Unit 2 AP World History
CHINESE SCROLL PAINTING CIRCA 1280 COMMISSIONED BY KHUBILAI KHAN OF THE MONGOL YUAN DYNASTY OF CHINA https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/media.academicmerit.com/d245451e7f4be9fc7a5e952b36058e47/original.png (Copy and paste it to see image) (There are 3 different questions with this same image) China: Khubilai Khan hunting on horseback (1280). / Pictures from History / Bridgeman Images The painting shows Khubilai Khan and his hunting companions on horseback. To the left, a horse archer prepares his weapon. The establishment of the Mongol Empire directly facilitated which of the following? A. Increased cultural and technological exchange between the Islamic world and China B. The development of Mongolian as the primary written language of administration across most of Eurasia C. The spread of Persian culture into Central Asia D. Improved ship designs and navigation techniques for oceanic commerce
A. Increased cultural and technological exchange between the Islamic world and China
"A strongly held misconception about the Sahara, both in popular culture and in academia, is that this desert constitutes both a physical barrier and a fundamental cultural divide between northern Africa—a constituent part of the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern historical realms—and 'sub-Saharan' Africa, a world apart. . . . [I argue] that the Sahara has far more often served as a link than as a barrier. . . . Prior to the end of the 16th century c.e., [the Sahara] was essential to world trade as it afforded nearly continuous communication between China, the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, Russia, the Mediterranean and West Africa. Trade, travel and communications between these world regions was assured by a system of caravans. . . . The 12th through the 16th centuries mark the 'golden age' of this trade. Demand for West African gold was at its height as the economies of the Mediterranean Sea, the Middle East, Central Asia, the Indian Ocean and Ming China expanded. . . . [In addition], the rise of the Malian and then the Songhay empires [made] the trade routes and trading cities of the African continent relatively secure, and therefore prosperous." Eric Ross, Canadian historian, article included in a book, published in 2011 Which of the following best explains why trade along the trans-Saharan trade networks increased in the period 1200-1450 ? A. Innovations in previously existing transportation technologies, such as the caravan, allowed merchants to carry larger loads and protect themselves. B. The introduction of new commercial technologies, such as the compass, made it easier for merchants to find their destinations in the desert. C. The expansion of banking houses made it easier for merchants to fund their commercial activities. D. Increasing literacy rates allowed merchants to develop more complex business partnerships.
A. Innovations in previously existing transportation technologies, such as the caravan, allowed merchants to carry larger loads and protect themselves. Why: Across the trans-Saharan trade networks, transportation technologies such as the caravan provided merchants greater security and permitted the transport of greater quantities of luxury items, thereby reducing transportation costs.
https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/media.academicmerit.com/56d93791f21de89ac4a97ddc7ed39521/original.png (Copy and paste image to see) The map above indicates that A. Mali was a major source and hub of the gold trade B. slavery existed in the western Sudan C. Europeans had begun to make inroads in West Africa D. Mali remained isolated from Europe and the Middle East E. Atlantic ports were crucial for the transportation of salt and gold
A. Mali was a major source and hub of the gold trade
"I am a griot ... we are vessels of speech; we are the repositories which harbor secrets many centuries old. Without us the names of kings would vanish into oblivion. We are the memory of mankind; by the spoken word we bring to life the deeds and exploits of kings for younger generations. ... I teach kings the history of their ancestors so that the lives of the ancients might serve them as an example, for the world is old, but the future springs from the past." An African griot (storyteller), circa 1950, introducing the oral epic of King Sundiata of Mali, composed circa 1400 C.E. The introduction by the griot is intended to serve which of the following purposes? A. To establish the griot's authority by connecting him to the past B. To exalt the Malian kings above previous dynasties C. To highlight the griot's unique abilities as compared to other griots D. To portray Mali as a progressive society that is improving on the past
A. To establish the griot's authority by connecting him to the past
SAILING SHIP ON THE INDIAN OCEAN CARRYING PILGRIMS TO MECCA, MINIATURE ILLUSTRATION FROM A THIRTEENTH-CENTURY ISLAMIC MANUSCRIPT https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/media.academicmerit.com/576d227fb7fbee558e084ac7678e2c88/original.png (Copy and paste image to see) The illustration would be most useful to a historian studying which of the following? A. Transportation and maritime technologies B. Large-scale trading organizations C. Geographic patterns of currents and winds in the Indian Ocean D. The expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate
A. Transportation and maritime technologies
"Brother, you had written to me that you sent roughly 6,300 pounds of block iron to me from India in the ship of the Muslim captain Abu'l-Kata'ib. But when the ship arrived here, it only carried 5,100 pounds and the Muslim shipowner said that that was everything he had received from your Indian agent before setting sail. To compensate for the difference, I have charged you the Muslim captain's transportation fee for the above-mentioned iron that was sent to me here in Aden* and for pepper that was sent with it. I am also charging you the transportation fee for items that I am sending to you in India, including twenty-five pounds of copper bars, ten Berbera * mats in a package, cloth, a piece of lead weighing two hundred and forty-five pounds, two large boxes of sugar, and a package of the best Egyptian paper." *Aden and Berbera were prominent Indian Ocean port cities. Letter from Madmun ibn al-Hassan, a Jewish merchant in Aden, to his brother in India, circa 1133 C.E. The letter was written in Judeo-Arabic, a form of the Arabic language written in the Hebrew script. The relationships between the individuals mentioned in the passage best support which of the following conclusions about Indian Ocean trade in the period 600-1450 C.E.? A. Non-Muslim merchants in the Indian Ocean trade networks encountered various forms of discrimination that made their businesses uncompetitive. B. Commercial relationships between Muslims and non-Muslims were a key element of the flourishing Indian Ocean trade networks. C. Non-Muslim religious leaders in the Indian Ocean region used their economic wealth to challenge the authority of Muslim states. D. Indian merchants successfully monopolized the production and distribution of precious metals in the Indian Ocean region.
B. Commercial relationships between Muslims and non-Muslims were a key element of the flourishing Indian Ocean trade networks.
Which of the following is true of the expeditions of Chinese Admiral Zheng He in the early 1400s? A. He wished to find a new route to Europe in order to participate in European trade. B. He sailed to ports on the Indian Ocean coastline, including those in East Africa. C. He crossed the Indian Ocean but did not land on the African coast. D. He explored unknown regions and seas, though his ships were tiny and supplies inadequate. E. He avoided contact with overseas Chinese communities.
B. He sailed to ports on the Indian Ocean coastline, including those in East Africa.
"Between the eighth and tenth centuries Arabs brought back from India a variety of crops that they then began cultivating in the Middle East. These included staple crops such as hard wheat, rice, sugarcane, and new varieties of sorghum; fruits such as banana, sour orange, lemon, lime, mango, watermelon, and the coconut palm; vegetables such as spinach, artichoke, and eggplant; and the key industrial crop, cotton. From Iraq, many of these crops then spread westward all the way to Muslim Spain, which was transformed into a veritable garden under Muslim rule. Other crops passed by ship from southern Arabia to East Africa, while still others moved by caravan from northwest Africa across the Sahara to tropical West Africa. This was especially true for cotton, whose diffusion in Africa directly paralleled the spread of Islam itself." Richard Eaton, United States historian of South Asia, Islamic History as Global History, 1990. The spread of cotton as described by Eaton in the passage most directly contributed to which of the following economic developments in the period 600-1450 C.E.? A. The expansion of the system of using indentured servants to work in imperial workshops B. Increased demand for and production of textiles in India, Persia, and the Middle East C. The decline of China's silk and porcelain industries D. The development of new forms of credit and monetization
B. Increased demand for and production of textiles in India, Persia, and the Middle East Why: Cotton textiles were, and remained, a major type of manufactured good, both for export and domestic consumption in India throughout the period referred to in the passage. In the second half of the period, as a result of the spread of cotton described by Eaton, Persia and the Muslim Middle East also developed significant cotton textile manufacturing traditions.
Which of the following accurately describes the Mongol Empire's role in facilitating trans-Eurasian trade? A. It imposed Mongol religious beliefs and practices on conquered peoples. B. It reestablished the Silk Roads between East Asia and Europe. C. It created a self-contained economic system by banning non-Mongol merchants from its territories. D. It developed a sophisticated bureaucracy staffed by talented Mongols.
B. It reestablished the Silk Roads between East Asia and Europe.
"It is widely accepted that the rise of the Mongol Empire greatly expanded trade and the circulation of goods. . . . Since the fall of the Uighur Empire [in the ninth century], Mongolia was a region removed from the main trade routes. Thus the Mongols irrupted into the wider world as a relatively unknown society. As the Mongol Empire dominated Eurasia, envoys, merchants and travelers came to the court of the Mongols . . . and participated in . . . the exchange of goods, ideas, technology and people precipitated by the Mongol conquests." Timothy May, United States historian, academic article, 2016 The breakup of the Mongol Empire into separate khanates during the mid-thirteenth century was most connected to which of the following developments? A. The spread of the bubonic plague following the expansion of trade along the Silk Roads weakened the Mongol Empire demographically and militarily. B. Mongol traditions emphasized tribal and personal loyalties and made it difficult to establish long-lasting centralized dynastic rule, which led to civil war. C. Rebellions in China overthrew Mongol rule there and led to the reestablishment of Han Chinese rule under the Ming dynasty. D. The attempts of Mongol rulers to force their subjects to convert to Islam led to widespread rebellions in Central and East Asia.
B. Mongol traditions emphasized tribal and personal loyalties and made it difficult to establish long-lasting centralized dynastic rule, which led to civil war. Why: Civil wars between rival factions were the direct cause of the breakup of the Mongol Empire into separate khanates during the mid-thirteenth century.
Which of the following characterized the trans-Saharan trade by 1250 C.E.? A. The bulk of the trade consisted of low-priced commodities. B. Muslim merchants dominated the trade. C. European Christians became directly involved in the trade. D. Most trade was carried by horse rather than by people.
B. Muslim merchants dominated the trade.
TYPICAL SAILING ROUTES AND SCHEDULES OF OMANI MERCHANTS TRAVELING TO EAST AFRICA AND CHINA FROM MUSCAT, CIRCA 1400 C.E. https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/media.academicmerit.com/73e9fede48e895a52e58460910f4400a/original.jpg (Copy and paste image to see) Which of the following factors contributed the most to Omani traders' ability to undertake the voyages depicted on the maps? A. The strong backing for the voyages by the Caliphate B. Navigational and maritime innovations, such as the astrolabe and lateen sail C. The spread of Arabic as the language of commerce in the Mediterranean, Red Sea, and western Indian Ocean basins D. Innovations in agriculture, such as the qanat and the noria, which allowed the Omani population to increase rapidly
B. Navigational and maritime innovations, such as the astrolabe and lateen sail Why: The lateen sail's extensive use by Arab sailors allowed merchant ships to take better advantage of changing wind patterns, while the astrolabe aided in navigation and determining a sailing vessel's location at sea.
https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/media.academicmerit.com/116cb9b9555b1aa25b606bacd25a7579/original.png (Copy link and paste to see it) The map above shows which of the following empires at its greatest extent? A. The empire of Alexander the Great B. The Mongol Empire C. The Russian Empire D. The Byzantine Empire E. The Ottoman Empire
B. The Mongol Empire
Which of the following statements is accurate about the Mongols during the 1200s and 1300s? A. The Mongols suppressed Islamic and Buddhist religious practices. B. The Mongols facilitated the diffusion of many Chinese inventions. C. The Mongols led successful naval invasions of Japan. D. The Mongols conquered Constantinople.
B. The Mongols facilitated the diffusion of many Chinese inventions.
"It is widely accepted that the rise of the Mongol Empire greatly expanded trade and the circulation of goods. . . . Since the fall of the Uighur Empire [in the ninth century], Mongolia was a region removed from the main trade routes. Thus the Mongols irrupted into the wider world as a relatively unknown society. As the Mongol Empire dominated Eurasia, envoys, merchants and travelers came to the court of the Mongols . . . and participated in . . . the exchange of goods, ideas, technology and people precipitated by the Mongol conquests." Timothy May, United States historian, academic article, 2016 Which of the following best describes an effect of the establishment of the Mongol Empire upon Silk Road long distance trade? A. The Silk Road trade declined because the Mongol merchants preferred to use maritime long-distance trade networks instead. B. The Silk Road trade increased because the Mongol conquests helped connect more regions of Eurasia economically and commercially. C. The Silk Road trade was not affected by the Mongol conquests because the tribal and nomadic nature of Mongol society meant that Mongol demand for luxury goods was virtually nonexistent. D. The Silk Road trade collapsed following the Mongol conquests because most trading cities along the Silk Roads were destroyed and never recovered.
B. The Silk Road trade increased because the Mongol conquests helped connect more regions of Eurasia economically and commercially. Why: The establishment of the Mongol Empire resulted in the creation of a large unified territory with a highly sophisticated infrastructure of roads and posts that linked more regions of Eurasia and facilitated greater communication between them, directly leading to the growth of trade along the Silk Road networks.
Which of the following best describes Middle Eastern trade in the period 1000 to 1450 ? A. A unified Islamic Empire eliminated all internal tariffs and encouraged trade. B. The area was engaged in regular trade with China, India, and sub-Saharan Africa. C. The Ottoman Empire drained the resources of the area in the Empire's war with India. D. The Byzantine Empire and the Russian Empire controlled trade in the area. E. The area ceased trading with Europe but continued trading with sub-Saharan Africa.
B. The area was engaged in regular trade with China, India, and sub-Saharan Africa.
Which of the following resulted from the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire following the death of Genghis Khan? A. The collapse of the Byzantine Empire B. The development of khanates in Central Asia C. The spread of Islam into East Asia D. Increased trade between Africa and Asia
B. The development of khanates in Central Asia
"A strongly held misconception about the Sahara, both in popular culture and in academia, is that this desert constitutes both a physical barrier and a fundamental cultural divide between northern Africa—a constituent part of the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern historical realms—and 'sub-Saharan' Africa, a world apart. . . . [I argue] that the Sahara has far more often served as a link than as a barrier. . . . Prior to the end of the 16th century c.e., [the Sahara] was essential to world trade as it afforded nearly continuous communication between China, the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, Russia, the Mediterranean and West Africa. Trade, travel and communications between these world regions was assured by a system of caravans. . . . The 12th through the 16th centuries mark the 'golden age' of this trade. Demand for West African gold was at its height as the economies of the Mediterranean Sea, the Middle East, Central Asia, the Indian Ocean and Ming China expanded. . . . [In addition], the rise of the Malian and then the Songhay empires [made] the trade routes and trading cities of the African continent relatively secure, and therefore prosperous." Eric Ross, Canadian historian, article included in a book, published in 2011 Which of the following best explains a development in the trans-Saharan trade networks in the period 1200-1450 ? A. The networks became more dangerous because of religious conflict between Christian and Muslim states. B. The geographic range of the networks increased because of improved commercial practices. C. The networks were increasingly disrupted because of the growing importance of maritime commerce. D. The value of merchandise along the networks increased because of demand for silver and bronze from Muslim states in North Africa and the Middle East.
B. The geographic range of the networks increased because of improved commercial practices. Why: Improved commercial practices, such as the sakk (promissory notes that operated similarly to a bank check) and shared legal structures underlying mercantile activity throughout the Islamic world, fostered growing commerce throughout the trans-Saharan region.
"I, the reverend Buddhist teacher Dharmasekhara, dedicated this statue of the bodhisattva Amoghapasa* on the orders of His Majesty King Adityawarman, for the benefit and salvation and happiness of all creatures. Hail to the King—experienced in the arts of war, well versed in the science, he is an ocean of all virtues practiced by the followers of the Buddha! He is free from all physical desire. Hail to the King—he who supports the entire world. He has collected jewels by the millions, taken them from the hands of his enemies among the other rulers of this world. He who is like God among kings, crowned, protected by heavenly beings, King of kings! He orders what should be known to all!" Sanskrit inscription on a statue of a bodhisattva produced in the Malayapura kingdom, Sumatra, Indonesia, circa 1350 C.E. *a major figure worshipped in Mahayana Buddhism Based on the content of the inscription, Adityawarman's Malayapura kingdom most likely participated in the communication and exchange networks of the A. Swahili city-states and the Arabian Peninsula B. maritime eastern Indian Ocean trade C. overland Silk Roads D. islands of Polynesia
B. maritime eastern Indian Ocean trade Why: The Malayapura kingdom developed in western Sumatra in Indonesia. Sumatra and the other Indonesian islands were deeply integrated into the lucrative maritime eastern Indian Ocean trade networks, which is alluded to in the inscription with the reference to "jewels by the millions." Buddhism spread to Sumatra in the seventh century.
CHINESE SCROLL PAINTING CIRCA 1280 COMMISSIONED BY KHUBILAI KHAN OF THE MONGOL YUAN DYNASTY OF CHINA https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/media.academicmerit.com/d245451e7f4be9fc7a5e952b36058e47/original.png (Copy and paste it to see image) (There are 3 different questions with this same image) China: Khubilai Khan hunting on horseback (1280). / Pictures from History / Bridgeman Images The painting shows Khubilai Khan and his hunting companions on horseback. To the left, a horse archer prepares his weapon. The inclusion of the caravan in the painting's background could best be used as evidence that Yuan rulers A. favored some commercial trading organizations over others B. portrayed themselves as promoters of commerce C. shifted the trade in luxury goods from overland to the maritime trade routes D. restricted trade between nomadic and sedentary societies
B. portrayed themselves as promoters of commerce
Between 200 B.C.E. and 1450 C.E., the Silk Roads linked which of the following? A. The Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean B. North Africa and western Europe C. East Asia and the Mediterranean Sea D. The Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea
C. East Asia and the Mediterranean Sea
https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/media.academicmerit.com/8d578cae6ef4840ff188025058083ea1/original.png (Copy and paste image to see) The lines on the map above illustrate which of the following? A. Spread of Hinduism B. Spread of Christianity C. Extent of trade routes D. Seasonal migrations of nomads
C. Extent of trade routes
"A strongly held misconception about the Sahara, both in popular culture and in academia, is that this desert constitutes both a physical barrier and a fundamental cultural divide between northern Africa—a constituent part of the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern historical realms—and 'sub-Saharan' Africa, a world apart. . . . [I argue] that the Sahara has far more often served as a link than as a barrier. . . . Prior to the end of the 16th century c.e., [the Sahara] was essential to world trade as it afforded nearly continuous communication between China, the Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, Russia, the Mediterranean and West Africa. Trade, travel and communications between these world regions was assured by a system of caravans. . . . The 12th through the 16th centuries mark the 'golden age' of this trade. Demand for West African gold was at its height as the economies of the Mediterranean Sea, the Middle East, Central Asia, the Indian Ocean and Ming China expanded. . . . [In addition], the rise of the Malian and then the Songhay empires [made] the trade routes and trading cities of the African continent relatively secure, and therefore prosperous." Eric Ross, Canadian historian, article included in a book, published in 2011 Which of the following best explains an effect of the expansion of the Mali Empire on the trans-Saharan trade networks? A. It led to an increase in trade by imposing the merchant-friendly religion of Islam on its subjects. B. It expanded commerce by establishing maritime as well as overland connections with the Swahili states of East Africa. C. It facilitated commercial growth by expanding the number of people participating in the trade networks. D. It expanded commercial activity by promoting scientific and cultural exchange.
C. It facilitated commercial growth by expanding the number of people participating in the trade networks. Why: The Mali Empire extended nearly 1,000 miles from the Atlantic Ocean to the bend of the Niger River, linking together the Sahara desert and its trade routes with the grasslands of the Sahel and the forest zones of coastal West Africa. Consequently, many more West Africans were drawn into the trade networks and engaged in commercial relationships that extended across the trans-Saharan networks and beyond.
Before 1450 C.E. which of the following is true of sub-Saharan Africa's commercial economy? A. Phoenician merchants controlled most of the long-distance trade of sub-Saharan Africa. B. The Mali—Great Zimbabwe trade route dominated the economy of sub-Saharan Africa. C. Sub-Saharan Africa exported gold to the Middle East and Europe. D. The Sahara Desert prevented sub-Saharan traders from participating in long-distance trade.
C. Sub-Saharan Africa exported gold to the Middle East and Europe.
"It is widely accepted that the rise of the Mongol Empire greatly expanded trade and the circulation of goods. . . . Since the fall of the Uighur Empire [in the ninth century], Mongolia was a region removed from the main trade routes. Thus the Mongols irrupted into the wider world as a relatively unknown society. As the Mongol Empire dominated Eurasia, envoys, merchants and travelers came to the court of the Mongols . . . and participated in . . . the exchange of goods, ideas, technology and people precipitated by the Mongol conquests." Timothy May, United States historian, academic article, 2016 The expansion of the Mongol Empire most directly led to which of the following political developments in Afro-Eurasia? A. The spread of feudalism to western Europe, as the Mongol conquests greatly weakened centralized monarchies B. The expansion of the Mali Empire in West Africa, as the Mongol conquests destroyed the Abbasid Caliphate C. The collapse of previously existing states, such as the Song dynasty of China D. The adoption of Islamic systems of rule by Turkic states in the Middle East, such as the Seljuq Empire
C. The collapse of previously existing states, such as the Song dynasty of China Why: Several previously existing states such as the Song dynasty of China and the Abbasid Caliphate collapsed as the result of the expansion of the Mongol Empire.
"Brother, you had written to me that you sent roughly 6,300 pounds of block iron to me from India in the ship of the Muslim captain Abu'l-Kata'ib. But when the ship arrived here, it only carried 5,100 pounds and the Muslim shipowner said that that was everything he had received from your Indian agent before setting sail. To compensate for the difference, I have charged you the Muslim captain's transportation fee for the above-mentioned iron that was sent to me here in Aden* and for pepper that was sent with it. I am also charging you the transportation fee for items that I am sending to you in India, including twenty-five pounds of copper bars, ten Berbera * mats in a package, cloth, a piece of lead weighing two hundred and forty-five pounds, two large boxes of sugar, and a package of the best Egyptian paper." *Aden and Berbera were prominent Indian Ocean port cities. Letter from Madmun ibn al-Hassan, a Jewish merchant in Aden, to his brother in India, circa 1133 C.E. The letter was written in Judeo-Arabic, a form of the Arabic language written in the Hebrew script. Trade in the items referred to in the second paragraph is best understood in the context of which of the following? A. The development of cash-crop plantations in India B. The adoption of traditional African religious practices in the Muslim world C. The increasing demand for high-value goods and manufactures in Afro-Eurasia D. The spread of literacy across the Muslim world
C. The increasing demand for high-value goods and manufactures in Afro-Eurasia
"The first man who came to Pate* was Sulayman, son of Mudhafar. He was a king in Arabia, but he had been driven out. He came to Pate in 1203 and married the daughter of the king of Pate. Because of this marriage, the Swahili adopted a custom that still lasts to this day: seven days after a wedding, the husband goes to see his wife's father, who then gives him something. Indeed, seven days after the wedding, Sulayman went to see his father-in-law, who handed over the kingdom to him. In 1291, Sulayman's great-grandson Muhammad reigned, and he kept on conquering the towns of the Swahili coast in many wars. His son, Sultan Umar, became very powerful and gained possession of all of the Swahili towns. In 1331, Sulayman's great-great grandson Muhammad ruled the whole kingdom of his father by peaceable means. He was extremely fond of money and trade. He ordered his merchants to undertake voyages to India to trade there, and because of this he became very wealthy." *an island located in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Kenya A Swahili History of Pate, chronicle based on an ancient oral tradition, written down in Swahili in 1903. Swahili is a Bantu language that contains a significant number of Arabic words and phrases. The first paragraph most directly illustrates how increasing regional interactions led to which of the following developments in the Indian Ocean in the period 1200-1450? A. The establishment of diasporic merchant communities B. The establishment of new trading cities C. The introduction of new cultural traditions D. The emergence of syncretic belief systems
C. The introduction of new cultural traditions Why: The first paragraph describes the introduction of a new cultural tradition, namely the adoption of an Arabic custom by the Swahili people of Pate that a wife's father must give something to his daughter's husband seven days after their wedding. The introduction of new cultural traditions such as this one was frequently the result of increasing regional interactions across the Indian Ocean in the period from 1200 to 1450.
https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/media.academicmerit.com/30acbdae83e520601501bd08da243f95/original.png (Copy and paste image to see) The map above demonstrates which of the following about the Indian Ocean trade? A. Monsoons prevented trade from taking place along the East African coast. B. Europeans were active in bringing goods from West Africa to the Indian Ocean. C. Trade involved most of the regions bordering the Indian Ocean as well as China. D. The most important item traded across the Indian Ocean was silk. E. Arab and Indian traders were better traders than the Chinese.
C. Trade involved most of the regions bordering the Indian Ocean as well as China.
The Mongol conquests of much of Eurasia in the thirteenth century tended to encourage trade along the Silk Roads primarily by A. opening large new markets for both European and East Asian goods in Central Asia B. increasing the demand for military supplies needed by the Mongol armies that occupied various regions C. decreasing the risk of bandit attacks and reducing the number of local rulers collecting tribute from trade caravans D. discouraging seaborne trade along the Indian Ocean routes that competed with the Silk Roads
C. decreasing the risk of bandit attacks and reducing the number of local rulers collecting tribute from trade caravans
Which of the following factors helps explain the rise of urban centers and the increase in trade in Afro-Eurasia during the second half of the thirteenth century? A. The increase in all forms of coerced labor to build housing B. The decline of the Mongol khanates across Asia C. The reopening of Indian Ocean trade networks by Chinese explorers D. The availability of safe and reliable transport along land-based trade routes
D. The availability of safe and reliable transport along land-based trade routes
"What they [the Franks] learned from the Arabs wasindispensible in their subsequent expansion. The heritage of Greek civilization was transmitted through Arab intermediaries. In medicine, astronomy, chemistry, geography, mathematics, and architecture, the [Franks] drew their knowledge from Arabic books, which they assimilated, imitated, and then surpassed. . . . In the realm of industry, the Europeans first learned and then improved upon the processes used by the Arabs in papermaking, leather-working, textiles, and the distillation of alcohol and sugar." Amin Maalouf, The Crusades Through Arab Eyes, 1984 The passage above best illustrates which of the following? A. Muslims' examination of their own cultural and economic decline after the Crusades B. The debt the Arab world owed Europe for preserving Arab scientific knowledge and cultural history C. The reason European industrial expertise far surpassed that of the Arab world D. The effects of interregional contact on the development of European culture and technology
D. The effects of interregional contact on the development of European culture and technology
CHINESE SCROLL PAINTING CIRCA 1280 COMMISSIONED BY KHUBILAI KHAN OF THE MONGOL YUAN DYNASTY OF CHINA https://assets.learnosity.com/organisations/537/media.academicmerit.com/d245451e7f4be9fc7a5e952b36058e47/original.png (Copy and paste it to see image) (There are 3 different questions with this same image) China: Khubilai Khan hunting on horseback (1280). / Pictures from History / Bridgeman Images The painting shows Khubilai Khan and his hunting companions on horseback. To the left, a horse archer prepares his weapon. Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the way Khubilai Khan chose to have himself portrayed in the painting? A. The Yuan dynasty's potential monopolization of the Eurasian trade routes would force other Asian rulers to recognize Khubilai Khan's supremacy. B. The demonstration of military skill in the painting would encourage the Abbasid caliphs to submit to Khubilai Khan's rule. C. The Yuan dynasty's employment of a Chinese artist to create the painting would encourage the Japanese to accept Khubilai Khan's rule. D. The nomadic tradition depicted in the painting would bolster Khubilai Khan's claim to be the legitimate successor to Genghis Khan.
D. The nomadic tradition depicted in the painting would bolster Khubilai Khan's claim to be the legitimate successor to Genghis Khan.
In the period 600 C.E. to 1450 C.E., merchant diaspora communities, such as those of Muslims in India, Chinese in Southeast Asia, and Jews in the Mediterranean, had which of the following in common? A. They generally imposed their own languages on the local communities. B. They generally became military outposts that facilitated the expansion of empires. C. They generally lost touch with their homelands and merged with the local population. D. They generally introduced their own cultural practices into the local cultures.
D. They generally introduced their own cultural practices into the local cultures.
Which of the following is true of commerce in the Indian Ocean during the time period 1000-1450? A. Chinese merchants dominated the trade routes of the Indian Ocean. B. There was very little commercial activity in the Indian Ocean. C. Merchants from Europe dominated the trade routes of the Indian Ocean. D. Following the rise of the Mongols during the thirteenth century, the volume of Indian Ocean commerce fell sharply. E. Indian Ocean commerce flourished and was conducted by a mixture of Asian, Middle Eastern, and East African merchants.
E. Indian Ocean commerce flourished and was conducted by a mixture of Asian, Middle Eastern, and East African merchants.
