's bluff or see the entire peace settlement dissolve to France's disadvantage; send armies in Jan 1923 to occupy Ruhr district

Alexander Karensky

prime minister of the provisional government and belived, along with other moderate socialists, that it was their national duty to continue the war---> so refused to redistribute land to peasants

Bismarck's interest in African expansion

prior to 1880 Bismarck had little interest in imperialism, but around 1884-1885 expansion "bug" hit Bismarck. Would establish protectorates of small African Kingdoms

Concentration Camps

prison camps used under the rule of Hitler in Nazi Germany. Conditions were inhuman, and prisoners, mostly Jewish people, were generally starved or worked to death, or killed immediately.

George Grosz

produced numerous paintings and drawings, such as Fit for Active Service, that were caustic indictments of the military. In these works, he often depicted military officers as heartless or incompetent. The simplicity of the line drawing in the work contributes to the directness and immediacy of the work, which scathingly portrays the German army.

European feminist movement

provoked by discrimination and lack of legal rights for women ---> rebellion for equal rights//opportunity. Started with campaigns for legal rights, access to higher education, professional employment and paid work. Have victories based around property rights + legal status, then turns into suffrage movement.

Mary Stuart

queen of Scotland from 1542 to 1567, as a Catholic she was forced to abdicate in favor of her son and fled to England where she was imprisoned by Elizabeth I; when Catholic supporters plotted to put her on the English throne instead of Protestant Lizzy she was tried and executed

Hitler + Nazi highest priority

racial power + territorial conquest -- what nature intended after all

Japanese racism + fascism

racist war led by Hitler + Gers matched Japanese racial imperialist warfare-- Fasc gov't had taken control of Japan in 1930s ----> ultranationalistic + militaristic + expansionist + anti-western. Asia races superior than west. Glorified war + sacrifice, proclaimed Japan would "liberate" East Asia.

Rape of Nanjing

rape of a six-week period following the Japanese capture of the Chinese city of Nanjing (1937) During this period, hundreds of thousands of civilians were murdered and 20,000-80,000 women were raped[1] by soldiers of the Imperial Japanese Army.

Social Change in Western Europe

rapid economic growth ---> new middle class + more white collar jobs + education-- new waves of post colonial migration + Baby Boomers

Russia Modernization

rapid industrialization under Sergei Witte (financial minister) high tariffs (protectionism), improved banking system; encouraged western investors to build factories in Russia (use westerners to westernize Russia, influx of cheap product only way for quick industrialization) but would lead to very high debt, railroads went up (Trans-Siberian Railway) but rapid industrialization too quick + proletarians were angered and still behind key rivals. Agriculture cast aside ---> peasant uprisings + lack of modernization. (But political reforms do not match economic growth)

Restoration

re-establishment of English monarchy when Charles II (son of Charles I) took rule over England, after the collapse of Oliver Cromwell's government. Restored Parliament and Anglican Church

modern philosophy + religion

reacts against Enlightenment idea of progress and reasons; World War I helps to bring about a new pessimism, skepticism, and freedom from tradition

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

redefined the relationship between the clergy and the state in France, made Catholic Church a branch of secular state. Also enacted: elections of bishops, required oath of allegiance, dissolved several religious orders. Also divides French society, alienates Roman Catholic Church, concerns Catholic countries.

Peasants into Frenchmen

refers to the nationalist intentions of France to turn entire country to their side.

responsive state

reform from above to avoid revolution from below! Conservatives and other state leaders enact policies to co-opt radical and popular movements: labor, liberals, nationalists. Will make EVERYONE (working class, mid class liberals) now feel like they're part of the system instead of outside of it. ex: Bismarck + Napoleon 3, but will lead to protectionism in late 19thc

IR Parliament

reform to avoid revolution--Whig (more liberal) and Tories (conservative) will agree on this principle

Labor unions

response to industrial growth rise of unions—government at least tolerate and legalize unions tactics: strikes, demonstrations, pursuit of collective bargaining

New Conservatism

response to weak economy of 1970s -- NC emerged to cut government spending + neoliberalism. Roots in laissez faire + Adam Smith. Leaders like Thatcher, Nixon, and Kohl rose.

Decolonization

reversal of overseas expansion, the collapse of colonial empires. Between 1947 and 1962, practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence, some through smooth transitions, and others through violent ones. New nations often had to choose between USA + Sovs in Cold War. Econ growth + political stability was hard in new countries.

Kierkegaard

revival of religion after his idea that you can't prove God, so must take a "leap of faith"

Motivations for Exploration

revival, rise of states, growth of ottomans, religion, technology, gold

patronage

rich families funded art/literature/intellectuals to beautify cities and increase their reputation

Ending WW1 Key Points

rise of responsive modern state (government now have to pay attention to needs of people -- promised demo in exchange for war --> women suffrage), Lenin + Wilson (wanted war to end, but with different reasons: Lenin -- Euro societies would rise up against their gov'ts to end conflict, Wilson -- world safe for democracy), key secret treaties (Treaty of London 1915 -- brings Italy in, Sykes Picot agreement 1916 -- divides Mid East up between Fr + Brits), Ger military resentment to new repub, coming isolationist era for America,

Nikita Khrushchev

ruled the USSR from 1958-1964; lessened government control of soviet citizens; seeked peaceful coexistence with the West instead of confrontation, destalinization

Sergei Witte

russian minister of finance from 1892-1903 believed Russia's industrial backwardness was threatening Russia's power and greatness; economic modernizer

Salonnieres

salon hostess: provided public space, funded and supported philosophes, writers, artists (think: patronage)

Kuhn's long view of Paradigm Shift

scientific revolution occurs, when anomalies encountered that can't fall under universally accepted paradigm. The paradigm, in Kuhn's view, is the entire worldview in which it exists. new paradigm is created to explain the anomalies, so the process starts again.

Stasi

secret police in East Germany

Red Terror

secret police, officially began in September 1918, following attempts on the lives of several Bolshevik leaders, including Lenin. Government decrees gave the Cheka almost unlimited authority and set up forced labor camps to incarcerate those considered enemies, created wave of fear over Russians to not join White side.

class consciousness

self awareness of belonging to a different economic class--the concept of "working class" truly emerges at this time

German Enlightenment (includes Prussia, Austrian Hapsburg lands)

self-realization, order, notion of duty--Kant decentralized, less of a class divide+Enlightened Despots--Hapsburgs

French Fifth Republic

set up by De Gaulle, stronger presidential office with the powers to dissolve the legislature, submit popular issues to the people, and assume emergency power whenever necessary, De Gaulle became the first president and prestige power and stability were returned, Algerian issue was solved when colony was granted independence

Roman Republic 1849

short lived attempted republic set up in Rome lead by Mazzini, crushed by Holy Alliance, showed how democratic radical unification would not work and Pope no longer supported unification.

Europe on the brink at turn of 20th c

signs of optimism + progress: new connections through transportation + communication (railroads, telegraph), Euros are smarter (more public edu + higher literacy) and healthier (improvements in medicine + science), Euros are better off than they ever were (luxury items and reg items being mass produced).

nazification

social process of adopting (or being forced to adopt) Nazism

Charles I

son of James I, worsened political (dismissed Parliament for 11 years, raised money with temporary taxes for military gain) and religious (attempted to enforce Anglican ideals onto Scottish -----> riots) overall leads to English Civil War, where Charles was defeated in the end and was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649.

Alexei Romanov

son of Nicholas II who had hemophilia and only heir to Tsarist Russian throne. Reason for Rasputin's presence at the palace (bc apparently Rasputin has a cure for Alexei's hemophelia)

Irish Revolutionary Movement

sparked after Great Famine (Irish wanted self-rule because British seemed to not care at all about them). English slowly gave them concessions like rights for peasants, and the abolition of Anglican Church privileges. Failure to give Irish self gov't in 1886 + 1893 (wouldn't pass in Parliament), but Irish able to obtain it in 1913, but North Protestant Ireland did not want to submit to Cath South. In 1914 Libs in congress introduced compromise that would leave North Ire out (rejected by Irish nationalists + not approved by HOC) but by Dec. 1914 the original bill passed, would delay action until after World War I.

Nationalism

spurred into idea that international war = arena for testing national power. War became a glorious and heroic test of strength for national unity. Nationalism + manipulation of leaders makes war a distraction for internal conflict.

East Bloc in economic crisis

stagnant centralized economy under one-party state; heavy industry + some collectivized agriculture; dissenters: go outside of politics (Prague Spring showed need to build separate civil society). Widespread discontent -- women contradictions, hurt by energy crisis, still subsidies to heavy industries because Sovs couldn't keep up with outside world.

Alexandros Ypsilantis

started a nationalistic movement, found the Society of Friends to support Greek independence

30 Year War: Bohemian Period (Phase 1)

started with Defenestration of Prague in Bohemia. Bohemians rebelled against overturning of the Peace of Augsburg and rejected HRE Ferdinand II as Emperor, choosing Calvinist Frederick V instead. But Ferdinand II eventually able to control the state and turn it back to Catholic (1618-1625)

state capital

state had capital for investing in means of production, while consumers had capital to purchase manufactured goods.

empire

state with control of populations who are culturally and ethnically distinct from the imperial (ruling) ethnic group and its culture, rule over multiple nations which lack true sovereignty, "extend..power across territorial spaces" that they didn't control before, has a core and periphery

Cahiers de Doleances

statements of local grievances drafted throughout France during the elections to the Estates-General (most by 3rd estate), advocating a regular constitutional government abolishing fiscal privileges of the church and nobility

Working families + children

steam power ----> more urban factories brought more families (the working class). family units worked together, allowing family to adapt to new urban life, but con was children would work too, eventually Factory Acts limited child labor.

colonial Jews

still faced discrimination in colonies and did not = status as Christians

Pope Pius IX

support for unification gave way to fear and hostility after he was temporarily driven from Rome during the upheavals of 1848-Syllabus of Errors: strongly denounced rationalism, socialism, separation of church and state, and religious liberty

Nap III's realpolitik economic policies

support public works--rebuilding Paris, double exports through trade policies, encourage investment banks, expand rail system--5X growth, support better housing for working classes, eventually he granted workers the right to form unions

Francis I of France

supported the Renaissance movement, 1st Renaissance king of France, controlled large parts of the French Church, prevented the Reformation movement of France

Encomienda System

system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills, but actually just a step up from slavery

open-field system

system of farming that divided the land up into long, narrow strips-fields each strip cultivated by a peasant family, the whole field by the village (unenclosed open common fields)

effects of Belgian occupation in Congo

terrible working conditions for Congo people and no edu or other resources offered, meaning when Belgian colonists leave no educated folks besides missionaries. Congo's government will always be unstable (go through military coups, rebellions, Congo Crisis, Cold War). Today Congo is still very poor + developing.

Lord Castlereagh

the British Foreign Minister at the Congress of Vienna. he represented the UK at the Congress and helped create the security system for Europe that would last until 1848. despised people like Robespierre and Napoleon who disrupted the balance of power in Europe.

Great Elector Frederick William (NOT THE FIRST)

the Elector of Brandenburg who was able to bring Junkers together through a deal to create more centralized Prussia. Deal was statewide taxes but junkers able to control serfs. With taxes able to create standing army, and eventually nobility power decreased.

Opium War

the Opium War: 1839-42, 1856-60 Br. Merchants want to open Chinese markets—dump goods, and take imported goods BACK to Europe In India—opium—addictive drug: the British merchants will bring opium to China Br. Government intervenes: gets Hong Kong, opens ports , foreign envoys est. in Beijing

fall of the Reign of Terror

the Terror used against extreme sans culottes--"enrages" the Terror used against other Republicans, e.g. Danton, by spring 1794 July--"Thermidor"--Robespierre removed from power by fearful Jacobins, and eventually executed.

Force Publique

the armed force in the Congo under Leopold II's rule; made up of white Belgian officers and African soldiers with the goal of terrorizing local people to establish control

Battle of Borodino

the bloodiest battle of the Napoleonic era, fought in Borodino outside of Moscow; both sides had terrible losses, but the Russian army was not defeated; Napoleon gained nothing substantial and when Moscow was burned, the French forces were left completely cut off. Napoleon regarded this battle as a loss.

1878 Treaty of Berlin

the final act of the Congress of Berlin (1878), by which the United Kingdom, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Russia and the Ottoman Empire under Sultan Abdul Hamid II revised the Treaty of San Stefano signed on 3 March the same year. The most important task of the Congress was to decide the fate of the Principality of Bulgaria established in the Treaty of San Stefano, even though Bulgaria itself was excluded from participation in the talks at Russian insistence.The treaty formally recognized independence of the sovereign principalities of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, but blocked Serbia from having a close border with its Russian Ally.

Maxim Machine Gun

the first automatic machine gun; invention that allowed conquest of the interior of Africa

uncertainty principle

the idea put forth by Werner Heisenberg in 1927 -- humans can't predict phenomena ex ---> observing an electron with light, affected its location. Signified a new worldview—uncertainty, not predictability, lay at the heart of all physical laws

Secularism

the idea that ethical and moral standards should be formulated and adhered to for life on earth not to accommodate the prescriptions of a deity and promises of a comfortable afterlife

heliocentric theory

the idea that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun, a Copernican theory that challenged the previous accepted geocentric theory (earth = center)

global economy

the interconnected economies of the nations of the world, began after discovery of New World

Mau Mau Rebellion

the murder of 1,700 Africans and about 100 European missionaries by native Kenyan tribes who resented British intrusion

Populism

the political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite

Germanization

the process of making the lands of eastern Europe the province of Aryan Germans alone; also the process of assimilating genetically valuable non-Germans into the Master Race.

national self-determination

the right of people to decide how they should be governed -- coined by Woodrow Wilson

division of labor

the specialization and concentration of the workers on their single subtasks leads to greater skill and greater productivity on their particular subtasks than would be achieved by the same number of workers each carrying out the original broad task. benefits: -increasing levels of skill -less time is wasted -training = less costly -increased focus Smith delighted by its growth

Polygenesis

the theory that various groups of humans appeared on earth created separately (advocates for completely separate races so racism is justified)

Triangle Trade

the trading system between the Americas, England and Africa; Africa would give slaves and rum to the Americas, including the West Indies; America would offer timber, tobacco, fish, and flour; England would mainly process and ship back, and give manufactured items to Africa (like guns and textiles)

Historian Lynn Hunt's thesis

the war and civil war radicalizes the French Revolution

Sexual Revolution

the widespread changes in men's and women's roles and a greater public acceptance of sexuality as a normal part of social development, emergence of birth control, drugs "personal is political", sexual experimentation, new rock music.

Invasion of the Soviet Union

this invasion was launched by the Germans on June 22, 1941, breaking the mutual non-aggression pact, and was a three-pronged attack towards Leningrad in the north, Moscow in the center of the Soviet Union, and Stalingrad in the south -- blitzkrieg and mass murder applied to Ukraine + Russia

politiques

those who put political necessities above personal beliefs. For example, both Henry IV of France and Elizabeth I of England subordinated theological controversies in order to achieve political unity. strength of state > religious unity.

German occupation of Russia

to govern occupied Russian territories Gers installed vast military bureaucracy: Anti-slavic prejudice, prisoners of war and refugees forced into being laborers, crops + animals stolen, 1/3 of civilians = killed or refugees. In long run Ger had wanted Rus occupations indefinitely (prelude of Nazi Germany)

governments intrusion into peoples lives during WW1

to keep war going, leaders intervened in society + economy. Established rationing programs, care for widows, wounded veterans, gov'ts temporarily abandoned free market - controlled prices + wages across country. Overall highly effective.

Roundheads

troops defending Parliament in ECW consisting of Puritans, country land owners, and town based manufacturers, lead by Cromwell, closely cropped "round" hair, more organized (New Model Army)

Giuseppe Mazzini

true romantic nationalist who organized "Young Italy" campaign, hoping to unify Italy based on a centralized democratic republic. Failure, crush by Austria (too radical for most of Italy to get on board)

Neoclassicism

turn away from frivolity of rococo, fueled by new, interest in classical antiquity and travel by the upper classes--the Grand Tour, emphasized serious civic, public, political and moral themes, used classical figures and myths, influenced art, portraiture, architecture, landscape, emphasized rationality, order, symmetry, harmony

Henry VII

used marriage, brutal court, distrust of nobility to build strong English nation, first Tudor, united England

previous obstacles to population growth

war (spread disease, ruined crops, killing), famine (bad harvests ----> food shortages) disease (black death, typhus, syphilis, small pox)

Phony War

was a phase in early World War II marked by few military operations in Continental Europe, in the months following the German invasion of Poland and preceding the Battle of France. Although the great powers of Europe had declared war on one another, neither side had yet committed to launching a significant attack, and there was relatively little fighting on the ground

Kulaks

wealthy Sov peasants, agr collectivization worked to liquidate wealthy class of peasants who were "obstructing" Communist collectivization

Wolstonecraft

well known British social critic and one of the first feminists, women should decide what's in their own interest, only education could give women tools they need to compete with men, women do have duties, but should have rights too, philosophes leave them out. Wrote Vindication on the Rights of Women.

Germany planned economy

went furthest of all countries. Jew Industrialist Rathenau convinced gov't to set up War Raw Materials Board to distribute and collect all useful materials and put them toward war effort (from oil to manure). But failure to tax private firms ---> black markets + growing class divide.

Social Darwinism causes of imperialism

westerners viewed European races as superior to all others, used imperialism to show strength, saw imperial conquest as nature's way of improving the human species, conquest of inferior people = path to progress, pseudoscientific racial doctrines foster imperialism

First Balkan War

when Europeans attention returned to the Balkans in 1912 where Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro and Greece organized the Balkan league and defeated the Ottomans.

Emmanuel II's initial Sardinia acts.

when crowned retains civil liberties + parliamentary gov't under a strong monarchy, especially doing so when appointed Cavour.

Second Balkan War

when the allies were unable to agree on how to divide the conquered Ottoman provinces of Macedonia and Albania. Greece, Serbia, Romania and the Ottomans attacked and defeated Bulgaria. Bulgaria obtained only a small part of Macedonia and the rest was divided between Serbia and Greece.

South Africa

white dominated government left Brit commonwealth in 1961, declared independence, wanted to preserve apartheid

Catherine de Medici

wife of Henry II, manipulated her weak sons after the end of their father's rein, ruling through them. She was a Catholic, and allowed military to take out Protestants, and also was a major plotter in St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. This led to the French civil/religious wars, and constitutional crises.

Latin American economies

will supply raw materials to more developed, industrializing countries, who will control terms of trade and prices --this system will help to keep the landowners and caudillos in power

Napoleon III's realpolitik political ways as emperor

will try to build a strong, responsive state (to avoid social unrest), and in turn, provides a model for other European authoritarian leaders. Centralized power, but allowed the Assembly to exist--elections would be by universal male suffrage, but still had the most power (Assembly could only accept or reject legislation--but not create or amend it) he also manipulated election districts, limited free speech, and enhanced surveillance controls of suspected enemies, in effort to remain in control (kinda like robespierre's Law of Suspects...)

Napoleon's seeds of failure

wins wars, can't win the peace over-extension sparks nationalism--Prussia institutes top-down reforms to modernize its military violates balance of power

Charge of the Light Brigade

written in 1854 in order to honor the British men who both fought and died during the Battle of Balaclava due to miscommunication they were directed to the near suicidal mission described in the poem

Christa Wolf

wrote Divided Heaven classic example of the intellectual genre. Plot: boyfriend immigrates to West Germany in search of better working conditions, the leading character remains committed to building socialism, despite the real problems she sees in a small town factory

Mirandola

wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man, depicting humans as the only creatures on earth who possessed free will.

Diderot

wrote/edited the Encyclopedia filled with ideas of philisophes, thought it would teach people to think critically and objectively,(greater knowledge = greater happiness) support by Catherine the Great. Locke follower .

Continental System was failure because....

• Britain dominated the seas. • Some of Napoleon's allies traded clandestinely in British goods.o Smuggled goods entered many North sea ports. • Other countries resisted participating in Napoleon's plan: Portugal and Sweden refused to join .• Britain found trade markets outside Europe. o The Middle East and Latin America were new outlets for British goods.

middle passage

•The Slave Trade was a highly specialized business in which chartered companies and then private traders who purchased them for sale, packed them into specially designed ships, and then delivered them for sale. Disease, maltreatment, suicide, and psychological depression all contributed to the average death rate of 1 out of 6 slaves on the Middle Passage

reasons for population explosion after 1750

•disappearance of plague and improved sanitation agricultural revolution •improved transportation for food distribution (canal and road building in western Europe) and increased food supply (esp. potato). • disappearance of plague •medical advancements •improvements in sewage •canal road building

blood and iron

"Blood and Iron" was the speech that Otto Von Bismarck gave with the belief that a strong industry and military was needed in a country to have success. The blood represented the military while the iron represented the industry of Germany.

Grub Street Hacks

"Grub Street" refers to the new generation of late 18th century struggling writers or "literary hacks" who produced trashy and subversive pamphlets, plays, and novels which often offered downright mean and exaggerated criticism of Louis XVI, first sort of "tabloid" writing

Karl Liebknecht

(1871-1919), radical socialist leader, attacked costs of war efforts in speech in Berlin on May 1 1916, arrested and imprisoned afterwards, but speech electrified far left.

Dutschke

"long march" reform in institutions (new revisionism)

paradigm shift

"normal science" (within paradigm) -----> Anomalies ------> Crisis -------------> Revolution

Lyell

'Father of uniformitarianism' - belief that the earth was old, and catastrophism happened slowly

Michelangelo

(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor/painter/architect of High Renaissance, sculpted marble statue of David and painted Sistine Chapel.

Napoleonic Wars

(1799-1815) Wars between Napoleon and the rest of Europe, which helped spread the ideas of the French Revolution.

Alexander III

(1881) son of Alex II, increased use of secret police, censorship, exiles to Siberia, Russianunification to suppress non-Russians, pogroms, but also invested in economic industrialization + modernization

Boris Pasternak

(1890-1960) Russian author of Dr. Zhivago, a novel condemning the brutality of the Stalin era.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

(August 1789) emphasized property rights due process of law freedom of religion popular sovereignty civic equality [basically France's Bill of Rights]. did not abolish the monarchy broad and universal enough to spread through Europe set up a standard against which the government could be judged

COMECON

(Council for Mutual Economic Assistance) an organization for economic cooperation in European Communist states to build independently from West-- rebut Marshall Plan

Congress of Vienna

(Sept. 1814 — June 1815) Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish monarchies + conservatism after the defeat of Napoleon. Stood by a traditional balance of power, strong defense against France, but also leniency to limit future revolutions. Would continue to meet periodically in the future. Central figure of conference = Metternich, big advocate for conservatism. Ideas of peace + stability through balance of power.

genre painting

(basically Dutch baroque art) a style of painting depicting scenes from ordinary life, landscapes, still life, especially domestic situations. Genre painting is associated particularly with 17th-century Dutch artists.

Great Depression causes

1)United State's stock market crash of 1929. 2)Big drop in the world's economy. 3)Overproduction of goods from World War I. 4)Decrease in the need for raw materials from non industrialized nations>>>LEAD TO millions of people losing their jobs as banks and businesses closed around the world. People were homeless, Relied on government to eat.

Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928

15 nations agreed to settle international wars peacefully -- but did not prevent WW2.

Kepler

1571-1630 German astronomer who completed Rudolphine Tables, and with data came up with 3 laws of planetary motion (1. orbits = elliptical 2. orbits ≠ constant speed 3. orbit distance related to distance from sun)

printing press

15th century invention which revolutionized the ability to print information which in turn affected the speed of the spread of information itself.

Paul Broca

1824-1880—measured skulls -assigned intellectual capacity

Poor Laws

1834--stops some relief programs and sets up workhouses where poor could receive assistance in tightly regulated work areas

February Revolution

1848 Revolution in Paris, primarily by lower-class workers, who overthrew Louis Philippe, established universal adult male suffrage, and elected Louis Napoleon Bonaparte president. Along with overthrowing Louis Philippe's regime, the _____ sparked other revolutions throughout Europe.

Berlin Conference

1884-1885, European leaders met in Berlin to divide African territory--called by Bismarck; Tried to prevent conflict between European nations; The European powers agreed that before they could claim territory they would have to set up an outpost. Whoever was the first to build the outpost gained that area of land.

African patterns of imperialism

1884—Congo Free State—Leopold—Berlin Conference, Algeria: French + cultural pride, Egypt: British protectorate (Khedives)

Battle of Gallipoli

1915, allies sent to open Dardanelle Strait and take Constantinople away from the Ottomans, Ottos tied down Allies on beaches, unprofitable fighting for months, huge casualties but the Allies eventually withdrew after 10 months, so a large victory to Turkish forces. 100s of thousands dead over nothing.

Lenin in power

1921: drought, starvation, typhus, civil strife, economic collapse, rebellion: peasants, and naval Kronstadt revolt -- Lenin's response: New Economic Policy--ends War Communism; tries to revive market--liberalizes a little--peasants can bring surplus freely to market, 75% of retail trade and small craft goes back to private hands--otherwise govt. Will still regulate industry and large scale agriculture. But then dies in 1924 of stroke with no chosen successor.

March on Rome

1922 - planned march of thousands of Fascist supporters to take control of Rome; in response Mussolini was given the legal right to control Italy (even though he had been offered that beforehand...)

Inept chancellors in germany.

1930s: Hindenburg is President and Chancellor Bruning uses emergency powers, then cuts spending and services in GD = bad press. Nazi opponents are divided! SDs vs. Communists =divided in stand against fascism Conservatives—von Papen—try to co-opt Hitler and his supporters. Last chancellor: Kurt von Schleicher 1933 - Hitler appointed chancellor by Hindenberg. Reichstag Fire --Feb, Enabling Act--March—--pass laws without Reichstag approval; appease Centre by appealing to religion--Hitler is now in power.

Algerian War

1954-1962; civil war--the Franco-Algerian War--which will be waged without mercy. of French + piedsNoirs vs Algerians. The war becomes unpopular, the 4th Republic is taken down, and then De Gaulle, now in charge of the 5th republic, will facilitate Algerian independence.

Tet Offensive

1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

Janissaries

30,000 Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

32nd US President - He began New Deal programs to help the nation out of the Great Depression, and he was the nation's leader during most of WWII

George Hegel

19th century Romantic German philosopher who held that progress is made through conflicting opposites being resolved, via the dialectic, in a synthesis.

Reign of Terror revolutionary tribunals

2 minute trials -go after Girondists, aristocrats, ultimately each other--"Law of 22 Prairial"--June '94: even quicker convictions

Vichy France

A Nazi-controlled puppet state in Souther France established by Hitler and headed by Marshal Philippe Petain; nominally independent, but adopted many Nazi aspects + willingly gave Fr. Jews to Nazis

humanism

A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements

Economic Liberalism

A belief in free trade and competition based on Adam Smith's argument that the invisible hand of free competition would benefit all individuals, rich and poor.

plebiscite

A direct vote in which a country's people have the opportunity to approve or reject a proposal

Berlin Wall

A wall separating East and West Berlin built by East Germany in 1961 to keep citizens from escaping to the West

Paris Commune

A small socialist government created in March 1871 by the Parisian working class who wanted to resist the conservative leaders of France and tried to form their own government (didn't want rural objection) first working class government created, Marx = happy. Short lived, crushed by national assembly army (20,000 killed) lead by Thiers.

Perestroika

A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society, privatization, easing pricing.

Glasnost

A policy of Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev which called for more openness with the nations of West, and a relaxing of restraints on Soviet citizenry -- Cultural Revolution!

Nuremberg Trials

A series of court proceedings held in Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II, in which Nazi leaders were tried for aggression, violations of the rules of war, and crimes against humanity -- but many people who were part of Nazi Germany were not persecuted at all -- allowed to live lives freely.

Dual Revolution

A term that historian Eric Hobsbawm used for the economic and political changes that tended to fuse and reinforce each other after 1815.

sovereignty

Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.

Jewish Emancipation

Abolition of discriminatory laws applied especially to Jews, recognition of Jews as equal to other citizens, and formal granting of citizenship. Major goal of European Jews of the 19th century. Led to active participation of Jews in civil society. Turned to Jewish political movements as in Russia, or were allowed to emigrate to countries offering better opportunities.

Congo Independence

Belgium stayed at first, profitting of raw materials + apartheid, but in 1960 Belgium suddenly pulled, new government + unprepared (lack of political stability) Patrice Lumumba, new leader, suspected of Soviet patronage, really wants to pursue nonalignment--assassinated by CIA-led coup, replaced by pro-USA Mobutu: Authoritarian + greedy

Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO

Dadaism

An artistic movement, peaking in 1916-1920, mostly in France, Switzerland, Germany, that attacked all accepted standards of art and behavior as a reaction to WW1 + struggle with modern world. Rejected laws of beauty + social organization, embodied WW1's meaningless of life, held "anti-art"

Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria-Hungary assassinated by a Serbian nationalist. A major catalyst for WWI.

religious mission bound with imperialism

Baptist William Carey—1792—An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to use means for the conversion of Heathens—believed India expansion coincided with Great Awakening and spread of religion (Catholics will compete with Protestants + Free trade imperialism: missionaries and free traders mutually benefit—Opium Wars) Changes: Colonial officials concerned about backlash: conflict + Christian vision of equality before God; Educational infrastructure—mainly geared toward local elites; language: easies imperial rule and commercial influence

Neville Chamberlain

British Prime Minister during the time that Hitler rose to power. Advocated for appeasement policies (not do anything as Hitler invaded Europe), especially at the Munich conference when Chamberlain gullibly thought the Munich Agreement would prevent further expansion by Nazis -- "Peace with honor, Peace of our Time"

what made Nap III so popular?

Bonaparte-think nationalism and authoritarianism hand in hand; supported by the middle classes and peasant property owners; had a "program" for France--his state would be responsive.

Edward Grey

British foreign secretary. He said in reaction to WW1, "The lamps are going out all over Europe. We shall not see them lit again in our lifetime."

Cecil Rhodes

British imperialist who played a major political and economic role in colonial South Africa. He was a financier, statesman, and empire builder with a philosophy of mystical imperialism.

The Grand Empire

Built by Napoleon and composed of three parts: an ever-expanding France, a number of dependent satellite kingdoms, and the largely independent but allied states of Austria, Prussia, and Russia. Encompassed virtually all of Euro except GB and Rus.

Short Parliament

Charles I needed new taxes to defeat Scottish military revolt when he attempted to impose the English Prayer Book on Scottish Presbyterian Church-Parliament reconvened-refused to give him money, Parliament also attempted to enforce Petition of Right again- so the "Short Parliament" was banded after a month (1640)

Utopian Socialists

Early nineteenth-century socialists who hoped to replace the overly competitive capitalist structure with planned communities guided by a spirit of cooperation that would usher in new age of happiness and equality (Saint Simon, Robert Owen, Fourier)

Aristotle's cosmology

Earth was the center of the universe and that the Sun, Moon, planets, and all the fixed stars revolved around it. Planets = crystal balls that heavens (the stars) control. Aristotle's ideas were widely accepted by the Greeks of his time.

German Democratic Republic

East Germany

British East India Company RULE OVER INDIA

East India company: uses Indian troops, divide and conquer, annex local states MOSTLY RULE THROUGH ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION, dominate vast, diverse non-white population with Mughal Empire—until 1857 having weak control of local rulers (nawabs or maharajahs)

Herbert Spencer

English philosopher and sociologist who applied the theory of natural selection to human societies, creating "survival of the fittest" (1820-1903) and Social Darwinism

Elizabeth I

English Queen and politique who united Protestants and Catholics through her "middle ground", lead England to victory against Spanish Armada

Virginia Woolf

English author whose work used such techniques as stream of consciousness and the interior monologue

Jeremy Bentham

English philosopher, a father of Radicalism and Utilitarianism. One example of his unconventional nature: when he died in 1832, he had his body preserved and placed on display in a cabinet in University College, London, where it remains to this day.

Charles Dickens

English writer whose novels depicted and criticized social injustice (1812-1870)

Scramble for Africa

European powers rapidly divided Africa: period known as "Scramble for Africa" Most visible example of new imperialism, new imperialism not based on settlement of colonies, European powers worked to directly govern large areas occupied by non-European peoples, driven by economic interests, political competition, cultural motives. Race started by British occupation of Egypt and Belgian exploration of the Congo.

Causes of Opium War

European traders were restricted to a small trading post in Guangzhu, the British had an unfavorable balance of trade and were importing more goods than exporting. British want free trade + diplomatic relations (ambassadors, embassys, treaties)

reasoning that war was okay

Everyone = naive, believed war couldn't last long because of past experience and speed of industry. All nations blamed other/opposing nations for war, made civilians want to fight against other nations.

Sarte

Existence precedes essence (no supreme being, atheist?)

Sputnik

First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race.

Ivan the Terrible

First ruler to assume title Czar of all Russia, earned his nickname for his great acts of cruelty directed toward all those with whom he disagreed, even killing his own son -- lead a chaos reign, persecuting anyone who might not like him.

30 Year War: French Period (Phase 4)

France, under the leadership of Cardinal Richelieu, entered the war, able to drive Spanish and Austrian armies back across German states. Battle of Rocroi, 1643, was the first defeat of the Spanish army in overa century. War was ended finally with negotiated treaty setting pattern for the future

African colonial soldiers in Ruhr crisis

French used colonial troops from Africa ---> leads to Ger racist propaganda, labelled Afri soldiers as savages who steal Ger women + children. Incensed Ger hatred toward French.

French Home Front

French assumption at beginning of war that they can only fight or manufacture, but learn lesson that you have to do both in this new kind of war. Germans--controlled industrial northern region, so lack of manufactured products. Lack of unity: conservative, autonomous French military vs. French republican traditions. Not as organized, SO in 1917 Clemenceau - brings effective leadership to war, belief in steering everything towards war for maximum results (similar to David Lloyd George). -- however by 1917 - MORALE= CRACKING

Second Boer War (Mr. Browns Version)

From 1899-1902: Zulu kingdom displaced, harsh treatment of natives ordained by god, Boer culture-- "Hour walk rule==take more land" rule the Transvaal and Free Orange State: 1st revolt—Boer semi-independence for Transvaal from Britain, Zulus—hostile to farm work =drives import of Indian labor, Gold discovered in Transvaal, 2nd —win at all costs mentality Concentration camps for Boers 1902 Treaty—British rule with promise of self-govt. 1910—Union of South Africa—like Australia—part of British commonwealth, Afrikaners slowly gain political power over time, and Brits will lose right to vote except in Cape Colony.

Progressive Bloc

From conservatives to moderate socialists, this formation called for a completely new government responsible to the Duma instead of the Tsar in response to Nick 2's lack of listening to the people -- in response Nick 2 adjourns Duma.

Hindenburg and Ludendorff

German generals who defeated the Russians on the Eastern Front at the Battle of Tannenberg & the Masurian Lakes in 1914 & by 1916 had begun to govern Germany

blank check

Germany swears to support Austria-Hungary in any actions it takes against Serbia after FF assassination.

Simon Bolivar

George Washington of South America (most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America) Born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. Eventually sets up Gran Colombia in North South America, favoring a republic, but unity difficult to implement and only lasts for 11 years, until fracturing.

Turnip Winter

Ger winter of 1916-1917: famine b/c of British blockade in Germany, and food was rationed. 750,000 civilians died form malnutrition..would lead to submarine warfare allowed again. Add in no heat or electricity, darkness + hunger.

Heinrich Himmler

German Nazi who was chief of the SS and the Gestapo and who oversaw the genocide + Holocaust of six million Jews (1900-1945)

Nietzsche

German philosopher who thought rationality was over emphasized + human instinct was suppressed, attacked rationality, tradition, religion -- "God is Dead" (killed by new modern life) , warned people were entering nihilism, where life has no meaning, so heroism is required--belief in a new "Superman", or "ubermensch" to lead the way

Weimar Republic

German republic founded after the WWI and the downfall of the German Empire's monarchy, has initial weak period, but becomes more stable. Accepts T of V, many against government.

Battle of Verdun

Germany tried annihilate Fr town of Verdun, but Allied forces come to the rescue. Battle fought between French and German armies from February to December 1916; more than 700,000 people died - one of the most costly battles of the WWI, but gained little territory wise.

Occupied Germany

Germany was divided into four sections, de-Nazified, rebuilt, war criminals held for trial. new constitution written

Shlieffen Plan

Germany's plan of attack which consisted of attacking France first through neutral Belgium and then proceeding to attack Russia. However, the plan was spoiled by Belgian Resistance + Brit troops eventually leading to stalemate on West Front

Democratization

Gorbachev's policy for free elections in revitalized Congress of People's Deputies .

Napoleon's Invasion of Russia

Grand army invades Russia but the Russian generals had stripped countryside of supplies; land is too devastated/vast to conquer, Battle of Borodino 1812 (bloodiest battle of Napoleonic Era) - Napoleon wins nothing, forced to retreat from Moscow

child rearing

Greater investment, fewer kids. Reduction in family size--hope for economic betterment --children are now a burden, not an economic asset; fewer kids=better care; breast-feeding over wet-nurses; distant fathers, doting mothers

Red Shirts (Italy)

Group of Italian volunteers turned guerrilla army started by Giuseppe Garibaldi. They fought in the Italian Unification War and are most famous for their siege of Rome. They were also proud Italian Nationalist and had very liberal ideas.

HOC + HOL in late 19thc-early 20thc

HOC drifts to democracy, while HOL still wrapped in their own aristocratic supremacy, 1901-1910 HOL reasserts itself (rules against labor unions and after Liberal Party comes into power in 1906 HOL vetoed People's budget, but finally had to give in when king threatened to add more lords into house until majority would make it pass)

Northern Renaissance

HRE, England, focused on religion and social orientation, Utopia (idealistic society)

Tojo rising power

Hirohito assumes the imperial throne in 1926, while Kwangtung army - led by Tojo- (right-wing nationalists) will carry out occupation of Manchuria against army orders, military has loads of independent power - Japan's parliamentary system will continue, but Tojo and army will keep rising diminishing their efforts.

Franz Ferdinand Assassination (long)

Inside the govt, Black Hand group, recruit a "team" of young men, Young Bosnians. Led by conspirators inside the govt, the men form plan to assassinate Franz Ferdinand. He will visit Bosnia with his wife on June 28, 1914. (The Black Hand inside the Serbian govt knows this, and informs the Young Bosnians). 6 assassins lined up on FF motorcade route to the Town Hall. The first attempts fail to Hall fail, but others = wounded. FF decides to visit the wounded after the Town Hall visit. FF decides to go a different route back, but Driver, uninformed of the route change, turns right on the originally planned motorcade exit street, and then told to turn around because it was the wrong way. Turning around took time-- no reverse on cars back then. At the turn around, a repositioned Young Bosnian, Gavrilo Princip, easily walks up to the open air vehicle, shoots and mortally wounds Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie and unborn child.

Philip II

King of Spain from 1556 to 1598. Absolute monarch who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England.

goals/aspirations of Estates General

King's hopes: administer new taxes, then go home 1st Estate--clergy is split: upper half want to work with King, other--sympathetic to the poor 2nd Estate--reassert power, willing to negotiate 3rd Estate--bourgeosie: rights, privileges, mobility 3rd Estate-artisans, workers: economic protection+ voice 3rd Estate--poor: food, shelter, work

War of Haitian Independence

L'overture came back to Haiti's cause, eventually becoming leader of West SD, but his leadership was threatened by Rigaud's ruling over South Haiti (FPOC who did not advocate for slave's rights) and eventually TL went after that portion too. With help from his lieutenant Dessalines, TL won, and his victory meant he controlled entire colony.

"Asia for Asians"

Lands in Asia was to be dominated and controlled by Asians, started by the Japanese and spearheaded by Japan

Pierre de Brazza

Led an expedition for France, and in 1880, he signed a treaty of protection with the chief of a large Teke tribe and began to establish a French protectorate on the North Bank of the Congo River.

Sultan Abdul Mejid

Led the Ottoman Empire in a series of reforms known as Tanzimat from 1839-1861; reforms included Western war tehniques, economic overhaul, most importantly the Imperial Rescript of 1856: equality before the law + modern administration army, Western education, and freedom of religion,

Law Code of 1649

Legislation in Russia that converted the legal status of groups as varied as peasants and slaves into that of a single class of serfs.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Major standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union in 1962 over Soviet deployment of nuclear missiles in Fidel Castro's Cuba; the confrontation ended in compromise, with the USSR removing its missiles in exchange for the United States agreeing not to invade Cuba.

Cardinal Richelieu

Minister to Louis XIII, actually became defacto ruler since L13 was weak. Some of his decisions (1. Centralize gov't with intendants 2. Lessen power of Habsburgs [why he joined 30 y war], 3. Control the Protestants) helped to send France on the road to absolute monarchy.

Thermidorian Reaction

Name given to the reaction against the radicalism of the French Revolution. It is associated with the end of the Reign of Terror and reassertion of bourgeoisie power in the Directory. Jacobin club shut down, general amnesty for prisoners, revenge: "White Terror" carried out against Jacobin Convention Terror officials "Victims Balls" --celebrations in which revelers dressed up as guillotine victims

National Recovery Administration

New Deal agency that promoted economic recovery by regulating production, prices, and wages

Bitterfeld Movement

Occurred in East Germany, named after a conference of writers, officials, and workers in Bitterfeld, an industrial city in Berlin, the regime encouraged intellectuals to take a more critical view of life in the East Bloc, so long as they did not directly oppose communism itself.

Storming of the Bastille

Paris-July 14, 1789~the medieval fortress and prison known as the Bastille contained only seven prisoners. Urban Parisians (NOT PEASANTS) stormed the Bastille to collect weapons in outrage to L16 amassing of troops. Flashpoint of the French Revolution, as it showed the power of the people could direct rebellion not just legislation.

Charter of 1814

Passed by Louis XVIII, it recognized equality before the law, accepted the Napoleonic Code, granted freedom of the press and established The Chamber of Deputies and The Chamber of Peers.

Glorious Era

Period of time extending from the late 19th century to WWI, that witnessed great peace, prosperity, and scientific/artistic progress (Darwin, Curie, Einstein) between France and across Europe... but underlying sense that reality just might be different...

Table of Ranks

Peter the Great instituted it to create opportunities for non-nobles to serve the state and join the nobility. There were 14 levels. Each official was required to begin at level one and work his way up, allowed for new perspectives (peasants) in army

New Economic Policy

Policy proclaimed by Vladimir Lenin in 1924 to encourage the revival of the Soviet economy by allowing small private business and farming using markets instead of communist state ownership. His idea was that the Soviet state would just control "the commanding heights" of the economy like major industry, while allowing ordinary citizens to operate business and property ownership as normal. Joseph Stalin ended this in 1928 and replaced it with greater state ownership, collectivization, and a series of Five-Year Plans.

Marie Antoinette

Queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)

"Evil Empire" speech, "Star Wars"

Reagan called the Soviet Union an "evil empire"; Korean passenger plane shot down near Moscow (increased anti-Soviet rhetoric); Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) used space-based lasers as defense from nuclear attack

Sans-culottes

Reference to Parisian workers who wore loose-fitting trousers rather than the tight-fitting breeches worn by aristocratic men.

19th century "scientists"

Scientific and geographical societies -cooperate with national imperialist goals, includes engineers, geographers (National Geographic!), botanists: agriculture: rubber tree seed smuggled from Brazil, Peru—sent to England—Kew Garden--, then onwards to Asia, southeast Asia (ruins economy of Amazon), zoologists (zoos as a modern institution), Medicine—western science will dominate, Anthropology (new societies + polygenesis)

David Livingstone

Scottish missionary and explorer who discovered the Zambezi River and Victoria Falls (1813-1873)

Smith

Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economics as he was first to argue against mercantilism. Seen today as the father of Capitalism. Wrote On the Wealth of Nations (1776) which describes how competition, fair play and individual autonomy can allow an economy to prosper. One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment. Economic liberalism.

Cheka

Secret police set up by Lenin-arrested "enemies of the revolution".

Berlin Act

Signed at the Berlin conference in 1885. Protected free trade, banned slavery, protected the welfare of the native people.

Non-Aggression Pact of 1939

Signed between Nazi Germany and Stalinist Soviet Union in August; by it, the two sides agreed not to wage war on each other and agreed to a partition of Poland; helped Hitler avoid a two-front war

Pin Factory

Smith sees that a trifling manufacture has evolved into one with the division of labor, and can make thousands a day, different from when one workman could only make one over one day. Marx twists Smith's meaning and sees the pin factory only functions as source of profit if pin worker are paid very low wages, and profit is maximized when worked are alienated of their labor, and ultimately is seen from the capitalist view instead of the effects on the worker.

Flora Tristan

Socialist and feminist who called for working women's social and political rights (1803-1844)

revisionism

Socialist movements that at least tacitly disavowed Marxist revolutionary doctrine; believed social success could be achieved gradually through political institutions, excludes anarchists.

Jose de San Martin

South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile, defeating Spanish 1825.

Leonid Brezhnev

Soviet leader from 1962 to 1984 who is most known internationally for actions such as his hard-line stance against the pro-democracy Prague Spring protesters in 1968 and well as overseeing Russia's long, costly, and futile war in Afghanistan, but did allow for the temporary detente.

Polish Home Army Uprising

Soviets had reached outskirts of Warsaw Poland, ready to invade Ger in Aug 1944. Polish Home Army ordered uprising so that Poles might take city on own and establish independence from Sovs. But Red Army didn't enter City, Stalin + Sovs let Gers destroy Poles (Warsaw is destroyed afterwards)-- paved way for Soviet Post-war regime, and only after Home Army surrendered did Sovs advance

Santo-Domingo

Spanish colony on eastern side of Haiti who supported rebel slaves, and brought slave leaders and soldiers into their armies.

Pizarro

Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).

Holdomor

Stalin's Genocidal famine of Ukrainians (means death by hunger in Ukrainian)

Cardinal Mazarin

Successor of Cardinal Richelieu and ran the French gov't while Louis XIV was still a child, his bad attempts to increase royal taxes to meet costs of war led to the Fronde.

Balkan nationalism

Territories like Serbia and Bosnia wanted to establish independence, in doing so destroying the Ottoman Empire and threatening A-H power. Provoked a series of crises within the European alliance system; eventually led to World War I.

Alsace-Lorraine

Territory taken by Germany from France as a rest of the Franco Prussian war. Was later returned to France as a result of German defeat in WWI

Treaty of Lausanne

The 1923 treaty that ended the Turkish War, as they defeated Greece and recognized the territorial integrity of a truly independent Turkey.

Agricultural Revolution

The Agricultural Revolution, the unprecedented increase in agricultural production in Britain between the mid-17th and late 19th centuries, was linked to such newagricultural practices as crop rotation, selective breeding, and a more productive use of arable land.

Great Schism of 1378

The appearance of two and at times three Popes at the same time from 1378 to 1415

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle (enforced racism + colonialism)

Japanese Imperialism

The conquering and annexing of neighboring countries by Japan; it was the result of a growing population and limited natural resources in Japan at the time.

Japanese imperialism

The conquering and annexing of neighboring countries by Japan; it was the result of a growing population and limited natural resources in Japan at the time.

Duma

The elected Russian parliament granted in the October Manifesto. When Nicholas II tried to invoke new constitution (which gave him Absolutist like power) Duma refused so Nick 2 dismissed it. Nick 2 + advisors rewrote electoral law, increased weight of conservative voters, so that when Duma was called back into session Nick2 knew he count count on majority.

key losses of Versailles settlement for Germany

The loss of all colonies to Britain and France the demilitarization of the Rhineland; the war guilt clause - - Germany was to accept blame for the war alone; Germany had to pay steep reparations for the damage caused by the war; Germany lost about 10% of its territory within Europe. Alsace Lorraine was given back to France, and the Polish Corridor was created

overall peace settlement

Treaty of Versailles (with Germany: demilitarization, war guilt clause, massive reparations), Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (with Austria: reparations, fracturing of state, demilitarization), Treaty of Neuilly (with Bulgaria: demilitarization, land to Yugoslavia + Romania + Greece, smaller reparations) Treaty of Trianon (with Hungary: demilitarization, new ethnic states, reparations) Treaty of Sèvres (with Ottos/Turks: stripped Ottos of their land, Smyrna to Greece, others to France + Brits, eventually overrun by Turkish efforts ---> Treaty of Lausanne)

Stalin vs. Trotsky

Trotsky: believed it was the USSR's duty to promote communism worldwide Stalin: believed USSR should focus only on themselves (seen as more nationalistic), used Trotsky's criticism to make him appear disloyal

Ukraine under Stalin

Ukraine wanted independence from Soviets -- so Stalin retaliated and crushed peasant resistance w mass collectivization + deportation. Turned into a fortress -- the Holdomor (a concentration camp of starving people) Forced shortage of grain by Stalin leads to Ukrainian famine.

Gropius

United States architect (born in Germany) and founder of the Bauhaus school (1883-1969) of fine + applied arts that brought together leading modernists.

February Revolution

Unplanned uprisings spurring from crises including desertions by soldiers at the front, cities wrecked by food shortages, heating + fuel in short supply, economy breaking down. Accompanied by violent street demonstrations begun in March 1917 (old calendar February) in Petrograd, Russia, which soldiers actually supported, that led to the abdication of the Tsar Nick and the establishment of a provisional government.

post WW1 Spain

WWI helps to spur rapid industrialization in Spain--which means social tension: strikes and political instability bring in a military coup: Gen. Miguel Primo de Rivera--modernizing dictatorship, not unlike Mussolini in managing both labor and business, but then falls with depression leading to establishment of republic.

Louis XIV wars

Wanted to gain territory, weaken Hapsburgs, support absolutism, support Catholicism, weaken economic power of Dutch and UK. Made his country gain a huge amount of debt.

Hundred Years War

War between France and Britain, lasted 116 years, mostly a time of peace, but it was punctuated by times of brutal violence (1337 to 1453)

Franco-Prussian War

War was declared July 19, 1870, and immediately German south states were on Prussia's side. France is outnumbered, out-led, out-gunned, and under-prepared. In Sept. 1870 huge failure at Battle of Sedan Nap III is captured. Paris holds out bc of French patriotic support, but they cave by January 1871. France has humiliating peace: 5 billion Franc reparation, lose Alsace and much of Lorraine to Germany.

William and Mary

William of Orange = Dutch Prince; Mary = James I Protestant Daughter. Overthrew King James I and became King and Queen of England in 1688 but had to accept Bill of Rights. As they were Protestant, the Puritans were pleased because only protestants could be office-holders.

Ostpolitik

Willy Brandt's policy of "opening toward the east" that increased relations between West and East Germany in 1972

debt peonage

a form of serfdom that allowed a planter of rancher to keep his workers or slaves in perpetual debt bondage by periodically advancing food, shelter, and a little money

steam ship

a ship that is propelled by a steam engine, by Fulton

Individualism

a social theory favoring freedom of action for individuals over collective or state control.

Suffragettes

a woman seeking the right to vote through organized protest.

Pre-Weimar Germany

after Kaiser flees, Ebert announces socialist repub, but socialists are divided + weak. Comms will try to seize power (sparticist revolt), but Ebert will use army, freikorps, to smash Comms --> Weimar Repub then formed to get a better deal in T of V, but repub = unpopular.

British new submarine tech

allowed Brits to penetrate German blockade + bring much needed supplies + aid to allies-- Ger had never really recovered from Battle of Britain -- now USA + Brits started massive air raids -- maimed industrial output + break morale

Assembly of Notables

assembly made up of leading aristocrats and churchmen to see if they would willingly pay a new land tax that would apply to all, regardless of social status (they weren't); insisted on calling the Estates General

forced conversions of Indigenous

ambition of catholic countries' colonization/goal of Catholic Reformation, so Jesuits and other missionaries set up Missions to convert the Indigenous people, which lead to the current booming Catholic cultures in North/South Americas

Piedmont-Sardinia 1848 Revolution

an attempt to unify Italy by Charles Albert, King of Piedmont Sardinia in 1848, but Austria would crush this revolt.

Protocols of the Elders of Zion

antisemitic fabricated text purporting to describe a Jewish plan for global domination. The forgery was first published in Russia in 1903, translated into multiple languages, and disseminated internationally in the early part of the 20th century.

Araki Sadao

appointed army minister of Japan in 1931, staunch, outspoken proponent of a policy known as Kōdōha, or the "Imperial Way," which advocated expansionism, totalitarianism, and greater militarism.

Count Camillo Cavour

appointed prime minister of Sardinia in 1852, began as a conservative but became a moderate liberal. Pragmatist + realpolitik > romanticism (different from Mazzini). Knew Italy could only unify if other states approved, so stable state would be essential in convincing neighbors.

Lenin's critique of imperialism

argued imperialism was the highest stage of monopoly capitalism and would soon decay but was not very persuasive as the majority of others saw imperialism as profitable.

native rebellious leaders

arose for 2 reasons: 1. non-conformists developed a burning desire for human dignity, economic emancipation + political independence 2. leaders found Western ideologies as justifications for their protests (nationalism, liberalism, eventually doses of communism)

Lenin's Campaign against Provisional Government

arrived from neutral swiss, and began attack on bourgeoise provisional government with radical slogans like "All land to peasants" and "stop war now", promises of "Peace, Land, Bread" spoke to suffering peoples and brought many over to Bolshevik side.

Expressionism

art using deep color + light but also deep psychological element too, inspired by Freud's ideas, dissonance in color + perspective! (late 19th c) , Van Gough, Munch

Romanticism

artistic movement with height in 1790-1840, in part revolt against classicism Enlightenment reason and industrial progress (which was destroying natural beauty), emphasized emotion > reason, supernatural, nature, rural past, mystery, intuition, spontaneity.

unified Russia

at beginning of war Russia = patriotic and unified. Nick 2 took oath that there would be no peace while enemy was on Rus soil just like Alex 2 had when Nap invaded Rus at Winter Palace with subjects singing "God save the Tsar!' Duma, lower house supported. Conservatives saw war as way to expand to Balkans. Libs + mod socs saw that the alliance with Brits + France might bring reform + democracy.

Wozzeck

atonal tragic opera by Alban Berg

Hitler Assassination Plot

attempt in 1944 that fails, but increases Nazi fanatics + resistance-- Germans fought on bc closely disciplined regime + terrorizing Nazi Propaganda

initial foreign response to imperialism

attempt to drive the foreign aggressors away bc challenge of identity + cultural norms (ex: Japan, China, Sudan, US-Indigenous Wars) but eventually proved to be failures with Euro's superior industrial technology

Zasulich

attempted to assassinate the governor of St. Petersburg

authoritarian vs tolitarian

authoritarian: more limited state power, right wing tendency, power by military coup, leaders must "share" power with elites (ex: Francisco Franco) tolitarian: unlimited state power, can be fasc or comm, power by mass politics, leaders intimidate elites into submission (ex: Stalin, less so Hitler)

German Social Democratic Party

based on Marxist theories but also competed in elections for seats in German parliament, tried to pass legislation to improve condition of working class

Battle of Austerlitz

battle between Austria, Russia, and France; the French under Napoleon defeated the Russian armies of Czar Alexander I and the Austrian armies of Emperor Francis II. Russia pulled back, while Austria accepted territorial loss in exchange for peace. Third Coalition destroyed. Allowed Nap to control/upend HRE.

Spanish royal budgets

because of so much spending for religious wars and for Spanish aristocrats to continue their extravagant lifestyles, the royal budget dried up as royal expenditures expanded. Caused also by small working class (many were taking economically unproductive jobs like monks) and the expulsion of Jewish and Muslim workers. Lead to devalued coinage and collapse of national credit, ultimately bankruptcy and loss of many Spanish territories (ex: Portugal and Belgium)

Indochina

before France invasion made up of three kingdoms, Vietnam, Cambodia (Khmer Empire), and Laotian Kingdom.

Middle Renaissance

beginning of humanism/perspective ex: Alberti

Lenin's thoughts about war

believed it to be a product of imperialist rivalries but an opportunity for social revolution.

Early Renaissance

born in Florence, painters like Donatello, Botticelli, beginning to sign their own works.

Great Fear of 1789

caused by peasant uprisings, manors of nobles were attacked, records destroyed, many nobles fled to other countries, known as emigres, where they became counter-revolutionaries (mostly caused by economic hard times: -low wages, high prices-coupled with bad harvests and harsh winters)

total war

coined by Erich Lundendorff, Ger general: at front lengthy and deadly battles fought with new industrialized weapons, at home EVERYTHING is geared toward war effort.

war/colonialism = distraction from domestic politics

colonialism, international conflict = distraction from domestic issues. Ruling classes hoped war + diplomatic tension could postpone internal conflict. International victory = a hopeful promise that the social structure would stand intact with elite on top and masses rallying behind.. short term unity + success.

Bach

composer who embodied baroque into music

Olympe de Gouges

demanded the same rights for French women that French men were demanding for themselves.

Curie

discovery of radioactivity + no atomic weight.

Rutherford

discovery of sub-atomic particles + nucleus, atom CAN be broken down.

Aleksandr Ulyanov

executed 1887, part of People's Will

Detente

general reduction in the tension between the Soviet Union and the United States and a thawing of the Cold War, occurring from the mid 1960s until the start of the 1980s. Five main themes -Arms Limitation: actual conversations of limits of nuclear capabilities began (SALT 1) -International agreement -- Helsinki Accords -Trade -- vast shipments of grain sent to USSR making up for Soviet collectivized agriculture -China -- less tensions with USA -Europe -- Ostpolitik, acceptance of West and East Germany.

Japan patterns of imperialism

gets rid of Tokugawa government and embarks on Imperial modernization

nation

group of people who have a sense of union with each other--linguistic, cultural, ethnic, geographic

Charles X and Algeria

invades Algeria in June 1830, hoping support for colonization + war will win him popular support, an initial victory fueled C10, and with that issued July Ordinances.

Savery and Newcomen

invented the first primitive steam engine to pump water out of mines, but highly ineffiecient.

Pocket Boroughs

many pieces of small lands or boroughs controlled by one person, support through patronage and bribery ("in the pocket")

Russian economic modernization

more successful than political modernization, industry expanded with new factories, increasing working class (more proletariats ---> spread of Marxism), more colonization, increase of Russian nationalism with suppression of ethnic nationalism (Russification)

Capitalists

own factories, invest, driven by profit--wealthy bourgeoisie, and aristocrats who are quick to adapt

Rubens

painted Descent from the Cross, but full of operatic, full of grand gestures and magnificently costumed figures. Baroque art. Flemish artist of early 17th century.

Destalinization

process in Russia under Khrushev that shifted Party from pure Stalin influence onto the path of liberalization of Comm regime -- heavy industry changes towards consumer goods, writers allowed to write

High Renaissance

shifts to Rome, financed by papacy ex: Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael

St. Domingue Slave Revolt

slaves, ready for freedom, took Haiti's freedom into their own hands. The slaves planned a mass insurrection, using their military experience from Africa. Revolts began on August 22 1781, and collected more slave support over several months, attacking coffee and sugar plantations.

Bauhaus School

started by Gropius, and tried to blend fine arts (painting & sculpture) with applied arts (printing, weaving, furniture making). Unify arts + crafts to create buildings + futuristic objects.

Alexander I

the czar of Russia who lead Russia through the Napoleonic Wars (1777-1825)

Emergence of the Labour Party

took over as conservative opposition from the liberals + champion of moderate social revisionism, dealt with huge unemployment rates + general 1926 strike using new social security net w unemployment benefits, housing, medical aid, subsidized discontent.