unit 2 apeh
FR Pierre Villette
"psychologie feminine" women threaten men and drive them to attack
ecumenic standards of the new monarchs
- emergence of banking systems and loans - tribute - tariffs (palace built, return of investment) - mercantilism
Gustavus Adolphus
Swedish Lutheran king who won victories for the German Protestants in the Thirty Years' War and lost his life in one of the battles (1594-1632) - invaded N.Germany and won battles against protestant army - wanted to push Catholics back to Bohemia
Prince Henry the Navigator
(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.
Dutch Revolt
(1566-79) Caused for religious reasons; Protestant Region in Northern Spanish Netherlands/Dutch Republic; they revolted against Spanish authority for political and religious independence from Spain This was the revolt by the Netherland against the Spanish in order to create their independent state
Cardinal Richelieu
(1585-1642) Minister to Louis XIII. His three point plan (1. Break the power of the nobility, 2. Humble the House of Austria, 3. Control the Protestants) helped to send France on the road to absolute monarchy. -allied with Protestant forces to defeat HRE - used politique (has the Hapsburg won in Germany France would have been confronted with a more powerful state on its eastern border)
Petition of the Rights
(1628) Limited the power of Charles I of England. a) could not declare martial law; b) could not collect taxes; c) could not imprison people without cause; d) soldiers could not be housed without consent.
Long Parliament
(1640-1648) desperate for money after Scottish invasion of northern England-Charles finally agreed to demands by Parliament: Parliament could not be dissolved w/o its own consent; had to meet a min. of once every 3 years; ship money abolished; leaders of persecution of Puritans to be tried and executed; Star Chamber abolished; common law courts supreme to king's courts; refused funds to raise army to defeat Irish revolt-Puritans came to represent majority in Parliament
Valois dynasty
(Catholic) the ruling family in France; fought the Habsburgs (of Spain) for control of the Italian Peninsula
military revolution
- easy access to gunpowder and invention of cannon an musket - strengthen control - in order to get people to fight they needed noble support and money
Joseph plaits
- * roots of problem"sexual politics" social order was threatened by nonconformist women (church family and state were threatened) - * shows women are not the central issue
witch trials
- 80 percent women charged 85 executed, 92 in Essex were women all but 2 women in langendorf were arrested - Healers, midwives, counselors experience and magical sense - Not allowed in court because they were viewed as minors (led to more prosecution) - Women were blamed for preventing conception causing miscarriage abortion and stillbirth - Seducing men, sex with the devil, giving birth to the devil - Women more strongly sexed then men led to deep seated fears in some males - Patriarchy - Men were associated with witchcraft because they were related to women who were suspect - "weaker vessels"
English Civil War: Causes
- Charles I's decision to arrest Puritan leaders for treason. - divine right vs parliament - Charles abusing power
economic effects of AOE
- Columbian exchange --> planting and regrowing - Golden Age in Spain (Phillip II) --> end in inflation because of so much bullion - Triangular Trade: natural resources to Europe, manufactured goods to Africa, slaves to new world - Trans African Slave Trade: Begin with Portuguese --> forced migration, human rights violation - encomienda system
Banking
- Fuggers in Germany - Medichi in Italy - new innovations: book keeping
Edict of Nantes
- Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship. - still could not worship publicly - religious pluralism
Commercial Revolution effects
- Inflation - Capitalism - Price Revolution
The Protectorate
- Oliver Cromwells Puratin society - Dissolve Rump Parliment: declares martial law, military dictator - Religious tolerance (no catholic or Anglican) especially Jews - crushes rebellion in Scotland and Ireland - girls educated
END of Swedish Phase
- WAR TURNS POLITICAL - France who is Galigan Catholic gives money to Sweden (Protestant) because they wanted to defeat the HRE (Hapsburg vs Burden)
Interregnum Period
- attempted to have a democracy (commonwealth 1649-1653) - then Cromwell, the military dictator, tears up the constitution and becomes Lord Protector - includes colony in americas
how did the new monarchs establish power?
- centralize power (diplomacy, absolutism) - took power away from the church (determined religion, prosecution of other religions, appointed bishops *france*) - removed aristocrats (more middle class opportunities, hand picking nobles)
france most monarchy
- control over church and state - strong army - high tax and money
quakers
- descendants of antibaptists - believed in "inner light" and divine spark in each person - rejected church authority - opposed to war - ALLOWED WOMEN TO PLAY A ROLE IN PREACHING
The HRE was NOT a new monarchy because
- did not have full control --> 300 germanic states - different religions - couldn't establish tax - couldn't raise army
Price Revolution
- increase in prices in 16th century-inflation-increased demand for goods-influx of gold and silver - rising population in Europe increased demand of goods - middle class rose and gained wealth from trading and manufacturing - peasant farmers benefited from surplus yields - nobility whose income was fixed suffered a diminished standard of living due to inflation - inflation stimulated production
effect of prides purge and rump parliament
- increase of precaution and potential threats - monarchs aware of possible rebellions - some kings completely ignored England
politique
- interest of the state before religious considerations - like Machiavelli
Cromwell invades Ireland
- kills 40% of ethnic Irish (extremely brutal) - invaded because they favored royalist forces in England
Constitution Republic did not work because...
- king got kicked out because of religious differences and Cromwell becomes military dictator who fights about religion: both Puritans - no laws to limit power of Cromwell
William I (William of Orange)
- led 17 provinces in the Netherlands and Flanders against the Spanish Inquisition
social effects of AOE
- missionaries converting * Catholic Church increase, Francis Xavier, Jesuits: teaching bible, theocracy, European history, ignoring heritage - new social classes * Creole, mesitozs, mulattos, NA, slaves, Peninsulares - new diseases: like smallpox that kills 2/3 of the population - increase in African slaves
Cromwell conquers scotland
- more peaceful then Ireland - invaded because the Scots continued strong support of Presbyterians in England
in response to Petition of rights Charles I...
- needed money to fund wars so he signed it - increased tax - ignored it - then dissolved Parliament - PARLIAMENTS RESPONSE: plans a rebellion (civil war)
why is the HRE not a "new monarchy"
- no centrallized control - could levy taxes, or raise armies - religious fragmentation
Hapsburg-Valois Wars
- over control of Burgundy and territories in Italy The war between French and the Spanish Habsburg. This was settled in 1559 when the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis was signed. Spain was the victor. This was a very costly war.
end of witch hunts
- scientific revolution - literature implied that people had control over their own life and did not need to rely on superstition - protestant: emphasized god as the only spiritual force in the universe - advances in medicine - witch trials became chaotic: accusers could become the accused (risky)
English civil war causes
- since reign of James I, struggle between king and Parliament regarding taxation and civil liberties -monarchy defended Anglican Church - James I and Charles I believed in diving right of kings
from europe to the new world
- small pox, measles, influenza, bubonic plague - wheat, sugar, rice, coffee - horses, cows, pigs, sheep, goats, chickens
impact of puritan rule on English politics and society
- strict rule - alienated English people
from the new world to europe
- syphillis - potatoes, tomatoes, pineapple, tobacco, beans, vanilla, chocolate - turkeys - gold and silver
to what extent did the wars of religion result in the decline of the spanish empire
- the Spanish Armada which failed to to weather caused England to become a stronger naval power and caused a decline of Spains golden age, they were loosing power and status
Significance of Banking
- transition from rural and emergence of towns - migration to towns and cities --> crime, poverty, unemployment - town elites emerge --> bankers, merchants, craft guilds
current state of France
- violence tearing apart, high power fam vs ruling fam - destroying economy, focusing less on trade - Huguenots = merchants
analyze the impact that religion played in the Dutch revolt the French Civil War the 30 Years war and English Civil War
-Dutch Revolt: fairly large impact- The Netherlands wanted to be rid of the spanish in the first place and become protestant, and the spanish wanted to keep them catholic. -French Civil Wars: somewhat; not motivated by religion, but a struggle between different powers that had different religions and alliances. -30 Yrs war: a lot- caused because the Peace of Augsburg failed and bc the HRE tried to make everyone catholic again, which failed and turned into an international war. -English Civil war: somewhat large- caused by religious persecution of Puritans, and the different rulers who took the throne had different views on religion.
Hernando Cortes (1485-1547)
-Spanish Adventurer -Came to the Aztec Empire with 600 men -Conquered all of the Empire of the Aztecs (very rich) -Founded New Spain (Mexico), with Mexico City as the capital
puritain commonwealth
-constitutional republic - INSTRUMENT OF GOVERNMENT - council of state
the Puritan dictatorship sought to...
-regulate the moral life of England by commanding that people follow strict moral codes that were enforced by the army - dancing, gambling, drinking alcohol were against the law - alienated people from Cromwells rule
Commercial Revolution Causes
1. New Ocean and trade routes (Hansietic League along coast of N. Germany) 2. Growth of population (recovered to pre plague level) 3. Price Revolution 4. New nation-centered economic system 5. Rise in Capitalism ( invested money, rise of middle class)
Causes of 30 Years War
1. Religious divisions a. Protestant Union vs Catholic league 2. Political divions a. Austrian Habsburgs wanted to unify; indepdnet states resisted centralization 3. International interference a. France did not want strong Germany; allied with protestants b. Lutheran Denmark and Sweden wished to defend Protestants 4. Failure of the Peace of Augsburg
agreement of the people (political manifesto)
1. abolish corruption within Parliament and judicial process 2. religious tolerance 3. Laws in vernacular 4. Universal suffrage ("natural rights")
Golden Age of Spain
1500 - 1600. Newfound wealth from American explorations bring in high point of Spanish military might, art and culture. - Potsi Peru silver mines - decreased later due to inflation
Concordat of Bologna
1516 - Treaty under which the French Crown recognized the supremacy of the pope over a council and obtained the right to appoint all French bishops and abbots.
30 FEDS
30 Years War French Civil Wars English Civil War Dutch Revolt Spanish Armada
Antwerp
A city in Flanders that became the centre of banking and commerce during the 16th century. The commercial centre later moves to Amsterdam.
War of the 3 Henrys
A civil war fought between Catholic Henry of Guise, Catholic King Henry III, and Protestant Henry of Navarre. Henry III was so focused on wanted to destroy Henry of Guise who wanted to be King that they each killed each other, leaving Henry of Navarre the winner and new king of France (PROTESTANT WINS)
Dutch East India Company
A company founded by the Dutch in the early 17th century to establish and direct trade throughout Asia. Richer and more powerful than England's company, they drove out the English and Established dominance over the region. It ended up going bankrupt and being bought out by the British Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies.
joint-stock company
A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.
Taille
A direct tax from which most French nobles were exempt
Absolutism
A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)
Encomienda
A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it
Roundheads
A group consisting of puritans, country land owners, and town based manufacturers, led by Oliver Cromwell; fought against the Cavaliers during the English civil war
conspiracy of amboise
A plot hatched by Protestant leaders to kidnap Francis II (Guise/ Catholic ) - failed - result: took Huguenots boys and hung them in there castle to flaunt power (in this time many people were desensitized)
Triangular Trade
A system in which goods and slaves were traded among the Americas, Britain, and Africa
Middle Passage
A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies
Military Revolution
Advances in military technology led to new forms of warfare, including greater reliance on infantry, firearms, mobile cannon, and more elaborate fortifications, all financed by heavier taxation and requiring a larger bureaucracy. Technology, tactics, and strategies tipped the balance of power toward states able to marshal sufficient resources for the new military environment i.e. Spain, Sweden and France benefitted
What were the immediate and long-range causes of the English Civil War of 1642-1649? What were the results?
After Elizabeth, James of Scotland became the king. He was not anything like the much loved Elizabeth. James expressed his belief of divine right of kings to the House of Commons which was a major mistake on his part. James was left with a large amount of royal debt from Elizabeth and the House of Commons, who did not like him, would not grant him anymore. Old manorial common land was enclosed an turned into sheep runs, these flocks greatly increased. Many invested in commercial ventures at home and also prudent marriages led to a greater social mobilization. The House of Commons tried to tax people to get economic strength which the king thought was a threat to his power and Charles I, James's son, tried to rule without the Parliament. People, also, thought that the Church of England needed to be more purified from the Catholic church. When the people wanted to stop having bishops in England, James said "no bishop, no king" because even though he was Calvinist he thought the bishops were supporters of his and seemed to be sympathetic to the Roman Catholic Church. Charles, in short, instigated military action on the Parliament. This war did not resolve the problem, however, Charles I was executed. And England became a military dictatorship.
Triennial Act
An Act of Parliament reluctantly agreed to by Charles I (who said it reduced his sovereign powers) which stated that there had to be a parliament of at least 50 days duration every three years. - parliament can't be adjourned without its consent - UNSUCCESSFUL: Charles enters House of Commons to end session and arrests 5 MP
Mercantilism
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
Spanish Inquisition
An organization of priests in Spain that looked for and punished anyone suspected of secretly practicing their old religion instead of Roman Catholicism. - A program ordered by the Spanish monarchy to investigate and eliminate heresy in the kingdom. - WEAKENED MIDDLE CLASS AND ECONOMY
religion and witch trials
CATHOLIC: sexual affairs with devil, demon children, claimed powers came from either devil or god, used witch hunts to gain control over village life - women associated with disorder, nature, and body PROTESTANT: sola fide --> increasing numbers of people with means denied charity to beggars and eventually became targets of the plot who blamed their misfortune on those who denied them help
political effects of AOE
COLINIZATION - Spain --> North Mexixo, Peru, Canada - French --> Louisiana - Portuguese --> Brazil - Brittiish --> 13 colonys (and more) - conflict between colonies: France and Britain --> French and Indian War - B and F yield less land - gold and goods - Old Imperialism --> trading ports and colonies - Conquistadors: God, Gold, Glory
Portolani
Charts by medival navigators & mathematicians that included contours, port distance, compass readings, but on a flat scale so it was of les use in longer journeys
Creoles
Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.
motives for Portugals exploration
ECONOMIC - all water route to Asia to tap the spice trade - Ottoman Empire blocked land routs from Mediterranean to Asia RELIGIOUS - hoped to find mythical presto John (Christian king) somewhere in the east for alliance against the muslims
conquistadors
Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru. (Examples Cortez, Pizarro, Francisco.) - god, gold, glory
Treaty of Westphalia
Ended Thirty Years War - renewed Peace of Augsburg but added Calvinism: ended Catholic Reformation in Germany - HRE decentralized: Germanic states --> religiously divided, 360 independent states emerged - France gets Alsatian lands - HRE: Pope couldn't have any say in north: princes have PRIVATE worship - United Providence of Netherlands: separate from Spanish - Switzerlands gains independence from HRE -Rise of new European powers: Brandenburg Prussia ("starts of North" : strong military) Sweden and France --> all gain territories and become well known international states
Oliver Cromwell
English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army (roundheads) in the English Civil War (1599-1658)
Amerigo Vespucci
Explored Brazil the person that America gets its name from because first European to realize he discovered a new continent
Quebec
Frances first settlement in new world
Jacques Cartier
French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence river and laid claim to the region for France (1491-1557)
Hansiatic League
Germany lacked a strong central government, Hamburg, Lubeck and Bremen joined together to form this league-eventually it had 100 member cities-they set up permanent trading posts
Battle of White Mountain
Great Catholic victory in the Bohemian phase which dealt a crushing blow to Fredrick V's power. - Protestantism eliminated in Bohemia
Chartered Companies
Groups of private investors who paid an annual fee to France and England in exchange for a monopoly over trade to the West Indies colonies.
Alphonso d'Albuquerque
He laid the foundation for Portugese imperialism by establishing the strategy of creating coastal bases to control the Indian Ocean, establishing an empire in the Spice Islands and becoming governor of India. - Indonesia
Christopher Columbus
He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.
Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor and Carlos I of Spain, tried to keep Europe religiously united, inherited Spain, the Netherlands, Southern Italy, Austria, and much of the Holy Roman Emperor from his grandparents, he sought to stop Protestantism and increase the power of Catholicism. He allied with the pope to stamp out heresy and maintain religous unity in Europe. He was preocuppied with struggles with Turkey and France and could not soley focus on the rise of Protestantism in Germany.
Bourbon
Huguenots
Edict of Restitution
Imperial law that prohibited all Calvinist worship and restored Catholic ownership of land stolen by the Protestant Princes of the Reformation.
cavaliers
In the English Civil War (1642-1647), these were the troops loyal to Charles II. Their opponents were the Roundheads
Cardinal Ximenes
Isabella's chief minister who restored discipline and eliminated immorality among the monks and secular clergy
Analyze the impact of the 30 Yrs war on European politics.
It divided them between catholics and protestants; ensured the Germany would be politically divided for centuries. Made Calvinism a politically recognized religion in the HRE.
Escorial
Spanish imperial palace built 1563-1584, combining a monastery, the tomb of Spanish Habsburgs, and a royal residence
Charles I
King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649 - forced upper class to pay taxes (jentry) - Dissolved Parliament twice: needs money for defeating rebellion in Scotland and Ireland and they wouldn't give it to him - ship money : people along ports have to pay higher tax, loophole to raise more money - sell aristocratic titles -RELIGIOUS PERSECUTION OF PURITANS
Phillip II
King of Spain, 1556 - 1598; married to Queen Mary I of England;he was the most powerful monarch in Europe until 1588; controlled Spain, the Netherlands, the Spanish colonies in the New World, Portugal, Brazil, parts of Africa, parts of India, and the East Indies. - RE IMPOSE CATHOlIC
the French phase was...
MOST VIOLENT - GIANT famine - string artillery ( 1/3 dead) - trade decrease because of violence (INFLATION)
Henery VII
Made the English Church, act of supremacy
Enclosure Movement
The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.
parliament was composed of many
PURITANS (English Calvinists) and PRESBYTERIANS (English Calvinists who favored John Knox)
Analyze the extent to which the religious policies of the following rulers were successful: Philip II, Elizabeth I, Henry IV, James I and Charles I, Cromwell
Philip II: wanted to keep everyone catholic but lost the Netherlands to protestantism and generally not very successful. Elizabeth I: successful; kept rules vague enough to include people and was able to balance wants of different groups. Henry IV: fairly successful, he put countries wants above his own in making France officially catholic but still letting protestants worship privately. James I and Charles I: sort of?? both defended Anglican church, but they both also didn't stay in power. Cromwell: unsuccessful bc he was a dictator that outlawed everything and was eventually taken out of power.
Henry IV
Political leader of the Huguenots and a member of the Bourbon dynasty, succeeded to the throne as Henry IV. He realized that as a Protestant he would never be accepted by Catholic France, so he converted to Catholicism. When he became king in 1594, the fighting in France finally came to an end.
Brazil
Portugal's major colony in the New World, discovered and explored by Vespucci. - SUGAR
Vasco da Gama
Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. ALL WATER EXPEDITION TO INDIA - blow to monopoly of italian trade - economic and political decline to Italian city states
Ferdinand Magellan
Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.
caused of age of exploration
SOCIAL - tec. advancement - convert people/spread religion ECONOMIC - new trade routs --> monopolizing - get around Africa --> stop paying extra Muslim fees POLITICAL - new monarchs wanted to expand and gain wealth --> payed for ships to increase trade, power, tax, mercantilism
Treaty of Tordesillas
Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas. - Portugal retained Brazil and Spain received rest of Americas
st Bartholomew day massacre
Six week nation wide slaughter of Huguenots. Occurred when Huguenot nobles were in Paris attending the marriage of Margret of Valois to a Huguenot prince, Henry of Navarre in 1572. Resulted in over 10,000 deaths. - Cathrine de Medicis ordered massacre of Calvinists
James I
Social - "divine right of kings" but there were more Calvinists then Catholic Political - not popular: doesn't know culture, gov, political system, PARLIAMENT - power of purse: power over taxation - doesn't follow laws: raise taxes, dissolves parliament
spanish netherlands
South Catholic Netherlands under control of Phillip II (10)
Francis Xavier
Spanish Jesuit missionary; worked in India in 1540s among the outcaste and lower caste groups; made little headway among elites - helped Ignatius of Loyola to start the Jesuits. He also was famous for his number of missionaries he went on to promote Christianity
Francisco Pizarro
Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).
slave trade
The business of capturing, transporting, and selling people as slaves
John Lilburne
The chief spokesman for the Levellers
Reconquista
The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492. - successful except basque region
Amsterdam
The financial centre of Europe during the 17th century, switching from Antwerp after the successful Dutch Revolt against Spain.
Bohemian Phase
The first phase of the Thirty Years' War which culminated in the Catholic victory at the Battle of White Mountain. - HRE slowly begins to take away Protestant territory (Northern Princes)
French Phase
The fourth and final phase of the Thirty Years' War marked by France's entrance into the war on the side of the Protestants; this gave the Protestants the support needed to defeat the Catholics.
Spanish Armada
The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships. - signaled the rise of England as worlds naval power - Phillip caught revenge for Englands support to the dutch who wanted to end Catholicism - decline of Spanish golden age
danish phase
The second phase of the Thirty Years' War in which the Catholic imperial army led by Albert of Wallenstein won a series of major victories against the Protestants. - height of CATHOLIC power
swedish phase
The third phase of the Thirty Years' War marked by Sweden's entrance into the war under King Gustavus Adolphus; during this phase, the Protestants began to defeat the Catholics on many fronts. - WAR TURNS POLITICAL
Defenestration of Prague
The throwing of Catholic officials from a castle window in Bohemia. Started the Thirty Years' War. - cause: HRE placing severe restrictions on Protestantism - emperor sought to annihilate Calvinist nobility
To what degree did religion and politics play in the 30 years war?
They both played roles. It was religiously motivated because the Holy Roman Emperor placed restrictions on protestantism, causing the war. It was also politics bc even tho france was still considered catholic, they helped the protestants to keep the Hapsburgs out of complete power.
fredrick iii
This Elector succeeded Fredrick William in 1688 and ruled until 1713. Nicknamed " The Ostentatious" because his contemporaries felt he was of weak mind and body. He mainly tried to copy Louis XIV love for luxury. Followed by Fredrick William I
Rump Parliament
This was the Parliament after Oliver Cromwell dismissed the Cavaliers
Ferdinand and Isabella
This was the king and queen of Spain who took over the Catholic Spain and started the Spanish Inquisition
John Knox
This was the man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland. He established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland so that ministers ran the church, not bishops
Battle of Lepanto
Turkish sea power was destroyed in 1571 by a league of Christian nations organized by the Pope
Cathrine de Medici
Wife of Henry II. Powerful queen of France who ruthlessly played the Huguenots and Guises against each other to expand influence.
Bartholome de Las Casas
a Spanish priest who settled in the New World and was against the torture and genocide of Native Americans.
Gunpowder plot
a conspiracy in 1605 in England to blow up James I and the Houses of Parliament to avenge the persecution of Catholics in England - FOLILED
Ecomienda System
a kind of feudalism granting Spanish colonists control of conquered lands and obliging the Indians to provide forced labor and a fixed portion of their harvests
act of settlement 1652
after cromwell invaded Ireland to put down an Irish uprising that had favored royalist forces in England, land from 2/3 of Catholic property owners was given to Protestant English colonists
Guise rule
catholic
Old Imperialism
characterized by establishing posts and forts on coastal regions but not penetrating inland to conquer entire regions or subjugate their populations
New Industries
cloth production, mining, printing, book trade, shipbuilding, cannons and muskets
New AOE technology
compass, geometric quadrent, mariners astrolabe, lateen sails, caravels, rope riggings
the dutch closing of the scheldt river
demise of Antwerp as Europes commercial center and rise of Amsterdam
diggers
denied Parliament's authority and rejected private ownership of land - agrarian communists LAND REFORM - distributed to the poor - alarmed the Commonwealth government and angered local landowners who wanted to claim confiscated aristocratic lands for themselves
Pride's Purge
elements of New Model Army removed all non-Puritans and Presbyterians form Parliament leaving Rump parliament
charles xii
established the 1st permanent european army, taxes good and services, more goods and lawyer business. helping win the 100 years war, establishing the first permanent European army, establishing taxation on the middle class and limited papal authority over the Church in France.
blood laws
even if jewish converted they were not fully catholic - consolidated power: persecution--> installed fear and was a unifying factor
united provinces of Netherlands
formed in 1581-Dutch Republic-received aid from Elizabeth I-major blow to Philip's goal of maintaining Catholicism throughout his empire
england worked with
greece after pilgrimage
louis xii
king of France from 1610 to 1643 who relied heavily on the advice of Cardinal Richelieu (1601-1643) married anne of brittany
Gerrard Winstanley and William Euerard
leaders of the Diggers
maximillian i
married anne of burgundy --> increase rivalry with france
Albrecht von Wallenstein
mercenary general who was paid by the emperor to fight for the HRE, he won many important battles against the Protestants. - invaded N. Germany : German princes were trying to gain power but no allies joined so they lost
Mezito
mix of european and latin american blood
Bullionism
nation's policy of accumulating as much precious metal as possible while preventing its outward flow to other countries
Short Parliament
parliament called when the king was forced to call parliament because of the Scots' rebellion; was immediately disbanded because they refused to fund the king unless he addressed ther grievances
Hermandades
popular groups in Spanish towns given royal authority to serve as local police forces and as judicial tribunals with the goal of reducing aristocratic violence.
French wars of religion
religious civil wars between Protestantism (Huguenots) and Catholicism (French monarchy)
Star Chamber
secret English court used to deal with aristocrats who threatened royal power
War of the Roses
struggle for the English throne (1455-1485) between the house of York (white rose) and the house of Lancaster (red rose) ending with the accession of the Tudor monarch Henry VII
putting-out system
system of merchant-capitalists "putting out" raw materials to cottage workers for processing and payment that was fully developed in England
Battle of Breitenfeld
the Protestant's first major victory of the Thirty Years war under the leadership of Gustavus Adolphus - used live mobile artillery - ended Hapsburg hopes of reuniting Germany under Catholic - Result: HRE brings back Von Wallenstein, and HRE annulled edict of Restitution
louis xi
the Spider King that retained the taille as a permanent tax imposed by royal authority. secured a sound source of income. He could not repress the French nobility though. encouraged economic growth
Commercial Revolution
the expansion of the trade and buisness that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries.
bourgeoisie
the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people - grew in political and economic significance: most powerful class in Netherlands, gentry increase influence on European politics
Diplomacy
the profession, activity, or skill of managing international relations, typically by a country's representatives abroad.
inquisitorial system
trial procedures designed to determine the truth through the intervention of an active judge who seeks evidence and questions witnesses - involved intense questioning, sometimes including torture. - This change also made people more willing to accuse others because they now did not have to take personal responsibility or face the suspects relatives
First Enclosure movement in England
wealthy landowners enclosed their lands to improve sheep herding and thus the supply of wool for the production of textiles