Unit 2 AP EURO
Day of the Barricades
Henry III attempted to rout the Catholic League with a surprise attack in 1588 but failed and was forced to flee Paris. Henry III had both the duke and cardinal of Guise assassinated. As a result, Henry III was forced to strike an alliance with the Protestant Henry of Navarre.
baroque style
Catholic Church Counter Reformation, it presented like in a grandiose, three-dimensional display of raw energy. Great baroque artists: Peter Paul Ruben, Gianlorenzo Bernini
Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots
Catholic extremists hoped to replace Elizabeth with Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots. After Scottish exile, Mary's presence in England alarmed Mary as she was a legitimate heir to the throne in England and many fervent Catholics plotted against Elizabeth in attempt to put Mary on the throne; due to this concern, Mary was placed under house arrest for nineteen years. Elizabeth ordered the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots after uncovering her plot to to kill the queen.
Spanish Fury
Spanish mercenaries who were leaderless and unpaid, ran amok in Antwerp on November 4, 1576, leaving 7,000 people dead.
Mississippi Bubble
The Mississippi Company took over the management of France's debt and issued shares of its own stock in exchange for government bonds which had fallen sharply in value. The stocks soared in value and investors sold them for paper money which they wanted to exchange for gold but the French bank lacked the gold to pay out.
Edict of Restitution in 1629
reaffirmed the illegality of Calvinism and ordered the return of all church lands the Lutherans had acquired since 1552 in Denmark
Maximilian of Bavaria
Bavaria became the center of the Counter Reformation led by the Jesuits who were successful in winning major cities such as Strasbourg and Osnabruck back to Catholicism. Maximilian I, duke of Bavaria, organized a Catholic League to counter the Protestant system of alliances. The Catholic League fielded a great army under the command of Count Johann von Tilly and the stage was set for the Thirty Years' War.
Short Parliament
Charles- with the help of Archbishop William Laud-attempted to impose the English episcopate system and prayer book on Scotland in order to establish religious uniformity. The Scots rebelled and Charles was forced to call Parliament into session in 1640 in order to raise revenue to suppress the rebellion. Parliament refused to allocate more funds to Charles and he immediately dissolved Parliament. When the Scots defeated the English at the Battle of Newburn, Charles reconvened Parliament for a long duration.
Parliamentary Monarchy
England: Queen Elizabeth had established a strong central monarchy in England and the Stuart monarchs who followed her sought to establish the autocracy achieved by Louis XIV in France. However, through the course of several events like the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution, Parliament gained tremendous power in England by the beginning of the eighteenth century.
Sir Robert Walpole
Englishman and Whig statesman who (under George I) was effectively the first British prime minister (1676-1745). ability to handle the House of Commons and his control of government patronage, maintained peace abroad and expanded Great Britain's commercial interest, policies encouraged nobles and other landowners to serve as local government administrators, judges, military commanders, and to collect and pay taxes to support a strong navy
New World Riches = ?
Increased Population. As Europe became richer from New World exploits, the population increased rapidly. Combination of increased wealth and population triggered inflation. There were more people and more coinage in circulation than before, but less food and fewer jobs. Wages stagnated while prices doubled and tripled throughout much of Europe. The peasantry of Spain suffered most as they were taxed more heavily than any other group of people in Europe.
Protestant Resistance theory
Originally, Protestants tried to practice the biblical teachings of obedient subjection to worldly authority. Calvin always condemned willful disobedience/rebellion, but he said that lower magistrates had the right/duty to oppose tyrannical authority. Knox declared it was a Christian duty to remove a tyrant. So after St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre Calvinists defended their resistance in accordance to the bible (with 3 major works)
Act of Settlement
This law sanctioned that the English crown be passed to the Protestant House of Hanover in Germany if Anne, the second daughter of James II and heir to the childless William III, died without issue.
The Glorious Revolution
Those opposed to James II—and Catholicism—in Parliament invited William to invade England to preserve its "traditional liberties" of Anglicanism and parliamentary government. William of Orange arrived with his army in November 1688 and was received by the English people without significant opposition. James fled to France and in 1689 Parliament named William III and Mary II the new monarchs, thus completing the bloodless "Glorious Revolution."
Following the conclusion of the Council of Trent...
the Catholic church's Jesuits launched a global counter-offensive against Protestantism.
Peace of Utrecht
"Series of French treaties, from 1713-1715, that ended the war of the Spanish Succession, ended French expansion in Europe, and marked the rise of the British Empire." - Allowing Louis's grandson Philip to remain king of Spain; French & Spain crowns (=) never to be united.
Sir Francis Drake
(1540-1596) "Sea dog" who, at the encouragement of Elizabeth, plundered in the name of Protestant England against Spanish ships and settlements
The Peace of Augsburg
(1555) made Lutheranism "legal" in the Holy Roman Empire but it did nothing for other Protestant groups like Calvinists and Anabaptists.
Act of Uniformity
(1559) issued a revised edition of the second Book of Common Prayer.
Act of Supremacy
(1559) repealed all the anti-Protestant legislation of Mary Tudor.
The Thirty Years' War
(1618-1648) took place in the Holy Roman Empire—was the last and most destructive of the wars of religion. Bitter hatreds between Catholics, Protestants, Calvinists, and Lutherans set the stage for a long struggle.
Long Parliament
(1640-1648) desperate for money after Scottish invasion of northern England-Charles finally agreed to demands by Parliament: Parliament could not be dissolved w/o its own consent; had to meet a min. of once every 3 years; ship money abolished; leaders of persecution of Puritans to be tried and executed; Star Chamber abolished; common law courts supreme to king's courts; refused funds to raise army to defeat Irish revolt-Puritans came to represent majority in Parliament
Cardinal Fleury
(1653-1743) Cardinal appointed by Louis XV's regent. He balanced the budget and carried out plans for road and canal construction, worked to maintain monarchy authority while suppressing the Jansenites,
The Treaty of Dover
(1670) England and France formally entered an alliance against the Dutch, their chief commercial competitor. In a secret part of the treaty, Charles II promised to announce his conversion to Catholicism as soon as conditions in England allowed for it. Louis XIV—the king of France—promised to pay Charles II a substantial subsidy for his conversion to Catholicism.
Edict of Nantes
(April 13, 1598) Recognized minority religious rights and gave Huguenots the freedom of public worship, the right of assembly, admission to public offices and universities, and permission to maintain fortified towns. Ended the French wars of religion
War of Spanish Succession
(Unit 5) War fought from 1701 to 1714 by the Grand Alliance, consisting originally of England, the Netherlands, Denmark, and Austria, and later, Portugal, against a coalition of France, Spain, and a number of small Italian and German principalities. The issue of the war was a conflict over the succession of Philip V of Spain to the Spanish crown. Philip's accession made possible an enormous increase in the power of France, it threatened to overthrow the balance of power in Europe.
The Swedish Period
1.) Gustavus Adolphus II of Sweden, a pious king of a unified Lutheran nation, became the new leader of Protestant forces 2.) After the defeat of the Swedes, and the death of Gustavus Adolphus, the Protestants signed the Peace of Prague. This treaty gave Protestants some of their land back, but gave the Holy Roman Empire far more power.
Oliver Cromwell
..., English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator. When Cromwell died in 1658, the people of England were ready to restore Anglicanism and the monarchy.
The Bohemian Period
1.) Habsburg Ferdinand of Styria came to the throne of Bohemia in 1618, he was determined to restore this Protestant region to Catholicism and immediately revoked the religious freedoms of Bohemian Protestants. 2.) The Protestant nobility in Prague responded by throwing Ferdinand's regents out the window of a royal palace, an event that became known as the "defenestration of Prague." 3.) Ferdinand was named Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand II, unanimously by the seven electors; in response, the Bohemians declared the Calvinist leader of the Palatinate , Frederick V, their king. 4.) =Ferdinand II was able to subdue and re-Catholicize Bohemia as well as the Palatinate.
The Swedish-Franco Phase
1.) The French openly joined the war in 1635 and the war dragged on for thirteen years, as French, Swedish, and Spanish soldiers fought and looted throughout Germany. 2.) The war completely devastated Germany and experts estimate that nearly a third of Germany's population perished in the conflict.
The Danish Period
1.) The Lutheran King Christian IV—with the encouragement of England, France, and the Netherlands—marched his army into Germany and was quickly humiliated by Maximilian and forced to retreat. 2.) Ferdinand was assisted in his re-Catholicization by Albrecht of Wallenstein who led an army of 100,000 men into Denmark which completely crushed the Protestant resistance. 3.) Edict of Restitution in 1629 - reaffirmed the illegality of Calvinism and ordered the return of all church lands the Lutherans had acquired since 1552
The Spanish Armada
1588 the Armada set sail for England with 130 ships and 25,000 in which they lost in devastating fashion. Smaller and faster ships enabled the English and Netherlands' ships disperse the Spanish fleet. A storm, which became known as the English Wind or Protestant Wind, assisted the English by blowing the Spanish ships off course.
Jansenists
A Roman Catholic religious movement known as Jansenism arose in the 1630s in opposition to the political influence of the Jesuit, Jansenists followed the teachings of Saint Augustine (opposed teachings of Free will) which had also influenced many Protestant doctrines. This movement made considerable progress with families in Paris but was suppressed by Louis XIV
"Sea Beggars"
A group of pirates which consisted of anti-Spanish exiles and criminals who captured port cities and incited rebellions against the Spanish in coastal towns of the Netherlands.
Poland
Absence of Strong Central Authority, The price of noble liberty and the absence of a strong central government led to the disappearance of Poland from the map of Europe in the late eighteenth century
Rump Parliament
After the First Civil war of the 1600s in Europe, there were two factions of Puritans. The more radical ones that had fought the war were afraid that the parliament might not do what they wanted, so they purged the parliament of the ones that were less radical, leaving behind what they called a rump parliament. They were the ones that found the king guilty and had him beheaded. They established the Puritan Republic under Cromwell. In 1653, Cromwell abolishes the rump parliament and makes himself Lord Protector.
Charles I
Although pressure from Parliament plunged Europe into war with Spain, its members refused to allow Charles to raise taxes that were needed to finance the war. Charles decided to levy new tariffs and duties and added a tax on property owners—which was called a forced loan. Charles agreed to Petition of Right but then dissolved Parliament the next year. He ended his wars with France and Spain in order to conserve money. His chief advisor, Thomas Wentworth, worked to centralize the power of the monarchy and exploited every means possible to impose new taxes. In 1637, Charles—with the help of Archbishop William Laud--attempted to impose the English episcopate system and prayer book on Scotland in order to establish religious uniformity. The Scots rebelled and Charles was forced to call Parliament into session in 1640 in order to raise revenue to suppress the rebellion. Parliament refused to allocate more funds to Charles and he immediately dissolved Parliament. When the Scots defeated the English at the Battle of Newburn, Charles reconvened Parliament for a long duration.
King George I
At Anne's death in 1714, the Elector of Hanover became King George I of Great Britain since England and Scotland had been combined in the Act of Union in 1707. The legitimacy of the Hanover monarchy in flux until Sir Robert Walpole took over the helm of government.
The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre
August 24, 1572- Growing strength of the Huguenots alarmed the French king Charles IX and his powerful mother Catherine de' Medici. With Catherine's support, Catholics killed thousands of Huguenots gathering in Paris to celebrate the wedding of Huguenot leader Henry of Navarre, and the violence quickly spread to the provinces. 20,000 Huguenots were killed. It ignited a bloody civil war between Catholics and Protestants that continued for 15 years. Sparks the Protestant Resistance theory, in which Protestant leaders support opposition to tyrannical higher authority (Calvin, Knox, Beza).
Conspiracy of Amboise
Bourbon and Montmorency-Chatillonplanned—but never carried out—the kidnapping of Francis II of France from his Guise advisors.
3 powerful french families
Bourbons (south/west) & Montmorency-Chatillons (center) developed strong Huguenot sympathies. Guises (east) were closely linked to the French monarchy and were associated with militant, reactionary Catholicism
Cardinal Granvelle
Cardinal Granvelle, also known as Antoine Perrenot, was the head of this council (to prevent the spread of Protestantism and help break down the traditional autonomy in the region) and he attempted to subdue the seventeen Netherlands provinces and place them under the centralized imperial government that operated from Madrid. Granvelle removed from his position in 1564 by William of Orange
Pragmatic Sanction
Charles VI's plan to have his daughter, Maria Theresa, inherit his land and title. Charles worked vigorously throughout his life to get his family, other European monarchs, and nobles to recognize Maria Theresa as his rightful heir.Despite the Pragmatic Solution, less than two months after the death of Charles VI, Frederick II of Prussia invaded the Habsburg province of Silesia in eastern Germany.
Major Causes of 30 yrs War:
Conflict between Protestants and Catholics, Rivalry between Royal Families (Hapsburgs & Bourbons), Lack of Unity within the Holy Roman Empire, Expansion of Powerful Nations (Spain, France, Sweden, & Denmark) & the Balance of Power, Lack of Resolution from the Peace of Augsburg, Election of the Holy Roman Emperor
Union of Arras
Don John and Alexander Farnese of Parma, the Regent Margaret's son, revived Spanish power in southern provinces, where fear of Calvinist extremism caused some of the southern provinces to drop out of the union. In 1579, the southern provinces formed the Union of Arras and made peace with Spain
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
Economic minister to Louis XIV, His financial programs made it possible for Louis to raise and maintain a large and powerful army.
Catherine de Medicis
Following the death of Francis II, the queen mother, Catherine de Medicis, became regent for her younger son, Charles IX. Catherine unsuccessfully attempted to reconcile Protestant and Catholic factions. After massacre, the crown, wary of the power of the Guise family, supported the Catholic side of the conflict. Following the end of the French wars of Relgion, she began to plot with the Guise family because she feared the threat that the growing power of Protestants posed to the crown.
17th c. Netherlands = Dutch Golden Age
Formally a Republic with each province retains autonomy in cooperation with the States General in the Hague, Holland dominated and House of Orange assumed leadership in times of crisis, Provinces identified with Dutch Reformed (Calvinist) Church, but it was not "established" and religious toleration was the norm; Economy built on: ○ Urban consolidation ○ Transformed Agriculture ○ Extensive trade and finance (Burse) ○ Overseas commercial empire Trade, manufacture, shipbuilding, and finance were the engine of Dutch prosperity; Reclamation of farm land and monopoly of Baltic grain trade = agricultural specialization; Dominated fish trade (especially dried herring); Supplied textile to many parts of Europe; Advanced financial system at Amsterdam capitalized Europe's Commercial ventures; DEI Co. displaces Portuguese as dominant player in spice trade of East Asia
Political Absolutism
France: Due to changes in warfare and increased expenses of commercial centralized states, only monarchies that succeeded in building a secure financial base that was not dependent on the support of nobles or assemblies achieved absolute rule. As we saw with the French Wars of religion, noble families in France like the Bourbon, Valois, and Montmorency-Chatillons, had significant military forces at their disposal but that drastically changed when Louis XIII took power.
Huguenots
French Protestants. he French monarchy remained a staunch opponent of Protestants until the ascension to the throne of Henry IV of Navarre in 1589. Huguenots held important geographic areas and were heavily represented among the more powerful segments of French society. Many Huguenots wanted a principle of territorial sovereignty like that extended by the Peace of Augsburg to the German princes in the Holy Roman Empire.
Five major states of Europe
Great Britain, France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia were the leading powers in Europe
Mary Tudor
In 1554, Mary entered a marriage to Philip of Spain (later Philip II), which symbolized the militant Catholic policies she would pursue throughout her reign. Mary passed legislation through Parliament that reverted to Catholicism and she ordered the executions of the Protestant leaders of the Edwardian Age.
January Edict
In 1562, Catherine de Medicis issued the January Edict which granted Protestants freedom to worship publicly outside towns—although only privately within them. Royal toleration ended in 1562 when the duke of Guise surprised a Protestant congregation at Vassy in Champagne and massacred many worshipers. This event marked the beginning of the French wars of religion.
Thirty Nine Articles
In 1563, the Thirty Nine Articles was issued that made a moderate Protestantism the official religion within the Church of England
Popish Plot
In 1678, Titus Oates claimed that Charles's Catholic wife was plotting with Jesuits and Irishmen to kill the king so James could assume the throne. Parliament believed Oates and anti-Catholic sentiment in Parliament, a group that became known as the Whigs who were led by the earl of Shaftesbury, made an unsuccessful effort to exclude James from succession to the throne.
Michael Romanov
In an effort to end the "Time of Troubles", in 1613 a group of Russian nobles elected as tsar a seventeen-year-old boy named Michael Romanov whose dynasty would rule Russia until 1917. Michael Romanov and his two successors—Aleksei and Theodore—brought some centralization to Russia but the boyars, the old nobility, still retained a lot of bureaucratic power and the streltsy, or guards of the Moscow garrison remained a threat to mutiny against the tsar.
The League of Augsburg and the Nine Years' War
Louis attempted to expand the national boundaries of France and in 1681 sent his forces to occupy the free city of Strasbourg on the Rhine River.The League of Augsburg formed to stop French aggression and was comprised of a coalition of English, Spanish, Swedish, German, and Dutch troops who fought a series of battles against France between 1689 and 1697 in what was known as the Nine Years' War. The Peace of Ryswick ended the war and it secured Holland's borders and prevented Louis's expansion into Germany.
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
Louis started a systematic eradication of Huguenots from public life by banning them from government office and excluded them from certain professions like printing and medicine; October 1685, Louis revoked the Edict of Nantes and significantly limited the rights of Protestants in France: Protestant churches and schools were closed, Protestant ministers were exiled, Non-converting laity were condemned to be galley slaves, Protestant children were baptized by Catholic priests.
The Peace of Beaulieu
May 1576 granted Huguenots almost complete religious and civil freedom. But within seven months the Catholic League forced Henry III to agree to attempt to impose absolute religious unity in France
"divine right of kings"
Medieval popes argued that only God could judge a pope and Bossuet argued that only God could judge a king.
Philip II
Most powerful monarch in Europe until England defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588, Heir to the intensely Catholic and militarily supreme western Habsburg kingdom, organized the lesser nobility into a complex bureaucracy that helped him carry out governmental duties.
Petition of Right
Parliament met in 1623 and agreed to grant new funds to Charles if he agreed to sign the Petition of Right that required no forced loans or taxes without Parliament's consent, that no freeman should be imprisoned without due cause, and troops should not be quartered in private homes.
Test Act
Parliament passed this measure to exclude Roman Catholics from public service and, more importantly, to prevent the ascension of James, duke of York and brother of Charles II, to the throne.
Peter the Great
Peter took personal control of Russia in 1689 and established two goals: 1.) to rid the tsar of the threat of the jealousy of the boyars and the greed of the streltsy 2.) increase Russian military power. Peter traveled to northwestern Europe in 1697 to observe factories and shipyards. Peter suppressed the streltsy and built powerful military and navy. Peter worked to bring the nobility and the Russian Orthodox Church more closely under the authority of persons loyal to the tsar. Created administrative colleges to oversee matters, table of ranks, and achieved secular control of the church after he abolished the Patriarch of the Russian church and established a government department called the Holy Synod. Peter died without a successor which caused soldiers and nobles to determine who ruled Russia for the next thirty years after his death.
The Duke of Alba
Philip II sent the duke of Alba—who was accompanied by his army of 10,000 men—journeyed from Milan to the Netherlands where they assembled a special tribunal, known to the Spanish as the Council of Troubles and among the Netherlands as the Council of Blood, which launched a campaign of terror during which the counts of Egmont and Horn, along with several thousand heretics were publicly executed. Alba spent six years in the Netherlands and during this time he levied new taxes and continually persecuted Protestants.
Henry of Navarre (Henry IV)
Political leader of the Huguenots and a member of the Bourbon dynasty, succeeded to the throne as Henry IV. He realized that as a Protestant he would never be accepted by Catholic France, so he converted to Catholicism ("Paris is worth a mass"). When he became king in 1594, the fighting in France finally came to an end with the Edict of Nantes
English Civil War
The English Civil War was a conflict, lasting from 1642 to 1649, in which Puritan supporters of Parliament battled supporters of England's monarchy. Those who were loyal to Charles were called Royalists or Cavaliers while on the other side were Puritan supporters of Parliament called Roundheads because the men wore hair short over ears. The controversy began (cause) when Charles offended Puritans by ceasing their rituals of the Anglican Church and forced Presbyterian Scots to accept a version of Anglican prayer book. When the Scots rebelled in their huge army and threatened to invade England, Charles could only pursue the assistance of Parliament. Finally Puritans enrolled Oliver Cromwell (effect), a general who created the New Model Army that began defeating the Cavaliers, aiding the Puritans in their fight and ultimately holding Charles V as a prisoner. Shortly after, Charles V was executed and Oliver Cromwell assumed complete power.
Union of Utrecht.
The northern provinces responded to the Union of Arras by forming the union of Utrecht. The member provinces of the Union of Utrecht met in the Hague and formally declared Philip no longer their ruler.
Frederick III
a devout convert to Calvinism, became the ruler of the Palatinate and made it the official religion.
Religious conflict in the first half of the 16th c. was...
confined to central Europe as Lutherans and Zwinglians attempted to secure freedoms and rights for themselves
The Bill of Rights
limited the powers of the monarchy and guaranteed the civil liberties of the English privileged classes, monarchs would now be subject to the law and would be ruled by the consent of Parliament which would be called into session every three years, prohibited Roman Catholics from occupying the throne.
The Peace of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
ended the third phase of the French war of religion in which the power of the Protestant nobility was acknowledged and Huguenots were granted religious freedoms within their territories and the right to fortify their cities. Following the peace, Charles IX became closer to the Bourbon family and the Huguenots, and Coligny became one of his most trusted advisors.
Council of Troubles
established by the Duke of Alva (sent by Philip II of Spain) in the Netherlands, it was called the Council of Blood by the Dutch because it was used to execute 1000s of people as heretics, and to revive the Spanish Inquisition in the Netherlands.
Frederick William the Great Elector Hohenzollern
established himself as the central unifying power in central Europe by breaking down local noble estates, establishing an efficient bureaucracy, and building a strong army., demanded obedience from the Junkers but in exchange allowed them to demand obedience from serfs. He appointed nobles to positions in which they administered the collection of taxes and thereby co-opted potential rivals into his service.
War of Devolution
fought by Louis in order to support his first wife—Marie Therese—to inherit the Spanish Netherlands. By the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, Louis gained control of certain towns bordering the Spanish Netherlands
Versailles
he dominated the nobility by proving he could outspend them on social displays, used the palace of Versailles to exert political control, designed and decorated to proclaim the glory of the Sun King, as Louis was known, housed thousands of the more important nobles, royal officers, and servants; the nobles, in theory, grew dependent upon the king,
William of Orange
leads to more untied opposition and anti-Spanish feeling begins to override religious differences, Philip II declared him an outlaw, Orange publicly denounced Philip as a heathen tyrant
Coligny
one of Charles IX's most trusted advisors
Frederick II
ook control of Prussia and immediately upset the Pragmatic Sanction by invading Silesia which fostered the Austrian-Prussian rivalry for control of Germany that would dominate central European affairs for more than a century.
Declaration of Indulgence
permitted free worship in England, issued by James II
The Toleration Act of 1689
permitted worship by all Protestants and outlawed only Roman Catholics and those who denied the Christian doctrine of the Trinity.
Gustavus Adolphus II
pious king of a unified Lutheran nation, supported by the French minister Cardinal Richelieu and the Dutch, led a Protestant alliance to a decisive victory at Breitenfeld in 1630 which changed the momentum of the war, brought new mobility to warfare by having both his infantry and cavalry employ fire-and-charge tactics, killed by Wallenstein's forces at the Battle of Lutzen, King of Sweden provided military support to protestants
Louis XIV 14th
ruled through councils that controlled foreign affairs, the army, domestic administration, and economic regulations, managed the nobility well by conferring with regional judicial bodies, called parliaments, and consulting opinions before making rulings that would affect them. ("I am the state.") Absolutism applied to national interests like the making of war or peace, the regulation of religion, and the oversight of economic activity. Local institutions retained their administrative authority. Louis firmly prevented the intervention of nobles and legislative bodies from interfering with his authority on the national level. Louis's goal was to secure international boundaries for France. Louis believed that political unity and stability required religious conformity.
The duke of Orleans
s weakened the monarchy in France by drawing the nobility back into the decision-making processes of the government, Orleans reversed the policy of Louis XIV and reinstituted the full power of the Parlement
John Law
set up a national bank in Paris and printed money in order to increase the amount in circulation and stimulate the economy, organized a monopoly called the Mississippi Company on trading privileges with the French colony of Louisiana. Law was forced to flee France and this affair became known as the Mississippi Bubble.
Religious conflict in the second half of the 16th c. was...
shifted as Calvinists struggled for recognition in the western European nations of France, the Netherlands, England and Scotland.
Edict of Fontainebleau
subjected French Protestants to the Inquisition.
James I
succeeded the childless Elizabeth, strongly believed in the divine right of kings and expected to rule with little consultation beyond his own royal court, James gained a new source of income when he levied new custom duties known as impositions, sought to enhance the Anglican episcopacy. Many believed that James sought to re-Catholicize England, shortly before James's death, England again went to war with Spain largely in response to parliamentary pressures
Leopold I
the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia—was able to defend Habsburg lands against Turkish aggression and defeated the Turks when they laid siege on Vienna Despite the disunity. Following this victory, the Habsburgs took control of much of the Balkan Peninsula
The Pacification of Ghent
the agreement that came between the largely Catholic provinces of the south (modern-day Belgium) and the largely Protestant northern provinces (modern-day Netherlands)in which the merged in opposition to Spain.
Prince William III of Orange
the chief executive, or stadtholder, of Holland which was the most important of the provinces, led the Dutch to victory against France. When William III died in 1702, the provinces resisted the rise of a strong stadtholder and consequently unified political leadership vanished.
Elizabeth I
the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn passed a series of legislation through Parliament that guided a religious settlement that ended religious civil strife in England, assisted by Sir William Cecil who was her chief advisor. Elizabeth showed little mercy for Catholics who attempted to destroy the unity of England.
Charles II
took the throne in 1660 and immediately restored England to the normalcy of 1642 with a hereditary monarch, a Parliament of Lords and Commons that met only when summoned by the king, and the Anglican Church. Charles advocated religious toleration. o Charles II grew suspicious of Parliament and was able to rule from 1681 to 1685 without calling it into session. ]When Charles II died in 1685—after a deathbed conversion to Catholicism—he left James the prospect of a Parliament filled with royal friends.
Frederick I Hohenzollern
was the son of Frederick William who was known for being the least "Prussian" of the Hohenzollerns because he built palaces, founded Halle University, patronized arts, and lived luxuriously. · Frederick I sent his army to assist the Habsburgs during the War of Spanish Succession and was rewarded by Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I who allowed Frederick I to take the title "King in Prussia."
Congregationalists
were the more extreme Puritans who wanted every congregation to be autonomous. Elizabeth had little tolerance for the independence-minded Congregationalists and gave them the option to conform or face exile or death.
"Defenestration of Prague."
when Protestant nobility in Prague threw Ferdinand's regents out the window of the royal palace after he revoked the religious freedoms of Bohemian Protestants. Immediate cause of 30 yrs war
Frederick William I
worked tirelessly to build the Prussian military, Frederick William I used his powerful army to symbolize the power of Prussia but rarely put it to use.
King James II
works to gain rights for Catholics in England, repeal Test Act, issued Declaration of Indulgence, imprisoned seven Anglican bishops who refused to publicize his suspension of laws. People of England hoped that James II would be succeeded by Mary, his Protestant and eldest daughter.
The Treaty of Westphalia
written in French, nullified the Edict of Restitution and asserted the legality of the Peace of Augsburg that had been instituted ninety-three years earlier, recognized the Swiss and Netherlands independence, kept Germany fragmented (distinctive nation-states, each with their own political, cultural, and religious identity, reached full maturity and firmly established the competitive nationalism of the modern world)
Don John of Austria
½ brother of spanish Philip II, suppressed and dispersed the Moors in Granada. In May 1571, Don John's fleet engaged the Turks and sunk or captured over ⅓ of their fleet and nearly 30,000 Turks had died. Lepanto
