Unit 2 - Ch. 6

Proteins are composed of various combinations of usually how many different amino acids?

20

If the theoretical maximum ATP yield in prokaryotes from oxidative phosphorylation is 34 ATP for a single glucose molecule, what is the total ATP gain when substrate-level phosphorylation is included?

38 ATP

Consider the theoretical maximum ATP yield from the complete oxidation of glucose via aerobic respiration in prokaryotes. Match the relative contribution in terms of ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation plus oxidative phosphorylation) with the correct metabolic component 8 ATP / Transition step 6 ATP / Total yield of aerobic respiration 24 ATP / TCA cycle 38 ATP / Glycolysis

8 ATP ---> Glycolysis 6 ATP ---> Transition step 24 ATP ---> TCA cycle 38 ATP ---> Total yield of aerobic respiration

Metabolic pathways can be linear, _______ or ________

branched; cyclical

Purines and pyrimidines are synthesized ______

in distinctly different manners

All of the following accurately describe enzymes EXCEPT

enzymes provide energy to help reactions proceed more rapidly

The central metabolic pathway that generates reducing power in the form of NADPH is the ______ ______ pathway

pentose phosphate

What are the two main forms of energy?

potential and kinetic

Certain intermediates of catabolic pathways, called precursor metabolites, are important because

they serve as carbon skeletons from which subunits of macromolecules can be made

The primary pathway used by many organisms to convert glucose to pyruvate is

glycolysis

In terms of their metabolism, prokaryotes are _______ with respect to compounds they use for energy and _______ in their biosynthetic processes

highly diverse; remarkably similar

This picture of a set of stairs best exemplifies the electron

transport chain (system)

The critical site of an enzyme to which a substrate binds by weak forces is called the

active site

The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis occur _______ the light-dependent reactions, and function to _______

after; synthesize organic compounds from CO2

Cells can quickly alter the activity of certain key enzymes, using other molecules that bind reversibly and distort them. This control of enzymes is called _______ regulation

allosteric

The figure illustrates a type of regulation used by cells to rapidly control certain key enzymes. The arrow labeled "1" points to the _______ site, and the arrow labeled "2" points to the _______ site

allosteric; active

Proteins are hydrolyzed by proteases, enzymes that break the peptide bonds between _______ _______ subunits

amino acid

Enzymes are biological ______ that are typically _______

catalysts; protein

Consider the effect of temperature on enzyme activity. If the temperature is too high, proteins will _______ and no longer function

denature

Hydrogen sulfide is produced as a result of certain types of anaerobic respiration. Some chemolithotrophs can then use this as a/an ______

energy source

True or false: The Calvin cycle is a two-step linear pathway that photosynthetic organisms use to fix carbon dioxide

False

In respiring bacteria, how does ATP synthase generate ATP?

It uses the energy released from allowing protons to flow back into the cell to add a phosphate group to ADP

Starch and cellulose are both polymers made up of the monosaccharide _______, which means that hydrolysis of the polymers releases subunits that can enter directly into the central metabolic pathway of _______ to be oxidized

glucose; glycolysis

Fats, the most common simple lipids, are broken down by lipases into their component _______

glycerol and fatty acids

Lipid synthesis generally requires the components _______ and _______ acids

glycerol; fatty

Microorganisms that can grow on polysaccharides and disaccharides first break these down to glucose or precursor metabolites that can then enter into the pathway of _______ to be oxidized

glycolysis

The reactions that capture radiant energy and convert it into chemical energy in the form of ATP are called the _______-_______ reactions

light-dependent

The series of sequential chemical reactions in a cell that converts a starting compound to an end product is called a _______ pathway

metabolic

The sum total of all chemical reactions in a cell is called

metabolism

The enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle are found in the _______ matrix in eukaryotes and in the _______ in prokaryotes

mitochondrial; cytoplasm

The TCA cycle completes the ______ of glucose

oxidation

The mechanism by which cellular respiration uses reducing power generated in glycolysis, the transition step, and the TCA cycle to synthesize ATP is _______ phosphorylation

oxidative

In addition to glucose, which of the following organic compounds can serve as energy sources for microbes?

polysaccharides monosaccharides disaccharides fatty acids lipids proteins

Energy is the ability to do work and can exist as ______ energy (stored energy) and _______ energy (energy of motion)

potential; kinetic

After a deamination reaction removes the amino group from amino acids, the remaining carbon skeletons are converted into the appropriate ________ metabolites for entry into central metabolic pathways

precursor

In addition to yielding energy, catabolic pathways generate carbon intermediates that can be used in anabolic pathways for the biosynthesis of macromolecules. These carbon skeletons are called ______ ______

precursor metabolites

Consider the three key central metabolic pathways (glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, and the TCA cycle). What three beneficial products of these pathways?

reducing power, ATP, and precursor metabolites

The energy released by ______ is captured by cells to make ATP; this ATP can then be used for biosynthesis, or ______

catabolism; anabolism

Which of the following are true statements about what happens to glucose inside a cell? - Glucose can be used in catabolism to yield energy, or the precursor metabolites generated from its breakdown can be used in anabolism - All the glucose molecules are oxidized to CO2, generating ATP and reducing power in the process - Some glucose might be oxidized to CO2, generating the maximum amount of ATP - Some glucose might enter glycolysis, only to be siphoned off as a precursor metabolite for biosynthesis

- Glucose can be used in catabolism to yield energy, or the precursor metabolites generated from its breakdown can be used in anabolism - Some glucose might be oxidized to CO2, generating the maximum amount of ATP - Some glucose might enter glycolysis, only to be siphoned off as a precursor metabolite for biosynthesis

When a cell processes glucose or other organic molecules through its central metabolic pathways, it does so to generate what three critical things?

ATP, reducing power, precursor metabolites

With respect to their synthesis, how are amino acids typically grouped?

By structurally related families that share common biosynthesis pathways

Considering the general equation that describes photosynthesis, the rate of the process would be most influenced by the availability of _______ in the atmosphere

CO2

Match the type of enzyme inhibition on the left with the example of an inhibitor on the right Competitive inhibition Non-competitive inhibition by regulatory molecules Non-competitive inhibition by enzyme poisons Mercury Allosteric regulators Sulfa drugs

Competitive inhibition ---> Sulfa drugs Non-competitive inhibition by regulatory molecules ---> Allosteric regulators Non-competitive inhibition by enzyme poisons ---> Mercury

The electron transport chain is a cluster of membrane-embedded electron carriers that accept electrons from the coenzymes _______ and _______ and then pass these electrons along the chain

NADH; FADH2

Which of the following combinations of molecules is produced during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis and used in the light-independent reactions?

NADPH and ATP

Some members of which of the following groups can use inorganic chemicals such as hydrogen sulfide and ammonia for energy?

Prokaryotes only

What is the active site of an enzyme?

The critical site to which a substrate binds by weak forces

Consider the figure showing the relationship between catabolism and anabolism. Which side shows catabolism, and which side shows anabolism?

The left side shows catabolism, and the right side shows anabolism

Fats are hydrolyzed by lipases. The glycerol component is then converted to a precursor metabolite, and the fatty acids are degraded using a series of reactions called β-oxidation that remove successive 2-carbon units. Where do these components enter the central metabolic pathways for further oxidation?

The precursor metabolites from glycerol enter glycolysis; the 2-carbon units from fatty acids are added to coenzyme A and enter the TCA cycle

Microorganisms can grow on a variety of organic compounds other than glucose, including polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids. How do they accomplish this?

They break these macromolecules down into appropriate precursor metabolites that are then introduced into central metabolism or used in biosynthesis

In photosynthesis, what do the light reactions, or light-dependent reactions, accomplish?

They capture radiant energy and convert it to chemical energy in the form of ATP

For each six-carbon molecule of glucose that enters glycolysis, how many molecules of pyruvate are made, and how many carbon atoms does each pyruvate have?

Two molecules of pyruvate, each with three carbon atoms

The process by which chemolithoautotrophs and photoautotrophs incorporate CO2 into organic compounds is called

carbon fixation

The process by which chemolithoautotrophs and photoautotrophs incorporate CO2 into organic compounds is called _______ _______

carbon fixation

Glucose catabolism encompasses two key processes: (1) oxidizing glucose molecules to generate ATP, reducing power, and precursor metabolites; and (2) transferring the electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 to the terminal electron acceptor. The second process, transfer of electrons, is accomplished as part of which of the following?

cellular respiration; fermentation

Some enzymes act with the assistance of a non-protein component. This component is called a _______; if that component is an organic molecule it can be called a ________

cofactor; coenzyme

Identify each of the following by the most precise descriptive term as either a cofactor or coenzyme: magnesium: _______; NADP+: _______; zinc: _______

cofactor; coenzyme; cofactor

The Calvin cycle ______

incorporates carbon dioxide into organic compounds

As part of cellular respiration, a membrane-bound enzyme called ATP _______ uses energy from a proton-motive force to add a phosphate group to ADP

synthase

Metabolism is best defined as

the sum total of all chemical reactions in a cell

Match up each type of enzyme inhibition with its characteristic Competitive inhibition Non-competitive inhibition by regulatory molecules Non-competitive inhibition by enzyme poisons Inhibitor binds to the active site of the enzyme, blocking access of the substrate Inhibitor permanently changes the shape of the enzyme, making the enzyme non-functional Inhibitor reversibly changes the shape of the enzyme so that the substrate can no longer bind to the active site

Competitive inhibition ---> Inhibitor binds to the active site of the enzyme, blocking access of the substrate Non-competitive inhibition by regulatory molecules ---> Inhibitor reversibly changes the shape of the enzyme so that the substrate can no longer bind to the active site Non-competitive inhibition by enzyme poisons ---> Inhibitor permanently changes the shape of the enzyme, making the enzyme non-functional

In order to form lipids, how are fatty acids and glycerol synthesized?

Fatty acid chains are assembled from 2-carbon acetyl groups from the transition step; the precursor to glycerol comes from glycolysis

Until the optimal temperature is reached, raising the temperature has what effect on the speed of enzymatic reactions?

It increases their rate

Autotrophs use carbon dioxide (CO2) to synthesize organic compounds. Which of the following descriptions of this process are true?

It is called carbon fixation; It often involves the Calvin cycle

What happens to an organism if it lacks one or more enzymes in a given biosynthetic pathway?

It must have the end product provided from an external source

Oxidative phosphorylation, the mechanism by which cellular respiration uses the NADH and FADH2 generated in glycolysis, the transition step, and the TCA cycle to synthesize ATP, involves what two steps?

The electron transport chain generates a proton motive force; ATP synthase uses the energy of the proton motive force to drive the synthesis of ATP

Which of the following are reasons an organism might use fermentation?

They lack an electron transport chain; A suitable inorganic terminal electron acceptor is not available

Although the actual procedure is much more involved, the basic metabolism of wine-making involves inoculating grape juice with a special strain of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. S. cerevisiae will preferentially perform aerobic respiration on sugars in the juice but can also ferment those sugars to yield CO2 and alcohol, an important component of wine. Assume you inoculate a completely full container of juice and then close the lid. What will the yeast do?

They will grow aerobically, consume the O2 dissolved in the juice, and then switch to fermenting sugars to yield alcohol

Nucleotide subunits of DNA and RNA are composed of three units: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nucleobase. They are initially synthesized ______

as ribonucleotides that can be converted to deoxyribonucleotides by replacing the 2' hydroxyl group with a hydrogen atom

Although the pentose phosphate pathway is used by cells to break down glucose, it is particularly important because of its contribution to _______

biosynthesis

In the case of plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, the two major products of photosynthesis are

glucose and oxygen