Unit 1b Client Devices
common connection systems
- SVGA (or VGA) > designed for glass CRT displays > legacy analog video standard > problems with noise and distortion - DVI > designed for digital displays such as LCD, plasma, and projectors > reduced noise and distortion - S-Video > legacy connector for DVD players, video recorders, and game consoles > rarely found on modern computers anymore - Composite Video > low-resolution analog > RCA connector - Component Video > Three (YCbCr) RCA connectors > often used with projectors - HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) > digital audio & video interface > designed to replace all other connection standards > capable of transmitting uncompressed streams - DisplayPort > digital display for monitor or TV > up to four monitors at 1900 x 1200 - USB (dongle) > can replace video card > many connector standards
GUID Partition Table (GPT)
- "GUID" stands for globally unique identifier - Subset of UEFI specification - logical block addressing instead of cylinder head sector - Windows limit is 128 GPT partitions for disc maximum - overcomes MBR 2TB capacity limit (up to 9.4 zettabytes) - windows 10 includes a partitioning menu in the installation process as well as DiskPart (CMD) and disk management (GUI)
rated maximum power output in Watts
- 200W to 1800W - self-adjusting to demand (load)
rated by efficency and quality
- 80 plus voluntary industry certification program > 80 Plus > bronze > silver > gold > platinum > titanium - up to 96% efficiency
graphics adapter
- AKA: graphics accelerator, display adapter, or video card - hardware device to generate output images to monitor > expansion card (video card) > integrated into CPU and/or chipset (graphics controller) - printed circuit borad - Graphics Processing Unit (CPU) > dedicated microprocessor > lightens the load on the CPU - VRAM (video RAM) - Video BIOS (firmware) - Random Access Memory Digital-to-Analog Converter (RAMDAC)
scanning chip inside keyboard detects key strike
- ASCII character set - converts key press into scan code for transmission - meaning is software-defined (varies by application) - keyboards are supported by BIOS
applications (flash drives)
- BIOS chip (PC chipset) - CompactFlash (cameras) - Secure Digital (SD cards) - USB portable drives - PCMCIA cards (SSD for notebooks, laptops)
three main parts of computer hardware
- CPU - Memory - Input/Output (I/O) Devices > buses transfer data between these parts > a motherboard bus is a communication pathway which connects the CPU to RAM, video graphics adapter, storage, expansion slots, and I/O devices
magnetic storage
- Hard Disk Drive (HDD) - floppy disk - magnetic tape
Master Boot Record is on first sector of an MBR disc
- Tells BIOS where to find the operating system (boot loader) - contains the partition table which describes the number and size of partitions on the desk
based on flash memory media (flash drives)
- Toshiba, 1984 - does not support bit-level random access - write at the byte level, erase at the block level - small changes require block erasure - memory cells made of field-effect transistors hold 1 or 0 - stored as the presence or absence of an electric charge - nonvolatile memory
NTFS (New Technology Files System) (Windows NT/1993)
- Windows must be installed on an NTFS formatted partition - 256TB partition size limit - 256TB file size limit - basic utilities > file management commands (copy, paste, delete, rename, etc.) > meta-data (file type, file size, date created, etc.)
- simple hardware driven by complex protocols - 21 distinct device classes identified by class codes
- HiD (Human Interface Device, class 03h) > keyboards and mice > joysticks and game controllers - MSC (Mass Storage Class, class 08h) > flash drives and memory cards > digital cameras and audio players > external hard drives
Master Boot Record (MBR)
- Legacy (1983) partition system supported by all major operating systems - Limited to a maximum of four partitions per disc - two partition types: primary and extended - extended partition may be subdivided into logical partitions - Windows assigns a drive later for each primary logical partition - Windows must be installed on a primary partition - 2 TB HDD capacity limit
USB (universal serial bus)
- asynchronous serial bus - industry standard for personal computers (1996) - specifies ports, electronics, cables, connectors, and protocols - communication and/or electrical power to connected devices - goal is to make computers easier to use
CD-ROM (compact disc read-only memory)
- Legacy system developed by Denon and Sony, 1984 - 1.2 mm X 120 mm (5") plastic disc - 700MB storage capacity (800MB non-standard) - transfer right 150 KBS (1x) up to 7.8 MBS (52x) by the 1990s - Data recorded as tiny pits on a layer of metal foil - written and read by 780nm red laser - CD-ROM/CD-R/CD-RW
Cylinder Head Sector
- Legacy system used with BIOS/MBR to assign a logical address to each block of data on a hard disk drive > tracks are concentric circles around platter, like grooves on a vinyl record > sectors are uniform segments of tracks — smallest unit of storage — 512 bytes - clusters or groups of sectors - cylinder is the set of all tracks where the R/W head is currently located
DVD (digital video disc or digital versatile disc)
- Legacy technology developed by Phillips and Sony, 1995 - 1.2 mm x 120 mm (5") plastic disc - capacity 4.7 GB (single layer) or 8.5 GB (dual layer) - transfer rate 11 MBS (1x) to 266 MBS (24x) - Data recorded us tiny pits on a layer of metal foil - data written and read by 650nm red laser - DVD-R/DVD+R/DVD-RW/DVD+RW
Floppy disks
- Legacy technology invented by IBM in 1967 - magnetic media on a flexible plastic disc > 8 inch floppy - 243KB > 5.25 inch floppy - 360KB > 3.5 inch floppy - 1.44MB
Main Board or Motherboard
- Main PC circuit board provides all interconnections - Buses form routes of communication between components - provides power connections - central to strating up a computer - two most prominent features > form factor > chipset
Interface
- PATA (Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment) > Legacy, seldom seen anymore > bulky 40 or 80 pin ribbon cables - SATA (serial advanced technology attachment) > the current standard > smaller, more durable cables and connectors > faster than PATA - SAS (serial attached SCSI) (Small Computer System Interface) > uncommon on desktop computers > popular for enterprise-grade servers
HDD properties
- R/W heads fly over platter surface on thin film of air - can be sensitive to shock and vibration - subject to damage by contamination - "head crash" is when R/W head touches platter
Blu-ray Disc (BD)
- blu-ray Disc Association and Sony, 2006 - 1.2mm x 120nm (5'') plastic disc - capacity 25GB (single layer) or 50 GB (dual layer) - transfer rate 36 Mbs (1x) to 576 Mbs (16x) - Data recorded us tiny pits on a layer of metal foil - data written and read by 475nm violet laser - shorter wavelength = higher resolution
fans
- case fans - CPU fan - video card - power supply
USB host controller
- chip in the motherboard chipset - Controls every USB device connected to it - similar to an expansion bus - connects to all USB devices through a root hub > root hub makes the physical connection to external USB ports > theoretically supports up to 127 connected devices > bus is shared by all devices
Hybrid Drive (SSHD or Solid State Hybrid Drive)
- combines flash memory and platter-based storage until one device - Provides faster access times for performance sensitive applications - Provides an expensive boat storage for less frequently accessed files
Power Supplies (PSU, Power Supply Unit)
- converts 120V/240V AC power to low-voltage DC power for PC > some have manual 115V-230V switch > some audo-detect and switch themselves - DC voltage provided on "rails" > +3.3V > +5V and -5V > +12V and -12V - turn on and off by signal from motherboard - ATX is most common form factor
thermal management
- electronical devices generate heat when working - hot CPU and graphics processor can malfunction or fail > heat sink: component which dissipates heat in a solid material > made of metals which are good conductors of heat -- aluminum, copper, brass > flat area for good contact with component > fins and/or geometry for increase surface area > thermal paste for efficient heat transfer
land grid array
- flat contact points - easier mounting - less chance of damage
File System
- formatting is the next step after partitioning - File system allows a disk to store and retrieve data - provides utilities so just create, delete, cut, copy, paste, and rename - meta-data such as file size, type, date created, date of last edit, etc.
bus terminology
- front-side bus or system bus connects CPU to RAM (legacy) - internal bus or local bus connects all internal components to motherboard - external bus connects motherboard to various external devices (i.e., printers) - expansion bus connects motherboard to expansion slots (i.e., PCIe) - data bus: carries the data that needs processing - address bus: determines where data should be sent - control bus: determines data processing - address bus allows the CPU to access addressable locations in RAM - control bus carries signals that report the status of dvices > physical connection between CPU and other devices > ex; indicates if CPU writing to or reading from main memory - data bus is a bi-directional route through which data can travel between CPU, memory, and peripheral devices
flash drive disadvantages compared to hard disk drive
- higher cost per GB of storage (2x) - limited lifespan
ROM (Read Only Memory)
- important part of chipset - stores small programs called services - operating code for common hardware devices - supports pre-boot monitor, keyboard, mouse, etc. - considered permanent memory - read-only : read often, written rarely > nonvolatile memory > can be updated by flashing the BIOS
chipset
- integrated circuit which support the CPU - enable communication between devices > northbridge -- memory controller hub -- graphics and memory controller hub > southbridge -- I/O controller hub -- fusion controller hub -- platform controller hub
NTFS advanced features
- journaling: maintains a record of file changes. Allows files to be recovered in the event of a power failure or system crash - permissions: allows the administrator to control which users have access to which files. Administrator can also specify access level such as access denied, read only, or read and write access - compression: allows file compression to save disk space. May impose a performance penalty in the form of slower processing - encryption: file encryption for Windows pro or server editions - Sharing: allows administrator to enable sharing of files and folders over a network - partition resizing: allows administrator to expand or shrink a disc partition without reformatting the disc or reinstalling windows - Bad sectors: automatically discovers in maps bad sectors on a disk so that windows will not use them
Keyboard and Mouse Interface
- keyboard > Peripheral I/O device > allows user to input text and commands to a computer > interface -- dedicated keyboard controller chip (legacy) -- southbridge (newer) -- PS/2 -- USB -- Bluetooth -- IR
pin grid array
- legacy - fragile pins - ZIF socket
FAT32 (File Allocation Table/32-bits)
- legacy from Windows 95 - supported by every major operating system - USB flash drives, SD cards, and other portable media - compatible with virtually every computer, tablet, smartphone, game console, smart TV, and digital camera - basic set of commands but no advanced features - 8TB partition limit - 4GB file size limit
major components
- main board (motherboard) - chip set - ROM - CMOS - Bus architecture - CPU - Storage Media - Graphics Adapter - Network Interface Card (NIC) - Keyboard and Mouse Interface - USB Interface - Audio Devices - Power Supply - Thermal Management Strategies
power supply standard connectors
- motherboard (20 + 4) - power PCIe expansion devices - internal hard drives and optical drives - fans and coolers
CMOS
- part of chipset - stores user hardware settings > clock & calendar > boot device priority > PC Camera, microphone, touchpad, Bluetooth, USB, Wi-Fi, etc. > UEFI or Legacy BIOS > hardware virtualization, overclocking, PXE > password security - requires a small "keep-alive" battery (volatile)
Partition
- partitioning is the first step in preparing HDD for use - makes disc visible to the operating system - HDD must have at least one partition to function - Windows identifies partitions with Drive letters (C:, D:, etc.)
form factor
- physical dimensions of motherboard - important for compatibility with cases and power supplies - ATX - uATC or Micro-ATX - mini-ITX > Nano-ITX > Pico-ITX
mouse
- pointing device - translates hand movements into cursor position - simple commands may be executed by buttons - alternate mans of cursor control (keyboard is primary)
electrical protocols
- provides DC for bus powered devices - USB Power Delivery (USB PD) - recharging phones and other battery-powered devices - power for external hard drives, printers, web cams, etc. > 5v, 9v, 12v, and 20v > up to 5A > up to 100W
Network Interface Card (NIC)
- provides computer dedicated, full-time network connection - many options > expansion card > integrated into motherboard > USB dongle > Wired (ethernet) -- twisted pair cable -- coaxial cable > wireless (WIFI) > optical fiber - connects to a LAN through a switch - WIFI NIC connects to switch via WAP - Every NIC has a MAC address > MAC address = Physical address = Hardware address > 12-digit hexadecimal number (48-bit binary number) > printed on NIC and discoverable using ipconfig/all command
audio devices (sound card, audio card)
- provides connection and performs audio processing - audio support for appliations - integrated into chipset or expansion device > PCIe card > USB dongle
exFAT (Extended File Allocation Table)
- replacement for FAT32 (2006) - optimized for portable media such as SD cards and USB flash drives - SD Association standard for flash media larger than 32GB - Maximum file size 16 exbibytes (2^64 bytes) - maximum partition size is 128 pebibyte (2^57 bytes) - supported by most devices
storage media
- secondary memory or secondary storage - high capacity and non-volatile - three main categories > magnetic > optical > solid-state
Hard Disk Drive Performance
- seek time: amount of time to remove R/W head to a particular location on the disc - access time: the actual amount of time from when data is requested until it is delivered - RPM (revolutions per minute): how fast the platters spoon - capacity: amount of storage space on drive measured in bytes - interface: how the drive connects to the computer (SATA, SAS, etc.)
magnetic tape drives
- seldom used in desktop systems - still used for enterprise network backup & archiving data - economical - long shelf life - long data retention - highly resistant to physical shock - can be ruined by magnetic fields - sequential access only
flash drive advantages compared to hard disk drive
- silent operation - faster read/write times - smaller and lighter - no moving parts - more resistant to physical shock
Solid State Drive (SSD)
- solid-state replacement for platter-based disk drives - uses integrated circuits (flash memory) for storage - no moving parts - many advantages over traditional each HDDs > faster read/write and access times > greater resistance to physical shock > silent operation - More expensive
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
- the principal component or "brain" of a computer - tells all the other components what to do and when to do it - sophisticated microprocessors > Intel corporation > American Micro Devices (AMD) - main job of a CPU is to carry out the instructions of a computer programs
Hard Disk Drive (HDD)
- very high storage capacity (terabytes) - spinning magnetic platter(s) > aluminum, glass, or ceramic > very thin coating of magnetic media > spindle mount - read/write head assembly - arm & actuator - motor (4500 to 15,000 RPM)
liquid cooling
- water or other fluid - pump and heat exchangers
HDD Data Storage and Retrieval
- write magnetizes a small area of plantar surface with the north or south orientation representing primary one or zero - read detects bit as platter rotates beneath it > longitudinal magnetic recording (legacy) > perpendicular magnetic recording (higher data density) > shingled magnetic recording (highest data density)
the ______ unit in the CPU manages most computer resources
control
the _____ ______ carries signals that report the status of various devices
control bus
CPU internal structures
control unit > directs the operation of the CPU > provides timing & control signals > directs the flow of data between the CPU and other devices - Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) > circuit which performs math operations on binary integers > performs arithmetic and logical operations on instructions > can calculate any operation - registers > set of small data holding locations inside CPU > high-speed, volatile memory > instruction, storage address, or any kind of data - cache > additional high-speed volatile memory (SRAM) in or near the CPU > arranged in a hierarchy such as L1, L2, and L3 > stores frequently accessed data to reduce latency > overall purpose is to improve computer performance
list the 3 main structures found inside a CPU
control unit, ALU, reigsters
a ___________ is the set of all tracks that the heads are currently located at
cylinder
which bus provides bi-directional communication between the CPU, memory, and peripherals
data bus
why is CPU land grind array superior to pin grid array
easier installation and reduced chance of damage
how can ROM be updated
flashing the BIOS
what is the max number of partitions supported by MBR
four
the connection between the CPU and RAM is referred to as ______ or system bus
front-side bus
what failure has occurred when HDD read/write head contacts the surface of the platter
head crash
what is the overall purpose of CPU cache memory
improve the performance of a comp
what is the most important task of BIOS firmware
load the computer's OS
what is the difference between main memory and secondary memory
main memory is RAM, secondary memory is for storage
what does it mean when we say that ROM is nonvolatile
the code stored isn't erased when the computer is turned off
which CPU structure performs math operations on binary integers
ALU
list the 3 common PC motherboard form factors
ATX, uATX, Mini-ITX
3 most common Windows file systems are
FAT32, exFAT, and NTFS
magnetic storage examples
HDD
which common storage device contains spinning platters
HDD
what legacy system gives logical addresses to each block of data on a HDD
CHS (cylinder head sector)
where are user-configurable settings modified and saved
CMOS
what are the 3 main parts of computer hardware
CPU, memory, and I/O devices
Optical Storage examples
DVD and CD-ROM
what is the most common HDD attachment standard
SATA (serial ATA)
solid state storage example
SD card and SSD
which hdd magnetic recording technique allows the highest data capacity
SMR
how are GPT partitions identified
a random string of characters
how does the CPU assess addressable locations in RAM
address bus
why do motherboards contain a small, coin-sized battery
because CMOS is volatile
how are data and instructions transferred between the different parts of computer hardware
buses
the motherboard contains multiple paths of electrical circuits called
buses
what is the main job of the CPU
carry out the instructions of a computer program
which part of the chipset provides high-speed interface between the CPU and RAM
northbridge
a HDD must have at least one _______ in order to function
partition
to make a HDD useful, it must be ______ and formatted
partitioned
ROM is considered _____ memory
permanent
form factor refers to the _____ _____ of the motherboard
physical dimensions
windows 10 must be installed on a _____ partition
primary
what partition types can be created using MBR
primary and extended
which CPU structure is made of high speed volatile memory
register
what is the smallest unit of storage on a HDD disk
sector
the ________ is the interface between the CPU and the USB controller
southbridge
